Journal articles: '2D/3D Cartography'

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Petkov, Dobrin, and Temenoujka Bandrova. "Classification of cartographic models according to their content, dimensionality, material of production and types of reality." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 1 (2020): 434–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-1-26-434-446.

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Cartography as one of the most ancient science and practice supply users with cartographic models and deliver them with geospatial information. Now in the days of technological revolution and digital earth we cannot find clearly classification of cartographic models including the latest achievements of science, technics and methodology. Several classifications, mainly of maps are shown and critical review is done. It is visible that no standardization in this field. Cartography as a mathematical science need classification system of its models, data and information. It is needed to everybody who make and use cartographic models. The classification system offers a possible method for selecting a suitable model that can be used to visualize a data set or theory. The point of classification is to take large number of observations and group them into data ranges or classes. This paper represents an information about cartographic models and make attempt to classify them according to their content (general, thematic, specialized), dimensionality (2D, 2.5D, 3D, 4D, multidimensional), material of production (paper / hard base, digital, anaglyph, holographic, web), and types of reality (virtual, augmented, physical). This is done on the base of new cartographic models appeared with technical innovation and computer-aided systems used in cartography nowadays.

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van der Meer, T. W. T., E. Verbree, and P. J. M. van Oosterom. "EFFECTIVE CARTOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR ASSISTING TACTICS CHOICE AND INDOOR DEPLOYMENTS DURING BUILDING FIRES – A CASESTUDY THE DUTCH FIRE BRIGADE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-655-2018.

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Abstract. Information is key for a safe deployment of the fire brigade. Incorrect judgement could lead to decreased effectivity or even casualties. Because of the risks that are posed by building complexity and modern building materials, the Dutch fire brigade is increasingly hesitant to enter the building during a building fire. While no two building fires are the same and personal judgement of the fire brigade will remain necessary, good information supply could aid the commanders in making the right choices. There are a lot of factors that come into play when choosing strategy, tactics and techniques. An effective information system should present the right and up to date information at the right moment, and it should do so in an intuitive and effective manner. Most cartography research has been done for outdoor applications; indoor cartography is in its infancy. This research aims to develop cartographic methods to aid the Dutch fire brigade during building fire deployments. Based on the requirements of the organization a novel approach is introduced: ToggleMaps. This mobile interface combines a main map pane with a reference pane, both in either 2D or 3D and with either a low or a high level of detail. This allows the user to toggle between two states: a detailed 2D overview of a separate building level with its perspective within the 3D reference map, or a more detailed 3D overview of the whole building with a simplified 2D reference map of his current building level.

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Lemenkova, Polina, and Olivier Debeir. "Quantitative Morphometric 3D Terrain Analysis of Japan Using Scripts of GMT and R." Land 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010261.

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In this paper, we describe two related scripting methods of cartographic data processing and visualization that provide 2D and 3D mapping of Japan with different algorithm complexity. The first algorithm utilizes Generic Mapping Toolset (GMT), which is known as an advanced console-based program for spatial data processing. The modules of GMT combine the functionality of scripting with the aspects of geoinformatics, which is especially effective for the rapid analysis of large geospatial datasets, multi-format data processing, and mapping in 2D and 3D modes. The second algorithm presents the use of the R programming language for cartographic visualization and spatial analysis. This R method utilizes the packages ‘tmap’, ‘raster’, ‘maps’, and ‘mapdata’ to model the morphometric elements of the Japanese archipelago, such as slope, aspect, hillshade and elevation. The general purpose graphical package ‘ggplot2’ of R was used for mapping the prefectures of Japan. The two scripting approaches demonstrated an established correspondence between the programming languages and cartography determined with the use of scripts for data processing. They outperform several well-known and state-of-the-art GIS methods for mapping due to their high automation of data processing. Cartography has largely reflected recent advances in data science, the rapid development of scripting languages, and transfer in the approaches of data processing. This extends to the shift from the traditional GIS to programming languages. As a response to these new challenges, we demonstrated in this paper the advantages of using scripts in mapping, which consist of repeatability and the flexible applicability of scripts in similar works.

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Said, Farid, Ahmad Wahidiyat, Dyah Darma Andayani, Harifuddin Harifuddin, and Rudi Salam. "Development of Travel Attractions through the Design of Google SketchUp Based Coastal Tourist Map (Pengembangan Daya Tarik Wisata melalui Perancangan Peta Wisata Pantai Berbasis Google SketchUp)." Journal Pekommas 2, no. 2 (November 24, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.30818/jpkm.2017.2020209.

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Cartography is a science on making a map or globe. As of now the field of cartography constitute visualization in 2-dimensional form (2D). In order to fix the quality of the cartography, a map similar to thereal situation in three-dimensional visualization (3D) can be created. The research aims to design a beach tourism created by Google SketchUp application. Designing of 3D map is in accordance with the rules of software engineering that starts from planning, modeling and construction. Google SketchUp is an excellent graphics software in the manufacture of physical design such as building design, home design, etc. In addition to ease of building design, the excellence of Google SketchUp also makes it easy to build a 3D design that gives more interesting impression compared to 2D design. The instrument of expert validation performed by 3 experts validator who is a lecturer State University of Makassar. Based on the results from validator clear that the system is proper to use, thus agree with the decent category used as tourism information material which is more interesting attractions. This is evidenced by the utilization of android based applications.Kartografi merupakan suatu ilmu dalam pembuatan peta atau globe. Selama ini bidang ilmu kartografi merupakan visualisasi dalam bentuk dua dimensi (2D). Untuk memperbaiki kualitas kartografi tersebut, maka dapat dibuat peta dalam bentuk visualisasi yang menyerupai dunia nyata yakni peta dalam bentuk tiga dimensi (3D). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang peta wisata pantai dengan menggunakan aplikasi Google SketchUp. Perancangan desain peta 3D dilakukan dengan kaidah rekayasa perangkat lunak (software engineering) yang dimulai dari proses perencanaan (planning), modeling (perancangan), dan konstruksi (construction). Google SketchUp merupakan software grafis yang sangat andal dalam membuat suatu desain fisik seperti gedung, rumah, dan lain-lain. Selain mempermudah dalam membangun desain, keunggulan dari Google SketchUp juga mempermudah membangun rancangan 3D yang berguna untuk memberikan kesan yang lebih menarik bila dibandingkana aplikasi yang bersifat abstrak atau 2D. Instrumen validasi ahli dilakukan dengan tiga validator yang ahli dibidangnya. Berdasarkan hasil telaah validator, aplikasi ini dinyatakan layak sehingga memenuhi kategori layak digunakan sebagai bahan informasi objek wisata yang lebih menarik. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan pemanfaatan aplikasi berbasis android.

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Papadopoulou, Ermioni-Eirini, Apostolos Papakonstantinou, Nikoletta-Anna Kapogianni, Nikolaos Zouros, and Nikolaos Soulakellis. "VR Multiscale Geovisualization Based on UAS Multitemporal Data: The Case of Geological Monuments." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 4259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174259.

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Technological progress in Virtual Reality (VR) and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) offers great advantages in the field of cartography and particularly in the geovisualization of spatial data. This paper investigates the correlation between UAS flight characteristics for data acquisition and the quality of the derived maps and 3D models of geological monuments for VR geovisualization in different scales and timeframes. In this study, we develop a methodology for mapping geoheritage monuments based on different cartographic scales. Each cartographic scale results in diverse orthophotomaps and 3D models. All orthophotomaps and 3D models provide an optimal geovisualization, combining UAS and VR technologies and thus contributing to the multitemporal 3D geovisualization of geological heritage on different cartographic scales. The study area selected was a fossilite ferrous site located in Lesvos Geopark, UNESCO. The study area contains a fossil site surrounding various findings. The three distinct scales that occur are based on the object depicted: (i) the fossilite ferrous site (1:120), (ii) the fossil root system (1:20), and (iii) individual fossils (≥1:10). The methodology followed in the present research consists of three main sections: (a) scale-variant UAS data acquisition, (b) data processing and results (2D–3D maps and models), and (c) 3D geovisualization to VR integration. Each different mapping scale determines the UAS data acquisition parameters (flight pattern, camera orientation and inclination, height of flight) and defines the resolution of the 3D models to be embedded in the VR environment. Due to the intense excavation of the study area, the location was spatiotemporally monitored on the cartographic scale of 1:120. For the continuous monitoring of the study area, four different UASs were also used. Each of them was programmed to fly and acquire images with a constant ground sampling distance (GSD). The data were processed by image-based 3D modeling and computer vision algorithms from which the 3D models and orthophotomaps were created and used in the VR environment. As a result, a VR application visualizing multitemporal data of geoheritage monuments across three cartographic scales was developed.

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Wilken, Rowan, and Julian Thomas. "Vertical geomediation: The automation and platformization of photogrammetry." New Media & Society 24, no. 11 (October 7, 2022): 2531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614448221122214.

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Photogrammetry is the science of using photographs to make measurements and derive three-dimensional (3D) data about objects or terrain from two-dimensional (2D) imaging. In this article we view photogrammetry through the lens of geomedia studies, arguing two things. First, we suggest the accumulation and concentration of photogrammetric capabilities, technologies and knowledge, from the First World War onwards can be understood as both part of the 20th-century creation of a ‘government machine’, and a crucial element within the longer-run ‘cartographic project’. Through both world wars and the post-war period, aerial photogrammetry emerged as a fundamental capability for government-supported geomedia infrastructure and spatial information capture – what we term an extended geomedia infosphere. Second, we examine the critical dynamics of digitization, automation and platformization. These developments, we argue, have led to a redistribution of photogrammetric capabilities and technologies outside governmental cartography, with implications for platforms and geomedia studies.

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Sieber, René, Remo Eichenberger, and Lorenz Hurni. "3D Carto-Graphics – Principles, Methods and Examples for Interactive Atlases." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-338-2019.

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Abstract. Atlases are designed to visualize, explore and analyze topographic and thematic information in a geographic environment. As 3D data and real-time display techniques are increasingly available, a trend towards 3D atlases can be observed like the newly released Earth 3D Amazing Atlas (2017) and the Atlas of Switzerland &ndash; online (2016). While creating such interactive 3D atlases, editors are often confronted with the question: How realistic should a cartographic 3D representation look like? Can we introduce some visualization guidelines or even rules to determine the „graphic style“ of cartographic 3D elements? 3D visualizations tend to let users ask for more and more details, leading to photorealistic representations. But photorealism is mostly not suited to pin point the characteristics of a theme; obviously, a creek or a trail would hardly be recognized in a forest area. As Goralski (2009, p.3) states: “3D maps are not meant to be realistic 3D representations of the real world. As in other map types, cartographic rules of abstraction, symbolization and generalization have to be used, to assure efficient transfer of the depicted geographical information, tailored to the purpose, and suitable for the target map user.”In our presentation, we will clarify the term of 3D carto-graphics, depict principles, and describe suitable methods and corresponding techniques. In the context of the national Atlas of Switzerland, we will apply and examine these design concepts for 3D representations within the 3D mapping space (Sieber et al. 2013).A carto-graphic style for 3D is based on 2D cartographic rules (Imhof 1965) and non-photorealistic computer graphics (Doellner 2012, Bodum 2005). Principles concerning 3D modeling are fundamental for the different representational aspects. In this context, we will discuss principles such as a degree of realism, the level of visual complexity of 3D maps, the graphic quality of map elements, the 3D visualization and symbolization (Near-Far/Distance-Density problem), etc. considering dynamic and real-time applications. As an example of a 3D principle, the visualization should always originate from 3D data; thus a 2D map is a special case of a 3D map (Sieber et al. 2012).Methods and techniques of 3D modeling affect the whole 3D scene consisting of terrain/topography, and different map objects. We will present some ideas and techniques how to treat 3D topography, and objects like point symbols, charts, lines, areas and solid objects considering real-time interaction. As an example of such methods recommended in the field of 3D topography, DTMs should be based on high-resolution and smoothed TINs applying techniques of low poly height fields (Ferguson 2013). Adaptive DTM smoothing using topographic position index (TPI) and filtering techniques are also taken into consideration (Guisan et al. 1999, Kettunen et al. 2017). For appropriate relief shading, an exemplary approach using smoothing and enhance techniques is suggested (Geisthövel 2017).To illustrate the described methods and techniques, we present and discuss characteristic examples from various application fields. Examples may come from cartography, computer graphics, and even from data journalism and info-graphics. In order to demonstrate the feasibility and the usability of this approach, we plan to implement a set of 3D visualizations, which can be interacted with in real-time by means of the Virtual Globe engine of the Atlas of Switzerland &ndash; online.

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Bitelli, G., V. A. Girelli, and A. Lambertini. "INTEGRATED USE OF REMOTE SENSED DATA AND NUMERICAL CARTOGRAPHY FOR THE GENERATION OF 3D CITY MODELS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-97-2018.

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3D city models are becoming increasingly popular and important, because they constitute the base for all the visualization, planning, management operations regarding the urban infrastructure. These data are however not available in the majority of cities: in this paper, the possibility to use geospatial data of various kinds with the aim to generate 3D models in urban environment is investigated. In 3D modelling works, the starting data are frequently the 3D point clouds, which are nowadays possible to collect by different sensors mounted on different platforms: LiDAR, imagery from satellite, airborne or unmanned aerial vehicles, mobile mapping systems that integrate several sensors. The processing of the acquired data and consequently the obtainability of models able to provide geometric accuracy and a good visual impact is limited by time, costs and logistic constraints. Nowadays more and more innovative hardware and software solutions can offer to the municipalities and the public authorities the possibility to use available geospatial data, acquired for diverse aims, for the generation of 3D models of buildings and cities, characterized by different level of detail. In the paper two cases of study are presented, both regarding surveys carried out in Emilia Romagna region, Italy, where 2D or 2.5D numerical maps are available. The first one is about the use of oblique aerial images realized by the Municipality for a systematic documentation of the built environment, the second concerns the use of LiDAR data acquired for other purposes; in the two tests, these data were used in conjunction with large scale numerical maps to produce 3D city models.

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Jedlička, Karel. "Third dimension of a map." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-145-2019.

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Abstract. A communication of information from its producer to a user can be done in many ways which differs in their effectivity. Although a map is a native communication channel for presenting of spatial data, a presentation of spatial data in 3D environment is a growing alternative in recent years. Therefore this chapter describes basic principles of dealing with third dimension in a map.Note that this contribution focuses on matters related purely to GIS. The contribution is not going to describe advanced 3D scene visualization techniques such as shadow modelling, ray-tracing, etc. (as they belong to computer graphics).Also a type of display in not addressed in detail. Just to mention in general, having a 3D scene, it can be displayed on:<ol><li>Monitor &ndash; then it is perspective visualization. A perception of depth emerges by moving the virtual observer position or line of sight.</li><li>Monitor using passive or active glasses / 3D monitor &ndash; a full stereo perception emerges.</li><li>3D print / hologram &ndash; physical/virtual three-dimensional scene emerges.</li></ol>Coming to GIS related issues. First of all, there exists solutions displaying 2.5 dimensional data and they are commonly called 3D GIS as well even if they do not support full 3D objects.Next, there are two different types of coordinate systems used: a Cartesian coordinate system, speaking geographically &ndash; a projected coordinate system, e.g. an UTM Zone. Then all coordinates are in the same units (usually meters). More challenging is the other type &ndash; a geographic coordinate system using latitude and longitude locating both objects and phenomena on Earth globe, but metric units for (ellipsoidal or orthometric) height &ndash; then different types of units (angular and metrical) are used for different axes. Such a situation is typical for virtual globes.Talking about cartography, there are two main approaches to visualize a 3D scene, photorealistic versus symbolized). Photorealistic approach tends to use real world textures and create an impression as close to real world as possible. The other approach, consisting of applying a cartographic symbols on the scene, challenges contemporary cartography, as not all cartographic techniques can be transferred from 2D to 3D. There can be distinguished among techniques able to apply without a change, techniques need to be adapted and inapplicable techniques.And last but not least major issue is that 3D GIS has to deal with large data in a different way than in 2D. Two dimensional GIS deals with large amount of data by a concept of scale dependent rendering (also called a scale dependent map) and using pyramiding and generalization techniques. But important thing is that always the whole thematic layer (or even a map) is represented at one level of detail in one view. When zoom in or out, an appropriate level of pyramid is depicted. A different approach is needed in 3D &ndash; instead of using one zoom level as a threshold for what and how to visualize, the observer position and line of sight have to be taken into account. Then, objects closer to observer have to be presented in more detailed way than objects away, no matter if they are from the same layer or different layers.

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Lütjens, Mona, Thomas Kersten, Boris Dorschel, and Felix Tschirschwitz. "Virtual Reality in Cartography: Immersive 3D Visualization of the Arctic Clyde Inlet (Canada) Using Digital Elevation Models and Bathymetric Data." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 3, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti3010009.

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Due to rapid technological development, virtual reality (VR) is becoming an accessible and important tool for many applications in science, industry, and economy. Being immersed in a 3D environment offers numerous advantages especially for the presentation of geographical data that is usually depicted in 2D maps or pseudo 3D models on the monitor screen. This study investigated advantages, limitations, and possible applications for immersive and intuitive 3D terrain visualizations in VR. Additionally, in view of ever-increasing data volumes, this study developed a workflow to present large scale terrain datasets in VR for current mid-end computers. The developed immersive VR application depicts the Arctic fjord Clyde Inlet in its 160 km × 80 km dimensions at 5 m spatial resolution. Techniques, such as level of detail algorithms, tiling, and level streaming, were applied to run the more than one gigabyte large dataset at an acceptable frame rate. The immersive VR application offered the possibility to explore the terrain with or without water surface by various modes of locomotion. Terrain textures could also be altered and measurements conducted to receive necessary information for further terrain analysis. The potential of VR was assessed in a user survey of persons from six different professions.

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Osipov, Viktor Ivanovich, Oleg Konstantinovich Mironov, and Valeriy L’vovich Belyaev. "Constantly operating geoinformation system for geoenvironment as a tool for pre-project investigations in city infrastructure development (on the example of moscow)." Vestnik MGSU, no. 2 (February 2016): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.2.159-172.

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The concept of a geoinformation system for urban geoenvironment is concerned. Geological data is necessary for the sustainable development of city infrastructure. The municipal departments should use geological and environmental information for perspective planning, selecting the location for important infrastructure objects, solving ecologycal problems, and in decision making. The concept includes a preliminary list of system’s users, their informational needs, main functionalities, methodical approaches to the system design and development. Geological data must contain source documents from geological archives “as is” and geodata based on its interpretation for various tasks. These data must be checked carefully and updated with new engineering-geological investigations. Geoinformation system must integrate various geological, engineering-geological, hydrogeological, and environmental data. Sophisticated procedures must be provided to check complicated logical dependences in the system database and to analyze contradictions between source documents. 3D modeling is an adequate language for presenting geological data, therefore, the considered system must include 3D models of various scales. In the suggested concept 3D modeling is considered as a tool for investigations, not only for presentations. The end users should have possibilities to get results of their queries in various formats: tables, geological and thematic maps, geological cross-sections, 2D and 3D grids as source data for mathematical modeling, etc. In conclusion, the paper briefly describes IEG RAS activities in GIS technologies for geological cartography and 3D modeling.

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Dušek, Radek, and Jakub Miřijovský. "Visualization of geospatial data: chaos in the dimensions." Geografie 114, no. 3 (2009): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2009114030169.

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2D maps, 2.5D terrain models and 3D visualization are examples of terms which are widely used in computer science, geography, cartography and also in geoinformatics. What do they, however, really mean? The paper tries to clarify the common terminology. Only the issue of three-dimensional space is discussed, without incorporating time and other dimensions. The authors want to draw attention to the often misguiding and pointless use of terms relating to the expression of space. The original and correct terms, originating from informatics and spatial data processing, have been transferred to the field of visualization, in which they are often ill founded and incorrect. An example commonly used in the literature is a reference to perspective projection as a 3D view, etc. Furthermore, the paper points to collisions in the use of these terms. Despite the fact that the terms are already commonly used in the literature, the authors recommend a change of the terms, especially in view of further technological developments in the field of spatial data visualization.

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Moyes, Holley, Dominique Rissolo, Hilda Lozano Bravo, Shane Montgomery, and Amy Newsam. "MAPS AND IMAGERY: A HYBRID MODEL FOR ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CAVE SITES." Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 18 (2023): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.62064/rrba.18.08.

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Mapping is one of the most fundamental and important enterprises for cave archaeologists not only for research, but integral to cave management and heritage preservation. Using traditional cartography techniques is often a tedious and long-term project involving numerous field seasons and thousands of measurements. Capturing 3D spaces using these 2D techniques is clunky and often unsatisfying when recording features or chambers that align and overlap vertically. Due to the complexity of the spaces, accuracy is often sacrificed in the interest of time and traditionally cave features are "sketched" even in the best-case scenarios when measurements are collected from stations or physical baselines. New technologies allow archaeologists to rapidly collect 3-dimensional spatial data at an unprecedented level of accuracy. Employing a case study from Belize, we illustrate a methodological advancement in map-making using LiDAR imagery.

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Pérez-Álvarez, Rubén, Julio Manuel de Luis-Ruiz, Raúl Pereda-García, Gema Fernández-Maroto, and Beatriz Malagón-Picón. "3D Documentation with TLS of Caliphal Gate (Ceuta, Spain)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 5377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155377.

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Three-dimensional surveying with a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) has implied a revolution in the field of 3D modeling, as this methodology provides detailed point-clouds with simplified processes of capture. In addition to the point-clouds, other outputs can be obtained, such as ortho-images, virtual itineraries, 2D cartography, and meshes, which implies a second avenue of multimedia products, such as 3D Portable Document Format (PDF) files and interactive applications. All these options are interesting for the management and broadcast of cultural heritage. The works that have been developed in this research are aimed at setting a workflow for the TLS surveying works and subsequent data management for the generation of a 3D model of the Caliphal Gate of Ceuta, which is considered as one of the most important medieval findings in Spain in recent years, and its immediate surroundings. This model and the different outputs that have been obtained from it allow for the continuation of the historiographic analysis of the complex, while documenting a partial stage in the development of the works of enhancement. In addition to this, these products are not only useful in terms of conservation studies or enhancement, as they are also suitable for the dissemination of the site. Special attention has been set on the paid suitable software for data management while generating the outputs, and for its application by the final users.

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Brovelli, Maria Antonia, Marco Minghini, and Giorgio Zamboni. "Three Dimensional Volunteered Geographic Information." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 3, no. 2 (April 2014): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2014040102.

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The dawn of GeoWeb 2.0, the geographic extension of Web 2.0, has opened new possibilities in terms of online dissemination and sharing of geospatial contents, thus laying the foundations for a fruitful development of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) systems. The purpose of the study is to investigate the extension of VGI applications, which are quite mature in the traditional bi-dimensional framework, up to the third dimension by means of virtual globes. Inspired by the visionary idea of Digital Earth, virtual globes are changing the way people approach to geographic information on the Web. Unlike the 2D visualization typical of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), virtual globes offer multi-dimensional, fully-realistic content visualization which allows for a much richer user experience. The proposed system should couple a powerful 3D visualization with an increase of public participation thanks to a tool allowing data collecting from mobile devices (e.g. smartphones and tablets). The participative application, built using the open source NASA World Wind virtual globe, is focused on the cultural and tourism heritage of Como city, located in Northern Italy. Users can create and manage customized projects and populate a catalogue of cartographic layers which is available to the entire community. Together with historical maps and the current cartography of the city, the system is also able to manage geo-tagged data, which come from user field-surveys performed through mobile devices in order to report POIs (Points Of Interest). Users can also extend POIs information adding more textual and multimedia contexts (e.g. images, audios and videos) directly on the globe. All in all, the resulting application allows users to create and share contributions as it usually happens on social platforms, additionally providing a realistic 3D representation enhancing the expressive power of data.

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Medynska-Gulij, Beata, Maciej Smaczynski, Dariusz Lorek, Łukasz Halik, Łukasz Wielebski, Tymoteusz Horbinski, and Paweł Cybulski. "Teaching of geographical space relations for cartography – Academic Outdoor Station in Poznan (Poland)." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-249-2019.

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Abstract. The identification of geographical phenomena and relations between them are most frequently visualized, analyzed and interpreted indoor by the display screen. The difficulties with capturing basic spatial relations significant in the process of teaching cartography become the main problem. The objective of teachers from the Department of Cartography and Geomatics was to enrich typical classes carried out in computer rooms by adding the outdoor academic classes that would encourage students to observe those relations directly in the field. In October 2018 the outdoor station of the area of 15&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;20&thinsp;m by the university campus next to Collegium Geographicum was handed over to the disposal of students. The projects of the elements of the station were created on the basis of the lecturers experience as a part of subjects on the following courses: topographical cartography, survey techniques, cartographic design, virtual and augmented reality in cartography, geovisualization and geomatics. Sets of several constructions that can be used either separately, as tools for explaining specific principles or together, as instruments for teaching subsequent measurement, location and visualization relations occurring in cartography and geomatics, were placed on the premises of the station.In order to study historical ways of marking borders, the erratic, a replica of the boundary stone from 1653 with the triangle engraved in the place in which three countries connect, was placed in the field. Contemporary ways of the stabilization of the border points and points of the grid reference are farther located. The point marked on the metal horizontal plate, on the spot in which the meridian and the parallel of latitude cross, inform about multiple ways of recording the exact location in space. The values of coordinates were calculated for that point and engraved on the board in several nation and global reference systems. Students, standing on other three plates with the points marked where meridians cross parallels of latitude, create basic elements of the grid of latitude and longitude of 0.2''.On a single plate three directions of the north, i.e. the geographic, topographic and magnetic one, are visible. One of the meridians marks the line of analemmatic sundial to 12:00&thinsp;a.m. and the student standing on the area of the specific month becomes a gnomon whose shadow indicates the hour of the local meridian. Two surveyor's levelling rods with two values differing by approximately 16&thinsp;cm demonstrate different values of contour lines on topographic maps worked out in Poland. Properly oriented topographic table shows the same fragment of space in four ways: on the classic, north-oriented topographic map, on the orthophotomap at 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;10&thinsp;000 scale, on the simplified visualization of a few layers from the national topographic base at enlarged 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;2&thinsp;000 scale and on the 3D printout on which the height of buildings was determined from the attribute table.Authors of the Academic Outdoor Station in Poznan prepared for the conference guests the multimedia presentation with the explanations of the aforementioned constructions and other elements, i.e. the wall of cartographic visualizations with perspective and optical illusions presented on 2D boards, virtual and augmented reality table, triangular signal, and others. We hope to receive feedback from cartographers and hear some ideas concerning new constructions for our station.

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CANDELARIA-SOBERAL, José, and Ángel ACOSTA-COLÓN. "Simple cylindrical interpolation over a relatively small data set to determine the position of cave walls for 2D and 3D digital cave cartography." Journal of Applied Computer Science & Mathematics 16, no. 1 (2022): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4316/jacsm.202201005.

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Suazo, Antonio. "A new method for using historical street photography collections as a primary source for cartographic production." Abstracts of the ICA 2 (October 8, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-24-2020.

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Abstract. The production of historical cartographies with the aid of digital tools has become in recent years a very active field of study, especially in urban heritage research. In this way, contributions from disciplines such as computer vision or remote sensing allow today to integrate data from various documentary records, enriching the available urban historiography, and enabling new readings on the relationship between historical cartography and contemporary sources of information. Despite this, little attention has been paid to the use of urban street photography, which continues to be used mostly to confirm or validate cartographic hypotheses, but not as a primary source of information. Among other causes, this is because there are no standardized procedures to extract the information directly from the photographs, nor with methods that allow addressing the divergences between captures from various locations and times.To overcome this situation, a new methodology is proposed to incorporate collections of historical photographs into a cartographic creation process, for the recovery and direct use of the information contained in them. Throughout a workflow, the proposal provides special support for two sub-processing steps: i) the possibility of comparatively studying the information from various photographs, and ii) the possibility of managing and taking into account the differences in dates between different shots. For this, the proposal transfers the recovered information from the photographs (in a 3D coordinate system) to a single cartographic representation (in a 2D coordinate system), to support that data management and decision making take place directly in the map view. This is intended to overcome the practice of using the map to ‘pass clean’ discoveries made with other means and to restore instead the notion of cartographic representation as a detection and direct investigation tool.The work considers the evaluation of the proposed method through the application in a case study. We worked with the restitution of the disappeared tram system of Santiago, Chile (1900–1945) through the cartographic representation of its extinct network of railway lines, of which only some isolated fragments remain. The visual documentation was provided by the Chilectra photographic archive (1921–27) – currently managed by the Photographic Archive of the National Library of Chile – which documented the extent of the tracks layout and its installation process (Figure 1a). Thus, around 200 scanned historical photographs were reviewed and processed with the proposed method, and their information made available to a cartographic production and management process (Figure 1b), based on the historical cartography of Santiago from Hidalgo et al (2011) and Salas (2012). Finally, the obtained data is evaluated (Figure 2), identifying scopes on the recovered information and on the characteristics that the photographs must meet in the first instance to be processed.The satisfactory results obtained show that the proposed approach and method allow historical photography to be used directly within a cartographic process, as a primary source of information. This reinforces the idea of the place that corresponds to these records within the spectrum of historiographic sources, along with textual, planimetric, and other descriptions of urban interest. Likewise, the work reflects on the approach that should prevail to use the map as a research tool, and on the possibilities that such a process opens, significantly improving the use of historical photography for the study of urban heritage with cartographic representations.

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Karnatak, H., P. L. N. Raju, Y. V. N. Krishna Murthy, S. K. Srivastav, and P. K. Gupta. "E-learning based distance education programme on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science – An initiative of IIRS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1237-2014.

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IIRS has initiated its interactive distance education based capacity building under IIRS outreach programme in year 2007 where more than 15000+ students were trained in the field of geospatial technology using Satellite based interactive terminals and internet based learning using A-View software. During last decade the utilization of Internet technology by different user groups in the society is emerged as a technological revaluation which has directly affect the life of human being. The Internet is used extensively in India for various purposes right from entrainment to critical decision making in government machinery. The role of internet technology is very important for capacity building in any discipline which can satisfy the needs of maximum users in minimum time. Further to enhance the outreach of geospatial science and technology, IIRS has initiated e-learning based certificate courses of different durations. The contents for e-learning based capacity building programme are developed for various target user groups including mid-career professionals, researchers, academia, fresh graduates, and user department professionals from different States and Central Government ministries. The official website of IIRS e-learning is hosted at <a href="http://http://elearning.iirs.gov.in" target="_blank">http://elearning.iirs.gov.in</a>. The contents of IIRS e-learning programme are flexible for anytime, anywhere learning keeping in mind the demands of geographically dispersed audience and their requirements. The program is comprehensive with variety of online delivery modes with interactive, easy to learn and having a proper blend of concepts and practical to elicit students' full potential. The course content of this programme includes Image Statistics, Basics of Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Digital Image Processing, Geographical Information System, Global Positioning System, Customization of Geospatial tools and Applications of Geospatial Technologies. The syllabus of the courses is as per latest developments and trends in geo-spatial science and technologies with specific focus on Indian case studies for geo-spatial applications. The learning is made available through interactive 2D and 3D animations, audio, video for practical demonstrations, software operations with free data applications. The learning methods are implemented to make it more interactive and learner centric application with practical examples of real world problems.

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Ikonovic, Vesna, and Dragica Zivkovic. "Methodologic-cartographic algorithm." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 88, no. 3 (2008): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0803011i.

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Many famous world cartographers deal with definition and significance of cartographic method. Cartographic method is the one of the most important method of researching and knowledge of geospace. Like that it is applying in researching of all spatial sciences. By its usage we got 2D, 3D and 4D models of reality. The most importance cartographic models are maps and atlases.

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Wang, Chen, and Chang-bin Yu. "Design, Development and Applicability Evaluation of a Digital Cartographic Model for 3D Cadastre Mapping in China." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030158.

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Structurally describing the portrayal-related information by using a standalone Digital Cartographic Model on top of a Digital Landscape Model has been proved applicable and beneficial for 2D mapping but has not yet been applied to 3D cadastre. This study, therefore, evaluates the applicability of digital cartographic model and the corresponding visualization pipeline for 3D cadastre in the context of Chinese urban cadastre. This research starts by identifying the requirements and design features of 3D cadastre mapping through a literature review and interviews with users and cartographers. Addressing the limitations of the existing general-purpose models, this paper proposes an ad hoc 3D cadastre digital cartographic model. The main developments of the proposed model are the inclusion of 3D content modeling, the support of the compound 3D symbols, and the introduction of the semantic transformation. The proposed model is then embedded into three parts of the cadastre visualization pipeline: the symbolic rule design, graphic content creation, and scene dissemination. The empirical result of qualitative proof-of-concept user tests supports that the proposed visualization pipeline is applicable and yields promising visualization results. The digital cartographic model-based visualization pipeline is a novel 3D cadastre mapping paradigm that facilitates designing, producing, sharing, and administrating.

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Papadopoulou, Ermioni-Eirini, Vlasios Kasapakis, Christos Vasilakos, Apostolos Papakonstantinou, Nikolaos Zouros, Athanasia Chroni, and Nikolaos Soulakellis. "Geovisualization of the Excavation Process in the Lesvos Petrified Forest, Greece Using Augmented Reality." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 6 (June 7, 2020): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060374.

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Augmented reality (AR), in conjunction with 3D geovisualization methods, can provide significant support in monitoring geoconservation activities in protected geosites, such as the excavation process in fossil sites. The excavation process requires a monitoring methodology that will provide a complete and accurate overview of the fossils, their dimensions, and location within the different pyroclastic horizons, and the progress of the excavation works. The main purpose of this paper is the development of a user-friendly augmented map application, specifically designed for tracking the position of petrified tree trunks, providing information for their geometric features, and mapping the spatiotemporal changes occurring in the surrounding space. It also aims to probe whether the rapid acquisition of a 4K video can generate cartographic derivatives of petrified findings during a geosite excavation. A database accumulated 2D and 3D cartographic information, while the geovisualization environment displayed the surface alterations, at two scales: a) 1:500 (excavation area) and b) 1:50 (trench level). Unmanned aerial systems (UASs), used for data acquisition in three excavation periods, consisted of two flights at two different altitudes: one to record changes throughout the study area and the other to provide information on trunks at trench level, via a high-resolution (4K) video. Image-based 3D modeling followed, in which image georeferencing was conducted with ground control points (GCPs). Finally, 2D and 3D geovisualizations were created to depict the excavation changes through time. The cartographic products generated at two cartographic scales depicted the spatiotemporal changes of the excavation.

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Dong, Weihua, and Hua Liao. "EYE TRACKING TO EXPLORE THE IMPACTS OF PHOTOREALISTIC 3D REPRESENTATIONS IN PEDSTRIAN NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 8, 2016): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-641-2016.

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Despite the now-ubiquitous two-dimensional (2D) maps, photorealistic three-dimensional (3D) representations of cities (e.g., Google Earth) have gained much attention by scientists and public users as another option. However, there is no consistent evidence on the influences of 3D photorealism on pedestrian navigation. Whether 3D photorealism can communicate cartographic information for navigation with higher effectiveness and efficiency and lower cognitive workload compared to the traditional symbolic 2D maps remains unknown. This study aims to explore whether the photorealistic 3D representation can facilitate processes of map reading and navigation in digital environments using a lab-based eye tracking approach. Here we show the differences of symbolic 2D maps versus photorealistic 3D representations depending on users’ eye-movement and navigation behaviour data. We found that the participants using the 3D representation were less effective, less efficient and were required higher cognitive workload than using the 2D map for map reading. However, participants using the 3D representation performed more efficiently in self-localization and orientation at the complex decision points. The empirical results can be helpful to improve the usability of pedestrian navigation maps in future designs.

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Dong, Weihua, and Hua Liao. "EYE TRACKING TO EXPLORE THE IMPACTS OF PHOTOREALISTIC 3D REPRESENTATIONS IN PEDSTRIAN NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 8, 2016): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b2-641-2016.

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Despite the now-ubiquitous two-dimensional (2D) maps, photorealistic three-dimensional (3D) representations of cities (e.g., Google Earth) have gained much attention by scientists and public users as another option. However, there is no consistent evidence on the influences of 3D photorealism on pedestrian navigation. Whether 3D photorealism can communicate cartographic information for navigation with higher effectiveness and efficiency and lower cognitive workload compared to the traditional symbolic 2D maps remains unknown. This study aims to explore whether the photorealistic 3D representation can facilitate processes of map reading and navigation in digital environments using a lab-based eye tracking approach. Here we show the differences of symbolic 2D maps versus photorealistic 3D representations depending on users’ eye-movement and navigation behaviour data. We found that the participants using the 3D representation were less effective, less efficient and were required higher cognitive workload than using the 2D map for map reading. However, participants using the 3D representation performed more efficiently in self-localization and orientation at the complex decision points. The empirical results can be helpful to improve the usability of pedestrian navigation maps in future designs.

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Gotlib, Dariusz, Michał Wyszomirski, and Miłosz Gnat. "A Simplified Method of Cartographic Visualisation of Buildings’ Interiors (2D+) for Navigation Applications." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060407.

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This article proposes an original method of a coherent and simplified cartographic presentation of the interior of buildings called 2D+, which can be used in geoinformation applications that do not support an extensive three-dimensional visualisation or do not have access to a 3D model of the building. A simplified way of cartographic visualisation can be used primarily in indoor navigation systems and other location-based services (LBS) applications. It can also be useful in systems supporting facility management (FM) and various kinds of geographic information systems (GIS). On the one hand, it may increase an application’s efficiency; on the other, it may unify the method of visualisation in the absence of a building’s 3D model. Thanks to the proposed method, it is possible to achieve the same effect regardless of the data source used: Building Information Modelling (BIM), a Computer-aided Design (CAD) model, or traditional architectural and construction drawings. Such a solution may be part of a broader concept of a multi-scale presentation of buildings’ interiors. The article discusses the issues of visualising data and converting data to the appropriate coordinate system, as well as the properties of the application model of data.

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Lemenkova, Polina. "A Script-Driven Approach to Mapping Satellite-Derived Topography and Gravity Data Over the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Iran." Artificial Satellites 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 110–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2022-0006.

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Abstract Integrated geophysical mapping benefits from visualizing multi-source datasets including gravity and satellite altimetry data using 2D and 3D techniques. Applying scripting cartographic approach by R language and GMT supported by traditional mapping in QGIS is presented in this paper with a case study of Iranian geomorphology and a special focus on Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, a unique landform of the country affected by complex geodynamic structure. Several modules of GMT and ’tmap’ and ’raster’ packages of R language were shown to illustrate the efficiency of the console-based mapping by scripts. Data sources included high-resolution raster grids of GEBCO/SRTM, EGM-2008, SRTM DEM and vector geologic layers of USGS. The cartographic objective was to visualize thematic maps of Iran: topography, geology, satellite-derived gravity anomalies, geoid undulations and geomorphology. Various cartographic techniques were applied to plot the geophysical and topographic field gradients and categorical variations in geological structures and relief along the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. The structures of Elburz, Zagros, Kopet Dag and Makran slopes, Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Lut and Great Salt Desert were visualized using 3D-and 2D techniques. The geomorphometric properties (slope, aspect, hillshade, elevations) were modelled by R. The study presented a series of 11 new maps made using a combination of scripting techniques and GIS for comparative geological-geophysical analysis. Listings of R and GMT scripting are provided for repeatability.

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Zheng, Feng, Han Rong Lu, Yan An, and Le Jiang Guo. "The Research and Implementation of Geospatial Data Management Based on ArcGIS Service." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 2379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.2379.

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The main objective of this paper is to design and develop a basis geospatial data management system. It offers database building, conversion, topology check, query statistics, data extraction, cartographic output, analysis and decision-making for massive geospatial data on a range of basic geospatial data management function. The main research includes the design of basis geospatial database, data management system and the key technologies in system development. Geographic information from 2D to 3D is the result of technical progress and demand-driven, 3D modeling and 3D visualization environment-based spatial analysis and query is the future development direction of the geospatial data management system.

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Lemenkova, Polina. "Mapping Submarine Geomorphology of the Philippine and Mariana Trenches By an Automated Approach Using GMT Scripts." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 76, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2022-0039.

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Abstract This paper presents a geospatial analysis of two oceanic trenches using a GMT (Generic Mapping Tools) cartographic method that exploits the scripting approach to visualisation of their geometric shapes. To this end, the research applies the high-resolution datasets GEBCO and ETOPO1 and ETOPO5 for modelling of the submarine relief. This allows taking into account the 2D and 3D shape deviations in the geomorphology of the two selected segments of the trenches by transecting a series of the cross-section profiles. A scripting algorithm of spatial data processing based on the GMT techniques visualised the topography of the submarine objects in 2D and 3D forms and extracted the topographic data from raster grids for statistical analysis of depth using the cross-section transect profiles of both trenches. The bathymetry of the Mariana Trench was evaluated in the southern segment located near the Challenger Deep area, southwest of Guam Island, in comparison with the segment of the Philippine Trench, which was transected in the surroundings of Mindanao Island. The study presented a comparative submarine geomorphic modelling and spatial analysis of the Philippine Sea basin area. The bathymetric analysis of the relief in the Mariana and Philippine trenches showed effective performance of the GMT scripting toolset in advanced cartographic data analysis and visualisation.

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Dolezalova, J., and S. Popelka. "EVALUATION OF THE USER STRATEGY ON 2D AND 3D CITY MAPS BASED ON NOVEL SCANPATH COMPARISON METHOD AND GRAPH VISUALIZATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 8, 2016): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-637-2016.

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The paper is dealing with scanpath comparison of eye-tracking data recorded during case study focused on the evaluation of 2D and 3D city maps. The experiment contained screenshots from three map portals. Two types of maps were used - standard map and 3D visualization. Respondents’ task was to find particular point symbol on the map as fast as possible. Scanpath comparison is one group of the eye-tracking data analyses methods used for revealing the strategy of the respondents. In cartographic studies, the most commonly used application for scanpath comparison is eyePatterns that output is hierarchical clustering and a tree graph representing the relationships between analysed sequences. During an analysis of the algorithm generating a tree graph, it was found that the outputs do not correspond to the reality. We proceeded to the creation of a new tool called ScanGraph. This tool uses visualization of cliques in simple graphs and is freely available at <a href="www.eyetracking.upol.cz/scangraph"target="_blank">www.eyetracking.upol.cz/scangraph</a>. Results of the study proved the functionality of the tool and its suitability for analyses of different strategies of map readers. Based on the results of the tool, similar scanpaths were selected, and groups of respondents with similar strategies were identified. With this knowledge, it is possible to analyse the relationship between belonging to the group with similar strategy and data gathered from the questionnaire (age, sex, cartographic knowledge, etc.) or type of stimuli (2D, 3D map).

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Tomkins, Adam, and Eckart Lange. "Interactive Landscape Design and Flood Visualisation in Augmented Reality." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti3020043.

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In stakeholder participation workshops, digital and hard-copy maps, alongside other representation formats in 2D and 3D, are used extensively to support communication, spatial evaluation and interactive decision making processes. In this paper, we present a novel tool to enhance traditional map-based workshop activities using augmented reality. Augmented reality technology is gaining momentum as a tool for visualising environmental design choices in planning and design, and is used in a range of applications including stakeholder participation, design evaluation and flood risk communication. We demonstrate interactive and collaborative 3D cartographic visualisations which enable real-time multi-user exercises in landscape intervention design and flood visualisation.

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di Filippo, Andrea, Luis Sánchez-Aparicio, Salvatore Barba, José Martín-Jiménez, Rocío Mora, and Diego González Aguilera. "Use of a Wearable Mobile Laser System in Seamless Indoor 3D Mapping of a Complex Historical Site." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121897.

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This paper presents an efficient solution, based on a wearable mobile laser system (WMLS), for the digitalization and modelling of a complex cultural heritage building. A procedural pipeline is formalized for the data acquisition, processing and generation of cartographic products over a XV century palace located in Segovia, Spain. The complexity, represented by an intricate interior space and by the presence of important structural problems, prevents the use of standard protocols such as those based on terrestrial photogrammetry or terrestrial laser scanning, making the WMLS the most suitable and powerful solution for the design of restoration actions. The results obtained corroborate with the robustness and accuracy of the digitalization strategy, allowing for the generation of 3D models and 2D cartographic products with the required level of quality and time needed to digitalize the area by a terrestrial laser scanner.

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Dolezalova, J., and S. Popelka. "EVALUATION OF THE USER STRATEGY ON 2D AND 3D CITY MAPS BASED ON NOVEL SCANPATH COMPARISON METHOD AND GRAPH VISUALIZATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 8, 2016): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b2-637-2016.

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The paper is dealing with scanpath comparison of eye-tracking data recorded during case study focused on the evaluation of 2D and 3D city maps. The experiment contained screenshots from three map portals. Two types of maps were used - standard map and 3D visualization. Respondents’ task was to find particular point symbol on the map as fast as possible. Scanpath comparison is one group of the eye-tracking data analyses methods used for revealing the strategy of the respondents. In cartographic studies, the most commonly used application for scanpath comparison is eyePatterns that output is hierarchical clustering and a tree graph representing the relationships between analysed sequences. During an analysis of the algorithm generating a tree graph, it was found that the outputs do not correspond to the reality. We proceeded to the creation of a new tool called ScanGraph. This tool uses visualization of cliques in simple graphs and is freely available at <a href="www.eyetracking.upol.cz/scangraph"target="_blank">www.eyetracking.upol.cz/scangraph</a>. Results of the study proved the functionality of the tool and its suitability for analyses of different strategies of map readers. Based on the results of the tool, similar scanpaths were selected, and groups of respondents with similar strategies were identified. With this knowledge, it is possible to analyse the relationship between belonging to the group with similar strategy and data gathered from the questionnaire (age, sex, cartographic knowledge, etc.) or type of stimuli (2D, 3D map).

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Picu, Iuliana Cuibac, P. Dragomir, and R. Peters. "The Future of Mapping – 3D Maps, the Comparison of two of the Most Used Methods in Photogrammetric Field." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2020-0018.

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AbstractIn the last 15 years, mapping technology has become a necessity in smart cities planning. And 2D are starting to be augmented by 3D maps. 3D Maps are already used in the cartographic field, to create a three-dimensional view of the terrain and buildings. In this paper we address the concept of 3D Maps and we compare two methods to generate such maps. In this study two 3D maps were built, one using photogrammetric 3D stereo-restitution and one using automatic extrusion from a LiDAR point cloud and a set of 2D vector polygons. Upon comparison of these maps, we have concluded that the accuracy of the two maps is very similar and it depends very much on the input data and we have observed that creating a precise 3D map in photogrammetric environment takes much longer than the one built using the LiDAR point cloud. As 3D maps become the future of mapping, there is a continuous need for more accurate and complete field data to be collected and processed. Once more detailed field data becomes available, a clear conclusion on which of the methods provide us with a more accurate 3D map could be drawn. The evolution of 3D mapping is rapidly growing together with the applications developed to use it, especially in surveying and material monitoring. The key to future development of smart cities in based on better designs and infrastructures, and 3D mapping technology is a vital instrument to assist such a development.

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Filippovska, Y., A. Wichmann, and M. Kada. "SPACE PARTITIONING FOR PRIVACY ENABLED 3D CITY MODELS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W2 (October 5, 2016): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w2-17-2016.

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Due to recent technological progress, data capturing and processing of highly detailed (3D) data has become extensive. And despite all prospects of potential uses, data that includes personal living spaces and public buildings can also be considered as a serious intrusion into people’s privacy and a threat to security. It becomes especially critical if data is visible by the general public. Thus, a compromise is needed between open access to data and privacy requirements which can be very different for each application. As privacy is a complex and versatile topic, the focus of this work particularly lies on the visualization of 3D urban data sets. For the purpose of privacy enabled visualizations of 3D city models, we propose to partition the (living) spaces into privacy regions, each featuring its own level of anonymity. Within each region, the depicted 2D and 3D geometry and imagery is anonymized with cartographic generalization techniques. The underlying spatial partitioning is realized as a 2D map generated as a straight skeleton of the open space between buildings. The resulting privacy cells are then merged according to the privacy requirements associated with each building to form larger regions, their borderlines smoothed, and transition zones established between privacy regions to have a harmonious visual appearance. It is exemplarily demonstrated how the proposed method generates privacy enabled 3D city models.

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Sarbach, Adrian, Thierry Weber, Katharina Henggeler, Luis Lutnyk, and Martin Raubal. "Evaluating and Comparing Airspace Structure Visualisation and Perception on Digital Aeronautical Charts." AGILE: GIScience Series 4 (June 6, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-12-2023.

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Abstract. Given the challenge of visualising 3D space on a 2D map, maps used for in-flight navigation by pilots should be designed especially carefully. This paper studies, based on existing aeronautical charts, the visualisation, interaction, and interpretation of airspace structures with aviation infrastructure and the base map.We first developed a three-tiered evaluation grid for a cartographic analysis of existing aeronautical charts. Subsequently, we evaluated four countries’ maps based on our evaluation grid. To validate our analysis, we conducted a user study with 27 pilots, the users of aeronautical charts.The results of our cartographic analysis show that aeronautical charts produced by different countries all fulfil the need of pilots being able to orient themselves. According to our evaluation, the Swiss aeronautical chart scored slightly more favourably than the other evaluated charts for effective map-reading. These findings were confirmed in the results of the user study.The major contribution of this work is the evaluation grid for the cartographic analysis. With its different layers, adaptable main- and sub-topics, it can be used to compare and improve the design not only of aeronautical charts, but for a broad spectrum of thematic maps.

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Gkeli, M., C. Potsiou, and C. Ioannidis. "DESIGN OF A CROWDSOURCED 3D CADASTRAL TECHNICAL SOLUTION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2020 (August 24, 2020): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-269-2020.

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Abstract. Over the last half century, the world has witnessed rapid urbanization which is expected to increase over the near future. Use and property rights are reflected as a complex equation of overlapping interests. A fit-for-purpose approach for the initial registration of such rights is of a great importance both in formally and informally developed urban areas, as it may empower tenure security, improve property management, formalize property markets and enable poverty reduction. In this paper a more generalized framework, adjustable to the available cartographic infrastructure and funding availability in each region, for the simultaneous implementation of 2D and 3D property registration, based on a Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) architecture, is proposed. A Database Management System (DBMS) based on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard is used for the management and storage of the collected data, while a prototype open-source mobile application for the collection of 2D and 3D crowdsourced cadastral data, the automatic 3D modelling and visualization of 3D property units as block models (LoD1) on a mobile’s phone screen in real-time is developed. A case study for a multi-storey building in an urban area of Athens, Greece, is presented. The first results seem to be interesting and promising. A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) assessment of the proposed framework, is conducted. The main conclusions referred to the potential and the perspectives of the proposed technical crowdsourced solution for the initial registration for the implementation of a Fit-For-Purpose 3D cadastral system are presented.

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Brovelli, M. A., and G. Zamboni. "A 3D social platform for the Paths of Via Regina." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-4/W7 (June 30, 2015): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-4-w7-23-2015.

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GeoWeb 2.0, the geographic extension of Web 2.0, has opened new possibilities in terms of online dissemination and sharing of geospatial contents, thus laying the foundations for a fruitful development of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) systems. At the same time the technological evolution and the availability of ever more efficient devices has allowed the usability of the third dimension even for the cartographic viewers, changing the way people approach to geographic information on the Web. Unlike the traditional 2D-visualization typical of the classic Web Geographic Information Systems (Web-GISs), the multi-dimensional viewers, of which virtual globes are the main examples, offer fully-realistic content visualization which allows for a much richer user experience. In this paper a 3D Web application based on the NASA World Wind virtual globe which aims at the enhancement of the foot paths on the hilly cross-border area between Italy and Switzerland is presented.

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Lemenkova, Polina. "Scripting methods in topographic data processing on the example of Ethiopia." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.9.

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This study evaluates the geomorphometric parameters of the topography in Ethiopia using scripting cartographic methods by applying R languages (packages 'tmap' and 'raster') and Generic Mapping Tools (gmt) for 2D and 3D topographic modelling. Data were collected from the open source repositories on geospatial data with high resolution: gebco with 15 arc-second and etopo1 with 1 arc-minute resolution and embedded dataset of srtm 90 m in 'raster' library of R. The study demonstrated application of the programming approaches in cartographic data visualization and mapping for geomorphometric analysis. This included modelling of slope steepness, aspect and hillshade visualized using dem srtm90 to derive geomorphometric parameters of slope, aspect and hillshade of Ethiopia and demonstrate contrasting topography and variability climate setting of Ethiopia. The topography of the country is mapped, including Great Rift Valley, Afar Depression, Ogaden Desert and the most distinctive features of the Ethiopian Highlands. A variety of topographical zones is demonstrated on the presented maps. The results include 6 new maps made using programming console-based approach which is a novel method of cartographic visualization compared to traditional gis software. The most important fragments of the codes are presented and technical explanations are provided. The presented series of 6 new maps contributes to the cartographic data on Ethiopia and presents the methodology of scripting mapping techniques.

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Quintilla-Castán, M., S. Martínez-Aranda, and L. Agustín-Hernández. "DIGITAL 3D INVENTORY FOR THE PROMOTION AND CONSERVATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W1-2022 (August 6, 2022): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w1-2022-379-2022.

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Abstract. Heritage graphic representation combining building spatial location and urban/land planning supports the decision-making of government agencies and simplifies the development of protection and conservation projects. The evolution of web-based open-source representation systems, able to store 3D graphics information and to make it accessible by web platforms, allows to develop novel heritage catalogues which simplify the exchange of information between administrations and citizens. This work is devoted to the creation of the Digital 3D Inventory of the Aragonese Mudéjar Architectural Heritage, a list of 225 buildings with unique architectural elements which are part of the UNESCO World Heritage. We propose a generalized methodology for collecting, store and disseminate friendly 2D geospatial and 3D geometric documentation of the historical buildings, ensuring that valuable information is stored and providing greater graphic and documentary resources than traditional inventories of architectural heritage. The main novelty is creation of a web platform which allows the exploitation of the architectural information through a cartographic webGIS viewer and a 3D environment based on webGL for rendering large point clouds. The proposed web platform enables to delivery 3D content through generic web browsers natively supported by all devices and without installing third-party applications neither downloading massive data files.

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Lemenkova, Polina. "Geomorphology of the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains." Acta Scientifica Naturalis 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/asn-2022-0002.

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Abstract Geomorphology of Lebanon presents a unique pattern of contrasting landforms. These include two notable mountain ranges, the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains, the Beqaa Valley, the elongated coastal area and a significant amount of karst relief forms. This study focuses on the investigation of the topographic and geologic setting of Lebanon by visualizing datasets covering Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains and the Beqaa Valley. Data were collected using the open source repositories of the high-resolution data (GEBCO, ETOPO1, DEM embedded in R). Three 3D models of the relief of the country are presented based on the ‘grdview’ package of GMT with azimuth rotations of the view point at 205°/30° and 165°/30°. The geologic map is based on the compiled datasets of the USGS. The R based modelling allowed division of the raster grid into several geomorphological zones according to the slope steepness and aspect orientation. The extreme elevations of the study area range from -2007 m and 2973 m. The key contribution of this work is the topographic and geologic data synthesis for 2D and 3D modelling of Lebanon. Another aspect concerns technical integration of GMT and R scripting approaches with QGIS mapping into the cartographic framework for visualizing of the Lebanese topography as a multi-tool approach. For the future similar studies on Lebanon this paper can serve as a guide for completing a project on the multi-source 2D and 3D data mapping as a conceptual foundation for research on Lebanese environment.

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Kent, Alexander J., and Łukasz Halik. "Measuring user preferences in virtual reality (VR): 2D versus 3D urban geovisualizations of topographic data." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-170-2019.

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Abstract. Virtual reality (VR) is a display and control technology that provides an interactive computer-generated three-dimensional environment to a user, often via a Head Mounted Display (HMD). VR delivers an immediate and immersive sensory experience of simulated worlds (which may or may not resemble reality), particularly of environments that might otherwise be physically inaccessible to the user due to their location, scale, time or danger. Although the first VR systems began to emerge in the 1960s, their relevance to cartographic applications has only recently become an explicit focus of research. Moreover, the potential of VR technology to visualize topographic databases has yet to be explored by cartographers.In this experiment, we designed a VR application of a fictitious city derived from state 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;10,000 topographic data (Polish Database of Topographic Objects BDOT10k) to test user preferences for 2D or 3D urban geovisualizations. The app allows the user to switch between 2D and 3D representations of buildings in the simulation using a remote controller. This functionality enabled participants of the experiment to freely select 2D or 3D mode and for their preferences to be recorded and measured.Our experiment involved two groups, one based in Poland and one in the UK, each comprising 30 participants (students enrolled on a Geography undergraduate course at each author’s institution). Participants performed spatial ability tests to help ensure consistency in the sample and each group was divided into two sub-groups. Participants in the first sub-group were each given a navigation task that required their movement across the simulated city from point A to point B in the shortest possible time. Those in the second sub-group were given the freedom to explore the simulated city without being given a specific navigational task. We then interviewed participants in order to understand their own perception of their experiences in using the app.The results indicate the preferences of the two groups and sub-groups of participants. In particular, we establish whether users preferred the 2D mode for the navigational task and the 3D mode for free exploration. The findings suggest how producers of topographic datasets might develop the functionality of their products using VR.

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Ruiz-Jaramillo, Jonathan, Emilio Mascort-Albea, and Antonio Jaramillo-Morilla. "Proposed methodology for measurement, survey and assessment of vertical deformation of structures." Structural Survey 34, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-02-2016-0006.

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Purpose – Growing awareness of the importance of preserving the built environment has created an increasing demand for experts capable of performing building inspections to ensure a high level of preservation. Technical surveys include a set of procedures and tests that have become essential tools providing the necessary knowledge required for maintenance, preservation and improvement of buildings. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Within this set of inspection techniques, this paper presents a method developed to produce vertical deformation plans from the levelling data obtained from different floors of a building. It also explains how to perform accurate levelling and an outcome analysis to provide displacement maps. Thus, based upon obtained measurements, it is possible to achieve 2D contour maps and three-dimensional (3D) surface mapping by means of specialized software that is typically used for cartographic and territorial analysis. Findings – The developed methodology provides easier analysis of the deformation of buildings and structures. Consequently, the method produces relatively accurate outcomes that are sufficient to make a proper assessment that facilitates the diagnostic and decision-making process. The case studies analysed show the applicability and usefulness of the procedure. Originality/value – This sustainable and non-destructive system is an essential instrument for providing valuable and useful information to the specialist. The 2D/3D graphical data displays enable easier analysis of survey results, also aiding comprehension of these results in the context of liability claims.

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Řezník, Tomáš, Petr Kubíček, Lukáš Herman, Tomáš Pavelka, Šimon Leitgeb, Martina Klocová, and Filip Leitner. "Visualizations of Uncertainties in Precision Agriculture: Lessons Learned from Farm Machinery." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 6132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176132.

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Detailed measurements of yield values are becoming a common practice in precision agriculture. Field harvesters generate point Big Data as they provide yield measurements together with dozens of complex attributes in a frequency of up to one second. Such a flood of data brings uncertainties caused by several factors: accuracy of the positioning system used, trajectory overlaps, raising the cutting bar due to obstacles or unevenness, and so on. This paper deals with 2D and 3D cartographic visualizations of terrain, measured yield, and its uncertainties. Four graphic variables were identified as credible for visualizations of uncertainties in point Big Data. Data from two plots at a fully operational farm were used for this purpose. ISO 19157 was examined for its applicability and a proof-of-concept for selected uncertainty expression was defined. Special attention was paid to spatial pattern interpretations.

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Mudička, Š., and J. Kello. "Augmented reality in the dynamic world of virtual tourism." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 942, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/942/1/012031.

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Abstract The issue of virtual tourism penetrates the consciousness of many current explorers and visitors to interesting sites and local attractions. Is it really necessary to physically travel to the chosen location, sacrifice time, money and increase your carbon footprint? The article deals with the issue of creating an application using augmented reality for the presentation of 3D models of cultural monuments. The application is designed for mobile devices, on which museum visitors can view digital copies of selected objects of interest. They can also take a virtual tour of the museum through their mobile devices from the comfort of their home. The introductory part of the article describes surveying of shape and visual properties in situ using photogrammetry and laser scanning. The sequent chapters are an analysis of the creation of 3D models in real scale with photorealistic textures and their presentation in a mixed reality environment. In our case, we will specifically focus on the augmented reality application and its development in the Unity multiplatform game engine. The article aims to describe the development of a mobile marker-based AR application briefly, to demonstrate the possibilities of augmented reality and to indicate the potential benefits resulting from the integration of X-reality into our lives. Specifically, we will focus on the application of AR to cartographic works and the enrichment of the content of classical 2D map works and plans with virtually designed 3D models on their surface.

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Kalaitzis, Panagiotis, Michael Foumelis, Christos Vasilakos, Antonios Mouratidis, and Nikolaos Soulakellis. "Interactive Web Mapping Applications for 2D and 3D Geo-Visualization of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry SAR Data." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020054.

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Surface motion is a complex, dynamic phenomenon that draws significant scientific attention. This study focuses on the development of a cartographic toolset for the visualization of space-borne Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) surface motion measurements. The entire archive of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery over the broader Thessaloniki (Greece) area has been exploited to derive the PSI measurements utilizing the Surface motioN mAPPING (SNAPPING) service on the Geohazards Exploitation Platform (GEP). A collection of web map applications, interactive visualization tools, and an animated map were developed based on state-of-the-art approaches. This geo-visualization toolset consists of the following: (i) Three web map applications exploring PSI velocity rates, PSI time series, and a comparison of PSI with geodetic leveling data; (ii) Two interactive map tools focusing on 3D visualization of PSI time series and estimating velocity rates for predefined temporal frames; and (iii) An animated map of PSI time series. The utilization of the aforementioned visualization toolset provided useful conclusions about the variety of land displacement that occurs in different subareas of Northern Greece from different causes. More specifically, certain subareas with significant subsidence rates range from −2 mm/yr up to −18 mm/yr from 2015 to 2020. The magnitude of displacement and the underlying causes (subsidence, faults, landslides, human processes, etc.) varies across different subareas. On the other hand, a subarea of uplift trend exists in the north of the city of Thessaloniki with displacements up to 5 mm/yr for the period between 2015–2020, despite being constrained by the fact that the geo-visualization platform is able to display SNAPPING PSI measurements from any location around the world, making it a useful tool for global exploration. The platform’s contents are available through a user-friendly graphical interface and are mostly addressed to domain experts as well as end-users. Opposed to similar approaches where static 2D maps and velocity rates web applications are presented through this platform, users can monitor and study the dynamic behavior of surface motion to a spatiotemporal extent more thoroughly.

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Chong, Steven S. "Evaluating the Effect of Display Realism on Natural Resource Decision Making." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-20-2018.

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Geographic information systems (GIS) facilitate location-based decision making. Despite the improved availability of GIS software to non-professionals, training in cartographic design has not followed suit. Prior research indicates that when presented with map choices, users are influenced by naïve realism, a preference for realistic displays cotaining irrelevant, extraneous details, leading to decreased task efficiency. This study investigated the role of naïve realism in decision making for natural resource management, a field that often employs geospatial tools. Data was collected through a GIS user ability test, a questionnaire and direct observation. Forty volunteer expert and non-expert resource managers evaluated the suitability of different sites for a land management scenario. Each participant was tested on two map display treatments containing different levels of realism – a simpler 2D display and a more complex 3D display – to compare task performance. Performance was measured by task accuracy and task completion time. User perceptions and preferences about the displays were also recorded. Display realism had an impact on performance and there were indications naïve realism was present. Users completed tasks significantly faster on the 2D display and many individuals misjudged which display they were most accurate or fastest with. The results are informative for designing information systems containing interactive maps, particularly for resource management applications. The results also suggest that the order displays were presented had a significant effect and may have implications for teaching users map-based tasks.

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Lemenkova, Polina. "GEBCO GRIDDED BATHYMETRIC DATASETS FOR MAPPING JAPAN TRENCH GEOMORPHOLOGY BY MEANS OF GMT SCRIPTING TOOLSET." Geodesy and cartography 46, no. 3 (October 8, 2020): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2020.11524.

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The study investigated geomorphology of the Japan Trench located east of Japan, Pacific Ocean. A high-resolution GEBCO Gridded Bathymetric Dataset was used for modeling, mapping and visualization. The study aimed to compare and analyse variations in the geomorphic structures of the two parts of the trench and to visualize variations in the geological, geophysical and bathymetric settings. Technically, the cartographic work was performed using scripting based on the Generic Mapping Toolset (GMT). Modelled cross-sectioning orthogonal profiles transecting the trench in a perpendicular direction were automatically digitized and graphed in the two segments. The results of the bathymetric analysis shown that the southern part is shallower: with deeper values in absolute (139 samples between –7000 to –8000 m) and statistical records (the most frequent values are within –5500 to –5800 m) comparing to the northern segment (–5300 to –5500 m). The geomorphological analysis shows a more complicated relief in the northern part of the trench, which has a higher seismic activity. The southern part has a gentler slope on the Honshu island side. The geoid modeling along the trench ranges in 0–20 mGal. The highest values are recorded by the Honshu Island (>40 mGal). The rest of the area has rather moderate undulations (20–40 mGal). The free-air marine gravity of the Sea of Japan is <40 mGal. The results include 2D and 3D graphical models, thematic cartographic maps, spatial and statistical analysis of the Japan Trench geomorphology. Tested GMT functionality can be applied to future regional bathymetric modeling of the ocean trenches. All presented maps and graphs are made using GMT scripting toolset.

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Lemenkova, Polina. "Variations in the bathymetry and bottom morphology of the Izu-Bonin Trench modelled by GMT." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 18, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2020-0004.

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AbstractCartographic visualisation is a central concept in geoinformatics, and Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) functionality provides a variety of modules for effective mapping. However, due to its specific scripting approach, there is not enough reported experience of GMT mapping, comparing to traditional GIS. This contribution introduces steps that can be taken to perform cartographic mapping and modelling using GMT. Geographically, this paper investigates the Izu-Bonin Trench in the Pacific Ocean. The aim was to compare its geomorphology in two segments, and each was modelled by a series of profiles. The comparative analysis shows that the southern segment is deeper and is a more precisely V-shaped form with a steeper gradient slope. The northern part has an asymmetric slope with submarine terraces to the west and a straight shape to the east. The northern profile is based on 407 samples (13.5%) at depths of −5,600 to −5,800 m, followed by 304 samples at −5,800 to −6,000 m (10%). The southern histogram has a bimodal distribution with two peaks: 523 samples (20%) with depths of −5,800 to −6,000 m. The second peak (10%) is on the Bonin Ridge. The GMT proved to be an effective instrument for marine geological mapping, 3D and 2D modelling, statistical analysis and graphical plotting.

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Resch, Bernd, Andreas Wichmann, and Nicolas Göll. "Usability in 4D AR: Visualising Multi-temporal Real-time Geo-data in Augmented Reality Environments." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 9, no. 4 (September 25, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v9i4.4626.

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Even though advantages of 3D visualisation of multi-temporal geo-data versus 2D approaches have been widely proven, the particular pertaining challenge of real-time visualisation of geo-data in mobile Digital Earth applications has not been thoroughly tackled so far. In the emerging field of Augmented Reality (AR), research needs comprise finding the optimal information density, the interplay between orientation data in the background and other information layers, using the appropriate graphical variables for display, or selecting real-time base data with adequate quality and suitable spatial accuracy. In this paper we present a concept for integrating real-time data into 4D (three spatial dimensions plus time) AR environments, i.e., data with “high” spatial and temporal variations. We focus on three research challenges: 1.) high-performance integration of real-time data into AR; 2.) usability design in terms of displaying spatio-temporal developments and the interaction with the application; and 3.) design considerations regarding reality vs. virtuality, visualisation complexity and information density. We validated our approach in a prototypical application and extracted several limitations and future research areas including natural feature recognition, the cross-connection of (oftentimes monolithic) AR interface developments and well-established cartographic principles, or fostering the understanding of the temporal context in dynamic 4D Augmented Reality environments.

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Shi, Jiafeng, Jie Shen, Zdeněk Stachoň, and Yawei Chen. "Indoor path visualization method based on the spatial characteristics of indoor environment." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-332-2019.

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Abstract. With the increasing number of large buildings and more frequent indoor activities, indoor location-based service has expanded. Due to the complicated internal passages of large public buildings and the three-dimensional interlacing, it is difficult for users to quickly reach the destination, the demand of indoor paths visualization increases. Isikdag (2013), Zhang Shaoping (2017), Huang Kejia (2018) provided navigation services for users based on path planning algorithm. In terms of indoor path visualization, Nossum (2011) proposed a “Tubes” map design method, which superimposed the channel information of different floors on the same plane by simplifying the indoor corridor and the room. Lorenz et al (2013) focused on map perspective (2D/3D) and landmarks, developed and investigated cartographic methods for effective route guidance in indoor environments. Holscher et al (2007) emphasized using the landmark objects at the important decision points of the route in indoor map design. The existing studies mainly focused on two-dimensional plane to visualize the indoor path, lacking the analysis of three-dimensional connectivity in indoor space, which makes the intuitiveness and interactivity of path visualization greatly compromised. Therefore, it is difficult to satisfy the wayfinding requirements of the indoor multi-layer continuous space. In order to solve this problem, this paper aims to study the characteristics of the indoor environment and propose a path visualization method. The following questions are addressed in this study: 1) What are the key characteristics of the indoor environment compared to the outdoor space? 2) How to visualize the indoor paths to satisfy the users’ wayfinding needs?

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Journal articles on the topic '2D/3D Cartography'

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