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1

Ahorsu, Richard, Francesc Medina, and Magda Constantí. "Significance and Challenges of Biomass as a Suitable Feedstock for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production: A Review." Energies 11, no. 12 (2018): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123366.

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Fossil fuels have been a major contributor to greenhouse gases, the amounts of which could be reduced if biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel were used for transportation. One of the most promising biofuels is ethyl alcohol. In 2015, the world production of ethanol was 25.6 billion gallons and the USA, Brazil, China, the European Union, and 28 other countries have set targets for blending ethanol with gasoline. The two major bio-source materials used for ethanol production are corn and sugarcane. For 1st generation biofuels, sugarcane and corn feedstocks are not able to fulfill the curren
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Szadkowska, Dominika, and Jan Szadkowski. "The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 111 (September 30, 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6571.

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The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS. The aim of the study was to develop the method of analysis by gas chromatography of the liquid obtained after extraction with cyclohexane of wood of different poplar varieties (Populus sp.). After applying an appropriate method, the application of gas chromatography with mass detector facilitates the analysis of the chemical composition of extracts from different types of lignocellulosic biomass. It is also possible to verify included compounds as well as to compare the content of individual compounds co
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3

Pérez, Laura, Iván Aranda, and Tatiana Loureiro. "Novel Process to Convert Wet and Dry Organic Feedstocks into 2nd Generation Biofuels: A Scientific Review of the Heat-to-Fuel Project." Proceedings 65, no. 1 (2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020065013.

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Heat-to-Fuel is a 48-month research and innovation project, funded under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 (EU H2020) Framework Program, which the main objective is to deliver the next generation of biofuel production technologies supporting the decarbonization of the transportation sector by integrating its novel technologies together with innovative activities on design, modeling, development of hardware and processes, testing and life cycle analysis of a fully integrated system. The Heat-to-Fuel concept consists of a biorefinery that combines hydrothermal liquefaction, aqueous phase reformi
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Frankiewicz, Andrzej, Marcin Przedlacki, and Katarzyna Janecka. "Synthesis of Ethyl Levulinate, a Perspective Biocomponent of Motor Fuels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 797 (November 2015): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.797.357.

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In this work the importance of levulinic acid obtained from lignocellulosic biomass, as a feedstock for the production of 2nd generation biofuels, was presented. One of the derivatives of levulinic acid, having physicochemical properties appropriate for biofuels is ethyl levulinate. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of this ester in an autoclave (temperature, reaction time) were determined. The reaction product was separated from the post-reaction mixture by simple distillation and its purity was determined using gas chromatography. Under optimal conditions the yield of ethyl levulinate
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Giertl, Tomáš, Ivan Vitázek, Ján Gaduš, Rastislav Kollárik, and Grzegorz Przydatek. "Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into 2nd Generation Biofuel." Processes 12, no. 12 (2024): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12122658.

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Bioenergy is considered the largest contributor to the renewable and sustainable energy sector worldwide, playing a significant role in various energy sectors such as heating, electricity supply, and even in replacing fossil fuels in the transportation sector. As part of renewable, low-carbon energy systems, bioenergy can also ensure atmospheric carbon sequestration, provide numerous environmental and socio-economic benefits, and thus contribute to achieving global climate change goals, as well as broader environmental, social, economic, and sustainable development objectives. The use of bioen
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Beca Figueiredo, Beatriz, and Francisco Ignácio Giocondo César. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY IN THE PRODUCTION OF SECOND GENERATION ALCOHOL." REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ACERTTE - ISSN 2763-8928 1, no. 6 (2021): e1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/acertte.v1i6.43.

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The use of biofuels, such as ethanol, is seen as a viable alternative, due to the growing need for alternative clean energy sources, research on the subject has been intensified, especially when it comes to fuels, the search for a reduction in energy consumption. The rate of gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, therefore, makes it necessary to replace fossil fuels with clean and renewable fuels. The 2nd. Generation (E2G), compared to 1st Ethanol. Generation (E1G), has shown significant environmental and social gains, as it is produced from waste, uses less natural resources and energy.
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7

Loureiro, Tatiana, and Raymond Sterling. "Biorefinery Combining HTL and FT to Convert Wet and Solid Organic, Industrial Wastes into 2nd Generation Biofuels with Highest Efficiency: Heat-to-Fuel." Proceedings 2, no. 15 (2018): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2151128.

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Heat-to-Fuel is a 48 months Horizon 2020 project which main objective is to deliver the next generation of biofuel production technologies supporting the de-carbonisation of the transportation sector by integrating its novel technologies together with innovative activities on design, modelling, development of hardware and processes, testing and life cycle analysis of a fully integrated system.
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8

Gomes, João, Jaime Puna, António Marques, et al. "Clean Forest—Project Concept and Early Results." Energies 15, no. 24 (2022): 9294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249294.

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The Clean Forest project aims to valorize forest biomass wastes (and then prevent their occurrence as a fuel source in forests), converting it to bioenergy, such as the production of 2nd generation synthetic biofuels, like bio-methanol, bio-DME, and biogas, depending on the process operating conditions. Valorization of potential forest waste biomass thus enhances the reduction of the probability of occurrence of forest fires and, therefore, presents a major value for local rural communities. The proposed process is easy to implement, and energetically, it shows significantly reduced costs than
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9

Dąbkowska, Katarzyna, Monika Mech, Kamil Kopeć, and Maciej Pilarek. "Enzymatic Activity of Some Industrially-Applied Cellulolytic Enzyme Preparations." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 24, no. 1 (2017): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2017-0001.

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Abstract Enzymatic hydrolysis is the essential step in the production of 2nd generation biofuels made from lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. agricultural or forestry solid wastes. The enzyme-catalysed robust degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose to monosaccharides requires the synergistic action of the independent types of highly-specific enzymes, usually offered as ready-to-use preparations. The basic aim of the study was to experimentally determine the enzymatic activity of two widely industrially-applied, commercially available cellulolytic enzyme preparations: (i) Cellic® CTec2 and (ii) t
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10

ERJMDDP, Wijesekara, Amarasinghe AMPC, Sudharaka EAK, and Wickramasinghe RS. "Comparative Analysis of Bioethanol Production Capacities from Different Chemically Pretreated Rice Straws." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, no. VI (2024): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.906039.

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The Energy crisis associated with continuous depletion of fossil fuel is one of the prime concerns in the world. Henceforth, there is an increasing interest for renewable energy sources such as biofuels, as environmentally friendly alternatives for replacing fossil fuel. Among that, bioethanol is one of the most promising alternative energy sources for the limited crude oil which can be produced by biocon version of variety of feedstock. Lignocellulosic feed stock such as rice straw is one of the most abundant sources which can be used for the production of second-generation biofuel without co
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11

Sheridan, Cormac. "Europe lags, US leads 2nd-generation biofuels." Nature Biotechnology 26, no. 12 (2008): 1319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1208-1319.

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12

Zabaniotou, A., O. Ioannidou, and V. Skoulou. "Rapeseed residues utilization for energy and 2nd generation biofuels." Fuel 87, no. 8-9 (2008): 1492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.09.003.

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13

Vodovnik, Maša, and Nataša Lindič. "Towards the application of nature's catalytic nanomachines: Cellulosomes in 2nd generation biofuel production." Biotechnology Advances 79 (March 2025): 108523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108523.

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14

Haase, Martina, Nils Babenhauserheide, and Christine Rösch. "Multi criteria decision analysis for sustainability assessment of 2nd generation biofuels." Procedia CIRP 90 (2020): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.124.

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15

Hello, Kasim Mohammed, Majid Jari Mohammed, Asstabraq Mohsen Yasser, Farook Adam, and Zinab Farag. "Modification of Silica Rice Husk Ash to Solid Ammonium Sulphate for Second Generation Biofuels Productions." Journal of Catalysts 2014 (December 9, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/128547.

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A new approach has been demonstrated for the synthesis of solid ammonium sulphate attached to silica rice husk ash. The 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was immobilized onto silica at room temperature to functionalize the silica with ammine end groups (–NH2). The amine group was sulphated with sulphuric acid to produce a novel micro-rod-like shaped acidic catalyst (as seen with TEM) designated RHNH3SO4H (RH = rice husk). The TGA analysis shows that the catalyst is stable at temperatures below 200°C. The acidity measurement of the catalyst indicates that it has Brønsted acid sites. Cellulose extr
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16

Trost, Daniel, Adam Polcar, Dorin Boldor, and Vojtěch Kumbár. "Pour point and predictive models for the viscosity-temperature non-linear behaviour of ternary fuel blends for a compression ignition engine." BioResources 18, no. 1 (2022): 653–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.653-677.

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Due to the ever-increasing consumption of fossil fuels, their impact on the environment, and the volatility of the market, it is advisable to use biofuels that can be produced locally from renewable sources, which supports the local economy, agriculture, and related processing industries. This article deals with how to improve the flow properties and pour point of biofuels for diesel engines. For the experiment, biodiesels in the form of rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and methyl ester made from waste animal fats and tallow (WAFME) were used. The pour point, viscosity, and density of WAFME were im
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17

Mitkidis, Georgios, Anastasios Magoutas, and Fotis Kitsios. "Market and economic feasibility analysis for the implementation of 2nd generation biofuels in Greece." Energy Strategy Reviews 19 (January 2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2017.12.006.

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18

Lavoie, Jean-Michel. "Implementing 2nd generation liquid biofuels in a fossil fuel-dominated market: Making the right choices." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2 (October 2016): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2016.09.009.

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19

Łagowski, Piotr, Grzegorz Wcisło, and Dariusz Kurczyński. "Comparison of the Combustion Process Parameters in a Diesel Engine Powered by Second-Generation Biodiesel Compared to the First-Generation Biodiesel." Energies 15, no. 18 (2022): 6835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186835.

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The use of biofuels to power compression–ignition engines makes it possible to reduce emissions of certain harmful components of exhaust gases. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of second-generation biofuels on the course of indicator graphs and heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-44TA compression–ignition engine. For comparative purposes, the same tests were carried out by feeding the engine with first-generation biofuel and diesel fuel. Babassu butyl esters (BBuE) were used as the second-generation biofuel. The second fuel was a first-generation biofuel—r
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20

Köhler, Jonathan, Rainer Walz, Frank Marscheder-Weidemann, and Benjamin Thedieck. "Lead markets in 2nd generation biofuels for aviation: A comparison of Germany, Brazil and the USA." Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 10 (March 2014): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2013.10.003.

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21

Eilers, H., and G. Schaub. "Energy Storage in 2nd Generation Biofuels - Model-Based Analysis of a Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Slurry Reactor." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 86, no. 9 (2014): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201450429.

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22

Melamu, Rethabile, and Harro von Blottnitz. "2nd Generation biofuels a sure bet? A life cycle assessment of how things could go wrong." Journal of Cleaner Production 19, no. 2-3 (2011): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.08.021.

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23

Montano, Carlos Julio, Sonia Seger Pereira Mercedes, and Tarcisio PR Campos. "Issues on the optimization of bioreactors of microalgae and cyanobacteria crops for hydrogen and bioproduct productions." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 12 (2020): 276–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss12.2840.

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Optimizing the design and operating parameters for optimum production of hydrogen and other bioproducts is a necessary step to address the rate of production of this energy input. Optimization is basically based on the appropriate choice of microalgae strain along with the available growth conditions. This paper presents a simplified review of the possible monitoring variables for microalgae and cyanobacteria crops. In addition, the design of open pond bioreactors and photobioreactors (PBR) that allow greater control of monitoring and crop parameters were presented. The physicochemical bioprod
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24

Gonçalves, Puna, Guerra, et al. "Towards the Development of Syngas/Biomethane Electrolytic Production, Using Liquefied Biomass and Heterogeneous Catalyst." Energies 12, no. 19 (2019): 3787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193787.

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This paper presents results on the research currently being carried out with the objective of developing new electrochemistry-based processes to produce renewable synthetic fuels from liquefied biomass. In the current research line, the gas mixtures obtained from the typical electrolysis are not separated into their components but rather are introduced into a reactor together with liquefied biomass, at atmospheric pressure and different temperatures, under acidified zeolite Y catalyst, to obtain synthesis gas. This gaseous mixture has several applications, like the production of synthetic 2nd
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25

Hoang, Long Vuong, Danh Chan Nguyen, Thanh Hai Truong, Huu Cuong Le, and Minh Nhat Nguyen. "Laminar Flame Characteristics of 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) Biofuel: A Comparative Review with Ethanol and Gasoline." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11, no. 1 (2021): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.42611.

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Since the early years of the 21st century, the whole world has faced two very urgent problems: the depletion of fossil energy sources and climate change due to environmental pollution. Among the solutions sought, 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) emerged as a promising solution. DMF is a 2nd generation biofuel capable of mass production from biomass. There have been many studies confirming that DMF is a potential alternative fuel for traditional fuels (gasoline and diesel) in internal combustion engines, contributing to solving the problem of energy security and environmental pollution. However, in orde
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26

Llano, Tamara, Noelia García-Quevedo, Natalia Quijorna, Javier R. Viguri, and Alberto Coz. "Evolution of Lignocellulosic Macrocomponents in the Wastewater Streams of a Sulfite Pulp Mill: A Preliminary Biorefining Approach." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/102534.

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The evolution of lignin, five- and six-carbon sugars, and other decomposition products derived from hemicelluloses and cellulose was monitored in a sulfite pulp mill. The wastewater streams were characterized and the mass balances throughout digestion and total chlorine free bleaching stages were determined. Summative analysis in conjunction with pulp parameters highlights some process guidelines and valorization alternatives towards the transformation of the traditional factory into a lignocellulosic biorefinery. The results showed a good separation of cellulose (99.64%) during wood digestion
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27

Žaglinskis, Justas. "Comparable Research of Energy and Ecology Parameters of 1st, 2nd and 3rd Generation Biofuels for Compression Ignition Engines." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 59, no. 4 (2015): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.8216.

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Alonso Pippo, W., C. A. Luengo, L. Alonsoamador Morales Alberteris, P. Garzone, and G. Cornacchia. "Energy Recovery from Sugarcane-Trash in the Light of 2nd Generation Biofuels. Part 1: Current Situation and Environmental Aspects." Waste and Biomass Valorization 2, no. 1 (2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-010-9048-0.

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29

Gligorijevic, Radinko, Jeremija Jevtic, Djuro Borak, and Velimir Petrovic. "Potentials and limitations of alternative fuels for diesel engine." Thermal Science 13, no. 3 (2009): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0903175g.

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The primary energy consumption in the world has increased continuously. The most important primary energy source is oil. The supply of automotive fuels today is based almost entirely on oil, and the demand for liquid transportation fuels worldwide will rise significantly in the next fifty years. Growing energy consumption and decreasing fossil resources are reasons for increasing prices of fossil fuel. Besides limited availability, contribution to greenhouse effect and pollutant emission represent another problem of fossil fuel. Both of these problems can be overcome by increased application o
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30

Jaswal, Anurag, Piyush Pratap Singh, Ashish Kumar Kar, Tarak Mondal, and Rajendra Srivastava. "Production of 2-methyl furan, a promising 2nd generation biofuel, by the vapor phase hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived furfural over TiO2 supported Cu Ni bimetallic catalysts." Fuel Processing Technology 245 (June 2023): 107726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2023.107726.

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31

Neto, Francisco Simão, Maria Marliete Fernandes de Melo Neta, Misael Bessa Sales, et al. "Research Progress and Trends on Utilization of Lignocellulosic Residues as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization via Advanced Bibliometric Analysis." Polymers 15, no. 9 (2023): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092057.

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Lignocellulosic biomasses are used in several applications, such as energy production, materials, and biofuels. These applications result in increased consumption and waste generation of these materials. However, alternative uses are being developed to solve the problem of waste generated in the industry. Thus, research is carried out to ensure the use of these biomasses as enzymatic support. These surveys can be accompanied using the advanced bibliometric analysis tool that can help determine the biomasses used and other perspectives on the subject. With this, the present work aims to carry o
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Kurniawati, Anis Sakina, Rudy Laksmono, and Ikhwan Syahtaria. "OPTIMALISASI LIMBAH EUCHEUMA COTTONII GUNA AKSELERASI PEMANFAATAN ENERGI BARU DAN TERBARUKAN DI LINGKUP KEMENTERIAN PERTAHANAN." Citizen : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2022): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53866/jimi.v2i2.90.

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The New Renewable Energy Bill or better known as the EBT Bill is a discourse to provide a legal framework regarding policy stipulation, management, supply, and utilization of new and renewable energy. The EBT Bill is expected to be a structured and directed guideline in its implementation from a national to regional scale. With the enactment of the EBT Bill, the use of fossil energy must gradually stop. So it is necessary to look for other alternatives as a source of energy, especially in liquid fuels. One of the potentials that Indonesia as an archipelagic country can exploit is its marine pr
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Berndes, Göran, Julia Hansson, Andrea Egeskog, and Filip Johnsson. "Strategies for 2nd generation biofuels in EU – Co-firing to stimulate feedstock supply development and process integration to improve energy efficiency and economic competitiveness." Biomass and Bioenergy 34, no. 2 (2010): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.07.007.

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Hang, Duong Thu, and Ngo Ngoc Bao An. "Enhancement of polyvinyl alcohol adsorbent via crosslink with citric acid and L-lysine for biochemical recovery from food processing waste streams." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (JSTCE) - HUCE 19, no. 2 (2025): 92–106. https://doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce2025-19(2)-07.

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Industrial food wastewater typically contains rich organic matters and their discharge flows into water sources can cause severe environmental pollution. This study explored a novel generation of biodegradable adsorbent to extract carboxylates generated from fermented broth from the downstream wastewater in the food industry. A successful synthesis of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) crosslinked Citric Acid (CA), foamed using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), PVA–c–CA/PEG with CA 66% of total PVA – PEG (1:1 in weight) showed the maximum gel fraction and lowest swelling degree, the most effective crosslink mat
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Vu, Vi N. H., Csilla Kohári-Farkas, Róbert Filep, et al. "Design and construction of artificial microbial consortia to enhance lignocellulosic biomass degradation." Biofuel Research Journal 10, no. 03 (2023): 1890–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.18331/brj2023.10.3.3.

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Cellulose-rich agricultural residues are promising renewable sources for producing various value-added products such as 2nd generation biofuels. However, the efficiency of the bioconversion process is not always satisfactory due to the slow and incomplete degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. An interesting approach would be using microbial communities with high lignocellulose-degrading ability for environmentally friendly pretreatment. This study focused on characterizing the degradation performance of bacteria, fungal, and yeast strains and designing and constructing different microbial co
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Diamantopoulou, Panagiota, Dimitris Sarris, Sidoine Sadjeu Tchakouteu, Evangelos Xenopoulos, and Seraphim Papanikolaou. "Growth Response of Non-Conventional Yeasts on Sugar-Rich Media: Part 1: High Production of Lipid by Lipomyces starkeyi and Citric Acid by Yarrowia lipolytica." Microorganisms 11, no. 7 (2023): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071863.

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Sugar-rich waste streams, generated in very high quantities worldwide, constitute an important source of environmental pollution. Their eco-friendly conversions into a plethora of added-value compounds through the use of microbial fermentations is currently a very “hot” scientific topic. The aim of this study, was to assess the potential of single cell oil (SCO), microbial mass and citric acid (CA) production by non-conventional yeast strains growing on expired (“waste”) glucose. Six yeast strains (viz. Rhodosporidium toruloides DSM 4444, Rhodotorula glutinis NRRL YB-252, R. toruloides NRRL Y-
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TYTARENKO, Yana. "APPLICATION OF EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF PUPPET THEATRE AND OBJECT THEATRE IN PERFORMANCES BASED ON POEMS BY LINA KOSTENKO (KHMELNYTSKYI PUPPET THEATRE “DYVEN”, IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV)." Bulletin of the Lviv University. Series of Arts Studies 243, no. 25 (2024): 159–68. https://doi.org/10.30970/vas.25.2024.159-168.

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The article analyses the latest, full-fledged in 2024, trend in the repertoire of professional and student puppet theatres of Ukraine – an address to the works of Lina Kostenko, the outstanding poetess of the generation of the ‘60s (shestydesyatnyky). It can be considered in a broader context as the mastery of puppet theatre groups of poetic works of modern Ukrainian authors – Serhii Zhadan, Oksana Zabuzhko, etc. – whose names have not yet appeared on the posters of this type of theatre, during the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. Unlike the segment of the repertoire for children based on pla
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Sai Bharadwaj, Aryasomayajula Venkata Satya Lakshmi, Jason Joseph Phillips, Janani Venkateshbabu, Gajendra Kammathanahalli Shivappa, Archana Venkatesh, and Navneet Kumar Gupta. "A mini‐review of intensified synthesis of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels in the presence of perovskite catalysts." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, July 25, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25424.

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AbstractEnhancement of a sustainable environment through the choice of a selective catalyst with high activity, regeneration nature, and high stability is an important aspect to be focused on to achieve a high yield and maximum conversion of feedstock to biodiesel (1st generation biofuel), and also in the biomass valorization/pyrolysis (2nd generation biofuel synthesis). Depending on the nature of the catalyst and synthesis method adopted for biofuel production and biomass valorization, the variations in the process conditions, final yield, and conversion are varied accordingly. A prospective
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Macek, Tomáš, Miloš Auersvald, and Petr Straka. "Bio-oil transformation into 2nd generation biofuels." Paliva, June 30, 2020, 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35933/paliva.2020.03.04.

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The article summarized the possible transformations of pyrolysis bio-oil from lignocellulose into 2nd generation biofuels. Although a lot has been published about this topic, so far, none of the published catalytic pro-cesses has found commercial application due to the rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Most researches deal with bio-oil hydrotreatment at severe conditions or its pro-cessing by catalytic cracking to prepare 2nd generation biofuels directly. However, this approach is not commercially applicable due to high consumptions of hydrogen and fast catalyst deactivation. Another way, cr
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40

Alkhodairy, Hanoof. "The methods of biofuel generation by using microalgae: A review." NeuroPharmac Journal, April 30, 2022, 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37881/1.710.

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Biofuels researchers extended to fit the growing fuel requirements and protected regional energy. Because of renewable and no impact on carbon biomass is preferred to replace fossil fuels. 2nd generation biofuels generated from micro-algae and lignocellulosic biomass (3rd generation biofuels) have become an essential raw material for the generation of renewable biofuels. Microalgae are rapidly multiplying microorganisms seen in the water, are the essential raw material for bio-fuel generation for the features like huge growth ratio, yield per area, potency in CO2 capture, and solar energy tran
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Takase, Mohammed, Rogers Kipkoech, Francis Kamau Irungu, Joy Kibet, and Faith Mugah. "Comprehensive Review on Lipid-based Biomasses as Biodiesel Raw Materials from Ghana." Journal of Modern Green Energy, March 22, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53964/jmge.2023001.

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Ghana is a country rich in natural resources, including biodiversity and large water bodies, but it is also plagued by food and energy shortages. Fuel prices are also increasing. Biodiesel made from lipids will attract increasing attention as researchers and experts look for a solution. However, the obvious cheapest option of edible feedstock will be insufficient to meet rising energy and food demand, necessitating the need for a guaranteed feedstock. As a result, this research was conducted to identify lipid-based biomass feedstocks that would be ideal for biodiesel production in Ghana. This
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Jaswal, Anurag, Piyush Pratap Singh, Ashish Kumar Kar, Tarak Mondal, and Rajendra Srivastava. "Production of 2-Methyl Furan, a Promising 2nd Generation Biofuel, by the Vapor Phase Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass-Derived Furfural Over Tio2 Supported Cu-Ni Bimetallic Catalysts." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4188736.

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Hassuani, Suleiman José. "Introduction and overview of the current situation regarding the employment of biomass." Sugar Industry, 2014, 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36961/si16011.

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The sugarcane industry for a long time has focused only on the cane juice, its extraction and conversion to sugar. Bagasse was considered a residue and burnt inefficiently to generate steam and power. In the last decades, bagasse gradually started to be converted into energy in a more efficient way, supplying all the sugar industry energy needs (power, and steam) and, in some cases, significant excess electricity has been exported to the grid, becoming another important source of revenue. This motivated several studies of more advanced energy generation systems to boost energy exports. In more
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Mena Subiranas, Alba, and Georg Schaub. "Combining Fischer-Tropsch (FT) and Hydrocarbon Reactions under FT Reaction Conditions -- Catalyst and Reactor Studies with Co or Fe and Pt/ZSM-5." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 5, no. 1 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1542-6580.1522.

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Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) offers the potential to produce high-value transportation fuels or petrochemicals from biomass (``2nd generation biofuels"). Primary synthesis products contain mainly n-alkanes and n-alkenes, ranging from methane to high molecular weight waxes. Bifunctional catalysts, as used in petroleum refining, are capable of modifying hydrocarbon molecules. They are characterized by the presence of acidic sites, which provide the hydrocracking and isomerization functions, as well as metal sites, which provide hydro-/dehydrogenation functions, and thus avoid the formation of
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Kubis, Matthew R., Evert K. Holwerda, and Lee R. Lynd. "Declining carbohydrate solubilization with increasing solids loading during fermentation of cellulosic feedstocks by Clostridium thermocellum: documentation and diagnostic tests." Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 15, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-022-02110-4.

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Abstract Background For economically viable 2nd generation biofuels, processing of high solid lignocellulosic substrate concentrations is a necessity. The cellulolytic thermophilic anaerobe Clostridium thermocellum is one of the most effective biocatalysts for solubilization of carbohydrate harbored in lignocellulose. This study aims to document the solubilization performance of Clostridium thermocellum at increasing solids concentrations for two lignocellulosic feedstocks, corn stover and switchgrass, and explore potential effectors of solubilization performance. Results Monocultures of Clost
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