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1
Garcia, Matthew, Andrew Juan, and Philip Bedient. "Integrating Reservoir Operations and Flood Modeling with HEC-RAS 2D." Water 12, no. 8 (2020): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082259.
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Current free to use models developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) perform unique functions (e.g., hydrology, hydraulics, reservoir operations, and flood impact analysis) that are widely used in numerous studies and applications. These models are commonly set up in a framework that is limited to point source connections, which is problematic in regions with flat topography and complex hydrodynamics. The separate models need to be integrally linked and jointly considered for accurate risk communication and decision-making, especially during major storm events. Recently, Hurricane Harvey (2017) exposed the shortcomings of the existing framework in West Harris County, TX, where an insufficient understanding of potential flood risk and impacts contributed to the extensive flood damages sustained in the region. This work illustrates the possibility of using a single hydraulic model, HEC-RAS 2D, to perform all hydrologic, hydraulic, and reservoir operations modeling necessary for accurate flood impact assessments. Implications of this study include a simplification of the entire flood impact analysis, which could help future flood risk communication and emergency planning.
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Baird, Drew, Benjamin Abban, S. Scurlock, Steven Abt, and Christopher Thornton. "Two-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Flow in Physical Models of Rock Vane and Bendway Weir Configurations." Water 13, no. 4 (2021): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040458.
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While there are a wide range of design recommendations for using rock vanes and bendway weirs as streambank protection measures, no comprehensive, standard approach is currently available for design engineers to evaluate their hydraulic performance before construction. This study investigates using 2D numerical modeling as an option for predicting the hydraulic performance of rock vane and bendway weir structure designs for streambank protection. We used the Sedimentation and River Hydraulics (SRH)-2D depth-averaged numerical model to simulate flows around rock vane and bendway weir installations that were previously examined as part of a physical model study and that had water surface elevation and velocity observations. Overall, SRH-2D predicted the same general flow patterns as the physical model, but over- and underpredicted the flow velocity in some areas. These over- and underpredictions could be primarily attributed to the assumption of negligible vertical velocities. Nonetheless, the point differences between the predicted and observed velocities generally ranged from 15 to 25%, with some exceptions. The results showed that 2D numerical models could provide adequate insight into the hydraulic performance of rock vanes and bendway weirs. Accordingly, design guidance and implications of the study results are presented for design engineers.
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Cui, Yunsong, Qiuhua Liang, Gang Wang, et al. "Simulation of Hydraulic Structures in 2D High-Resolution Urban Flood Modeling." Water 11, no. 10 (2019): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102139.
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Urban flooding as a result of inadequate drainage capacity, failure of flood defenses, etc. is usually featured with highly transient hydrodynamics. Reliable and efficient prediction and forecasting of these urban flash floods is still a great technical challenge. Meanwhile, in urban environments, the flooding hydrodynamics and process may be influenced by flow regulation and flood protection hydraulic infrastructure systems, such as sluice gates, which should be effectively taken into account in an urban flood model. However, direct simulation of hydraulic structures is not a current practice in 2D urban flood modeling. This work aims to develop a robust numerical approach to directly simulate the effects of gate structures in a 2D high-resolution urban flood model. A new modeling component is developed and fully coupled to a finite volume Godunov-type shock-capturing shallow water model, to directly simulate the highly transient flood waves through hydraulic structures. Different coupling approaches, i.e., flux term coupling and source term coupling, are implemented and compared. A numerical experiment conducted for an analytical dam-break test indicates that the flux term coupling approach may lead to more accurate results, with the calculated RMSE against water level 28%–38% less than that produced by the source term coupling approach. The flux term coupling approach is therefore adopted to improve the current urban flood model, and it is further tested by reproducing the laboratory experiments of flood routing in a flume with partially open sluice gates, conducted in the hydraulic laboratory at the Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary, China. The numerical results are compared favorably with experimental measurements, with a maximum RMSE of 0.0851 for all the individual tests. The satisfactory results demonstrate that the flood model implemented with the flux coupling approach is able to accurately simulate the flow through hydraulic structures, with enhanced predictive capability for urban flood modeling.
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Blanco, J. A., P. Rubiolo, and E. Dumonteil. "NEUTRONIC MODELING STRATEGIES FOR A LIQUID FUEL TRANSIENT CALCULATION." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124706013.
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Framework • A detailed and highly flexible numerical tool to study criticality accidents has been developed • The tool implements a Multi-Physics coupling using neutronics, thermal-hydraulics and thermal-mechanics models based on Open FOAM and SERPENT codes • Two neutronics models: Quasi-Static Monte Carlo and SPN Objective: In this work a system composed by a 2D square liquid fuel cavity filled with a fuel molten salt has been used to: • Investigate the performance of the tool’s thermal-hydraulics and neutronics solvers coupling numerical scheme • Evaluate possible strategies for the implementation of the Quasi-Static (QS) method with the Monte Carlo (MC) neutronics code • Compare the QS-MC approach precision and computational cost against the Simplified P3 (SP3) method
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Sattar, Ashim, Ajanta Goswami, Anil V. Kulkarni, and Adam Emmer. "Lake Evolution, Hydrodynamic Outburst Flood Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis in the Central Himalaya: A Case Study." Water 12, no. 1 (2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010237.
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Climate change has led to the formation of numerous high-altitude lakes of glacial origin in the Himalaya. Safed Lake is one of the largest glacial lakes, located at an elevation 4882 m a.s.l. in the state of Uttarakhand, central Himalaya, India. A temporal analysis of the lake surface using satellite imagery shows that the lake has grown more than double its size from 0.10 km2 to 0.23 km2 over the past 50 years. In this study, we performed a hazard assessment of the lake using 1D and 2D hydrodynamic modeling. We identified the potential glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) triggering factors and evaluated the impact of a moraine breach event of the lake on the nearest village located 16.2 km downstream of the lake. A series of dynamic simulations were performed for different scenario-models based on varied breach depths, breach widths and time of moraine failure. In a worst-case GLOF scenario where breach depth reached up to 60 m, hydrodynamic routing of the breach hydrograph along the given channel revealed inundation depth up to 5 m and flow velocities up to 3.2 m s−1 at Milam village. Considering the flat geometry of the frontal moraine, hazard assessment of the lake was performed by for different breach incision depths (30 and 15 m). In addition, the study incorporated a series of hydrodynamic routing to understand the sensitivity of GLOF to different model input parameters and terrain conditions. The sensitivity of the initial GLOF hydrograph to breach formation time (Tf) was evaluated by considering different hypothetical breach scenarios with a varied time of failure. Increases of 11.5% and 22% in the peak flooding were recorded when the moraine failure time was decreased by 15 and 30 min respectively. The two-dimensional sensitivity revealed flow velocity (m s−1) to be more sensitive to change in Manning’s N when compared to the inundation depth (m). Changes of 10.7% and 0.5% in the mean flow velocity (in m s−1) and flow depth (in m) were recorded when dN was 0.01. The flow velocity was more sensitive to the slope and the top-width of the channel when compared to the inundation depths. A regression of flow velocity versus slope gives a correlation coefficient of 0.76. GLOF flow hydraulics are sensitive to changes in terrain elevation, where flow depth and velocity vary in a similar manner.
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Hankin, Barry, Peter Metcalfe, Keith Beven, and Nick A. Chappell. "Integration of hillslope hydrology and 2D hydraulic modelling for natural flood management." Hydrology Research 50, no. 6 (2019): 1535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.150.
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Abstract Natural flood management (NFM) has recently invigorated the hydrological community into redeploying its process understanding of hydrology and hydraulics to try to quantify the impacts of many distributed, ‘nature-based’ measures on the whole-catchment response. Advances in spatial data analysis, distributed hydrological modelling and fast numerical flow equation solvers mean that whole-catchment modelling including computationally intensive uncertainty analyses are now possible, although perhaps the community has not yet converged on the best overall parsimonious framework. To model the effects of tree-planting, we need to understand changes to wet canopy evaporation, surface roughness and infiltration rates; to model inline storage created by ‘leaky barriers’ or offline storage, we need accurate channel hydraulics to understand the changes to attenuation; to model the complex behaviour of the whole network of NFM measures, and the possibility of flood peak synchronisation effects, we need efficient realistic routing models, linked to key flow pathways that take into account the main physical processes in soils and the antecedent moisture conditions for a range of different rainfall events. This paper presents a new framework to achieve this, based on a cascade of the Dynamic Topmodel runoff generation model and the JFlow or HEC-RAS 2D hydraulic models, with an application to the Swindale Catchment in Cumbria, UK. We demonstrate the approach to quantify both the effectiveness of a relatively large ‘runoff attenuation feature’ in the landscape and the uncertainty in the calculation given model parameter uncertainty.
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Mihu-Pintilie, Alin, Cătălin Ioan Cîmpianu, Cristian Constantin Stoleriu, Martín Núñez Pérez, and Larisa Elena Paveluc. "Using High-Density LiDAR Data and 2D Streamflow Hydraulic Modeling to Improve Urban Flood Hazard Maps: A HEC-RAS Multi-Scenario Approach." Water 11, no. 9 (2019): 1832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091832.
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The ability to extract streamflow hydraulic settings using geoinformatic techniques, especially in high populated territories like urban and peri-urban areas, is an important aspect of any disaster management plan and flood mitigation effort. 1D and 2D hydraulic models, generated based on DEMs with high accuracy (e.g., Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)) and processed in geographic information systems (GIS) modeling software (e.g., HEC-RAS), can improve urban flood hazard maps. In this study, we present a small-scale conceptual approach using HEC-RAS multi-scenario methodology based on remote sensing (RS), LiDAR data, and 2D hydraulic modeling for the urban and peri-urban area of Bacău City (Bistriţa River, NE Romania). In order to test the flood mitigation capacity of Bacău 1 reservoir (rB1) and Bacău 2 reservoir (rB2), four 2D streamflow hydraulic scenarios (s1–s4) based on average discharge and calculated discharge (s1–s4) data for rB1 spillway gate (Sw1) and for its hydro-power plant (H-pp) were computed. Compared with the large-scale flood hazard data provided by regional authorities, the 2D HEC-RAS multi-scenario provided a more realistic perspective about the possible flood threats in the study area and has shown to be a valuable asset in the improvement process of the official flood hazard maps.
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Urzică, Andrei, Alin Mihu-Pintilie, Cristian Constantin Stoleriu, et al. "Using 2D HEC-RAS Modeling and Embankment Dam Break Scenario for Assessing the Flood Control Capacity of a Multi-Reservoir System (NE Romania)." Water 13, no. 1 (2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010057.
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Using hydraulic modeling techniques (e.g., one-dimensional/two-dimensional (1D/2D) hydraulic modeling, dam break scenarios) for extracting the flood settings is an important aspect of any action plan for dam failure (APDF) and flood mitigation strategy. For example, the flood hydraulic models and dam break scenario generated based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) and processed in the dedicated geographic information systems (GIS) and hydraulic modeling software (e.g., HEC-RAS—Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System, developed by USACE HEC, Davis, CA, USA) can improve the flood hazard maps in case of potentially embankment dam failure. In this study, we develop a small-scale conceptual approach using 2D HEC-RAS software according to the three embankment dam break scenarios, LiDAR data (0.5 m spatial resolution), and 2D hydraulic modeling for the Başeu multi-reservoir system which belongs to the Başeu River (NE Romania) including R1—Cal Alb reservoir, R2—Movileni reservoirs, R3—Tătărăşeni reservoirs, R4—Negreni reservoirs, and R5—Hăneşti reservoirs. In order to test the flood control capacity of the Bașeu multi-reservoir system, the Cal Alb (R1) dam break scenario (piping failure) was taken into account. Three 2D stream flow modeling configurations based on R1 inflow rate with a 1% (100 year), 0.5% (500 year), and 0.1% (1000 year) recurrence interval and the water volume which can be accumulated with that specific inflow rate (1% = 10.19 × 106 m3; 0.5% = 12.39 × 106 m3; 0.1% = 17.35 × 106 m3) were computed. The potential flood wave impact was achieved on the basis of different flood severity maps (e.g., flood extent, flood depth, flood velocity, flood hazard) generated for each recurrence interval scenario and highlighted within the built-up area of 27 settlements (S1–S27) located downstream of R1. The results showed that the multi-reservoir system of Bașeu River has an important role in flood mitigation and contributes to the APDF in the context of climate change and the intensification of hydrological hazard manifestation in northeastern Romania.
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Cooke, A. J., and R. Kerry Rowe. "2D modelling of clogging in landfill leachate collection systems." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 10 (2008): 1393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-062.
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A 2D model for predicting clogging of a landfill leachate collection system and subsequent leachate surface position (mounding) is described. A transient finite element fluid flow model is combined with a reactive, multiple-species finite element transport model. The transport model considers biological growth and biodegradation, precipitation, and particle attachment and detachment. It uses a geometrical relationship to establish porosity from the computed thickness of the accumulated clog matter and a relationship between the porosity and hydraulic conductivity of elements in the system. The model represents the flow path within the drainage layer in profile. An iterative method is used to solve for the new hydraulic heads, surface and internal nodal positions, and redistributed clog properties (clog quantity, porosity, hydraulic conductivity) for each element and for each time step. The porosity (and consequently hydraulic conductivity) of the media can therefore change spatially and temporally. The mesh is regenerated automatically each time step (including the addition or subtraction of nodes) taking into account allowable element aspect ratios, the interfaces between differing hydrostratigraphic layers, and static point sources and openings. An integrated alternate solution for very thin mounds is included. The application of the model is demonstrated using a hypothetical field case.
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Bakuła, Krzysztof, Mateusz StĘpnik, and Zdzisław Kurczyński. "Influence of Elevation Data Source on 2D Hydraulic Modelling." Acta Geophysica 64, no. 4 (2016): 1176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acgeo-2016-0030.
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Peña, Francisco, and Fernando Nardi. "Floodplain Terrain Analysis for Coarse Resolution 2D Flood Modeling." Hydrology 5, no. 4 (2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology5040052.
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Hydraulic modeling is a fundamental tool for managing and mitigating flood risk. Developing low resolution hydraulic models, providing consistent inundation simulations with shorter running time, as compared to high-resolution modeling, has a variety of potential applications. Rapid coarse resolution flood models can support emergency management operations as well as the coupling of hydrodynamic modeling with climate, landscape and environmental models running at the continental scale. This work sought to investigate the uncertainties of input parameters and bidimensional (2D) flood wave routing simulation results when simplifying the terrain mesh size. A procedure for fluvial channel bathymetry interpolation and floodplain terrain data resampling was investigated for developing upscaled 2D inundation models. The proposed terrain processing methodology was tested on the Tiber River basin evaluating coarse (150 m) to very coarse (up to 700 m) flood hazard modeling results. The use of synthetic rectangular cross sections, replacing surveyed fluvial channel sections, was also tested with the goal of evaluating the potential use of geomorphic laws providing channel depth, top width and flow area when surveyed data are not available. Findings from this research demonstrate that fluvial bathymetry simplification and DTM resampling is feasible when the terrain data resampling and fluvial cross section interpolation are constrained to provide consistent representation of floodplain morphology, river thalweg profile and channel flow area. Results show the performances of low-resolution inundation simulations running in seconds while maintaining a consistent representation of inundation extents and depths.
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Vidal, Jean-Philippe, Sabine Moisan, Jean-Baptiste Faure, and Denis Dartus. "Towards a reasoned 1D river model calibration." Journal of Hydroinformatics 7, no. 2 (2005): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2005.0009.
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Model calibration remains a critical step in numerical modelling. After many attempts to automate this task in water-related domains, questions about the actual need for calibrating physics-based models are still open. This paper proposes a framework for good model calibration practice for end-users of 1D hydraulic simulation codes. This framework includes a formalisation of objects used in 1D river hydraulics along with a generic conceptual description of the model calibration process. It was implemented within a knowledge-based system integrating a simulation code and expert knowledge about model calibration. A prototype calibration support system was then built up with a specific simulation code solving subcritical unsteady flow equations for fixed-bed rivers. The framework for model calibration is composed of three independent levels related, respectively, to the generic task, to the application domain and to the simulation code itself. The first two knowledge levels can thus easily be reused to build calibration support systems for other application domains, like 2D hydrodynamics or physics-based rainfall–runoff modelling.
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Fadl-Elmola, Salman A. M., Cristian Moisescu Ciocan, and Ioana Popescu. "Application of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics to Particular Flow Cases Solved by Saint-Venant Equations." Water 13, no. 12 (2021): 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121671.
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Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian mesh free particle method which has been developed and widely applied to different areas in engineering. Recently, the SPH method has also been used to solve the shallow water equations, resulting in (SPH-SWEs) formulations. With the significant developments made, SPH-SWEs provide an accurate computational tool for solving problems of wave propagation, flood inundation, and wet-dry interfaces. Capabilities of the SPH method to solve Saint-Venant equations have been tested using a SPH-SWE code to simulate different hydraulic test cases. Results were compared to other established and commercial hydraulic modelling packages that use Eulerian approaches. The test cases cover non-uniform steady state profiles, wave propagation, and flood inundation cases. The SPH-SWEs simulations provided results that compared well with other established and commercial hydraulic modeling packages. Nevertheless, SPH-SWEs simulations experienced some drawbacks such as loss of inflow water volume of up to 2%, for 2D flood propagation. Simulations were carried out using an open source solver, named SWE-SPHysics.
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Giler-Ormaza, Andy, Jonathan L. Carrivick, and Mark W. Smith. "Using 2D-hydraulic modelling together with SfM and YouTube to estimate peak discharge." Tecnología y ciencias del agua 12, no. 3 (2021): 348–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2021-03-09.
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Werner, M. G. F. "A comparison of flood extent modelling approaches through constraining uncertainties on gauge data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 6 (2004): 1141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-1141-2004.
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Abstract. A comparison is made of 1D, 2D and integrated 1D-2D hydraulic models in predicting flood stages in a 17 km reach of the River Saar in Germany. The models perform comparably when calibrated against limited data available from a single gauge in the reach for three low to medium flood events. In validation against a larger event than those used in calibration, extrapolation with the 1D and particularly the integrated 1D-2D model is reliable, if uncertain, while the 2D model is unreliable. The difference stems from the way in which the models deal with flow in the main channel and in the floodplain and with turbulent momentum interchange between the two domains. The importance of using spatial calibration data for testing models giving spatial predictions is shown. Even simple binary (eye-witness) observations on the presence or absence of flooding in establishing a reliable model structure to predict flood extent can be very valuable. Keywords: floods, hydraulic modelling, model calibration, uncertainty analysis
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Zhao, D. H., H. W. Shen, J. S. Lai, and G. Q. Tabios III. "Approximate Riemann Solvers in FVM for 2D Hydraulic Shock Wave Modeling." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 122, no. 12 (1996): 692–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1996)122:12(692).
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Rowe, R. Kerry, and A. Y. AbdelRazek. "Effect of interface transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity on contaminant migration through composite liners with wrinkles or failed seams." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 11 (2019): 1650–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0660.
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The leakage and the peak chloride concentration in an aquifer for a single composite liner facility is modelled for (i) a hole in a geomembrane wrinkle and (ii) a failed seam. A method using a closed-form solution to calculate leakage together with a l½-dimensional (l½D) semi-analytic contaminant transport model is proposed, and the results compared with those obtained from two-dimensional (2D) finite element modelling (FEM). Leakage is shown to be highly dependent on the interaction between the interface transmissivity (θ) and hydraulic conductivity beneath the wrinkle (kb). Similar leakages arising from different combinations of transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity are shown to have significantly different impacts on an underlying aquifer. Contaminant transport modelling is needed to assess this effect for the likely range of uncertainty regarding interface transmissivity (θ) and hydraulic conductivity. The 2D FEM is conceptually more comprehensive; however, using conventional software only a very limited size of problem could be accurately modeled given the greatly different scales that must be modelled. In contrast, the semi-analytic 1½D approach readily allowed consideration of the highly variable scales, and gave results at the down-gradient edge sufficiently similar to the 2D approach.
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Petroselli, Andrea, Matej Vojtek, and Jana Vojteková. "Flood mapping in small ungauged basins: a comparison of different approaches for two case studies in Slovakia." Hydrology Research 50, no. 1 (2018): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.040.
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Abstract Flood mapping is a crucial element of flood risk management. In small and ungauged basins, empirical and regionalization approaches are often adopted to estimate the design hydrographs that represent input data in hydraulic models. In this study, two basins were selected in Slovakia and different methodologies for flood mapping were tested highlighting the role of digital elevation model (DEM) resolution, hydrologic modeling and the hydraulic model. Two DEM resolutions (2 m and 20 m) were adopted. Two hydrologic approaches were employed: a regional formula for peak flow estimation and the EBA4SUB model. Two hydraulic approaches (HEC-RAS and FLO-2D) were selected. Different combinations of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling were tested, under different spatial resolutions. Regarding the DEM resolution, results showed its fundamental importance in the low relief area while its effect was secondary in the moderate relief area. Regarding the hydrologic modeling, results confirmed that it affects the results of the flood areas in the same way independently of DEM resolution and that when using event-based models, the hydrograph shape determination is fundamental. Regarding the hydraulic modeling, this was the step where major differences in the flood area estimation were found.
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García-Alén, Gonzalo, Olalla García-Fonte, Luis Cea, Luís Pena, and Jerónimo Puertas. "Modelling Weirs in Two-Dimensional Shallow Water Models." Water 13, no. 16 (2021): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162152.
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2D models based on the shallow water equations are widely used in river hydraulics. However, these models can present deficiencies in those cases in which their intrinsic hypotheses are not fulfilled. One of these cases is in the presence of weirs. In this work we present an experimental dataset including 194 experiments in nine different weirs. The experimental data are compared to the numerical results obtained with a 2D shallow water model in order to quantify the discrepancies that exist due to the non-fulfillment of the hydrostatic pressure hypotheses. The experimental dataset presented can be used for the validation of other modelling approaches.
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Mujtaba, Babar, Hana Hlaváčiková, Michal Danko, João L. M. P. de Lima, and Ladislav Holko. "The role of stony soils in hillslope and catchment runoff formation." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 68, no. 2 (2020): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2020-0012.
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AbstractThe role of stony soils in runoff response of mountain catchments is rarely studied. We have compared simulated response of stony soils with measured catchment runoff for events caused by rains of small and high intensities in the mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek, Slovakia. The soil water response was simulated for three sites with stoniness 10–65% using the Hydrus-2D single porosity model. Soil hydraulic parameters employed in the modelling, i. e. the saturated hydraulic conductivity and parameters of the soil water retention curves, were obtained by two approaches, namely by the Representative Elementary Volume approach (REVa) and by the inverse modelling with Hydrus-1D model (IMa). The soil water outflow hydrographs simulated by Hydrus-2D were compared to catchment runoff hydrographs by analysing their skewness and peak times. Measured catchment runoff hydrographs were similar to simulated soil water outflow hydrographs for about a half of rainfall events. Interestingly, most of them were caused by rainfalls with small intensity (below 2.5 mm/10 min). The REV approach to derive soil hydraulic parameters for soil water outflow modelling provided more realistic shapes of soil water outflow hydrographs and peak times than the IMa approach.
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Annis, Antonio, Fernando Nardi, Andrea Petroselli, et al. "UAV-DEMs for Small-Scale Flood Hazard Mapping." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061717.
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Devastating floods are observed every year globally from upstream mountainous to coastal regions. Increasing flood frequency and impacts affect both major rivers and their tributaries. Nonetheless, at the small-scale, the lack of distributed topographic and hydrologic data determines tributaries to be often missing in inundation modeling and mapping studies. Advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies and Digital Elevation Models (DEM)-based hydrologic modeling can address this crucial knowledge gap. UAVs provide very high resolution and accurate DEMs with low surveying cost and time, as compared to DEMs obtained by Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), satellite, or GPS field campaigns. In this work, we selected a LiDAR DEM as a benchmark for comparing the performances of a UAV and a nation-scale high-resolution DEM (TINITALY) in representing floodplain topography for flood simulations. The different DEMs were processed to provide inputs to a hydrologic-hydraulic modeling chain, including the DEM-based EBA4SUB (Event-Based Approach for Small and Ungauged Basins) hydrologic modeling framework for design hydrograph estimation in ungauged basins; the 2D hydraulic model FLO-2D for flood wave routing and hazard mapping. The results of this research provided quantitative analyses, demonstrating the consistent performances of the UAV-derived DEM in supporting affordable distributed flood extension and depth simulations.
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Strzelecki, Tomasz, Eugeniusz Sawicki, and Michał Strzelecki. "NUMERICAL MODELING OF VERTICAL WELLS IN UNSTEADY GROUNDWATER FLOW CONDITIONS." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 35, no. 2 (2013): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2013-0025.
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Abstract This article presents the results of numerical calculations of drainage of a large engineering construction - “Afrykarium” in Wrocław ZOO, Poland, based on a 2D numerical model for seepage flow. In the numerical simulations the real (natural) hydrogeological conditions, water-courses, surface reservoirs and time dependent seepage flow (during drainage) are taken into account. The aim of numerical calculations was to determine quantities (draining time, number of wells, spacing and arrangement of wells, flows for every well, and hydraulic head map) necessary to design an effective drainage system of construction site. The mathematical model adopted to illustrate and predict groundwater depression during pumping was the Boussinesq equation for unsteady 2D flow.
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Wangen, Magnus. "Finite element modeling of hydraulic fracturing on a reservoir scale in 2D." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 77, no. 3-4 (2011): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2011.04.001.
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Grassl, P., C. Fahy, D. Gallipoli, and S. J. Wheeler. "On a 2D hydro-mechanical lattice approach for modelling hydraulic fracture." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 75 (February 2015): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2014.11.011.
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Kim, Hyunjun, and Sanghyun Kim. "Evaluation of chlorine decay models under transient conditions in a water distribution system." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 4 (2017): 522–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.082.
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Residual chlorine concentration decreases along distribution networks because of factors such as water quality, physical properties of the pipeline, and hydraulic conditions. Hydraulic conditions are primarily governed by transient events generated by valve modulation or pumping action. We investigate the impact of transient events on the rate of chlorine decay under various flow conditions. To comprehensively compare the performance of existing chlorine models, 14 candidate models for chlorine concentration were used under various transient conditions. Two-dimensional (2D) transient flow analysis was conducted to investigate the unknown processes of chlorine decay under transient conditions. General formulations for modeling chlorine decay were used to comprehensively study the decay under unsteady conditions and to effectively incorporate the impact of transients into generic model structures. The chlorine decay patterns in the constructed water distribution system were analyzed in the context of transient events. Linear relationships between the model parameters and the frequency of transient events were determined under unsteady conditions, and the impact of turbulence intensity was successfully incorporated into model parameter evaluations. The modeling results from 2D transient analysis exhibit similar predictability as those obtained from calibration using the genetic algorithm.
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Petroselli, Andrea, Jacek Florek, Dariusz Młyński, Leszek Książek, and Andrzej Wałęga. "New Insights on Flood Mapping Procedure: Two Case Studies in Poland." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (2020): 8454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208454.
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The use of the Mike11 one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic model, together with official hydrology, represents a standard approach of the National Water Management Authority (NWMA) in Poland for flood mapping procedures. A different approach, based on the hydrological Event-Based Approach for Small and Ungauged Basins (EBA4SUB) model and the Flood-2 Dimensional (FLO-2D) hydraulic model has here been investigated as an alternative procedure. For the analysis, two mountainous rivers in Poland were selected: Kamienica Nawojowska is characterized by a narrow valley, while Skawinka has a broad valley. It was found that the flood zones can enormously differ locally, with larger zones generated by the Mike11/NWMA model in some cases and by the EBA4SUB/FLO-2D model in other situations. The benefits of using the two-dimensional (2D) model are consistent in areas without drainage and where the connection to the main channel is insufficient. The use of 1D modeling is preferred for the possibility of mapping the entire river network in a short computational time.
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Ren, Bing, Zhao Jin, Rui Gao, Yong-xue Wang, and Zhi-lin Xu. "SPH-DEM Modeling of the Hydraulic Stability of 2D Blocks on a Slope." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 140, no. 6 (2014): 04014022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ww.1943-5460.0000247.
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Mashayekhi, Parisa, Shoja Ghorbani-Dashtaki, Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi, Hossein Shirani, and Ali Reza Mohammadi Nodoushan. "Different scenarios for inverse estimation of soil hydraulic parameters from double-ring infiltrometer data using HYDRUS-2D/3D." International Agrophysics 30, no. 2 (2016): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2015-0087.
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AbstractIn this study, HYDRUS-2D/3D was used to simulate ponded infiltration through double-ring infiltrometers into a hypothetical loamy soil profile. Twelve scenarios of inverse modelling (divided into three groups) were considered for estimation of Mualem-van Genuchten hydraulic parameters. In the first group, simulation was carried out solely using cumulative infiltration data. In the second group, cumulative infiltration data plus water content ath= −330 cm (field capacity) were used as inputs. In the third group, cumulative infiltration data plus water contents ath= −330 cm (field capacity) andh= −15 000 cm (permanent wilting point) were used simultaneously as predictors. The results showed that numerical inverse modelling of the double-ring infiltrometer data provided a reliable alternative method for determining soil hydraulic parameters. The results also indicated that by reducing the number of hydraulic parameters involved in the optimization process, the simulation error is reduced. The best one in infiltration simulation which parametersα,n, andKswere optimized using the infiltration data and field capacity as inputs. Including field capacity as additional data was important for better optimization/definition of soil hydraulic functions, but using field capacity and permanent wilting point simultaneously as additional data increased the simulation error.
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Sharma, Vimal Chandra, and Satish Kumar Regonda. "Two-Dimensional Flood Inundation Modeling in the Godavari River Basin, India—Insights on Model Output Uncertainty." Water 13, no. 2 (2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020191.
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Most flood inundation models do not come with an uncertainty analysis component chiefly because of the complexity associated with model calibration. Additionally, the fact that the models are both data- and compute-intensive, and since uncertainty results from multiple sources, adds another layer of complexity for model use. In the present study, flood inundation modeling was performed in the Godavari River Basin using the Hydrologic Engineering Center—River Analysis System 2D (HEC-RAS 2D) model. The model simulations were generated for six different scenarios that resulted from combinations of different geometric, hydraulic and hydrologic conditions. Thus, the resulted simulations account for multiple sources of uncertainty. The SRTM-30 m and MERIT-90 m Digital elevation Model (DEM), two sets of Manning’s roughness coefficient (Manning’s n) and observed and estimated boundary conditions, were used to reflect geometric, hydraulic and hydrologic uncertainties, respectively. The HEC-RAS 2D model ran in an unsteady state mode for the abovementioned six scenarios for the selected three flood events that were observed in three different years, i.e., 1986, 2005 and 2015. The water surface elevation (H) was compared in all scenarios as well as with the observed values at selected locations. In addition, ‘H’ values were analyzed for two different structures of the computational model. The average correlation coefficient (r) between the observed and simulated H values is greater than 0.85, and the highest r, i.e., 0.95, was observed for the combination of MERIT-90 m DEM and optimized (obtained via trial and error) Manning’s n. The analysis shows uncertainty in the river geometry information, and the results highlight the varying role of geometric, hydraulic and hydrologic conditions in the water surface elevation estimates. In addition to the role of the abovementioned, the study recommends a systematic model calibration and river junction modeling to understand the hydrodynamics upstream and downstream of the junction.
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Huţanu, Elena, Alin Mihu-Pintilie, Andrei Urzica, Larisa Elena Paveluc, Cristian Constantin Stoleriu, and Adrian Grozavu. "Using 1D HEC-RAS Modeling and LiDAR Data to Improve Flood Hazard Maps Accuracy: A Case Study from Jijia Floodplain (NE Romania)." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061624.
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The ability to extract flood hazard settings in highly vulnerable areas like populated floodplains by using new computer algorithms and hydraulic modeling software is an important aspect of any flood mitigation efforts. In this framework, the 1D/2D hydraulic models, which were generated based on a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) derivate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and processed within Geographical Information Systems (GIS), can improve large-scale flood hazard maps accuracy. In this study, we developed the first flood vulnerability assessment for 1% (100-year) and 0.1% (1000-year) recurrence intervals within the Jijia floodplain (north-eastern Romania), based on 1D HEC-RAS hydraulic modeling and LiDAR derivate DEM with 0.5 m spatial resolution. The results were compared with official flood hazards maps developed for the same recurrence intervals by the hydrologists of National Administration “Romanian Waters” (NARW) based on MIKE SHE modeling software and a DEM with 2 m spatial resolutions. It was revealed that the 1D HEC-RAS provides a more realistic perspective about the possible flood threats within Jijia floodplain and improves the accuracy of the official flood hazard maps obtained according to Flood Directive 2007/60/EC.
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Jiang, Chuandong, Mike Müller-Petke, Qi Wang, and Jan Igel. "Two-dimensional QT inversion of complex magnetic resonance tomography data." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 6 (2018): JM65—JM75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0756.1.
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Surface nuclear magnetic resonance is a valuable technique that provides insight into the distribution of water content and relaxation time, thus revealing hydraulic properties in the subsurface. Recent research has introduced a new measurement layout that allows for time-efficient imaging of the 2D parameter distribution. Furthermore, for 1D investigations, it has been verified that complex data can provide improved resolution and depth penetration. In our research, we have developed an inverse modeling algorithm based on the QT-inversion scheme that uses the 2D complex magnetic resonance tomography data. We evaluate the uses and limitations of complex data for 2D investigations. By comparing resolution measures, we test this algorithm against state-of-the-art amplitude-based inverse modeling using resolution measures, a rigorous synthetic test, and a field example. Finally, we assess the impact of unknown conductivity and off-resonance excitation on the subsurface image and examined their limitations in field applications. We find that complex inversion is feasible in practice and provides superior results but demands precise knowledge of the true excitation frequency.
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Budinski, Ljubomir. "Lattice Boltzmann method for 2D flows in curvilinear coordinates." Journal of Hydroinformatics 14, no. 3 (2012): 772–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2012.097.
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In order to improve efficiency and accuracy, while maintaining an ease of modeling flows with the lattice Boltzmann approach in domains having complex geometry, a method for modeling equations of 2D flow in curvilinear coordinates has been developed. Both the transformed shallow water equations and the transformed 2D Navier-Stokes equations in the horizontal plane were synchronized with the equilibrium distribution function and the force term in the rectangular lattice. Since the solution of these equations takes place in the classical rectangular lattice environment, boundary conditions are modeled in the standard form of already existing simple methods (bounce-back), not requiring any additional functions. Owing to this and to the fact that the proposed method ensures a more accurate fitting of equations, even to domains of interest having complex geometry, the accuracy of solution is significantly increased, while the simplicity of the standard lattice Boltzmann approach is maintained. For the shallow water equations transformed in curvilinear coordinates, the proposed procedure is verified in three different hydraulic problems, all characterized by complex geometry.
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Cassan, Ludovic, Hélène Roux, Dominique Courret, and Sylvain Richard. "Calibration procedure of hydraulic simulations for the microhabitat method." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002006.
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Hydropower plants can profoundly modify the natural morphology and hydrology of rivers and can alter the functionality of habitats for fish living and reproduction. In particular, hydropeaking leads to rapid and frequent changes of the hydrodynamic conditions and it is crucial to ensure aquatic habitat quality is maintained as much as possible during these periods. One present method to determine mitigation measure (minimum and maximum flow, rate of change) is to perform hydraulic simulations in 1D or 2D in the range of flow variation and to evaluate habitat quality for fish with the microhabitat method. The hydraulic model calibration has to be conducted carefully since the model has to reproduce precisely the hydraulic conditions from low to high flow rates (up to several times the mean flow of the rivers). Within this range, the friction coefficient can evolve greatly because at low flows the size of roughness elements become comparable to the water depth.. This phenomenon is observed by performing the modelling and the calibration at 2 stations on a river in French Pyrenees with different cross section shapes, one with progressive overflowing of some banks with large blocks and the other one without such phenomena. Thanks to field measurements of water levels at low and high discharge, the calibration process has shown that the friction coefficient can be multiplied by 2 as a function of the discharge. The paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the most appropriate tool. As water depth is concerned, the 2D simulations (TELEMAC 2D) provide similar results to those obtained with 1D (HEC-RAS) because flow remains unidirectional. Then a sensitivity analysis is carried out to estimate the uncertainty on the fish habitat outputs for a fish species (brown trout in the present study) resulting from several widely used friction laws. These friction laws can lead to different conclusions about habitat suitability depending on the calibrated coefficient. Finally, to perform relevant habitat modelling, it is necessary to measure water levels at several discharges and to describe accurately the spatial variability of roughness height.
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Ruiz-Villanueva, Virginia, Ernest Bladé, Martí Sánchez-Juny, Belén Marti-Cardona, Andrés Díez-Herrero, and José María Bodoque. "Two-dimensional numerical modeling of wood transport." Journal of Hydroinformatics 16, no. 5 (2014): 1077–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2014.026.
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The transport of wood material in rivers has been the subject of various studies in recent years. Most research has focused on the ecological and geomorphologic role of wood, its recruitment processes and spatial distribution in streams. In this study, we focused on wood transport dynamics, and we have developed a numerical model to simulate wood transport coupled with a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model. For this purpose, wood drag forces were incorporated as additional source terms into the shallow water equations, which are solved together with wood transport by using the finite volume method. This new tool has been implemented as a computational module into ‘Iber’, a 2D hydraulic simulation software. The new module analyzes the initial motion threshold of wood based on the balance of forces involved in the wood's movement, and computes the position and velocity of differently shaped logs using a kinematic approach. The method also considers the interaction between the logs themselves and between the logs and the channel walls or boundaries. Flume experiments were used in a straight channel with obstructions to validate the model's capacity to accurately reproduce the movement of floating logs.
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Indrawati, Dian, Bagus Yakti, Agustin Purwanti, and Rono Hadinagoro. "Computing urban flooding of meandering river using 2D numerical model (case study : Kebon Jati-Kalibata segment, Ciliwung river basin)." MATEC Web of Conferences 270 (2019): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927004021.
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This research is an extension from a previous study titled modelling the diversion channel at Kalibata-Kebonjati meandering segment in Ciliwung watershed. Based on http://pusatkrisis.kemkes.go.id data, there are five sub districts that were flooded because of the rainfall in 5 February 2018 i.e : Pasar Minggu, Pancoran, Cilandak, Jagakarsa and Tebet. Their flood levels were achieved 300 cm, and the worst disaster happened in Pancoran, at Kebonjati to Kalibata segment in particular. Thus, this segment needs to manage accurately with appropriate structures. Formerly, the last study using 1D HEC-RAS, but the model has several lackness related to the rates of meandering velocities and discharges at the river edges, whereas, these numbers have significant effects for river scouring. Since several studies which applied 2D and 1D/2D coupling hydraulics modelling have been providing satisfactory results on complex river, this research was redeveloped and compared the meandering segment by using 2D HEC-RAS and Coupling 1D/2D HEC-RAS. Using rainfall data from three stations (Bendung Gadog, FT UI and Gunung Mas), the models indicated better results comparing with 1D model beside relations between velocity and discharge, respectively. Further, a diversion channel and stilling basin will be held in order to manage the flooding and scouring issues.
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Quiroga, V. Moya, I. Popescu, D. P. Solomatine, and L. Bociort. "Cloud and cluster computing in uncertainty analysis of integrated flood models." Journal of Hydroinformatics 15, no. 1 (2012): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2012.017.
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There is an increased awareness of the importance of flood management aimed at preventing human and material losses. A wide variety of numerical modelling tools have been developed in order to make decision-making more efficient, and to better target management actions. Hydroinformatics assumes the holistic integrated approach to managing the information propagating through models, and analysis of uncertainty propagation through models is an important part of such studies. Many popular approaches to uncertainty analysis typically involve various strategies of Monte Carlo sampling of uncertain variables and/or parameters and running a model a large number of times, so that in the case of complex river systems this procedure becomes very time-consuming. In this study the popular modelling systems HEC-HMS, HEC-RAS and Sobek1D2D were applied to modelling the hydraulics of the Timis–Bega basin in Romania. We considered the problem of studying how the flood inundation is influenced by uncertainties in water levels of the reservoirs in the catchment, and uncertainties in the digital elevation model (DEM) used in the 2D hydraulic model. For this we used cloud computing (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud platform) and cluster computing on the basis of a number of office desktop computers, and were able to show their efficiency, leading to a considerable reduction of the required computer time for uncertainty analysis of complex models. The conducted experiments allowed us to associate probabilities to various areas prone to flooding. This study allows us to draw a conclusion that cloud and cluster computing offer an effective and efficient technology that makes uncertainty-aware modelling a practical possibility even when using complex models.
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Verdú, Joan M., Ramon J. Batalla, and Jose A. Martínez-Casasnovas. "Assessing river dynamics from 2D hydraulic modelling and high resolution grain-size distribution." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 58, no. 1 (2014): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2013/0107.
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Panich, Sansot. "Constitutive Modeling of Advanced High Strength Steels Characterized by Uniaxial and Biaxial Experiments." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.207.
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Anisotropic plastic behavior of advanced high strength steel sheets of grade DP780 and DP980 were investigated using three different yield functions, namely, the von Mises, Hills 48 and Barlat2000 (Yld2000-2d) criteria. Uniaxial tensile and balanced biaxial (hydraulic bulge) tests were conducted for the examined steels in order to characterize flow behavior and plastic anisotropy for different stress states. Additionally, disk compression and In-plane biaxial tension tests were performed for obtaining balanced r-value of DP780 and DP980, respectively. All these data were used to determine the anisotropic coefficients. According to the different yield criteria, yield stresses and r-values for different directions were calculated corresponding to these yield criteria. The results were compared with experimental data. It was found that the Yld2000-2d model precisely predict well with experimental data than the other models.
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Annis, Antonio, and Fernando Nardi. "GFPLAIN and Multi-Source Data Assimilation Modeling: Conceptualization of a Flood Forecasting Framework Supported by Hydrogeomorphic Floodplain Rapid Mapping." Hydrology 8, no. 4 (2021): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040143.
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Hydrologic/hydraulic models for flood risk assessment, forecasting and hindcasting have been greatly supported by the rising availability of increasingly accurate and high-resolution Earth Observation (EO) data. EO-based topographic and hydrologic open geo data are, nowadays, available on large scales. Data Assimilation (DA) models allow Early Warning Systems (EWS) to produce accurate and timely flood predictions. DA-based EWS generally use river flow real-time observations and 1D hydraulic models to identify potential inundation hot spots. Detailed high-resolution 2D hydraulic modeling is usually not used in EWS for the computational burden and the numerical complexity of injecting multiple spatially distributed sources of flow observations. In recent times, DEM-based hydrogeomorphic models demonstrated their ability in characterizing river basin hydrologic forcing and floodplain domains providing data-parsimonious opportunities for data-scarce regions. This work investigates the use of hydrogeomorphic floodplain terrain processing for optimizing the ability of DA-based EWSs in using diverse distributed flow observations. A flood forecasting framework with novel applications of hydrogeomorphic floodplain processing is conceptualized for empowering flood EWSs in preliminarily identifying the computational domain for hydraulic modeling, rapid flood detection using satellite images, and filtering geotagged crowdsourced data for flood monitoring. The proposed flood forecasting framework supports the development of an integrated geomorphic-hydrologic/hydraulic modeling chain for a DA that values multiple sources of observation. This work investigates the value of floodplain hydrogeomorphic models to tackle the major challenges of DA for EWS with specific regard to the computational efficiency issues and the lack of data in ungauged river basins towards an improved flood forecasting able to use advanced hydrodynamic modeling and to inject all available sources of observations including flood phenomena captures by citizens.
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Dasallas, Lea, Yeonsu Kim, and Hyunuk An. "Case Study of HEC-RAS 1D–2D Coupling Simulation: 2002 Baeksan Flood Event in Korea." Water 11, no. 10 (2019): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102048.
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Recent studies strongly suggest the possibility of more frequent extreme events as a result of the changing climate. These weather extremes, such as excessive rainfall, result in debris flow, river overflow and urban flooding, which can pose a substantial threat to the community. An effective flood model is therefore a crucial tool in flood disaster control and mitigation. A number of flood models have been established in recent years. However, the major challenge in developing effective and accurate flood models is the disadvantage of running multiple models for separate, individual conditions. Among the solutions in recent research is the development of combined 1D–2D flood modeling. Coupled 1D–2D flood modeling allows the channel flows to be represented in 1D and the overbank flow to be modeled in 2D. In order to test the efficiency of the approach, this research aims to assess the capability of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model’s implementation of the combined 1D–2D hydraulic computation in simulating river overflow inundation. For verification, the simulation is applied to the Baeksan river levee breach event in South Korea in 2011. The simulation results show similarities of the observed data and the outputs from widely used flood models. This proves the applicability of the HEC-RAS 1D–2D coupling method as a powerful tool in simulating accurate inundations for flood events.
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Zhao, Xueping, and R. Paul Young. "Numerical modeling of seismicity induced by fluid injection in naturally fractured reservoirs." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 6 (2011): WC167—WC180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0025.1.
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The interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures is of great interest for the energy resource industry because natural fractures can significantly influence the overall geometry and effectiveness of hydraulic fractures. Microseismic monitoring provides a unique tool to monitor the evolution of fracturing around the treated rock reservoir, and seismic source mechanisms can yield information about the nature of deformation. We performed a numerical modeling study using a 2D distinct-element particle flow code ([Formula: see text]) to simulate realistic conditions and increase understanding of fracturing mechanisms in naturally fractured reservoirs, through comparisons with results of the geometry of hydraulic fractures and seismic source information (locations, magnitudes, and mechanisms) from both laboratory experiments and field observations. A suite of numerical models with fully dynamic and hydromechanical coupling was used to examine the interaction between natural and induced fractures, the effect of orientation of a preexisting fracture, the influence of differential stress, and the relationship between the fluid front, fracture tip, and induced seismicity. The numerical results qualitatively agree with the laboratory and field observations, and suggest possible mechanics for new fracture development and their interaction with a natural fracture (e.g., a tectonic fault). Therefore, the tested model could help in investigating the potential extent of induced fracturing in naturally fractured reservoirs, and in interpreting microseismic monitoring results to assess the effectiveness of a hydraulic fracturing project.
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Kutija, V., and M. G. Murray. "An object-oriented approach to the modelling of free-surface flows." Journal of Hydroinformatics 9, no. 2 (2007): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2007.101.
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Over the past 40 years many hydraulic modelling systems for free-surface flows have been developed and successfully used in research and engineering practice. These systems were, in general, developed using sequential programming techniques while object-oriented programming approaches have only been used in the development of their visual parts. This paper outlines the approach used in the development of the NOAH modelling systems (Newcastle Object-oriented Advanced Hydroinformatics), developed entirely within the object-oriented paradigm. This novel approach has made NOAH modelling systems computationally highly efficient and yet easy to maintain and extend. NOAH 1D and NOAH 2D are designed to model free-surface flows in one and two dimensions, respectively. NOAH 1D is based on the full de Saint-Venant equations while NOAH 2D is based on the Shallow Water equations. Beside the basic ideas behind the development of NOAH modelling systems this paper also presents their main features and discusses general benefits of the application of the object-oriented programming approach in the development of numerical codes.
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Defterdarović, Jasmina, Lana Filipović, Filip Kranjčec, et al. "Determination of Soil Hydraulic Parameters and Evaluation of Water Dynamics and Nitrate Leaching in the Unsaturated Layered Zone: A Modeling Case Study in Central Croatia." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (2021): 6688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126688.
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Nitrate leaching through soil layers to groundwater may cause significant degradation of natural resources. The aims of this study were: (i) to estimate soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) of the similar soil type with same management on various locations; (ii) to determine annual water dynamics; and (iii) to estimate the impact of subsoil horizon properties on nitrate leaching. The final goal was to compare the influence of different SHPs and layering on water dynamics and nitrate leaching. The study was conducted in central Croatia (Zagreb), at four locations on Calcaric Phaeozem, Calcaric Regosol, and Calcaric Fluvic Phaeozem soil types. Soil hydraulic parameters were estimated using the HYPROP system and HYPROP-FIT software. Water dynamics and nitrate leaching were evaluated using HYDRUS 2D/3D during a period of 365 days. The amount of water in the soil under saturated conditions varied from 0.422 to 0.535 cm3 cm–3 while the hydraulic conductivity varied from 3 cm day−1 to 990.9 cm day−1. Even though all locations have the same land use and climatic conditions with similar physical properties, hydraulic parameters varied substantially. The amount and velocity of transported nitrate (HYDRUS 2D/3D) were affected by reduced hydraulic conductivity of the subsoil as nitrates are primarily transported via advective flux. Despite the large differences in SHPs of the topsoil layers, the deeper soil layers, having similar SHPs, imposed a buffering effect preventing faster nitrate downward transport. This contributed to a very similar distribution of nitrates through the soil profile at the end of simulation period. This case study indicated the importance of carefully selecting relevant parameters in multilayered soil systems when evaluating groundwater pollution risk.
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Wangen, Magnus. "A 2D volume conservative numerical model of hydraulic fracturing." Computers & Structures 182 (April 2017): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2017.01.003.
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Filipović, Vilim, Thomas Weninger, Lana Filipović, et al. "Inverse estimation of soil hydraulic properties and water repellency following artificially induced drought stress." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 66, no. 2 (2018): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2018-0002.
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AbstractGlobal climate change is projected to continue and result in prolonged and more intense droughts, which can increase soil water repellency (SWR). To be able to estimate the consequences of SWR on vadose zone hydrology, it is important to determine soil hydraulic properties (SHP). Sequential modeling using HYDRUS (2D/3D) was performed on an experimental field site with artificially imposed drought scenarios (moderately M and severely S stressed) and a control plot. First, inverse modeling was performed for SHP estimation based on water and ethanol infiltration experimental data, followed by model validation on one selected irrigation event. Finally, hillslope modeling was performed to assess water balance for 2014. Results suggest that prolonged dry periods can increase soil water repellency. Inverse modeling was successfully performed for infiltrating liquids, water and ethanol, withR2and model efficiency (E) values both > 0.9. SHP derived from the ethanol measurements showed large differences in van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) parameters for the M and S plots compared to water infiltration experiments. SWR resulted in large saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) decrease on the M and S scenarios. After validation of SHP on water content measurements during a selected irrigation event, one year simulations (2014) showed that water repellency increases surface runoff in non-structured soils at hillslopes.
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Liu, Zhanyan, Hongbin Zhang, and Qiuhua Liang. "A coupled hydrological and hydrodynamic model for flood simulation." Hydrology Research 50, no. 2 (2018): 589–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.090.
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Abstract This paper presents a new flood modelling tool developed by coupling a full 2D hydrodynamic model with hydrological models. The coupled model overcomes the main limitations of the individual modelling approaches, i.e. high computational costs associated with the hydrodynamic models and less detailed representation of the underlying physical processes related to the hydrological models. When conducting a simulation using the coupled model, the computational domain (e.g. a catchment) is first divided into hydraulic and hydrological zones. In the hydrological zones that have high ground elevations and relatively homogeneous land cover or topographic features, a conceptual lumped model is applied to obtain runoff/net rainfall, which is then routed by a group of pre-acquired ‘unit hydrographs’ to the zone borders. These translated hydrographs will then be used to drive the full 2D hydrodynamic model to predict flood dynamics at high resolution in the hydraulic zones that are featured with complex topographic settings, including roads, buildings, etc. The new coupled flood model is applied to reproduce a major flood event that occurred in Morpeth, northeast England in September 2008. While producing similar results, the new coupled model is shown to be computationally much more efficient than the full hydrodynamic model.
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He, Zhenhua, and Benchun Duan. "Dynamic modeling of bedding-plane slip during hydraulic fracturing." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 3 (2019): KS95—KS104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0170.1.
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Whether the tip stresses around a dynamically propagating hydraulic fracture (HF) could activate a bedding plane (BP) or not is an important question for HF propagation and microseismicity generation. BP slip has been proposed to be one main source of microseismicity during HF treatments in unconventional reservoirs. However, a BP perpendicular to a principal stress direction is unlikely to be activated in a simple geomechanical model. We have applied a dynamic finite-element geomechanics method to examine the induced dynamic shear stress and the activation of BPs that are perpendicular to the HF based on the Cotton-Valley tight-sand reservoir properties. We work in a 2D vertical-plane framework. The induced dynamic stresses around a HF tip could be significant. We explore three different scenarios for the BP activation. In the first scenario, an HF is dynamically propagating toward two symmetric BPs, but has not touched them yet. We find that only low-strength BPs can be activated in this scenario. In the second scenario, an HF dynamically propagates toward two symmetric BPs and then it crosses them by a short distance. The BPs could be more easily activated in this scenario compared with the first scenario. The slip length and maximum slip decrease with cohesion, critical slip distance, or maximum principal stress. In the third scenario, an HF dynamically propagates toward two symmetric BPs, and then fluid invasion into the BPs occurs after the HF touches them. Large shear slippage and slip length happen in this scenario because fluid invasion weakens the BPs. In all of the scenarios, different senses of shear could occur along the BPs and a rupture typically propagates bilaterally from the initiation point on the BPs.
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Beal, Cara D., Ted Gardner, David W. Rassam, Alison M. Vieritz, and Neal W. Menzies. "Effluent flux prediction in variably saturated soil zones within a septic tank—soil absorption trench." Soil Research 44, no. 7 (2006): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr06007.
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The treatment and hydraulic mechanisms in a septic tank–soil absorption system (SAS) are highly influenced by the clogging layer or biomat zone which develops on bottom and lower sidewall surfaces within the trench. Flow rates through the biomat and sub-biomat zones are governed largely by the biomat hydraulic properties (resistance and hydraulic conductivity) and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the underlying soil. One- and 2-dimensional models were used to investigate the relative importance of sidewall and vertical flow rates and pathways in SAS. Results of 1-dimensional modelling show that several orders of magnitude variation in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) reduce to a 1 order of magnitude variation in long-term flow rates. To increase the reliability of prediction of septic trench hydrology, HYDRUS-2D was used to model 2-dimensional flow. In the permeable soils, under high trench loading, effluent preferentially flowed in the upper region of the trench where no resistant biomat was present (the exfiltration zone). By comparison, flow was more evenly partitioned between the biomat zones and the exfiltration zones of the low permeability soil. An increase in effluent infiltration corresponded with a greater availability of exfiltration zone, rather than a lower resistance of biomat. Results of modelling simulations demonstrated the important role that a permeable A horizon may play in limiting surface surcharge of effluent under high trench hydraulic loading.
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Rasheed, Zena Kamil, and Maysoon Basheer Abid. "Numerical Modeling of Water Movement from Buried Vertical Ceramic Pipes through Soils." Journal of Engineering 24, no. 6 (2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.06.06.
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The problem of water scarcity is becoming common in many parts of the world, to overcome part of this problem proper management of water and an efficient irrigation system are needed. Irrigation with a buried vertical ceramic pipe is known as a very effective in the management of irrigation water. The two- dimensional transient flow of water from a buried vertical ceramic pipe through homogenous porous media is simulated numerically using the HYDRUS/2D software. Different values of pipe lengths and hydraulic conductivity were selected. In addition, different values of initial volumetric soil water content were assumed in this simulation as initial conditions. Different values of the applied head were assumed in this simulation as boundary conditions. The results of this research showed that greater spreading occurs in the horizontal direction. Increasing applied heads, initial soil water contents and pipe hydraulic conductivities, cause increasing the size of wetting patterns but in a few increases. Also, the results showed that the empirical formulas which can be used for expressing the wetted width and depth in terms of applied head, initial soil water content, application time, pipe hydraulic conductivity, and pipe length, are good and can be used as design equations. 
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Domingo, N. D. Sto, A. Refsgaard, O. Mark, and B. Paludan. "Flood analysis in mixed-urban areas reflecting interactions with the complete water cycle through coupled hydrologic-hydraulic modelling." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 6 (2010): 1386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.365.
Full textAbstract:
The potential devastating effects of urban flooding have given high importance to thorough understanding and management of water movement within catchments, and computer modelling tools have found widespread use for this purpose. The state-of-the-art in urban flood modelling is the use of a coupled 1D pipe and 2D overland flow model to simultaneously represent pipe and surface flows. This method has been found to be accurate for highly paved areas, but inappropriate when land hydrology is important. The objectives of this study are to introduce a new urban flood modelling procedure that is able to reflect system interactions with hydrology, verify that the new procedure operates well, and underline the importance of considering the complete water cycle in urban flood analysis. A physically-based and distributed hydrological model was linked to a drainage network model for urban flood analysis, and the essential components and concepts used were described in this study. The procedure was then applied to a catchment previously modelled with the traditional 1D-2D procedure to determine if the new method performs similarly well. Then, results from applying the new method in a mixed-urban area were analyzed to determine how important hydrologic contributions are to flooding in the area.