Journal articles: '2D and 3D stress intensity factor'

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Sun, Yu Ping, and Zun Li Teng. "The Variation of the Stress Intensity Factor of Welded Flange-Bloted Wed Connection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 3250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.3250.

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In this paper ABAQUS is used to establish three dimensional finite element(3D) model of WFBW, fracture behavior of “artificial crack” of the weld root is analyzed, the stress intensity factor(KⅠ) as a fracture mechanics parameters to calculate fracture behavior in the beam flange weld root. Results show that stress intensity factor varies cross the beam flange width. When selecting the same initial flaw length, the stress intensity factors of bottom flange weld root was significantly higher than in the top flange weld root. The K1 increases nearly linear with the increase of the initial flaw length. Comparison of 2D and 3D models, when the same initial flaw length, calculation of KⅠ by the three-dimensional model approximately as 1.5 times as that by two-dimensional model.

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Hu, Jong Wan. "J-Integral Evaluation for Calculating Structural Intensity and Stress Intensity Factor Using Commercial Finite Element (FE) Solutions." Advanced Materials Research 650 (January 2013): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.650.379.

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This report is mainly performed to investigate finite element (FE) modeling and post-processing capacities for fracture mechanics analyses characterized by the stress intensity factor (SIF) at successively stationary crack tip positions. As part of a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) analysis, the determination of stress intensity factor distribution can also be adopted by J-integral approach. The aim of this report is to review three papers related to estimate J-integrals through FE study and represent the theoretical backgrounds. Furthermore, the technical details for both FE modeling and SIF evaluation will be described in this report based on complete understanding of three reference papers. These numerical approaches to deal with SIF evaluation of general cracks can be applied in 2D and 3D FE models.

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Schätzer, Markus, and Thomas-Peter Fries. "Fitting stress intensity factors from crack opening displacements in 2D and 3D XFEM." PAMM 15, no. 1 (October 2015): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201510065.

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Campagnolo, Alberto, Paolo Ferro, Luca Romanin, and Giovanni Meneghetti. "Residual Notch Stress Intensity Factors in Welded Joints Evaluated by 3D Numerical Simulations of Arc Welding Processes." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040812.

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Approaches based on calculating Residual Notch Stress Intensity Factors (R-NSIFs) assume the weld toe to be a sharp V-notch that gives rise to a residual singular stress distribution close to the weld toe. Once R-NSIFs are determined, they might be included in local fatigue criteria for the structural strength assessment of welded joints based on NSIFs due to external cyclic loading. However, the numerical calculation of R-NSIFs through finite element (FE) simulations of the welding process requires extremely refined meshes to properly capture the residual stress singularity. In this context, the Peak Stress Method (PSM) has recently been adopted to estimate R-NSIFs due to residual stresses by means of coarse meshes of 2D 4-node plane or 3D 8-node brick elements. The aim of this work is to investigate the applicability of the PSM to estimate R-NSIFs in a butt-welded joint using coarse meshes of 3D 10-node tetra elements. The R-NSIF distribution at the weld toe line is estimated by applying the PSM to coarse meshes of 3D 10-node tetra elements, and the results are in agreement with those obtained using 3D 8-node brick elements. Accordingly, the PSM based on tetra elements further enhances the rapid estimation of R-NSIFs using coarse meshes and could be effective in analyzing complex 3D joint geometries.

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Seitl, Stanislav, Petr Miarka, Jakub Sobek, and Jan Klusák. "A numerical investigation of the stress intensity factor for a bent chevron notched specimen: Comparison of 2D and 3D solutions." Procedia Structural Integrity 5 (2017): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2017.07.164.

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Wang, Jian D., and Ian M. Howard. "Error Analysis on Finite Element Modeling of Involute Spur Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 1 (May 2, 2005): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2114891.

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Finite element analysis can incorporate two-dimensional (2D) modeling if the geometry, load, and boundary conditions meet the requirements. For many applications, a wide range of problems are solved in 2D, due to the efficiency and costs of computation. However, care has to be taken to avoid modeling errors from significantly influencing the result. When the application area is nonlinear, such as when modeling contact problems or fracture analysis, etc, the 2D assumption must be used cautiously. In this paper, a large number of 2D and three-dimensional (3D) gear models were investigated using finite element analysis. The models included contact analysis between teeth in mesh, a gear body (disk), and teeth with and without a crack at the tooth root. The model results were compared using parameters such as the torsional (mesh) stiffness, tooth stresses and the stress intensity factors that are obtained under assumptions of plane stress, plane strain, and 3D analysis. The models considered variations of face width of the gear from 5 mm to 300 mm. This research shows that caution must be used especially where 2D assumptions are used in the modeling of solid gears.

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Roux, S., J. Réthoré, and F. Hild. "Digital image correlation and fracture: an advanced technique for estimating stress intensity factors of 2D and 3D cracks." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 42, no. 21 (October 21, 2009): 214004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/21/214004.

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Nourbakshnia, N., Saeed Ziaei-Rad, Ahmad Kermanpur, and H. Sepehri Amin. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of the Failure of a Gas Turbine Compressor Blade." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.401.

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This paper is concerned with the premature failures occurred in the high pressure compressor section of the gas turbine of HESA power plant in Iran. Metallurgical and mechanical properties of the blade alloy were evaluated. Fractography investigations were carried out on the fracture surface of the blade roots using scanning electron microscopy. Stress and fracture simulations were conducted using ANSYS software in both 2D and 3D dimensions under centrifugal, aerodynamic and contact forces. The aerodynamic forces were evaluated using FLUENT software. The results showed no metallurgical and mechanical deviations for the blade material from standards. SEM fractography showed different aspects of fretting fatigue including multiple crack initiation sites, fatigue beach marks, debris particles, and a high surface roughness on the edge of contact (EOC). The simulation results showed that there was a high stress gradient at the EOC of the blade which is one of the most significant characteristics of the fretting fatigue. Another analysis was performed to simulate the fracture by creating an initial crack on the EOC. The stress fields and stress intensity factors for modes I, II and III were evaluated along the crack front. The results indicated a strong stress intensity factor for mode I at the EOC.

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Kawabata, Tomoya, Hiroaki Kosuge, Takumi Ozawa, and Yoshiki Mikami. "Simplified Prediction Method of Stress Intensity Factor in Mid-thick Plane in 3D Cracked Body and Its Difference from 2D Handbook Formula." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 50, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 20210006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20210006.

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Andrews, D. J. "Dynamic growth of mixed-mode shear cracks." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 1184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0840041184.

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Abstract A pure mode II (in-plane) shear crack cannot propagate spontaneously at a speed between the Rayleigh and S-wave speeds, but a three-dimensional (3D) or two-dimensional (2D) mixed-mode shear crack can propagate in this range, being driven by the mode III (antiplane) component. Two different analytic solutions have been proposed for the mode II component in this case. The first is the solution valid for crack speed less than the Rayleigh speed. When applied above the Rayleigh speed, it predicts a negative stress intensity factor, which implies that energy is generated at the crack tip. Burridge proposed a second solution, which is continuous at the crack tip, but has a singularity in slip velocity at the Rayleigh wave. Spontaneous propagation of a mixed-mode rupture has been calculated with a slip-weakening friction law, in which the slip velocity vector is colinear with the total traction vector. Spontaneous trans-Rayleigh rupture speed has been found. The solution depends on the absolute stress level. The solution for the in-plane component appears to be a superposition of smeared-out versions of the two analytic solutions. The proportion of the first solution increases with increasing absolute stress. The amplitude of the negative in-plane traction pulse is less than the absolute final sliding traction, so that total in-plane traction does not reverse. The azimuth of the slip velocity vector varies rapidly between the onset of slip and the arrival of the Rayleigh wave. The variation is larger at smaller absolute stress.

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Silva, Daniel P. L., Rui F. Martins, and Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes. "Finite Element Modelling of Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1112.

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Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) belong to a special group of metallic materials, which are capable of returning to a pre-determined shape or size when submitted to an appropriate thermal cycle. Generally, these alloys can be easily deformed at a relatively low temperature and, when exposed to a higher temperature, can return to their original shape, that is, to the shape they had before the mechanical deformation was imposed. Although there are a vast variety of materials that can achieve the Shape Memory Alloy effect, only those in which it is possible to have a significant recovery of the deformation – or in which it is possible to generate an important force during the shape's change – can be functionally and commercially interesting. The Ni-Ti alloys, which are one type of SMA, were numerically modelled through Ansys software and these studies are presented in this paper. These special alloys, among many others applications, could be used, for instance, in the form of wires (fibres), in smart composites, as actuators to recover partially the structural integrity of a matrix with cracks. Some 2D and 3D cracked plates were modelled through finite elements and the Stress Intensity Factor, in Mode I, KI, at each crack tip, was determined and compared with the result obtained through the analytical solution. Wires of Ni-Ti, with very small diameters and with different length/diameter ratios, were modelled and mechanical load cycles, at different temperatures, were applied and the material’s behaviour/response was obtained. The thermo-mechanical behaviour of the material was defined based on results published by other authors. Also, a composite material with Ni-Ti fibres embedded was modelled and a mechanical load was applied to it.

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Liu, Yong Shou, Bing Wang Gou, Jie He, and Zhu Feng Yue. "Effect of Cold Expansion on Crack Opening Displacement and Stress Intensity Factor." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.477.

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Two-dimensional (2D) finite element analyses have been carried out to study the crack opening displacement and stress intensity factor of a cracked centre-hole plate. With the different interference levels (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) and acted by residual stress caused by cold expansion, the crack opening displacement, the stress intensity factor and J-integral around the crack tip is presented. With the different interference levels and acted by different applied loads , the crack opening displacement, the stress intensity and J-integral around the crack tip is also presented. The results of the 2D FEM analysis show, 1) with the different interference levels and acted by residual stress caused by cold expansion, the crack mouth is throughout closed and the middle part is open, but the opening displacement is constant; 2) under some applied loads, with the interference levels up, the stress intensity factor on the crack tip and J-integral, become weak gradually, then they keep constant values; 3) with the interference increases, the stress intensity factor and J-integral decreases. When the interference increases a certain value, the stress intensity factor and J-integral do not decrease and keep constant values.

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Li, Ming Tian, Shu Cai Li, and Jun Lian He. "Numerical Study on 3D Surface Crack Growth." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.744.

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The inclined surface cracks are under the mixed mode I，II，III loading conditions. In order to study the surface crack growth the stress intensity factors of the front of half-circular surface crack are calculated according to fracture analysis code-3D(FRANC3D). And the influences of inclination angle of the surface crack and the orientation angle on I，II，III mode stress intensity factors were analyzed. I mode stress intensity factor increases along the crack front with increasing inclination angle. And I mode stress intensity factor of the same inclination angle is symmetrical with respect to the orientation angle of 90 degree. II，III mode stress intensity factors are the maximum when the inclination angle is equal to 45 degree. And the behavior of II，III mode stress intensity factors along crack front for the inclination angle of 15 and 30 degree is identical with that of inclination angle of 75 and 60 degree, respectively.

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Lee, Joon-Seong, Eun-Chul Lee, Yoon-Jong Choi, and Yang-Chang Lee. "Stress Intensity Factor Analysis System for 3D Cracks Using Fuzzy Mesh." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 18, no. 1 (February 25, 2008): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2008.18.1.122.

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NIKAIDOH, Makoto, Toshiyuki MESHII, and Katsuhiko WATANABE. "Closed Form Stress Intensity Factor of a Surface Crack in 3D Problems." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2000.3 (2000): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2000.3.0_95.

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Daud, Ruslizam, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin, Shahrum Abdullah, and A. E. Ismail. "Computation of Mixed Mode Stress Intensity Factor for Parallel Edge Cracks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 1326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.1326.

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This paper presents the extensions of newly developed finite element (FE) formulation to evaluate fracture behavior of parallel edge cracks problems. The numerical formulation used Barsoum singular finite elements to compute fracture parameters in two dimensional finite element models subjected to different crack-width ratio and cracks interval ratio. Mixed mode stress intensity factors (SIFs) of parallel edge cracks are computed in extending of FE formulation for pure Mode I formulation proposed by authors. In 2D linear elastic problem under mixed mode condition, the variation of SIF value near crack tips are discussed comprehensively. The newly finite element formulations are resulted with remarkable agreement with energy release rate based method compared to analytical solution available in the literatures.

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He, Yu Ting, Feng Li, Rong Shi, G. Q. Zhang, L. J. Ernst, and X. J. Fu. "A Model for Determining Crack Opening Stress Intensity Factor Ratio under Tri-Axial Stress State." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1572.

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When studying 3D fatigue crack growth behaviors of materials, to determine the crack opening stress intensity factor ratio is the key issue. Elastic-plastic Fracture Mechanics theory and physical mechanism of cracks’ closure phenomena caused by plastic deformation are employed here. A model for determining the crack opening stress intensity factor ratio under tri-axial stress state is presented. The comparison of the present model with available data and models shows quite good agreement.

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Le, Minh-Quy. "Fracture of monolayer germanene: A molecular dynamics study." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 22 (August 20, 2018): 1850241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218502417.

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Molecular dynamics simulations with Tersoff potential were performed to study the fracture properties of monolayer germanene at 300 K. The two-dimensional (2D) Young’s modulus, 2D tensile strength and axial strain at the tensile strength of pristine monolayer germanene are about 36.0 and 37.5 N/m; 5.1 and 4.6 N/m; 21.4 and 15.9%, in the zigzag and armchair directions, respectively. Griffith theory was applied to compute the critical stress intensity factor. Compared to monolayer graphene, the critical stress intensity factor of monolayer germanene is much smaller. Fracture pattern and effects of the initial crack length on the fracture properties are also studied. Results are useful for future design and applications of this 2D material.

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Tu, Chia-Huei, Jia-Jyun Dong, Chao-Shi Chen, Chien-Chung Ke, Jyun-Yong Jhan, and Hsien Jui Yu. "Two-Dimensional Stress Intensity Factor Analysis of Cracks in Anisotropic Bimaterial." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/721656.

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This paper presents a 2D numerical technique based on the boundary element method (BEM) for the analysis of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) problems on stress intensity factors (SIFs) involving anisotropic bimaterials. The most outstanding feature of this analysis is that it is a singledomain method, yet it is very accurate, efficient, and versatile (i.e., the material properties of the medium can be anisotropic as well as isotropic). A computer program using the BEM formula translation (FORTRAN 90) code was developed to effectively calculate the stress intensity factors (SIFs) in an anisotropic bi-material. This BEM program has been verified and showed good accuracy compared with the previous studies. Numerical examples of stress intensity factor calculation for a straight crack with various locations in both finite and infinite bimaterials are presented. It was found that very accurate results can be obtained using the proposed method, even with relatively simple discretization. The results of the numerical analysis also show that material anisotropy can greatly affect the stress intensity factor.

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Åman, Mari, Kennie Berntsson, and Gary Marquis. "An efficient stress intensity factor evaluation method for interacting arbitrary shaped 3D cracks." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 109 (October 2020): 102767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102767.

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Rezaee, Alireza, and Ashfaq Adnan. "On the elastic stress singularities and mode I notch stress intensity factor for 3D printed polymers." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 204 (December 2018): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.09.035.

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Bao, Fuming, Bingzhi Chen, Yanguang Zhao, and Xinglin Guo. "An Improved 2D Meshfree Radial Point Interpolation Method for Stress Concentration Evaluation of Welded Component." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 6873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196873.

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The study of characterizing the stress concentration effects at welds is one of the most important research directions for predicting the fatigue life of welded components. Stress solutions at the weld toe obtained from conventional meshfree methods are strongly influenced by parameters used in the methods as a result of stress singularity. In this study, an improved 2D meshfree radial point interpolation method (RPIM) is proposed for stress concentration evaluation of a welded component. The stress solutions are insensitive to parameters used in the improved RPIM. The improved RPIM-based scheme for consistently calculating stress concentration factor (SCF) and stress intensity factor at weld toe are presented. Our studies provide a novel approach to apply global weak-form meshfree methods in consistently computing SCFs and stress intensity factors at welds.

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Luo, Perng Fei, and Yung I. Tsai. "Experimental Study in Determining the Stress Intensity Factor by Using the Grid Method." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.612.

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Grid method was used to measure the stress intensity factor KI of a mode I fracture specimen. The fracture specimen used in this study was a compact tension (CT) specimen made of 6061-T6 aluminum. A grid of dots was bonded along a radial line on the surface of the CT specimen. A 2D computer vision was used to acquire the images around the crack tip before and after the deformation of the CT specimen. Then the method of single dot was used to measure the magnitude and direction of the in-plane principle strains at the dot centers. Experimental results indicate that the measured strains can be used to accurately determine KI.

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Elamvazhudi, B., and S. Gopalakannan. "Stress Intensity Factor Calculations For Semi-Elliptical Cracked Joints Using Finite Element AnalysisIn 3D." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 5 (2018): 11808–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.02.151.

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Helsing, Johan, Anders Jonsson, and Gunnar Peters. "Evaluation of the mode I stress intensity factor for a square crack in 3D." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 68, no. 5 (March 2001): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(00)00115-6.

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Mescheulov, Nikita, and Vladimir Barashkov. "Numerical Modeling of Stress-Strain State of a Deep Beam." EPJ Web of Conferences 221 (2019): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201922101032.

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The article presents calculation results for model elastic problem of defining stress-strain state of a deep beam preformed in 3D and 2D statements with the use of ANSYS software package. Geometric relations are taken in the form of Cauchy equations. The purpose of the study is to assess error in the results obtained for the two statements and to draw a conclusion on the possibility of using 2D statement for the deep beam under study. Based on 3D statement calculation results one may observe a short area near the support surface of a deep beam with the maximum load across the entire thickness. In this area the concentration of maximum stress values and maximum linear and angular deformations in the structure material are observed. The area is located on the axis of symmetry of the deep beam near the inner edge of support surface. It is found that the stress intensity values obtained for the two statements have considerable differences in this area, for that reason 3D statement shall be used when performing calculations for the deep beam. This way of solving the problem is illustrative of stress-strain state parameters distribution across the thickness of the structure, which is necessary for its strength evaluation.

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Akeel, N. A., Z. Sajuri, and Ahmad Kamal Ariffin. "Prediction of Fatigue Crack Propagation of Rail Material Using 2D Finite Element Modeling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.16.

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Fatigue crack propagation in two-dimensional rail track model under constant amplitude loading was analyzed using finite element method. The stress intensity factor was predicted using the displacement correlation method that was written in FORTRAN code and exported to Post2D to run the program and utilizing the singular elements around the crack tip area with automatic remeshing model. The fatigue crack propagation is modeled through the successive linear extensions under the linear elastic assumption. To simulate the propagation a single edge angled-crack was introduced to calculate the accurate values of stress intensity factors. The fatigue crack propagation for rail track under four point bend loading model was successfully simulated. The crack was initially propagated in direction inclined to the rail head surface but changed its direction 90° to rail head surface after certain crack length. The mix mode stress intensity factors were also successfully determined through the proposed model.

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Zhou, Taojie, Kar Wei Ng, Xiankai Sun, and Zhaoyu Zhang. "Ultra-thin curved visible microdisk lasers with three-dimensional whispering gallery modes." Nanophotonics 9, no. 9 (July 4, 2020): 2997–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0242.

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AbstractMicrodisk lasers are important components in photonic integrated circuits (PICs), of which the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are usually confined within a two-dimensional (2D) planar slab. Here, owing to the strain relaxation of quantum wells by wet-etching method, we present ultra-thin curved visible microdisk lasers with single-mode lasing emission and a high quality factor of ∼17,000, which enable a 3D spatial intensity distribution of WGMs and provide an extra degree of freedom for the confined photons compared with the conventional 2D in-plane WGMs. The curved microdisk lasers with a 3D spatial profile of WGMs may provide attractive applications in flexible and multilevel photon sources for the PICs.

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Watanabe, Megumi, Yosuke Ida, Masato Furuhashi, Yuri Tsugeno, Hiroshi Ohguro, and Fumihito Hikage. "Screening of the Drug-Induced Effects of Prostaglandin EP2 and FP Agonists on 3D Cultures of Dexamethasone-Treated Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells." Biomedicines 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080930.

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The objective of the current study was to perform a screening of the drug-induced effects of the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and EP2 agonist, omidenepag (OMD), using two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) cultures of dexamethasone (DEX)-treated human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. The drug-induced effects on 2D monolayers were characterized by measuring the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran permeability, the physical properties of 3D spheroids, and the gene expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, including collagen (COL) 1, 4 and 6, and fibronectin (FN), α smooth muscle actin (αSMA), a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1–4, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, 9 and 14 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related factors. DEX induced a significant increase in TEER values and a decrease in FITC–dextran permeability, respectively, in the 2D HTM monolayers, and these effects were substantially inhibited by PGF2α and OMD. Similarly, DEX also caused decreased sizes and an increased stiffness in the 3D HTM spheroids, but PGF2α or OMD had no effects on the stiffness of the spheroids. Upon exposure to DEX, the following changes were observed: the upregulation of COL4 (2D), αSMA (2D), and TIMP4 (2D and 3D) and the downregulation of TIMP1 and 2 (3D), MMP2 and 14 (3D), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) (2D), and glucose regulator protein (GRP)78 (3D). In the presence of PGF2α or OMD, the downregulation of COL4 (2D), FN (3D), αSMA (2D), TIMP3 (3D), MMP9 (3D) and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) (2D), and the upregulation of TIMP4 (2D and 3D), MMP2, 9 and 14 (2D), respectively, were observed. The findings presented herein suggest that 2D and 3D cell cultures can be useful in screening for the drug-induced effects of PGF2α and OMD toward DEX-treated HTM cells.

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Dong, Yunqiao, Jianming Zhang, Lei Han, Guizhong Xie, and Rui He. "A novel singular element for evaluating 3D stress intensity factor of the through-thickness crack." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements 4, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/cmem-v4-n2-80-89.

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He, Zhuang, Andrei Kotousov, Andrea Fanciulli, Filippo Berto, and Giang Nguyen. "On the evaluation of stress intensity factor from displacement field affected by 3D corner singularity." International Journal of Solids and Structures 78-79 (January 2016): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.09.007.

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Moradi, Shirin, Johan Huisman, Holger Class, and Harry Vereecken. "The Effect of Bedrock Topography on Timing and Location of Landslide Initiation Using the Local Factor of Safety Concept." Water 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101290.

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Bedrock topography is known to affect subsurface water flow and thus the spatial distribution of pore water pressure, which is a key factor for determining slope stability. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of bedrock topography on the timing and location of landslide initiation using 2D and 3D simulations with a hydromechanical model and the Local Factor of Safety (LFS) method. A set of synthetic modeling experiments was performed where water flow and slope stability were simulated for 2D and 3D slopes with layers of variable thickness and hydraulic parameters. In particular, the spatial and temporal development of water content, pore water pressure, and the resulting LFS were analyzed. The results showed that the consideration of variable bedrock topography can have a significant effect on slope stability and that this effect is highly dependent on the intensity of the event rainfall. In addition, it was found that the consideration of 3D water flow may either increase or decrease the predicted stability depending on how bedrock topography affected the redistribution of infiltrated water.

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Fageehi, Yahya Ali, and Abdulnaser M. Alshoaibi. "Nonplanar Crack Growth Simulation of Multiple Cracks Using Finite Element Method." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (February 25, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8379695.

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This work deals with a 2D finite element simulation of nonplanar multiple cracks using fracture and crack propagation analysis. This analysis was performed by using the developed source code software written by Visual Fortran Language. This source code includes the adaptive mesh generation utilizing the advanced front method and also the mesh refinement process. In order to correctly represent the field singularity, the quarter-point singular elements are constructed around the tip of the crack. The crack growth criteria are used to predict the crack growth direction by utilizing the circumferential stress factor in calculating the yielding stress in elastic fracture assumptions. The stress intensity factor determination is one of the most critical procedures as it determines the crack initiation and propagation mechanism. Moreover, the stress intensity factor histories during the crack growth are measured with the use of equivalent domain integral methods. The crack path simulation and stress intensity factor calculations are compared with the literature and revealed that the results are in agreement with research carried in this domain.

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Chun, Bumseok, and Subhrajit Guhathakurta. "Daytime and nighttime urban heat islands statistical models for Atlanta." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 308–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813515624685.

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In this study, we empirically model the interactions between 2D and 3D geospatial information and both daytime and nighttime urban heat islands, and estimate the relative importance of various urban heat islands drivers. While previous studies have explored the relationship between the urban heat islands and 2D urban features, the interactions with 3D urban features and neighboring surface characteristics have not been adequately explored. This paper specifies the impacts of these urban features on the urban heat islands intensity during daytime and nighttime, which tend to be quite different. The empirical evidence from this study suggests that while vegetation is the dominant factor for urban heat islands intensity during daytime, the urban canyon has stronger impacts on the urban heat islands than vegetation at night. In addition, adjacent surfaces are more likely to influence nighttime surface temperatures. These results could be used to develop urban design solutions for mitigating the urban heat islands.

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Hamadouche, Fella, Habib Benzaama, Mohamed Mokhtari, and Miloud Abbes Tahar. "Influence of contact parameters in fretting-fatigue contact 3D problems." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 55 (December 28, 2020): 228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.55.17.

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A numerical study on the influence of contact parameters on fretting fatigue behavior is carried out by using a new method SFEM (Stretching Finite Element Method) is presented in this article. Several parameters are made to vary: geometric shapes of the mesh, materials and contact parameters. The three-dimensional parametric model is composed by specimen and a pad in full contact. A Fortran Code is used to generate the parametric mesh. The stress intensity factors are calculated by varying the above contact parameters and the stress intensity factor under modes I, II and III are computed..

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Ferro, P. "Is 2D numerical modelling of welding process able to capture the residual notch stress intensity factor values?" Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 114 (August 2021): 103006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2021.103006.

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Campagnolo, Alberto, and Giovanni Meneghetti. "Rapid estimation of notch stress intensity factors in 3D large-scale welded structures using the peak stress method." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 17004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816517004.

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The Peak Stress Method (PSM) is an engineering, FE-oriented application of the notch stress intensity factor (NSIF) approach to fatigue design of welded joints, which takes advantage of the singular linear elastic peak stresses from FE analyses with coarse meshes. Originally, the PSM was calibrated to rapidly estimate the NSIFs by using 3D, eight-node brick elements, taking advantage of the submodeling technique. 3D modelling of large-scale structures is increasingly adopted in industrial applications, thanks to the growing spread of high-performance computing (HPC). Based on this trend, the application of PSM by means of 3D models should possibly be even more speeded up. To do this, in the present contribution the PSM has been calibrated under mode I, II and III loadings by using ten-node tetra elements, which are able to directly discretize complex 3D geometries without the need for submodels. The calibration of the PSM has been carried out by analysing several 3D mode I, II and III problems. Afterwards, an applicative example has been considered, which is relevant to a large-scale steel welded structure, having overall size on the order of meters. Two 3D FE models, having global size of tetra elements equal to 5 and 1.66 mm, have been solved by taking advantage of HPC, being the global number of degrees of freedom equal to 10 and 140 millions, respectively. The NSIFs values estimated at the toe and root sides according to the PSM have been compared with those calculated by adopting a shell-to-solid technique.

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Kudari, S. K., and K. G. Kodancha. "3D Stress intensity factor and T-stresses (T11 and T33) formulations for a Compact Tension specimen." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 11, no. 39 (December 15, 2016): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.39.21.

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Taleb, W., C. Gardin, and C. Sarrazin-Baudoux. "3D predictions of the local effective stress intensity factor as the fatigue crack propagation driving force." International Journal of Fatigue 151 (October 2021): 106365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106365.

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Palladino, Simone, Luca Esposito, Paolo Ferla, Renato Zona, and Vincenzo Minutolo. "Functionally Graded Plate Fracture Analysis Using the Field Boundary Element Method." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 8465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188465.

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This paper describes the Field Boundary Element Method (FBEM) applied to the fracture analysis of a 2D rectangular plate made of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) to calculate Mode I Stress Intensity Factor (SIF). The case study of this Field Boundary Element Method is the transversely isotropic plane plate. Its material presents an exponential variation of the elasticity tensor depending on a scalar function of position, i.e., the elastic tensor results from multiplying a scalar function by a constant taken as a reference. Several examples using a parametric representation of the structural response show the suitability of the method that constitutes a Stress Intensity Factor evaluation of Functionally Graded Materials plane plates even in the case of more complex geometries.

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Sarkar, Subhasis, Nicole Apetre, Nagaraja Iyyer, Nam Phan, Kishan Goel, and Satya Atluri. "Comparison of SGBEM-FEM Alternating Method and XFEM Method for Determining Stress Intensity Factor for 2D Crack Problems." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.345.

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The two most promising approaches to determine Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) developedover the past decade are the Symmetric Galerkin Boundary Element Method - Finite Element Method(SGBEM-FEM) based alternating method and the Extended Finite Element (XFEM) method. Thepurpose of this paper is to determine the SIFs for a number of 2-D crack problems by the two ap-proaches and measure their relative effectiveness in terms of accuracy, speed and computational re-sources.In the SGBEM-FEM alternating method, a finite element analysis is carried out on the un-crackedbody using the externally applied loading and next a boundary element analysis is performed byreversing the stresses found on the crack location from the finite element analysis, and the residualstresses on the boundary of the finite body are determined. The steps are repeated until convergenceis achieved where the residual stresses on the boundaries and traction on the crack surfaces are closeto zero.In the XFEM method, the mesh is created without considering the topology of the crack configura-tion and the discontinuities are handled by special discontinuity enrichment functions. The enrichmentfunctions increase the degrees of freedom and the regular stiffness matrix is augmented by additionalterms corresponding to the extra degrees of freedom but the increase in computational requirement isoffset by not having the burden of remeshing the finite elements.Both SGBEM-FEM alternating method and XFEM method are used to solve a number of crackproblems and the example cases clearly show the computational efficiency of the SGBEM-FEM al-ternating method over the XFEM method.

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Ma, Jie, Ren Ping Shao, and Fei Fei Dong. "Three-Dimensional Extended Analysis and Life Prediction of Gear Crack." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 4863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.4863.

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Based on the linear-elastic fracture theory, the fracture damage of gear structure is studied. By using the professional fracture analysis software FRANC3D, a three-dimensional propagation analysis is investigated for tooth root crack in involute gear, and also solving the three types of stress intensity factor(SIF) in tooth root semicircle crack tip, its changing rule and the 3D stress intensity factor formula are obtained. On this basis, a simulation analysis and study is conducted on propagation route of 3D tooth root crack, and the correctness of the analysis results is verified by comparing with the experimental results. Finally according to the mutation of maximum stress intensity factor in the crack tip，the fracture damage of gear teeth is predicated, and its working life is forecasted. By analyzing the different crack size, it is concluded that crack propagation velocity is very sensitive to crack initial length; initially, crack propagation slowly grow, with the increasing of crack length, the crack propagation will rapidly accelerate. The cycle life of fatigue crack in involute gear is about 1.85E5 times. All these findings have important significance for life estimation and failure detection of gear.

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de, Vries, Roy Engelen, and Esther Janssen. "Impact strength of 3D-printed polycarbonate." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 33, no. 1 (2020): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2001105v.

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A vertical wall printed by Fused Filament Fabrication consists of a ribbed surface profile, due to the layer wise deposition of molten plastic. The notches between the printed layers act as stress concentrators and decrease its resistance to impact. This article shows the relation between impact strength and layer height by experimental data and finite element simulations of the stress intensity factor and the plastic zone near the tip of the notch. The impact resistance increased from 6 to 32 kJ/m2, when the layer height was decreased from 1.8 to 0.2 mm. When notches were removed by sanding, the samples did not fail any more during impact testing, resembling the behavior of smooth molded test bars. Tensile strength values up to 61 MPa were measured independent of layer height. Birefringence measurements were done to determine the actual stress levels, which ranged from 2 to 5 MPa.

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Djoković, Jelena M., Snežana D. Vulović, Ružica R. Nikolić, Miroslav M. Živković, and Branislav Hadzima. "Analysis of the Three-Dimensional Zone around the Interfacial Crack Tip: The K-Influence Domain Range in the Plane Stress State." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.119.

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The bimaterial sample was analyzed to determine the three-dimensional zone at the interface crack tip and the field in the plane stress state. The solutions for the complete 3D field in different zones around the crack tip were approximated by the plane stress and plane strain states' asymptotic solutions. The difference between the solutions for the plane stress and plane strain states is defined by the three variables. The established relationship between the far field and the field around the crack tip in the plane strain conditions, enables relating the measured experimental results of the stress intensity factor to results for the stress intensity factor for the field around the crack tip, which represent the more relevant parameter for formulating the fracture criterion.

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Duwiquet, Hugo, Laurent Guillou-Frottier, Laurent Arbaret, Mathieu Bellanger, Théophile Guillon, and Michael J. Heap. "Crustal Fault Zones (CFZ) as Geothermal Power Systems: A Preliminary 3D THM Model Constrained by a Multidisciplinary Approach." Geofluids 2021 (February 4, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8855632.

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The Pontgibaud crustal fault zone (CFZ) in the French Massif Central provides an opportunity to evaluate the high-temperature geothermal potential of these naturally permeable zones. Previous 2D modeling of heat and mass transfer in a fault zone highlighted that a subvertical CFZ concentrates the highest temperature anomalies at shallow depths. By comparing the results of these large-scale 2D numerical models with field data, the depth of the 150°C isotherm was estimated to be at a depth of 2.5 km. However, these results did not consider 3D effects and interactions between fluids, deformation, and temperature. Here, field measurements are used to control the 3D geometry of the geological structures. New 2D (thin-section) and 3D (X-ray microtomography) observations point to a well-defined spatial propagation of fractures and voids, exhibiting the same fracture architecture at different scales (2.5 μm to 2 mm). Moreover, new measurements on porosity and permeability confirm that the highly fractured and altered samples are characterized by large permeability values, one of them reaching 10-12 m2. Based on a thermoporoelastic hypothesis, a preliminary 3D THM numerical model is presented. A first parametric study highlights the role of permeability, stress direction, and intensity on fluid flow. In particular, three different convective patterns have been identified (finger-like, blob-like, and double-like convective patterns). The results suggest that vertical deformation zones oriented at 30 and 70° with respect to the maximum horizontal stress direction would correspond to the potential target for high-temperature anomalies. Finally, a large-scale 3D numerical model of the Pontgibaud CFZ, based on THM coupling and the comparison with field data (temperature, heat flux, and electrical resistivity), allows us to explore the spatial geometry of the 150°C isotherm. Although simplified hypotheses have been used, 3D field data have been reproduced.

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Yang, Bo, Yuqing Wang, and Bin Wang. "The Effect of Internally Generated Inner-Core Asymmetries on Tropical Cyclone Potential Intensity*." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 1165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3971.1.

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Abstract In a quiescent environment on an f plane, the internal dynamic processes of a tropical cyclone (TC) can generate axially asymmetric circulations (asymmetries) in its inner-core region. The present study investigates how these inner-core asymmetries affect TC intensity. For this purpose, a three-dimensional (3D) TC model and its axisymmetric (2D) version were used. Both have identical model vertical structure and use the same set of parameters and the same initial conditions. The differences between the two model runs are considered to be due to mainly the effects of the TC asymmetries. The results show that the presence of asymmetries in the 3D run reduces the TC final intensity by about 15% compared with the 2D run, suggesting that the TC asymmetry is a limiting factor to the potential intensity (PI). In the 2D run without asymmetries, the convective heating in the eyewall generates an annular tower of high potential vorticity (PV) with relatively low PV in the eye. The eyewall tilts outward with height significantly. Underneath the tilted eyewall the downdrafts induced by evaporation of rain and melting of snow and graupel make the subcloud-layer inflow dry and cool, which lowers the boundary layer equivalent potential temperature (θe), thus increasing the entropy difference between the air and sea in the vicinity of the radius of maximum wind (RMW). The increased air–sea entropy deficit leads to more energy input into TC from the underlying ocean and thus a greater final intensity. On the other hand, in the 3D run, the model-resolved asymmetric eddies, which are characterized by the vortex Rossby waves in the mid-lower troposphere, play important roles in modifying the symmetric structure of the TC. Potential vorticity and θe budgets indicate that significant inward PV mixing from the eyewall into the eye results in a less-tilted eyewall, which in turn limits the drying and cooling effects of downdrafts in the subcloud layer and reduces the air–sea entropy deficit under the eyewall, thereby reducing the TC intensity. The angular momentum budget analysis shows that the asymmetric eddies tend to reduce the strength of the primary circulation in the vicinity of the RMW. This eddy contribution to the azimuthal mean angular momentum budget is larger than the parameterized horizontal diffusion contribution in the 3D run, suggesting an overall diffusive effect of the asymmetric eddies on the symmetric circulation.

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Sulistyoningsih, Mei, Reni Rakhmawati, and Amalia Setyaningrum. "KANDUNGAN KARBOHIDRAT DAN KADAR ABU PADA BERBAGAI OLAHAN LELE MUTIARA (Clarias gariepinus B)." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknosains 5, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/jitek.v5i1.3737.

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The purpose of this study was to determine and study the techniques of tonic immobility, rectal temperature and meat moisture content of broilers. The subjects in the study were 100 unsex DOCs. The design used in this study was Complete Random Injection (CRD) with a 3 x 2 factorial pattern with herbal herbal factorial as many as 3 levels, while factor B treated 2 times with 4 replications, each replication of 4-5 broiler chickens. In this case J (2%) C1: feed commercial ration + ginger 2% + light 1L: 3D, J (2%) C2: feed commercial ration + ginger 2% + light 1L: 2D, K (0.2%) C1: feed commercial ration + turmeric 0.2% + light 1L: 3D, K (0.2%) C2: feed commercial ration + 0.2% turmeric + light 1L: 2D, S (3%) C1: feed ration commercial + bay leaves 3% + light 1L: 3D, S (3%) C2: feed commercial rations + leaves greetings 3% + light 1L: 2D. The research variables studied were the technique of tonic immobility, rectal temperature and broiler meat moisture content. The data obtained were then analyzed using variance (ANOVA) with a level of 5%, the results showed no significant effect (P> 0.05) of the six techniques on incompetence and energy intensity, there was a significant effect (P <0.05). ) the six faces of broiler meat water content.

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Fiordalisi, S., C. Gardin, C. Sarrazin-Baudoux, M. Arzaghi, and Jean Petit. "Influence of Crack Front Shape on 3D Numerical Modelling of Plasticity-Induced Closure of Short and Long Fatigue Cracks." Key Engineering Materials 577-578 (September 2013): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.577-578.213.

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The simultaneous effect of crack length and crack front shape on plasticity-induced crack closure (PICC) for a 304L austenitic stainless steel is simulated through 3D numerical modelling using finite element software Abaqus for through-thickness cracks with different curved crack fronts in CT specimens in comparison with bidimensional through crack with a straight front. The influence of possible loading history effect is avoided by applying constant K amplitude. The local stress intensity factor range for crack opening Kopis evaluated from the simulation of the loss of the last local contact between the crack lips near the crack tip. The pertinence of the different crack front shapes is discussed in term of the effective stress intensity factor range Keffand in comparison with the experimental crack front observations.

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Hasib, Md Abdul, Yohei Sonobe, and Akihide Saimoto. "Improvement of Stress Intensity Factor Analysis Using Overall Defined Basic Density Function on Crack Face." Journal of Multiscale Modelling 09, no. 01 (March 2018): 1750006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1756973717500068.

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In this study, an improved technique for the evaluation of stress intensity factor (SIF) along the 3D planar crack front is proposed. In the present analysis, a planar triangular element is used to cover the total crack face. The stress field induced by a body force doublet in an infinite body is used for a fundamental solution. In the present analysis, overall defined basic density function of body force doublet is introduced. The crack problem is formulated as hypersingular boundary integral equations and the magnitudes of distributed point force doublets are determined through boundary conditions. The numerical SIF solution obtained using the present approach was compared with the solution obtained using the conventional basic density function. The results indicate that the proposed technique improves the accuracy of SIF. In addition, some numerical examples were examined to verify the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed technique.

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Assi, Nizar, Husain Al-Gahtani, and Mohammed A. Al-Osta. "Numerical Investigation of Stress Block for High Strength Concrete Columns." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 974–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091522.

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This paper is intended to investigate the stress block for high strength concrete (HSC) using the finite element model (FEM) and analytical approach. New stress block parameters were proposed for HSC including the stress intensity factor (α1) and the depth factor (β1) based on basic equilibrium equations. A (3D) finite element modeling was developed for the columns made of HSC using the comprehensive code ABAQUS. The proposed stress parameters were validated against the experimental data found in the literature and FEM. Thereafter, the proposed stress block for HSC was used to generate interaction diagrams of rectangular and circular columns subjected to compression and uniaxial bending. The effects of the stress block parameters of HSC on the interaction diagrams were demonstrated. The results showed that a good agreement is obtained between the failure loads using the finite element model and the analytical approach using the proposed parameters, as well as the achievement of a close agreement with experimental observation. It is concluded that the use of proposed parameters resulted in a more conservative estimation of the failure load of columns. The effect of the stress depth factor is considered to be minor compared with the effect of the intensity factor.

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Journal articles on the topic '2D and 3D stress intensity factor'

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