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Journal articles on the topic '20th and 21st Century'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Denning, Stephen. "The challenge: 20th Century vs. 21st Century management." Strategy & Leadership 48, no. 6 (2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sl-10-2020-0127.

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2

Butler, Eamonn. "21st-Century Lessons from a 20th-Century Economist." Economic Affairs 30 (September 2010): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2010.02013_3.x.

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3

ATIYAH, MICHAEL. "MATHEMATICS IN THE 20TH CENTURY." Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 34, no. 1 (2002): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0024609301008566.

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A survey is given of several key themes that have characterised mathematics in the 20th century. The impact of physics is also discussed, and some speculations are made about possible developments in the 21st century.
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4

Waldron, Janice. "Questioning 20th Century Assumptions About 21st Century Music Practices." Action, Criticism, and Theory for Music Education 17, no. 1 (2018): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22176/act17.1.97.

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Tomizuka, Masayoshi. "Mechatronics: from the 20th to 21st century." Control Engineering Practice 10, no. 8 (2002): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0661(02)00016-3.

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Ross, Adam, Michiko Mares, and Tracy Stigers. "Modifying 20th Century Ebmud Digestion System For 21st Century Needs." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2014, no. 9 (2014): 3568–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864714815941252.

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7

Ferraz, Marcos Bosi. "Reconciling 21st century temptations with 20th century resources and problems." BMJ 332, no. 7545 (2006): 861.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7545.861.

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8

Denning, Stephen. "Why management models are crucial to the success of business models." Strategy & Leadership 49, no. 2 (2021): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sl-02-2021-0011.

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Purpose The author posits that the management model of an organization determines what kind of business models can be pursued within that organization and that successful 21st century management models are very different from those that succeeded in the 20th century. Design/methodology/approach The author compares and contrasts successful 21st century management models with models that succeeded in the 20th century. Findings Success in the digital age requires a 21st century management model and mindset based on an obsession with delivering value to customers. Practical implications The management model incorporates the key ‘written and unwritten rules’ of the firm. The success of digital innovation can be threatened by 20th Century management assumptions that thwart Agile initiatives. Originality/value Article explains how Agile mindsets and practices are essential to the 21st century management model, and how they potentiate the firm’s focus on creating customers.
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Wróblewski, Łukasz, Ana Gaio, and Ellen Rosewall. "Sustainable Cultural Management in the 21st Century." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (2019): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174665.

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King, Tekoa L. "Prenatal Care for the 21st Century: Outside the 20th Century Box." Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 54, no. 3 (2009): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.03.005.

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11

Lippmann, Stephen. "Workplace Flexibility: Realigning 20th-Century Jobs for a 21st-Century Workforce." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 40, no. 4 (2011): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306111412516k.

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12

Collins, D., and L. Doddamani. "21st century children - do they still think like 20th century children?" Archives of Disease in Childhood 96, Supplement 1 (2011): A64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2011.212563.146.

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13

Bassendowski, Sandra Leigh, and Pammla Petrucka. "Are 20th-century methods of teaching applicable in the 21st century?" British Journal of Educational Technology 44, no. 4 (2013): 665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12032.

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Slatter, Greg. "Covalent binding – from 20th century liability to 21st century targeted therapies." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 34, no. 1 (2019): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.09.070.

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15

Mochmann, Ingvill C., and Elke Kleinau. "Children at Risk in the 20th and 21st Century." Children & Society 33, no. 3 (2019): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/chso.12331.

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16

Matheson Jr., R. R. "20th- to 21st-Century Technological Challenges in Soft Coatings." Science 297, no. 5583 (2002): 976–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1075707.

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17

Gray, William O. "Performance of Major US Shipyards in 20th/21st Century." Journal of Ship Production 24, no. 04 (2008): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2008.24.4.202.

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Since WW II, major US shipbuilders have been unable to compete in price with shipyards in other parts of the world, and often the quality from US yards has been inferior to world standards. Furthermore, the mistaken US government assumption that shipyards and ship owners have a common interest has led to laws to protect American yards from competition. It has also caused commercial shipping to lose out to alternative forms of transportation such as trains, trucks, pipelines, and tug/barge rigs from more efficient smaller yards and crews. The "US built" requirement of the 1920 Jones Act for domestic cargo has been a prime reason for this modal shift. Tragically for coastal shipping, most large US shipyards have failed to adopt the efficient manufacturing lessons of pioneers such as Admiral "Jerry" Land and Henry Kaiser that led to the "WW II shipbuilding miracle," that built nearly 6,000 merchant ships in 5 years, a feat that Winston Churchill said "saved Europe." After WW II, while foreign yards adopted these efficiency measures, that did not happen here, and our yards suffered from few repeat orders because of their high prices. Drawing heavily on SNAME's Journal of Ship Production pioneered by Professors Bunch, Storch, and Lamb, this paper describes not only the history and "secrets" of many successful yards abroad, but also many of the failures in US shipyards during the same Post WW II period. As a result of their failures, and despite "US Friendly" laws, big US yards seldom got multiple repeat orders which they rightly believe might solve their problems. The paper concludes that because of the very serious congestion now occurring on our near-coastal highways, together with major environmental and economic incentives to take cargo "off the roads and rails" should give US shipbuilders a new golden opportunity. Efficient yards should be able to get major repeat orders for a new fleet of fast roll-on/roll-offs (Ro/Ros) and feeder container ships, however, only if they will finally after nearly 60 years adopt the "lean production" principles pioneered in WW II and then exported to Asia and Europe.
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18

Teichert, Laura. "21st-Century Vision Using a 20th-Century Curriculum: Examining British Columbia’s Kindergarten Curriculum Package." Journal of Childhood Studies 39, no. 3 (2015): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/jcs.v39i3.15235.

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This article provides a critical analysis of British Columbia’s early learning curricula concerning 21st-century education and the role of digital technology in the early years. The data sources were the Premier’s Technology Council: A Vision for 21st-Century Education (Premier’s Technology Council, 2010), BC’s Education Plan (British Columbia Ministry of Education, 2011), and the Kindergarten Curriculum Package (British Columbia Ministry of Education, September 2010). Rapid advances in technology call for a review of traditional curriculum standards and active movement toward a realization of 21st-century education beyond mere vision. As children navigate an increasingly digital world, one with blurred lines between content and advertising, critical thinking and critical analysis skills are essential in order for children to effectively manage the vast amounts of information available to them. Educators and policy makers, through curricula developed reflecting digital media use, can play an important role in educating young, technologically engaged students.
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19

Wolfensohn, James D. "Entering the 21st century: the challenges for development." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1392 (1999): 1943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0533.

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By many people, the 20th century will be remembered as an era of great achievement in human endeavour, and of enormous economic growth and prosperity. Achievements in medical research, from eradicating infectious diseases to laser surgery; in engineering, from the transistor to space exploration; and in economic development have all contributed to greater well being in the world at the end of the 20th century. Among the challenges to development identified by the World Bank in the coming decades will be managing the twin processes of globalization and localization, as well as post–conflict reconstruction. These will form the backdrop of the Bank's main focus of creating a world free of poverty.
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20

Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. "Semiotics of the 20th century." Sign Systems Studies 36, no. 1 (2008): 185–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2008.36.1.10.

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Semiotic and linguistic studies of the 20th century have been important mostly in two senses — (1) they have opened a road for comparative research on the origin and development of language and other systems of signs adding a new dimension to the history of culture; (2) they have shown a possibility of uniting different fields of humanities around semiotics suggesting a way to trespass separation and atomisation of different trends in investigating culture. In the 21st century one may hope for closer integration of semiotics and exact and natural sciences. The points of intersection with the mathematical logic, computer science and information theory that already exist might lead to restructuring theoretical semiotics making it a coherent and methodologically rigid discipline. At the same time, the continuation of neurosemiotic studies promises a breakthrough in understanding those parts of the work of the brain that are most intimately connected to culture. From this point of view semiotics may play an outstanding role in the synthesis of biological science and humanities. In my mind that makes it a particularly important field of future research.
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21

Im,Hyung-Teak. "20th Century National Studies, 21st Century Korean Studies and East Asian Studies." DAEDONG MUNHWA YEON'GU ll, no. 63 (2008): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18219/ddmh..63.200809.121.

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22

Eifert, Georg H. "Psychoanalysis ruled (much of) the 20th century — Behavior therapy the 21st century?" Behavior Therapy 28, no. 3 (1997): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(97)80083-4.

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23

Gonsalves, G., and D. Zuckerman. "Commentary: Will 20th century patient safeguards be reversed in the 21st century?" BMJ 350, mar25 7 (2015): h1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1500.

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24

Nelson, Tim. "Redesigning a 20th century regulatory framework to deliver 21st century energy technology." Journal of Bioeconomics 19, no. 1 (2016): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10818-016-9216-9.

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25

Burov, Andrey Mikhailovich. "Artistic and Aesthetical Aspects of the Systematic Change in the First Half of the 20th Century." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 4, no. 2-3 (2012): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik42-377-85.

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The article highlights certain artistic and aesthetical aspects of the systematic change in the art of the first half of the 20th century. Based on specific factors, the author discovers a number of basic criteria for the artistic, aesthetical and structural evaluation of post-visual phrases (relevant for both post-visual phrase of the first half of the 20th century and the postvisual phrase of the second half of the 20th century and the beginning og the 21st century).
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26

Paltineanu, C., E. Chitu, and E. Mateescu. "New trends for reference evapotranspiration and climatic water deficit." International Agrophysics 26, no. 2 (2012): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0023-9.

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New trends for reference evapotranspiration and climatic water deficitThe paper deals with the trend for Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration and climatic water deficit during the first decade of the 21st century in Southern Romaniavsthe 20th century. For the first half of the year the monthly evapotranspiration values were higher for the first decade of the 21st centuryvsthe means of the 20th century. However, the trend reverses for the second half of the year, but for the whole year the totals were higher for the first decade of the 21st centuryvsthe totals of the 20th century. The yearly temperature means in the first decade of the XXI century showed an increase in the three locations studied, respectively,vscentury XX. This warming is responsible to a great extent for the increase in evapotranspiration, and the relationship between evapotranspiration and temperature was highly significant. Water deficit decreased in Constanta and Pitesti, but there was a slight increase in water deficit in the same period in Bucharest-Baneasa. Water deficit increased in the first half of the year and decreased in the second half during the first decade of century XXI in all the three locations investigatedvscentury XX.
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27

Yermolenko, Volodymyr. "THE GREAT BODY OF SOCIETY: IS THE NINTH CENTURY RETURNING?" Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, no. 5 (2020): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2020.05.060.

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The author of the article puts a question about the limits of the 20th century individualism. He expresses a hypothesis about the cyclic nature of the cultural and political theory. In particular, he draws attention to the rhythm of changes of the hedonistic and ascetic ep- ochs, spiritualist and materialist epochs, individualist and holist epochs. The author ana- lyzes holistic doctrines of the 19th century: philosophies of Fabre d’Olivet, Auguste Comte, Pierre Leroux. Although today almost forgotten, the ideas of these authors can be revived again in the 21st century, he says. Based upon the analysis of the 19th century holism which the author did in his book Liquid ideologies, the author makes a hypothesis that the 21st century is becoming much less individualistic and much less materialistic than the 20th century. The metaphors of the “collective body” and “absolute spirit” are coming back in the 21st century, in the new form of the digital reality.
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28

Amanzholova, Dina. "Crimea in the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century." Rossiiskaia istoriia, no. 4 (2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870005843-8.

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29

Lukanov, Mihail. "Musical Parody at the Late 20th and Early 21st Century." IASPM@Journal 4 (February 18, 2014): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5429/2079-3871(2014)v4i1.13en.

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30

Baudry, Michel, and Larry W. Swanson. "RF Thompson: A bridge between 20th and 21st century neuroscience." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 95, no. 2 (2011): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2010.12.006.

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31

Slavin, R. "Educational research in the 21st century: Lessons from the 20th." Issues in Education 5, no. 2 (1999): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1080-9724(00)00030-6.

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32

Vincent, ColinA. "Electrochemistry in transition from the 20th to the 21st century." Electrochimica Acta 39, no. 1 (1994): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(94)85030-5.

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33

Sinyukov, V. N. "Law of the 20th and 21st Centuries: Continuity and Novelty." Lex Russica 74, no. 2 (2021): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.171.2.009-020.

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The paper is devoted to the issues of conceptualization of legal development in the 20th and 21st centuries. The paper investigates social relations that determined the global law evolution in the 20th century, as well as changes in macroregulation in the first quarter of the century under consideration. The subject matter of the analysis covers theoretical understanding of the development vectors in the essence of law at the turn of the last two centuries.As a scientific hypothesis, the author puts forward the statement regarding regulatory specificity and a special strategic role of the 20th century for subsequent legal development. Proving this hypothesis, the author structures the directions of global transformation of social essence and social interrelations of law in the preceding period. The author also shows that these changes have led to the rise of a systemic postclassical legal tradition. The author has described its characteristics and the role in the formation of a new legal identity of the 21st century. The paper also examines the signs of novelty of the law of the present century. The author determines the features of its regulatory individuality generated by technological changes. It is concluded that the novelty of the law of the present century is preconditioned by the combination of Postmodern and the era of introduction of technological regulators.The paper shows the directions of formation of regulatory individuality of the 21st century, its contradictions related to the legal adaptation of a new technological order. It is concluded that the legal regulation moves towards inclusion patterns of nature and new biological and virtual states of the man in its immediate subject matter. The legal complex integrates the methodology of technology and the artificial language of technology, which results in providing a significant insight into the boundaries of social and technical norms.The paper questions the possible rupture of the legal tradition, which the 21st century is bringing, the factors of its aggravation, including the pandemic. The assumption is formulated that a new law arises in the system of innovative interrelations in the technological sphere that leads to the restructuring of institutions of law and legal relations, as well as to the formation of new value properties of law—its syncreticism, integration of the individual and the general, non-subjectivity, non-objectivity, public-private permeability, anthropomorphism.
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34

Gill, Sandra K. "Book Review: Workplace Flexibility: Realigning 20th-Century Jobs for the 21st-Century Workforce." Gender & Society 26, no. 3 (2012): 521–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243211408719.

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35

Oliveira, Eduardo. "Urban and regional planning and development – 20th century forms and 21st century transformations." Regional Studies 54, no. 12 (2020): 1787–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1802860.

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36

Yeow, Jillian. "Book review: Workplace Flexibility: Realigning 20th-Century Jobs for a 21st-Century Workforce." Work, Employment and Society 25, no. 2 (2011): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017011398898.

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37

Cort, John E. "Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential - By Gene Sharp." Religious Studies Review 32, no. 1 (2006): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2006.00030_4.x.

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38

Garnar, Martin. "Whither the Reference Desk? 20th Century Values in a 21st Century Service Model." International Information & Library Review 48, no. 3 (2016): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2016.1205417.

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39

Yang, X. L., L. L. Ren, R. Tong, et al. "Drought assessment and trends analysis from 20th century to 21st century over China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 371 (June 12, 2015): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-371-89-2015.

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Abstract. Droughts are becoming the most expensive natural disasters in China and have exerted serious impacts on local economic development and ecological environment. The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) provides a unique opportunity to assess scientific understanding of climate variability and change over a range of historical and future period. In this study, fine-resolution multimodel climate projections over China are developed based on 7 CMIP5 climate models under RCP8.5 emissions scenarios by means of Bilinear Interpolation and Bias Correction. The results of downscaled CMIP5 models are evaluated over China by comparing the model outputs with the England Reanalysis CRU3.1 from 1951 to 2000. Accordingly, the results from the output of downscaled models are used to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Time series of SPI has been used to identify drought from 20th century to 21st century over China. The results show that, most areas of China are projected to become wetter as a consequence of increasing precipitation under RCP8.5 scenarios. Detailed examination shows that the SPI show a slightly increasing trend in the future period for the most parts of China, but drought in Southwest region of China will become the norm in the future RCP8.5 scenarios.
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40

Dolynska, Maryana. "THE MIDDLE 19TH CENTURY – EARLY 21ST CENTURY FUNCTIONING OF LVIV’S HORONYMS." City History, Culture, Society, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2016.01.191.

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There are official and traditional names of places upon the territory of the town or the city. They have existed from the ancient times till contemporary days. The official ones have been given by the executive body, and the traditional names are describing the place by nearby locations, buildings or natural objects. Toponyms are divided into different classes and subclasses.
 Horonyms describe nonlinear structures (territories) and were used to call any places on the town’s area, except for streets or squares. Horonyms do not provide the information about the official administrative division of the contemporary time but were putting traditional names in use.In order to answer the question - how long this class of the city’s names lasted, one has to base on retrospective comparison of the pre-statistical source. The contemporary vocabulary of Lviv’s dialect (“Leksykon lvivskyy povazhno i na zhart”) have fixed 65 horonyms of Lviv’s area, which currentlyare being used by city dwellers. That was the basement of analysis by the retrospective method. This data was compared with such sources: late 19 c.-early 20 c. guidebooks and middle 19 c. maps with their accompaniment notes.The administrative units’ division of Lviv’s territory was applied in this article because during the long 19 century Lviv was a part of Austro-Hungary Empire. That’s why 4 groups of horonyms were excluded: 1. the names of the former city’s villages that are currently preserved as the city’s horonyms because those villages were absorbed into the city only during 20th century. (Today names of those former villages do not reflect the administrative units’ division); 2. village Sygnivka, which was founded only in the 20th years of 19thcentury on the area of the former suburb Halytskie of Lviv’s early modern period; 3. the names of villages, which surrounded town’s area, but were not under the rule of the town hall; 4. all names of objects, which were upon the area of these villages.So after the exclusion, we have 48 names (horonyms). The analysis showed that one name came into being in the late 20th century and eight other ones during its first half. Fifteen horonyms, as well, as their names were founded during the 19th century. So, that leaves us with twenty-four names, which were established during the earlier period and are being used now in the city. We need to continue research on a retrospective comparison of the named recorded in the early modern serial sources.
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41

Leeson, George W. "Increasing Longevity and the New Demography of Death." International Journal of Population Research 2014 (June 24, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/521523.

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The world is ageing at both an individual and population levels and population ageing is truly a global phenomenon, the only notable region of exception being sub-Saharan Africa, which remains relatively young in demographic terms. At an individual level, life expectancies at birth have increased at the global level from 47 years in the mid-20th century to around 70 years today and are expected to rise to 76 years by the mid-21st century. At the population level, the proportion of the world’s population aged 60 years and over has increased from 8 percent in the mid-20th century to 12 percent, and by 2050, it is expected to reach 21 percent. In Europe, ageing has continued at a slower rate, but with the emergence of increasing numbers of centenarians. This paper outlines the transition using data from England and Wales from a demography of young death in the mid-19th century to a demography of survival in the 20th century and on to the new demography of old death in the 21st century. The paper provides evidence that it is likely that ages at death will continue to increase, with more and more people reaching extreme old age. At the same time, it is likely that life expectancies at birth will continue to rise, taking life expectancy at birth in England and Wales to 100 years or more by the end of the 21st century. The new 21st century demography of death will lead to annual numbers of deaths far in excess of previous maxima.
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42

Serrano Alvarez, Jose Manuel. "The paradigm of war in the 20th century." Revista Científica General José María Córdova 16, no. 23 (2018): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21830/19006586.305.

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This article analyzes the evolution of the concept of war in the 20th century from different views. The analysis explores the aspects that have characterized war and the different perceptions it has aroused in the last century, as the changes in these perceptions have, in turn, generated an alteration in the instrumental use of the war conflict. Ultimately, the study seeks to analyze the extent to which war is an instrument of change in societies to the beginning of the 21st century, especially in the fields of psychological perception, state forms, the structure of societies, and international relationships.
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43

Bogush, Alla. "PRESCHOOL EDUCATION IN UKRAINE: ACHIEVEMENTS, REALITIES, PROSPECTS." Education: Modern Discourses, no. 3 (December 26, 2020): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37472/2617-3107-2020-3-11.

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The purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of the preschool education modernization in Ukraine as a sovereign state, namely in Ukraine in the 90s of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. The paper highlights the first steps of the preschool education development in the 90s of the 20th century as well as its active development phase at the beginning of the 21st century: the development of variable programs, the Basic Component of Preschool Education, the Law of Ukraine “On Preschool Education”, the First Congress of Preschool Education. Scientific achievements in the field of higher preschool education, training of scientific and pedagogical staff are considered. Perspective directions for further modernization of the preschool education sector have been identified.
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44

Denning, Stephen. "A powerful diagnostic tool for 21st Century management." Strategy & Leadership 49, no. 1 (2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sl-12-2020-0161.

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Purpose The author offers The Principles, Processes, Practices (PPP) Worksheet, an analytic tool that can help firms diagnose their current status in relation to the transformation from 20th Century to 21st Century management. Design/methodology/approach The author posits that there are currently two strikingly different ways of running a corporation in a coherent and consistent fashion. The predominant mode of 20th Century management refined over the last 50 years has the goal of maximizing shareholder value. 10;By contrast, for 21st Century management–the pioneering mode of Agile enterprises and of leading Silicon Valley firms, the goal leads to principles and processes that enable agility. The principles and processes help firms mobilize talent to create instant, intimate, incremental value for customers. 10; Findings The Principles, Processes, Practices (PPP) Worksheet an be applied either to the entire organization or to any part of that organization, such as the leadership team, or any department, or any team, at any point in time. Practical implications Leaders using the PPP worksheet will become, in effect, what Richard Sheridan, CEO of Menlo Innovations, calls “a high tech anthropologist” probing what is going on. Originality/value This is the first description of a potent analytical tool that can help a firm plan and implement a management transformation to 21st Century Agile practices.
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Gomułka, Stanisław. "The Global Economy in the 21st Century: Will the Trends of the 20th Century Continue?" Central European Economic Journal 2, no. 49 (2018): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2017-0011.

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Abstract This paper compares three lists of basic ‘stylized facts’ of global economic growth and proposes a list of five ‘stylized trends’ that describe the main developments of the global economy in the 20th century. The author’s main purpose is to answer the question whether, in the light of the contemporary growth theory and demographic forecasts, these trends are likely to continue in the 21st century. Considering this theory, it is argued that the global economy rate of growth of the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is likely to continue to be high in the first half of the current century, but decline significantly in the second half. This paper offers forecasts for the average growth rates during this century, and the levels by its end, of the per capita GDP for the technology frontier area (TFA) of the world, and for the countries outside the TFA. According to these forecasts, the strong divergence trend of the 19th and 20th centuries will be replaced by a strong convergence between the TFA and the other countries during the 21st century.
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O’Desky, R. I., M. J. Ball, and E. E. Ball. "Computers in Health Care for the 21st Century." Methods of Information in Medicine 29, no. 02 (1990): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634772.

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AbstractAs the world enters the last decade of the 20th Century, there is a great deal of speculation about the effect of computers on the future delivery of health care. In this article, the authors attempt to identify some of the evolving computer technologies and anticipate what effect they will have by the year 2000. Rather than listing potential accomplishments, each of the affected areas: hardware, software, health care systems and communications, are presented in an evolutionary manner so the reader can better appreciate where we have been and where we are going.
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Bartsch, Adam, Edward Benzel, Vincent Miele, and Vikas Prakash. "Impact test comparisons of 20th and 21st century American football helmets." Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 1 (2012): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.9.jns111059.

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Object Concussion is the signature American football injury of the 21st century. Modern varsity helmets, as compared with vintage leather helmets, or “leatherheads,” are widely believed to universally improve protection by reducing head impact doses and head injury risk for the 3 million young football players in the US. The object of this study was to compare the head impact doses and injury risks with 11 widely used 21st century varsity helmets and 2 early 20th century leatherheads and to hypothesize what the results might mean for children wearing similar varsity helmets. Methods In an injury biomechanics laboratory, the authors conducted front, oblique front, lateral, oblique rear, and rear head impact tests at 5.0 m/second using helmeted headforms, inducing near- and subconcussive head impact doses on par with approximately the 95th percentile of on-field collision severity. They also calculated impact dose injury risk parameters common to laboratory and on-field traumatic neuromechanics: linear acceleration, angular acceleration, angular velocity, Gadd Severity Index, diffuse axonal injury, acute subdural hematoma, and brain contusion. Results In many instances the head impact doses and head injury risks while wearing vintage leatherheads were comparable to or better than those while wearing several widely used 21st century varsity helmets. Conclusions The authors do not advocate reverting to leather headgear, but they do strongly recommend, especially for young players, instituting helmet safety designs and testing standards, which encourage the minimization of linear and angular impact doses and injury risks in near- and subconcussive head impacts.
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Burov, Andrey Mikhailovich. "Phenomenon of the System Repetition in Photography as an Alternative to Film." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 4, no. 4 (2012): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik4438-47.

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The article highlights certain artistic and esthetical aspects of the systematic change in the art of the first half of the 20th century. Based on specific factors, the author discovers a num ber of basic criteria for the artistic, esthetical and structural evaluation of post-visual phrases (relevant for both post-visual phrase of the first half of the 20th century and that one of the second half of the 20 th century and the beginning of the 21st century).
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Kim, Jaeun. "Aspects of Death in the late 20th century and early 21st century Chinese poetry." JOURNAL OF CHINESE HUMANITIES 66 (August 31, 2017): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35955/jch.2017.08.66.325.

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House, James S. "Understanding Social Factors and Inequalities in Health: 20th Century Progress and 21st Century Prospects." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 43, no. 2 (2002): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3090192.

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