Relevant bibliographies by topics / 2D Boundary Element model

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic '2D Boundary Element model'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "2D Boundary Element model"

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Chen, Leilei, Wenchang Zhao, Cheng Liu, and Haibo Chen. "2D Structural Acoustic Analysis Using the FEM/FMBEM with Different Coupled Element Types." Archives of Acoustics 42, no. 1 (2017): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2017-0005.

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Abstract A FEM-BEM coupling approach is used for acoustic fluid-structure interaction analysis. The FEM is used to model the structure and the BEM is used to model the exterior acoustic domain. The aim of this work is to improve the computational efficiency and accuracy of the conventional FEM-BEM coupling approach. The fast multipole method (FMM) is applied to accelerating the matrix-vector products in BEM. The Burton-Miller formulation is used to overcome the fictitious eigen-frequency problem when using a single Helmholtz boundary integral equation for exterior acoustic problems. The continuous higher order boundary elements and discontinuous higher order boundary elements for 2D problem are developed in this work to achieve higher accuracy in the coupling analysis. The performance for coupled element types is compared via a simple example with analytical solution, and the optimal element type is obtained. Numerical examples are presented to show the relative errors of different coupled element types.
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Alaimo, Andrea, Alberto Milazzo, and Calogero Orlando. "Structural Health Monitoring of Cracked Beam by the Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 1634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1634.

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In this paper a 2D boundary element model is used to characterize the transient response of a piezoelectric based structural health monitoring system for cracked beam. The BE model is written for piezoelectric non-homogeneous problem employing generalized displacements. The dual reciprocity method is used to write the mass matrix in terms of boundary parameters only. The multidomain boundary element technique is implemented to model non-homogeneous and cracked configuration, unilateral interface conditions are also considered to prevent the physical inconsistence of the overlapping between interface nodes belonging to the crack surfaces. To assess the reliability and the effectiveness of the model numerical analyses are carried out on the modal and dynamic response of undamaged beam and results are compared with finite element calculations. Electrical response of piezoelectric sensors are then reported for different crack configurations in comparison with the undamaged case.
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Ashrafi, Hosein, M. R. Bahadori, and M. Shariyat. "Two-Dimensional Modeling of Functionally Graded Viscoelastic Materials Using a Boundary Element Approach." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.570.

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In this paper, a 2D boundary element approach able to model viscoelastic functionally graded materials (FGM) is presented. A numerical implementation of the Somigliana identity for displacements is developed to solve 2D problems of exponentially graded elasticity. An FGM is an advanced material in which its composition changes gradually resulting in a corresponding change in properties of the material. The FGM concept can be applied to various materials for structural and functional uses. Our model needs only the Green’s function of nonhomogeneous elastostatic problems with material properties that vary continuously along a given dimension. We consider the material properties to be an exponential function of Cartesian coordinates x. As application, a numerical example is provided to validate the proposed boundary integral equation approach.
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Wilber, Michelle, and Getu Hailu. "A 2D Moving Mesh Finite Element Analysis of Heat Transfer in Arctic Soils." Thermo 3, no. 1 (2023): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo3010005.

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Accurate soil heat transfer models are needed to predict and adapt to a warming arctic. A numerical model to accurately predict temperatures and thaw depths in soils, both with depth and with horizontal distance from features such as cliffs, was developed in Matlab using the finite element method. The model was validated against analytical solutions to simple versions of the problem and experimental temperature data from borehole thermistor strings on the north shore of Alaska. The current model is most useful for short term (on the order of days) predictions of thaw depth and near surface temperatures in homogeneous soils with existing data to allow the calibration of soil thermal parameters. These are exactly the time scales and capabilities that would integrate well with erosional models to predict the erosion during storm events and summer thaw conditions. Comparisons with analytical solutions show the model to be fairly accurate in predictions of temperatures thaw-depth and temperatures, within about 0.25 °C and 0.02 m respectively, for reasonable arctic soil parameters. Differences between predicted temperatures and thaw-depth against borehole data from Barter Island, Alaska are within about 1 °C and 0.5 m respectively. Comparison to commercial software, which does not directly track and move the phase change boundary, shows that this moving-mesh model has much better agreement. The model developed in this work is flexible and can be modified to model a wide variety of problems, but is efficiently set up to take a surface and thaw-boundary profile (not necessarily horizontal) and use soil parameters and surface boundary conditions appropriate to Arctic regions. It has been verified to appropriately model cliffs, which are particularly vulnerable to erosion.
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Petrov, Andrey, and Leonid A. Igumnov. "Dynamic Analysis of a Three-Dimensional Poroelastic Beam Using the Boundary-Element Method." Key Engineering Materials 769 (April 2018): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.769.329.

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The problem of the effect of a normal harmonic force on a porous beam in a 3D formulation is solved using the boundary-element method. A homogeneous fully saturated elastic porous medium is described using Biot’s mathematical model. The effect of the porosity and permeability parameters on the deflection of the beam and the distribution of pore pressure over the beam thickness is investigated. The comparison of the boundary-element solution with a 2D numerical-analytical one is given.
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GUIOTTO, ANNAMARIA, ALESSANDRA SCARTON, ZIMI SAWACHA, GABRIELLA GUARNERI, ANGELO AVOGARO, and CLAUDIO COBELLI. "GAIT ANALYSIS DRIVEN 2D FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE NEUROPATHIC HINDFOOT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 02 (2016): 1650012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500123.

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The diabetic foot is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus and it can lead to foot ulcerations and amputations. Finite element analysis quantifies the loads developed in the different anatomical structures and describes how these affect foot tissue during foot–floor interaction. This approach for the diabetic subjects’ foot could provide valuable information in the process of plantar orthosis fabrication and fit. The purpose of this study was to develop two finite element models of the hindfoot, of healthy and diabetic neuropathic subjects. These models accounts for in vivo kinematics, kinetics, plantar pressure (PP) data and magnetic resonance images. These were acquired during gait analysis on 10 diabetic neuropathics and 10 healthy subjects. Validity of the models has been assessed through comparison between the peak PPs of simulated and experimental data: root mean square error (RMSE) in percentage of the experimental peak value was evaluated. Two different finite elements analysis were performed: subject-specific simulations in terms of both geometry and gait analysis, and by adopting the complete gait analysis dataset as boundary conditions. Model predicted plantar pressures were in good agreement with those experimentally measured. Best agreement was obtained in the subject-specific case (RMSE of 13%).
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Pedroso, D. M. "Enriched Finite Element for Modelling Variable Boundary Conditions in Unsaturated Seepage Problems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 846 (July 2016): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.846.372.

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Partial differential equations such as models for flow in unsaturated porous media are difficult to be solved when space-time variable boundary conditions are included. A general solution to this problem is discussed in this contribution and is devised in such a way that the face with variable boundary condition can be subjected to Dirichlet, Neumann or the so-called Signorini/ambiguous boundary conditions, considering the transition from one type to another. A method based on the enrichment of finite elements that is able to accurately model seepage with these complex boundary conditions is discussed. Simulations are presented illustrating the capabilities of the new method in 2D and 3D, including cases where the free surface varies due to rain.
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Florez, Sebastian, Julien Fausty, Karen Alvarado, Brayan Murgas, and Marc Bernacki. "A 2D Front-Tracking Lagrangian Model for the Modeling of Anisotropic Grain Growth." Materials 14, no. 15 (2021): 4219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154219.

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Grain growth is a well-known and complex phenomenon occurring during annealing of all polycrystalline materials. Its numerical modeling is a complex task when anisotropy sources such as grain orientation and grain boundary inclination have to be taken into account. This article presents the application of a front-tracking methodology to the context of anisotropic grain boundary motion at the mesoscopic scale. The new formulation of boundary migration can take into account any source of anisotropy both at grain boundaries as well as at multiple junctions (MJs) (intersection point of three or more grain boundaries). Special attention is given to the decomposition of high-order MJs for which an algorithm is proposed based on local grain boundary energy minimisation. Numerical tests are provided using highly heterogeneous configurations, and comparisons with a recently developed Finite-Element Level-Set (FE-LS) approach are given. Finally, the computational performance of the model will be studied comparing the CPU-times obtained with the same model but in an isotropic context.
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Tohti, Gulbahar, Dilinaer Mahemuti, and Mamatjan Tursun. "Finite Element Analysis to Stringer of a Semi-Trailer." Key Engineering Materials 522 (August 2012): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.522.400.

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In this research, 2D and 3D FEM model of one stringer of a semi-trailer was built. Mesh generation and boundary conditions definition was processed on FAST software. Effective stress distribution diagram was obtained after FEM analysis to stringe structure under various working conditions. Main stress concentration area was defined and causes for stress concentration was analyzed. After all, suggestion for improvement and structure optimization was given.
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Bergfried, Christian, Samaneh Abdi Qezeljeh, Ilia V. Roisman, Herbert De Gersem, Jeanette Hussong, and Yvonne Späck-Leigsnering. "Thermal Finite-Element Model of Electric Machine Cooled by Spray." Energies 18, no. 1 (2024): 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010084.

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The demand for higher power density in electrical machines necessitates advanced cooling strategies. Spray cooling emerges as a promising and relatively straightforward technology, albeit involving complex physics. In this paper, a quasi-3D thermal finite-element model of stator winding is created by the extrusion of a 2D cross-sectional finite-element model along the winding direction. The cooling effects of the spray impact are simulated as a heat flux that uses an impedance boundary condition at the surface of the winding overhang. The results confirm the advantageous performance of spray cooling, indicating that it may enable a tenfold increase in power density compared to standard air- or water-cooled machines.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "2D Boundary Element model"

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Ren, Qinlong. "Numerical Simulation of 2D Electrothermal Flow Using Boundary Element Method." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312496.

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Microfluidics and its applications to Lab-on-a-Chip have attracted a lot of attention. Because of the small length scale, the flow is characterized by a low Re number. The governing equations become linear. Boundary element method (BEM) is a very good option for simulating the fluid flow with high accuracy. In this thesis, we present a 2D numerical simulation of the electrothermal flow using BEM. In electrothermal flow the volumetric force is caused by electric field and temperature gradient. The physics is mathematically modeled by (i) Laplace equation for the electrical potential, (ii) Poisson equation for the heat conduction caused by Joule heating, (iii) continuity and Stokes equation for the low Reynolds number flow. We begin by solving the electrical potential and electrical field. The heat conduction is caused by the Joule heating as the heat generation term. Superposition principle is used to solve for the temperature field. The Coulomb and dielectric forces are generated by the electrical field and temperature gradient of the system. The buoyancy force is caused by the non-uniform temperature distribution inside the system. We analyze the Stokes flow problem by superposition of fundamental solution for free-space velocity caused by body force and BEM for the corresponding homogeneous Stokes equation. It is well known that a singularity integral arises when the source point approaches the field point. To overcome this problem, we solve the free-space velocity analytically. For the BEM part, we also calculate all the integrals analytically. With this effort, our solution is more accurate. In addition, we improve the robustness of the matrix system by combining the velocity integral equation with the traction integral equation when we simulate the electrothermal pump. One of our purpose is to design a pump for the microfluidics system. Since the system is a long channel, the flow is fully developed in the area far away from the electrodes. With this assumption, the velocity profile is parabolic at the inlet and outlet of the channel. So we can get appropriate boundary conditions for the BEM part of Stokes equation. Consequently, we can simulate the electrothermal flow in an open channel. In this thesis, we will present the formulation and implementation of BEM to model electrothermal flow. Results of electrical potential, temperature field, Joule heating, electrothermal force, buoyancy force and velocity field will be presented.
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Vlachos, Nickolas Dimitris. "Boundary element method of incompressible flow past deforming geometries." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297802.

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Fic, Miloslav. "Metoda hraničních vířivých elementů pro 2D proudění kapalin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230563.

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This master’s thesis deals with boundary vorticity element method for 2D fluid flow. The aim of this work is to program this method with continuous vorticity lay-out and to validate method with various boundary conditions. The computed results are presented in this work. Advantages and disadvantages of each one boundary condition are pointed out. New one boundary condition for boundary vorticity element method is applied in this thesis.
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DeGregory, Christopher P. "Finite element model updating and damage detection using artificial boundary conditions." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA361817.

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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1999.<br>"March 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Joshua H. Gordis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77). Also available online.
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Jérusalem, Antoine 1979. "A finite element model of grain boundary sliding for nanostructured metals." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17774.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-76).<br>Nanocrystalline metals, i.e., polycrystalline metals with grain sizes in the nanometer range, have elicited significant interest recently due to their potential for achieving higher material strength in combination with increased formability at lower temperatures and higher strain rates, among other potential performance improvements in the material properties. In addition, there is a growing body evidence of unique deformation mechanisms furnishing a qualitatively different mechanical behavior in materials structured at the nanometer scale. In particular, the expected increase of the yield strength with the refinement of the microstructure appears to level off at grain sizes of the order of 10 to 50 nm and reverts to a decrease of strength with further reduction of grain size. Experimental studies and atomistic simulations have provided evidence of this peculiar behavior. In this work, we propose a continuum model describing the competing deformation mechanisms believed to determine the effective response of nanocrystalline materials. A phenomenological model considering grain boundary sliding and accommodation as uncoupled plastic dissipative deformation mechanisms is formulated to describe the constitutive behavior of grain boundaries. Tensile test simulations using the proposed model reproduce the inverse trend in the grain-size dependency of the macroscopic yield stress predicted by atomistic simulations and experiments. Even more noteworthy is the finding that the numerically predicted grain-size dependency of the yield stress shows a linear relation to the inverse square root of the grain size, a phenomenon identified as the inverse Hall-Petch effect. The importance of this result is lastly enhanced by the prediction<br>(cont.) from the model that the observed discrepancy between molecular dynamics and experimental results may be strongly related to the deformation rate.<br>by Antoine Jérusalem.<br>S.M.
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Kylén, Joakim. "2D-model of a portal frame railway bridge for dynamic analysis." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-37025.

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Bin, Muhammad Ibrahim Israr. "Computational Model of Pitting Corrosion." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3167.

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Pitting corrosion is a form of highly localized corrosion that can lead to crack and failure of a structure. Study on pitting corrosion is necessary in order to predict and prevent the risk of failure of structure susceptible to corrosion. In this thesis, a combination of Cellular Automata (CA) and Boundary Element Method (BEM) was developed to simulate pitting corrosion growth under certain environment. It is assumed that pitting corrosion can be simplified to electrochemical corrosion cell. The distribution of potential around this corrosion cell can then be simulated by BEM. This distribution potential represents cathodic and anodic reactions around the corrosion cell. A CA model was developed that uses transition rules reflecting mechanism of pitting corrosion. The CA model has two types of cell states, one reflecting BEM simulation results and the other reflecting the status of corrosion cell (anode, cathode, and passive metal’s surface). For every CA iteration, the CA decides the state of the corrosion cells (the location and size of anode, cathode) while BEM simulate the level of electrochemical activity at discrete location on the surface (represented by potential distribution). In order to demonstrate the methodology, a simple case of rectangular corrosion cell with varied dimensions and under different polarization functions is considered. Results show certain shapes tend to grow at certain type environment and these pits are comparable to commonly observed pit shapes. In addition, stress analysis was carried out to investigate the severity of corrosion pits of varying shapes and sizes. Results show that certain pits induced highly varying stress concentration as it grows over time, while others have more steady increase of stress concentration.
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Jagtap, Nimish V. "Application of the Hypersingular Boundary Integral Equation in Evaluating Stress Intensity Factors for 2D Elastostatic Fracture Mechanics Problems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1163788461.

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Fernandez, Constance R. S. "Artificial boundary conditions in sensitivity based finite element model updating and structural damage detection." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1786.

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A finite element (FE) model is a computational representation of a given structure. In order for the FE model to accurately predict structure response, the model is "updated" or improved. This thesis investigates the use of artificial boundary conditions in sensitivity-based model updating and damage detection. A comparative analysis was conducted on the accuracy of error identification and location with respect to the artificial boundary conditions imposed and the number of modes retained. Results are demonstrated with actual test data from a simple structure.
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McClain, Stephen Taylor. "A discrete-element model for turbulent flow over randomly-rough surfaces." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2002. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04032002-140007.

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Books on the topic "2D Boundary Element model"

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. COMGEN-BEM: Boundary element model generation for composite materials micromechanical analysis. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. COMGEN-BEM: Boundary element model generation for composite materials micromechanical analysis. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Berendt, Lars. A finite element model for water wave diffraction, including boundary absorption and bottom friction. Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 1985.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Numerical study of turbulence model predictions for the MD 30P/30N and NHLP-2D three-element highlift configurations. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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P, Chen C., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A two-layer multiple-time-scale turbulence model and grid independence study. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Morita, Nobuo. 2D/3D Boundary Element Programming in Petroleum Engineering and Geomechanics. Elsevier, 2020.

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2D/3D Boundary Element Programming in Petroleum Engineering and Geomechanics. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2020-0-00561-x.

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Morita, Nobuo. 2D/3D Boundary Element Programming in Petroleum Engineering and Geomechanics. Elsevier, 2020.

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Bozkaya, Canan. Boundary Element Method for Magnetohydrodynamic Flow: 2D MHD Duct Flow Problems. Springer, 2024.

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COMGEN-BEM: Boundary element model generation for composite materials micromechanical analysis. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "2D Boundary Element model"

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Tiwari, Ram Chandra, and Netra Prakash Bhandary. "Application of Spectral Element Method (SEM) in Slope Instability Analysis." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_11.

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AbstractSpectral element framework for slope instability analysis includes Spectral Element Method (SEM) formulation, system requirements for serial and parallel computations, model preparation with hexahedral meshing in Cubit or Trelis, meshing and mapping technique (h- and p-refinement techniques) according to SEM, applying boundary conditions for 2D and 3D, defining inputs for material model, ground water table, seismic loading as well as processing and visualizing the results in Tecplot and ParaView. Within this framework, the safety factor in slope stability is computed and visualized with greater spectral accuracy and stability.
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Veisterä, Henri, and Jyrki Lötjönen. "Reconstructing 3D Boundary Element Heart Models from 2D Biplane Fluoroscopy." In Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45572-8_3.

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Wang, Weiye, Renjun Yan, Kang Liu, and Yu Qiu. "Stiffness and Strength Analysis of 2D Woven Composite Materials Based on Multi-scale Finite Element Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1876-4_78.

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AbstractThis study is based on the multi-scale finite element method and establishes RVE model of 2D woven fiber yarn and woven structure. The Stiffness matrix of plain, satin and twill 2D braided composites is calculated by applying Periodic boundary conditions and tensile shear loads in six directions. Write a UMAT subroutine to perform finite element simulation of the strength of woven RVE based on the three-dimensional Hashin failure criterion, and compare and verify it with existing experimental data. By comparing the load displacement curves of three types of braided composite materials under the same volume fraction, the stiffness and strength characteristics of the three types of braided composite materials, as well as the mechanical performance similarity issues caused by structural similarity, are studied.
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Kita, E., and N. Kamiya. "An Easy Adaptive Boundary Mesh for 2D Elastic Problem." In Boundary Element Methods. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06153-4_21.

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Dominguez, J., and O. Maeso. "Boundary Element Model for the Seismic Analysis of Arch Dams." In Boundary Element Methods. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06153-4_9.

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Guiggiani, M. "Direct Evaluation of Hypersingular Integrals in 2D BEM." In Numerical Techniques for Boundary Element Methods. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-14005-4_3.

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Shih, H. R., R. C. Duffield, and J. Lin. "Boundary-Finite Element Model for Eccentrically Stiffened Plates Under Transverse Loading." In Boundary Element Technology VII. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2872-8_38.

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García-Sánchez, F., Ch Zhang, J. Sládek, and V. Sládek. "A 2D Time-Domain BEM for Dynamic Crack Problems in Anisotropic Solids." In Recent Advances in Boundary Element Methods. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9710-2_9.

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Brichau, F., and J. Deconinck. "A Numerical Model Coupling Galvanic Corrosion and Ohmic Voltage Drop in Buried Pipelines." In Boundary Element Technology VII. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2872-8_27.

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Holzer, S. "On the Engineering Analysis of 2D Problems by the Symmetric Galerkin Boundary Element Method and Coupled BEM/FEM." In Advances in Boundary Element Techniques. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51027-4_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "2D Boundary Element model"

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Marcassoli, Paolo, Alessandro Bonetti, Luciano Lazzari, and Marco Ormellese. "Modeling of Potential Distribution of Subsea Pipeline under Cathodic Protection by Finite Element Method." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02333.

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Abstract This paper deals with the evaluation of the subsea pipeline integrity through the combination of potential profile, electric field gradient and the modeling of the electric field originated by the bracelet galvanic anodes by Finite Element Method (FEM). The potential profile as well as the electric field gradient measured during a survey provide the representation of the Cathodic Protection (CP) level and the location of anodes and coating defects. Nevertheless, by overlapping the electric field calculated by a dedicated FEM modeling, a more accurate interpretation is achieved in order to estimate the critical coating defect size and to evaluate the effect of the presence of multiple defects. FEM modeling was based on a simplified 2D domain reproducing the main geometrical, physical and electrochemical parameters, such as sea depth, mud burial depth, seawater and mud resistivity, and current density and potential distribution. Boundary conditions were defined by assuming constant potential at galvanic anode, electrical insulation of the coating and by considering Butler-Volmer equation for steel surface at coating defects. Coating defect size, sea depth, mud burial depth were considered in a generalized parametric equation. An example of the application of the model is shown on the basis of results obtained by an inspection campaign.
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Ren, Qinlong, Cho Lik Chan, and Alberto L. Arvayo. "Numerical Simulation of 2D Electrothermal Flow Using Boundary Element Method." In ASME 2013 4th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2013-22075.

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Microfluidics and its applications to Lab-on-a-Chip have attracted a lot of attention. Because of the small length scale, the flow is characterized by a low Re number. The governing equations become linear. Boundary element method (BEM) is a very good option for simulating the fluid flow with high accuracy. In this paper, we present a 2D numerical modeling of the electrothermal flow using BEM. In electrothermal flow the volumetric force is caused by electric field and temperature gradient. The physics is mathematically modeled by (i) Laplace equation for the electrical potential, (ii) Poisson equation for the heat conduction caused by Joule heating, (iii) continuity and Stokes equation for the low Reynolds number flow. We begin by solving the electrical potential and electric field. The heat conduction is caused by the Joule heating as the heat generation term. Superposition principle is used to solve for the temperature field. The Coulomb and dielectric forces are generated by the electrical field and temperature gradient of the system. We analyze the Stokes flow problem by superposition of fundamental solution for free-space velocity caused by body force and BEM for the corresponding homogeneous Stokes equation. It is well known that a singularity integral arises when the source point approaches the field point. To overcome this problem, we solve the free-space velocity analytically. For the BEM part, we also calculate all the integral terms analytically. With this effort, our solution is more accurate. In addition, we improve the robustness of the matrix system by combining the velocity integral equation with the traction integral equation. Our purpose is to design a pump for the microfluidics system. Since the system is a long channel, the flow is fully developed in the area far away from the electrodes. With this assumption, the velocity profile is parabolic at the inlet and outlet of the channel. So we can get appropriate boundary conditions for the BEM part of Stokes equation. Consequently, we can simulate the electrothermal flow in an open channel. In this paper, we will present the formulation and implementation of BEM to model electrothermal flow. Results of electrical potential, temperature field, Joule heating, electrothermal force, and velocity field will be presented.
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Chen, Hailong, and Ashok V. Kumar. "Implicit Boundary Approach for Reissner-Mindlin Plates." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12714.

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Implicit boundary method enables the use of background mesh to perform finite element analysis while using solid models to represent the geometry. This approach has been used in the past to model 2D and 3D structures. Thin plate or shell-like structures are more challenging to model. In this paper, the implicit boundary method is shown to be effective for plate elements modeled using Reissner-Mindlin plate theory. This plate element uses a mixed formulation and discrete collocation of shear stress field to avoid shear locking. The trial and test functions are constructed by utilizing approximate step functions such that the boundary conditions are guaranteed to be satisfied. The incompatibility of discrete collocation with implicit boundary approach is overcome by using irreducible weak form for computing the stiffness associated with essential boundary conditions. A family of Reissner-Mindlin plate elements is presented and evaluated in this paper using several benchmark problems to test their validity and robustness.
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Nied, H. A., and M. S. Lamphere. "2D Electrochemical Airfoil Machining Process Model." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-272.

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A 2D Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM) process model was developed to aid with tooling design and process optimization by simulation of the ECM process. The boundary element method (BEM) was used to numerically solve the field equations of the process model. The electrochemical anodic reaction was furnished by Faraday’s Law, which provided the relationship for the rate of dissolution at the surface of the workpiece as a function of charge transfer. Accordingly, the workpiece shape change and mass of metal removed by the machining process can be determined as a function of time. The process model includes a library of workpiece material and electrolyte combinations for predicting the electrochemical machining behavior, e.g., titanium alloy 6Al-4V and NaCl electrolytes. These metal/electrolyte combinations are of special interest in the aircraft engine industry for manufacturing heat-resistant, rotary components with complex geometry such as airfoil blades. The major features of the numerical computer program are briefly described with a selected example of machining a typical fan blade. Preliminary comparison of the numerical predictions with the nominal airfoil geometry showed good agreement and is discussed below.
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Wang, Yingjun, Qifu Wang, Gang Wang, Yunbao Huang, and Yixiong Wei. "Boundary Element Parallel Computation for 3D Elastostatics Using CUDA." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47981.

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Finite Element Method (FEM) is pervasively used in most of 3D elastostatic numerical simulations, in which Computer Aided Design (CAD) models need to be converted into mesh models first and then enriched with semantic data (e.g. material parameters, boundary conditions). The interaction between CAD models and FEM models stated above is very intensive. Boundary Element Method (BEM) has been used gradually instead of FEM in recent years because of its advantage in meshing. BEM can reduce the dimensionality of the problem by one so that the complexity in mesh generation can be decreased greatly. In this paper, we present a Boundary Element parallel computation method for 3D elastostatics. The parallel computation runs on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) using Computing Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). Three major components are included in such method: (1) BEM theory in 3D elastostatics and the boundary element coefficient integral methods, (2) the parallel BEM algorithm using CUDA, and (3) comparison the parallel BEM using CUDA with conventional BEM and FEM respectively by examples. The dimension reduction characteristics of BEM can dispose the 3D elastostatic problem by 2D meshes, therefore we develop a new faceting function to make the ACIS facet meshes suitable for Boundary Element Analysis (BEA). The examples show that the GPU parallel algorithm in this paper can accelerate BEM computation about 40 times.
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Bagheri-Sadeghi, Nojan, Brian T. Helenbrook та Kenneth D. Visser. "Turbulent Channel Flow With a Modified k-ω Turbulence Model for High-Order Finite Element Methods". У ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5501.

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Abstract One-dimensional fully developed channel flow was solved using a modified k–ω turbulence model that was recently proposed for use with high-order finite element schemes. In order to study this new turbulence model’s behavior, determine its dependence on boundary conditions and model constants, and find efficient methods for obtaining solutions, the model was first examined using a linear finite element discretization in 1D. The results showed that an accurate estimate of the parameter εk which is used to define k in terms of the working variable k~ is essential to get an accurate solution. Also, the turbulence model depended sensitively on an accurate estimate of the distance of the first grid point from the wall, which can be difficult to estimate in unstructured grids. This is used for the boundary condition of specific dissipation rate on the wall. This model was then implemented in a high-order finite element code that uses an unstructured mesh of triangles to verify that the 1D results were predictive of the behavior of the full 2D discretization. High-order 2D results were obtained on triangular meshes with element aspect ratios up to 250000.
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Malladi, V. V. N. Sriram, Mohammad Albakri, Pablo A. Tarazaga, and Serkan Gugercin. "Reduced Plate Model Used for 2D Traveling Wave Propagation." In ASME 2015 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2015-9020.

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The focus of this study is to understand traveling wave generation and propagation in reduced order 2D plate models. A plate with all clamped (C-C-C-C) boundary conditions was selected to be the medium through which the wave propagation occurs. The plate is excited at multiple locations by point forces which generates controlled oscillations resulting in net traveling waves. A finite element model is developed and the traveling wave response is simulated. The numerical model is complex with a large number of degrees-of-freedom making a parametric study computationally intensive. In order to overcome this computational burden, balanced truncation based and interpolation-based model reduction techniques are employed to reduce the total number of degrees-of-freedom. The capabilities of these reduction techniques to capture the steady-state frequency-domain characteristics and the steady-state time-domain response have been compared in this paper.
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Gonzalez, Marco, and Manuel Martinez. "Stress Intensity Factors for Axial Cracks in Pressurized Cylindrical Elements Using the Boundary Element Method." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97670.

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Pressure vessels and pipes are inspected to establish the presence of cracks that could affect their integrity for a reliable operation avoiding the possible negative impact of their failure. The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is a relatively new numerical method in this kind of applications, which is based on Integral Equations (IE), considering only the contour of the solid (meaning an easier meshing). The BEM has a good accuracy that promotes its use in stresses analysis. Crack growth modeling is one of the most important applications for the BEM, since it allows an accurate stress analysis in the crack faces and crack propagation analysis without re-meshing. This paper focuses on modeling an inside surface axial crack in a cylindrical element under internal pressure using 2D-BEM, to determine the mode I Stress Intensity Factors (KI) at the crack tip. These factors are used to predict the mechanical behavior of the element and its residual life when is subjected to cyclic loadings The BEM generates less conservative results than API 579 rules for Ri/t ≤ 10, meanwhile for Ri/t ≥ 12 the results are in a good agreement with that standard. New simple correlations to calculate KI for 5≤Ri/t≤10 and 10&lt;Ri/t≤25, are offered.
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Babu, Nitin, and Suresh Rajendran. "A Fully Nonlinear Potential Flow Based 2D Numerical Wave Tank Using Multiple Flux Boundary Element Method." In ASME 2023 42nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2023-107719.

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Abstract Numerical wave tanks are the cutting-edge tool for modeling a fully nonlinear free surface wave. Potential flow modeling based Numerical Wave Tank (NWT) is a powerful approach when a robust solver is needed for nonlinear wave structure interaction problems of practical significance. In this paper, a Mixed Euler Lagrange (MEL) solution based on Higher Order Boundary Element Method (HOBEM) is used for modeling the NWT. Free surface velocities are calculated by solving the boundary value problem using HOBEM in the Eulerian frame of reference while the time integration happens in the Lagrangian frame. However, the traditional HOBEM suffers from the so called ‘corner problem’, where the normal vector at the physical corner of a wave tank model becomes ill defined, leading to errors. This paper presents the multiple flux technique which is used to solve the corner problem in a HOBEM based numerical wave tank. The comparison of the multiple flux technique is made with a traditional HOBEM based boundary value problem while discussing its implementation in detail. A two-dimensional NWT based on multiple flux boundary element method and Mixed Euler Lagrange (MEL) technique with fully nonlinear free surface boundary is used for generating nonlinear waves.
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Fanous, Ihab F. Z., Maher Y. A. Younan, and Abdalla S. Wifi. "Study of the Effect of Boundary Conditions on Residual Stresses in Welding Using Element Birth and Element Movement Techniques." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1933.

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The structure in which the welding process is performed highly affects the residual stresses generated in the welding. This effect is simulated by choosing the appropriate boundary conditions in modeling the welding process. The major parameters of the boundary conditions are the method by which the base metal is being fixed and the amount of heat being applied through the torch. Other parameters may include the coefficients of thermal heat loss from the plate which may simulate the media in which the welding is taking place. In modeling the welding process, 2D forms of approximation were developed in analyzing most of the models of such problem. 3D models analyzing the welding process were developed in limited applications due to its high computation time and cost. With the development of new finite element tools, namely the element movement technique developed by the authors, full 3D analysis of the welding process is becoming in hand. In the present work, three different boundary conditions shall be modeled companng their effect on the welding. These boundary conditions shall be applied to two models of the welding process: one using the element birth technique and the other using the element movement technique showing the similarity in their responses verifying the effectiveness of the latter being accomplished in a shorter time.
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Reports on the topic "2D Boundary Element model"

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Trahan, Corey, Jing-Ru Cheng, and Amanda Hines. ERDC-PT : a multidimensional particle tracking model. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48057.

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This report describes the technical engine details of the particle- and species-tracking software ERDC-PT. The development of ERDC-PT leveraged a legacy ERDC tracking model, “PT123,” developed by a civil works basic research project titled “Efficient Resolution of Complex Transport Phenomena Using Eulerian-Lagrangian Techniques” and in part by the System-Wide Water Resources Program. Given hydrodynamic velocities, ERDC-PT can track thousands of massless particles on 2D and 3D unstructured or converted structured meshes through distributed processing. At the time of this report, ERDC-PT supports triangular elements in 2D and tetrahedral elements in 3D. First-, second-, and fourth-order Runge-Kutta time integration methods are included in ERDC-PT to solve the ordinary differential equations describing the motion of particles. An element-by-element tracking algorithm is used for efficient particle tracking over the mesh. ERDC-PT tracks particles along the closed and free surface boundaries by velocity projection and stops tracking when a particle encounters the open boundary. In addition to passive particles, ERDC-PT can transport behavioral species, such as oyster larvae. This report is the first report of the series describing the technical details of the tracking engine. It details the governing equation and numerical approaching associated with ERDC-PT Version 1.0 contents.
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Witzig, Andreas, Camilo Tello, Franziska Schranz, Johannes Bruderer, and Matthias Haase. Quantifying energy-saving measures in office buildings by simulation in 2D cross sections. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541623658.

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A methodology is presented to analyse the thermal behaviour of buildings with the goal to quantify energy saving measures. The solid structure of the building is modelled with finite elements to fully account for its ability to store energy and to accurately predict heat loss through thermal bridges. Air flow in the rooms is approximated by a lumped element model with three dynamical nodes per room. The dynamic model also contains the control algorithm for the HVAC system and predicts the net primary energy consumption for heating and cooling of the building for any time period. The new simulation scheme has the advantage to avoid U-values and thermal bridge coefficients and instead use well-known physical material parameters. It has the potential to use 2D and 3D geometries with appropriate automatic processing from BIM models. Simulations are validated by comparison to IDA ICE and temperature measurement. This work aims to discuss novel approaches to disseminating building simulation more widely.
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Lokke, Arnkjell, and Anil Chopra. Direct-Finite-Element Method for Nonlinear Earthquake Analysis of Concrete Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Rock Interaction. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/crjy2161.

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Evaluating the seismic performance of concrete dams requires nonlinear dynamic analysis of two- or three-dimensional dam–water–foundation rock systems that include all the factors known to be significant in the earthquake response of dams. Such analyses are greatly complicated by interaction between the structure, the impounded reservoir and the deformable foundation rock that supports it, and the fact that the fluid and foundation domains extend to large distances. Presented in this report is the development of a direct finite-element (FE) method for nonlinear earthquake analysis of two- and three-dimensional dam–water–foundation rock systems. The analysis procedure applies standard viscous-damper absorbing boundaries to model the semi-unbounded fluid and foundation domains, and specifies at these boundaries effective earthquake forces determined from a ground motion defined at a control point on the ground surface. This report is organized in three parts, with a common notation list, references, and appendices at the end of the report. Part I develops the direct FE method for 2D dam–water–foundation rock systems. The underlying analytical framework of treating dam–water–foundation rock interaction as a scattering problem, wherein the dam perturbs an assumed "free-field" state of the system, is presented, and by applying these concepts to a bounded FE model with viscous-damper boundaries to truncate the semi-unbounded domains, the analysis procedure is derived. Step-by-step procedures for computing effective earthquake forces from analysis of two 1D free-field systems are presented, and the procedure is validated by computing frequency response functions and transient response of an idealized dam–water–foundation rock system and comparing against independent benchmark results. This direct FE method is generalized to 3D systems in Part II of this report. While the fundamental concepts of treating interaction as a scattering problem are similar for 2D and 3D systems, the derivation and implementation of the method for 3D systems is much more involved. Effective earthquake forces must now be computed by analyzing a set of 1D and 2D systems derived from the boundaries of the free-field systems, which requires extensive book-keeping and data transfer for large 3D models. To reduce these requirements and facilitate implementation of the direct FE method for 3D systems, convenient simplifications of the procedure are proposed and their effectiveness demonstrated. Part III of the report proposes to use the direct FE method for conducting the large number of nonlinear response history analyses (RHAs) required for performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) of concrete dams, and discusses practical modeling considerations for two of the most influential aspects of these analyses: nonlinear mechanisms and energy dissipation (damping). The findings have broad implications for modeling of energy dissipation and calibration of damping values for concrete dam analyses. At the end of Part III, the direct FE method is implemented with a commercial FE program and used to compute the nonlinear response of an actual arch dam. These nonlinear results, although limited in their scope, demonstrate the capabilities and effectiveness of the direct FE method to compute the types of nonlinear engineering response quantities required for PBEE of concrete dams.
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Ravazdezh, Faezeh, Julio A. Ramirez, and Ghadir Haikal. Improved Live Load Distribution Factors for Use in Load Rating of Older Slab and T-Beam Reinforced Concrete Bridges. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317303.

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This report describes a methodology for demand estimate through the improvement of load distribution factors in reinforced concrete flat-slab and T-beam bridges. The proposed distribution factors are supported on three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) analysis tools. The Conventional Load Rating (CLR) method currently in use by INDOT relies on a two-dimensional (2D) analysis based on beam theory. This approach may overestimate bridge demand as the result of neglecting the presence of parapets and sidewalks present in these bridges. The 3D behavior of a bridge and its response could be better modeled through a 3D computational model by including the participation of all elements. This research aims to investigate the potential effect of railings, parapets, sidewalks, and end-diaphragms on demand evaluation for purposes of rating reinforced concrete flat-slab and T-beam bridges using 3D finite element analysis. The project goal is to improve the current lateral load distribution factor by addressing the limitations resulting from the 2D analysis and ignoring the contribution of non-structural components. Through a parametric study of the slab and T-beam bridges in Indiana, the impact of selected parameters on demand estimates was estimated, and modifications to the current load distribution factors in AASHTO were proposed.
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Li, Honghai, Mitchell Brown, Lihwa Lin, et al. Coastal Modeling System user's manual. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48392.

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The Coastal Modeling System (CMS) is a suite of coupled 2D numerical models for simulating nearshore waves, currents, water levels, sediment transport, morphology change, and salinity and temperature. Developed by the Coastal Inlets Research Program of the US Army Corps of Engineers, the CMS provides coastal engineers and scientists a PC-based, easy-to-use, accurate, and efficient tool for understanding of coastal processes and for designing and managing of coastal inlets research, navigation projects, and sediment exchange between inlets and adjacent beaches. The present technical report acts as a user guide for the CMS, which contains comprehensive information on model theory, model setup, and model features. The detailed descriptions include creation of a new project, configuration of model grid, various types of boundary conditions, representation of coastal structures, numerical methods, and coupled simulations of waves, hydrodynamics, and sediment transport. Pre- and post-model data processing and CMS modeling procedures are also described through operation within a graphic user interface—the Surface- water Modeling System.
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Zhang, Xingyu, Matteo Ciantia, Jonathan Knappett, and Anthony Leung. Micromechanical study of potential scale effects in small-scale modelling of sinker tree roots. University of Dundee, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001235.

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When testing an 1:N geotechnical structure in the centrifuge, it is desirable to choose a large scale factor (N) that can fit the small-scale model in a model container and avoid unwanted boundary effects, however, this in turn may cause scale effects when the structure is overscaled. This is more significant when it comes to small-scale modelling of sinker root-soil interaction, where root-particle size ratio is much lower. In this study the Distinct Element Method (DEM) is used to investigate this problem. The sinker root of a model root system under axial loading was analysed, with both upward and downward behaviour compared with the Finite Element Method (FEM), where the soil is modelled as a continuum in which case particle-size effects are not taken into consideration. Based on the scaling law, with the same prototype scale and particle size distribution, different scale factors/g-levels were applied to quantify effects of the ratio of root diameter (𝑑𝑟) to mean particle size (𝐷50) on the root rootsoil interaction.
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Agudelo Urrego, Luz María, Chatuphat Savigamin, Devansh Gandhi, Ghadir Haikal, and Antonio Bobet. Assessment of Pipe Fill Heights. Purdue University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317612.

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The design of buried pipes, in terms of the allowable minimum and maximum cover heights, requires the use of both geotechnical and structural design procedures. The geotechnical procedure focuses on estimating the load on the pipe and the compressibility of the foundation soil. The focus of the structural design is choosing the correct cross-section details of the pipe under consideration. The uncertainties of the input parameters and installation procedures are significant. Because of that, the Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method is considered to be suitable for the design of buried pipes. Furthermore, the interaction between the pipe structure and surrounding soil is better captured by implementing soil-structure interaction in a finite element numerical solution technique. The minimum cover height is highly dependent on the anticipated traffic load, whereas the maximum cover height is controlled by the section properties of the pipe and the installation type. The project focuses on the determination of the maximum cover heights for lock-seam CSP, HDPE, PVC, polypropylene, spiral bound steel, aluminum alloy, steel pipe lock seam and riveted, steel pipe and aluminum arch lock seam and riveted, non-reinforced concrete, ribbed and smooth wall polyethylene, smooth wall PVC, vitrified clay, structural plate steel or aluminum alloy pipe, and structural plate pipe arch steel, or aluminum alloy pipes. The calculations are done with the software CANDE, a 2D plane strain FEM code that is well-accepted for designing and analyzing buried pipes, that employs the LRFD method. Plane strain and beam elements are used for the soil and pipe, respectively, while interface elements are placed at the contact between the pipe and the surrounding soil. The Duncan-Selig model is employed for the soil, while the pipe is assumed to be elastic. Results of the numerical simulations for the maximum fill for each type and size of pipe are included in the form of tables and figures.
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Selvaraju, Ragul, Hari Shankar, and Hariharan Sankarasubramanian. Metamodel Generation for Frontal Crash Scenario of a Passenger Car. SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0504.

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A frontal impact scenario was simulated using a Finite Element Model of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male (LSTC, Livermore CA) along with seatbelt, steering system and driver airbags. The boundary conditions included acceleration pulse to the seat and the outputs including injury measures in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Normalized Neck Injury Criterion (NIJ) and Chest Severity Index (CSI) were extracted from the simulations. The kinematics of the Hybrid III were validated against the kinematics of post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) available in the literature. Using the validated setup, metamodels were generated by creating a design of varying different parameters and recording the responses for each design. First, the X and Z translation of dummy along the seat is provided as input for which there was no variation in the head injury criterion (HIC). Next, the input pulse to the seat is parameterized along with the seatbelt loading and the results are obtained respectively. The outputs, in terms of injury measures, are generated in the form of metamodels as a function of the parameters. The occupant model used for the frontal crash scenario in LS-Dyna is validated against the previously available crash experimental data. A total of 100 design points was generated with a varying combination of parameters. An increase in various injury measures was observed with an increase in the scale factor of the acceleration pulse. Also, it was found that chest severity index increased with an increase in the scale factor of the seat belt loading force.
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Selvaraju, Ragul, Hari Shankar, and Hariharan Sankarasubramanian. Metamodel Generation for Frontal Crash Scenario of a Passenger Car. SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0504.

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A frontal impact scenario was simulated using a Finite Element Model of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male (LSTC, Livermore CA) along with seatbelt, steering system and driver airbags. The boundary conditions included acceleration pulse to the seat and the outputs including injury measures in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Normalized Neck Injury Criterion (NIJ) and Chest Severity Index (CSI) were extracted from the simulations. The kinematics of the Hybrid III were validated against the kinematics of post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) available in the literature. Using the validated setup, metamodels were generated by creating a design of varying different parameters and recording the responses for each design. First, the X and Z translation of dummy along the seat is provided as input for which there was no variation in the head injury criterion (HIC). Next, the input pulse to the seat is parameterized along with the seatbelt loading and the results are obtained respectively. The outputs, in terms of injury measures, are generated in the form of metamodels as a function of the parameters. The occupant model used for the frontal crash scenario in LS-Dyna is validated against the previously available crash experimental data. A total of 100 design points was generated with a varying combination of parameters. An increase in various injury measures was observed with an increase in the scale factor of the acceleration pulse. Also, it was found that chest severity index increased with an increase in the scale factor of the seat belt loading force.
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Briggs, Nicholas E., and Jerome F. Hajjar. Cyclic Seismic Behavior of Concrete-filled Steel Deck Diaphragms. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20593269.

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Earthquake disasters in the United States account for $6.1 billion of economic losses each year, much of which is directly linked to infrastructure damage. These natural disasters are unpredictable and represent one of the most difficult design problems regarding constructing resilient infrastructure. Structural floor and roof diaphragms act as the horizontal portion of the lateral force resisting system (LFRS), distributing the seismically derived inertial loads out from the heavy concrete slabs to the vertical LFRS. Concrete-filled steel deck diaphragms are ubiquitously used in steel construction worldwide due to the ease of construction and cost-effective use of material. This report first presents a series of concrete-filled steel deck push-out tests that explores the effect of cyclic loading on the strength of steel headed stud anchors. The effect that cyclic loading has on structural performance is explored across different concrete densities, steel headed stud anchor placements and groupings, steel deck orientations, and edge conditions. As compared to prior tests, the push-out tests conducted in this work included four rows of studs along the length rather than the typical two rows, and an ability to impose cyclic loading. This provided novel insight into force flows, failure mechanisms, and load distribution between studs and stud groups. Most of the specimens also used lightweight concrete, as is common in high seismic zones.Secondly, this report describes a full-scale experimental concrete-filled steel deck diaphragm specimen which explored the cyclic behavior and capacity of this structural system. This experiment builds on previously reported experimental studies. This specimen demonstrated force distribution and flows in an indeterminant floor system and captured realistic boundary conditions and construction practices that affect the performance of this system in building structures. The results showed that concrete-filled steel deck diaphragms fail as expected and may have significant overstrength. Furthermore, a finite element framework is presented that can simulate cyclic fracture through the use of a high-fidelity steel material model. This framework was used and validated against nine experimental push-out specimens tested and documented as part of this research. The simulation capacity provides an avenue to further investigate this structural system through simulated parametric study.
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