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Journal articles on the topic '2WW'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Marzouk, Sherief, Benjamin W. Lamb, Andrew Harris, Ali Jibran Mecci, Jo Han Gan, Paula Allchorne, and James SA Green. "A retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer referred with visible haematuria: the impact of source of referral on prognostic indicators." Journal of Clinical Urology 7, no. 6 (April 14, 2014): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051415814522036.

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Objective: Our aim was to establish whether there is a difference in prognostic indicators for bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) between the patients referred via the 2-week wait (2WW) and those presenting to the emergency department (ED). Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients referred with visible haematuria, comparing tumour stage and grade between patients diagnosed with bladder UC via the ED and 2WW at two London hospitals. Results: From 09/2009−09/2011, 51 patients referred from the ED, and 146 from the 2WW clinic were diagnosed with bladder UC. Regarding tumour stage: 57% of the ED group had muscle-invasive UC compared with 23% from 2WW ( p=0.001). Regarding tumour grade: 82% of the ED group had G3 tumours, versus 54% from 2WW ( p<0.001). ED referrals were significantly older than those from the 2WW ( p<0.001). Conclusions: Patients with UC who present as emergencies had worse prognostic indicators and were older than those referred from the 2WW pathway. This supports the need for the inclusion of haematuria in the out-of-hours urology guidelines within the Acute Oncology Service.

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Samarasinghe, M., F. Chariah, C. Desilva, and A. Koutsoumpas. "P242 Newly diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients referred via the Straight To Test Lower GI two week wait pathway, Single Centre Study." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): S286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.368.

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Abstract Background Fast track or 2-week wait Lower GI pathways (2ww LGI), including Straight To Test or Straight To Colonoscopy 2ww LGI (2ww LGI STT) for patients with suspected Colorectal Cancer (CRC), have been extensively implemented in the UK. Approximately 3.9% of patients referred via the 2ww LGI will get a new diagnosis of IBD; once CRC has been excluded however, there is no standardised pathway for the management of those newly IBD pts. We implemented in 2019 in our Trust a new service structure for rapid access of those new IBD patients to IBD clinics, with emphasis to Nurse Led IBD clinics. In this study we aimed to look at real world data for the management of those new IBD pts in a large district hospital. Methods Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for all newly (endoscopically) diagnosed IBD patients referred from the 2ww LGI STT service, between January 2019 and March 2020, at Chase Farm and Barnet Hospitals (BCF). Results There has been a steady increase over time in the number of new IBD pts identified via the 2ww LGI STT and referred to BCF IBD service. A total of 168 patients were referred to BCF IBD service via this pathway over the above 14 months. Within the first 2–4 weeks after colonoscopy, 86% patients were seen in the IBD Nurse led clinic. The remaining patients were seen within 6–8 weeks either in IBD Nurse or Consultants clinics. Approximately 11% of patients were not started on any medication at the time of colonoscopy. The remaining patients were commenced on either Steroid or 5ASAs post colonoscopy, in accordance with our local pathway. Biologic treatments or immunosuppressants were required for 18% of those patients during the above timeframe. Conclusion 2ww LGI STT identifies a significant number of newly diagnosed IBD patients in our Trust. 2WW LGI endoscopists of different levels and backgrounds (medical, surgical, nurses, fellows, insourced) should be aware of the first line IBD therapies and relevant IBD pathways, and prescribe those in Endoscopy Unit. Advanced Nurse IBD clinics are an integral part of the IBD service, especially for newly diagnosed IBD patients via the 2ww LGI STT.

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Barwick, TW, S. Murray, and C. Gerrand. "Impact of 'Two-Week Wait' Referrals for Suspected Bone or Soft Tissue Sarcoma." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363510x506829.

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The two-week wait (2ww) process has been in force since 2000 as part of the reform of cancer services in the NHS to ensure timely specialist review of patients with suspected cancer. In addition, more recently implemented waiting time standards dictate that for an urgent GP referral under the 2ww the time to diagnosis (decision to treat) should be less than 1 month (31-day rule) and from December 2005 the total time allowable from referral to treatment has been no more than two months (62-day rule). The Department of Health (DH) guidelines for referral under the 2ww have been unaltered since their inception (Figure 1).

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Fallon, Matthew, Md Tanveer Adil, Kasim Ahmed, Douglas Whitelaw, Farhan Rashid, and Periyathambi Jambulingam. "Impact of ‘two-week wait’ referral pathway on the diagnosis, treatment and survival in upper and lower gastrointestinal cancers." Postgraduate Medical Journal 95, no. 1127 (May 30, 2019): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136507.

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BackgroundThe ‘two-week wait’(2WW) referral pathway was introduced in the United Kingdom to reduce waiting times for treatment of cancer. There has been a debate regarding the efficacy of 2WW pathway since its implementation.MethodsA singleinstitutional analysis of upper gastrointestinal(UGI) and lower gastrointestinal(LGI) malignancies treated between 1April 2015 and 31March 2017 was undertaken to analyse the impact of 2WWreferral pathway on the diagnosis, treatment and survival.Results2WW referral does not achieve an earlier diagnosis compared with non-2WW routes of referral in UGI (χ2(3)=2.6, p=0.458) and LGI (χ2(3)=0.884, p=0.829) malignancies. 2WW referral does not lead to an improvement in curative treatment in UGI (OR1.48, 95%CI0.68to3.21, p=0.321) and LGI (OR1.59, 95%CI0.97to2.62, p=0.067) malignancies. No improvement in survival is seen in UGI (HR0.99, 95%CI0.56to1.75, p=0.963) and LGI (HR1.10, 95%CI0.60to1.99, p=0.764) malignancies by virtue of 2WW referral. Emergency presentation is the most common presenting route in UGI malignancy(40%) and is associated with poor survival (HR0.55, 95%CI0.30to0.97, p=0.045).Non-emergency route of presentation is associated with higher rates of curative treatment in UGI malignancies (OR3.49, 95%CI1.57to7.76, p=0.002). Lower rate of curative treatment (OR 0.27, 95%CI0.16to0.43, p<0.001) and poor survival (HR0.44, 95%CI0.26to0.76, p=0.003) is also observed in emergency presentation of LGI malignancy(29%) which is the secondmost common route of presentation in this group.Conclusion2WW referral does not achieve early diagnosis nor does it lead to an improvement in the rate of curative treatment in UGI and LGI malignancies. No improvement in short-term survival is seen in UGI malignancies nor in LGI malignancies on multivariate analysis by virtue of 2WW referral.

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Vulliamy, P., S. McCluney, S. Raouf, and S. Banerjee. "Trends in urgent referrals for suspected colorectal cancer: an increase in quantity, but not in quality." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 98, no. 8 (November 2016): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2016.0273.

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INTRODUCTION An understanding of the volume of incoming referrals to a colorectal cancer (CRC) service is essential for adequate delivery of service. We hypothesised that the number of 2-week-wait (2WW) referrals has increased over recent years, with a concomitant increase in demand for endoscopic and imaging investigations. METHODS A retrospective review of all referrals from primary care with suspected malignancy to Barking, Havering and Redbridge NHS Trust (BHRNHST, London, UK) from 2009 to 2014 was undertaken. Annual numbers of CRC diagnoses, colonoscopies and CT scans among these patients were reviewed. Linear regression models were used to determine the significance of observed trends. RESULTS Annual number of 2WW referrals for all cancers increased steadily from 14,031 to 19,983 during the study period (p<0.01). Referrals for suspected CRC increased from 1,706 to 2,874 (p=0.02). Number of colonoscopies and CT scans carried out in 2WW patients also increased significantly. Proportion of patients referred as a 2WW diagnosed with CRC decreased from 7.9% in 2009 to 4.7% in 2014 (p=0.02). DISCUSSION Number of referrals for suspected cancer from primary care to BHRNHST is increasing steadily, which has implications for service provision. Prevalence of cancer diagnoses from these referrals is decreasing. CONCLUSIONS There has been a sustained and substantial increase in the number of urgent referrals for suspected CRC at BHRNHST over recent years, without an increase in the number of resulting cancer diagnoses.

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Thomas, M., K. Cookson, R. Clark, L. Pearce, J. Fox, and A. Price. "472 A PILOT COLORECTAL AND GERIATRIC MEDICINE (CGM) CLINIC FOR OLDER, FRAIL PATIENTS REFERRED VIA A 2 WEEK WAIT PATHWAY." Age and Ageing 50, Supplement_2 (June 2021): ii8—ii13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab116.08.

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Abstract Introduction The two week wait (2ww) colorectal referral pathway was introduced to expedite referrals where cancer is suspected, facilitating prompt diagnosis +/− intervention. Older frail patients are referred via this 2ww pathway even when invasive testing and intervention may not be appropriate. These patients may benefit more from holistic assessment than a universally surgical approach. A Colorectal and Geriatric Medicine (CGM) 2ww referral clinic was piloted, delivered by an urgent referral colorectal specialist nurse and an advanced clinical practitioner in geriatric medicine. Method Patients >65 years with a Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) score of 5 or more at referral were directed to the CGM clinic. A telephone consultation was undertaken, incorporating both 2ww assessment and aspects of comprehensive geriatric assessment. Results 42-patients were reviewed in the clinic. Mean age was 86.1 years and mean CFS 6. 12-patients underwent CT, and 2 CT virtual colonoscopy. No patients underwent endoscopic investigation and 28-patients declined any investigation. Of those who underwent investigation, no cancers were identified. 1 patient was referred on for endosocpic mucosal resection of polyps. 5-patients had severe diverticular disease, which accounted for their symptoms. Medication recommendations were made for 30-patients, some of which led to symptom cessation. Onward referrals were made to a community geriatrician, diabetes and continence teams, and palliative care specialists. 9-patients were identified as meeting criteria for advance care planning. This was commenced during the consultation and communicated back to the referring clinician for further action. Conclusion Older, frail patients are often not able, nor wish to undergo, invasive investigations but should not be disadvantaged or delayed in their pathway. Further work is needed to determine the most appropriate referral pathway for this group of patients. Holistic assessment that leads to improvement in symptoms and future planning may not be achievable through a solely surgical assessment.

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Bromley, Rachael, and Karen Cock. "Setting up a nurse-led bowel ‘two week wait’ service." British Journal of Nursing 28, no. 16 (September 12, 2019): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2019.28.16.1063.

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Patients who present to their GP with ‘red flag’ symptoms for possible bowel cancer (such as change in bowel habit or rectal bleeding) are urgently referred to an acute trust as a ‘2 week wait’ (2WW) patient and require assessment and investigation in an efficient and timely manner. The burden that is created by ever increasing numbers of referrals requires a service that is reliable and flexible in meeting demand. This article presents the development of a nurse-led 2WW service that was implemented as a direct result of this pressure. The development of the national guideline is discussed and the rationale for a nurse-led service is provided, along with the processes followed to ensure patient safety. The inclusion of a telephone side to service provision is also examined and the challenges faced by the team are discussed.

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Bennett, J., A. Greenwood, P. Durdey, and D. Glancy. "Prevalence of pelvic floor symptoms in female patients attending the two-week wait clinic with suspected colorectal cancer." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 98, no. 6 (July 2016): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2016.0147.

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Introduction The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of pelvic floor symptoms in women referred to a colorectal two-week wait (2WW) clinic with suspected colorectal cancer. Methods A questionnaire assessing faecal incontinence (FI) (Wexner score) and obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) (Renzi score) was offered to 98 consecutive female patients attending a colorectal 2WW clinic at a single trust. Results Overall, 56 (57%) of the 98 patients had significant ODS and/or FI (scores >9/20), 33 (34%) had ODS and 40 (41%) had FI. Seventeen patients (17%) had both ODS and FI. Analysis of the 63 patients referred with a change in bowel habit (CIBH) showed 40 (63%) to be Renzi and/or Wexner positive compared with 16 (46%) of the 35 patients who presented without CIBH (p=0.095, Fisher’s exact test). Further analysis showed that 31 (78%) of the 40 patients with FI presented with CIBH compared with 32 (55%) of the 58 without FI (p=0.032). In terms of ODS, 23 (70%) of the 33 patients with ODS presented with CIBH compared with 40 (62%) of the 65 without ODS (p=0.506). Conclusions Over half of the female patients attending our colorectal 2WW clinic had significant pelvic floor dysfunction (FI/ODS), which may account for their symptoms (especially in the CIBH referral category). While it is important for malignancy to be excluded, many patients may benefit from investigation and management of their pelvic floor dysfunction as the cause for their presenting symptoms.

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Price, Sarah, Anne Spencer, Antonieta Medina-Lara, and Willie Hamilton. "Availability and use of cancer decision-support tools: a cross-sectional survey of UK primary care." British Journal of General Practice 69, no. 684 (May 7, 2019): e437-e443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19x703745.

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BackgroundDecision-support tools quantify the risk of undiagnosed cancer in symptomatic patients, and may help GPs when making referrals.AimTo quantify the availability and use of cancer decision-support tools (QCancer® and risk assessment tools) and to explore the association between tool availability and 2-week-wait (2WW) referrals for suspected cancer.Design and settingA cross-sectional postal survey in UK primary care.MethodsOut of 975 UK randomly selected general practices, 4600 GPs and registrars were invited to participate. Outcome measures included the proportions of UK general practices where cancer decision-support tools are available and at least one GP uses the tool. Weighted least-squares linear regression with robust errors tested the association between tool availability and number of 2WW referrals, adjusting for practice size, sex, age, and Index of Multiple Deprivation.ResultsIn total, 476 GPs in 227 practices responded (response rates: practitioner, 10.3%; practice, 23.3%). At the practice level, 83/227 (36.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.3 to 43.1) practices had at least one GP or registrar with access to cancer decision-support tools. Tools were available and likely to be used in 38/227 (16.7%, 95% CI = 12.1 to 22.2) practices. In subgroup analyses of 172 English practices, there was no difference in mean 2WW referral rate between practices with tools and those without (mean adjusted difference in referrals per 100 000: 3.1, 95% CI = −5.5 to 11.7).ConclusionThis is the first survey of cancer decision-support tool availability and use. It suggests that the tools are an underused resource in the UK. Given the cost of cancer investigation, a randomised controlled trial of such clinical decision-support aids would be appropriate.

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Richards, Charlotte. "The 2WW System for Oral Cancer - How effective?" British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 57, no. 10 (December 2019): e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2019.10.033.

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von Wagner, Christian, Sandro Stoffel, Madeleine Freeman, Helga Laszlo, Brian D. Nicholson, Jessican Sheringham, Dorothy Szinay, and Yasemin Hirst. "Attitudes towards faecal immunochemical testing in patients at increased risk of colorectal cancer: an online survey of GPs in England." British Journal of General Practice 68, no. 676 (October 8, 2018): e757-e764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18x699413.

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BackgroundThere is increasing interest in using a quantitative faecal immunochemical test (FIT) to rule out colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with high-risk symptoms in primary care.AimThis study aimed to investigate GPs’ attitudes and willingness to use a FIT over an urgent 2-week wait (2WW) referral.Design and settingA cross-sectional online survey involving 1024 GPs working across England.MethodLogistic regression models were used to explore the likelihood of GPs using a FIT instead of a 2WW referral, and reported using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).ResultsJust over one-third of GPs (n = 365) preferred to use a FIT as a rule-out test over a 2WW referral. GPs were more willing if they were: aged 36–45 years (OR 1.59 [95% CI = 1.04 to 2.44]); 46–55 years (OR 1.99 [95% CI = 1.14 to 3.47]); thought a FIT was highly accurate (OR 1.63 [95% CI = 1.16 to 2.29]); thought patients would benefit compared with having a colonoscopy (OR 2.02 [95% CI = 1.46 to 2.79]); and were highly confident about discussing the benefits of a FIT (OR 2.14 [95% CI = 1.46 to 3.16]). GPs were less willing if they had had >10 urgent referrals in the past year (OR 0.62 [95% CI = 0.40 to 0.94]) and thought that longer consultations would be needed (OR 0.61 [95% CI = 0.44 to 0.83]).ConclusionThe study findings suggest that the acceptability of using a FIT as a rule-out test in primary care is currently low, with less than half of GPs who perceived the test to be accurate preferring it over colonoscopy. Any potential guideline changes recommending a FIT in patients with high-risk symptoms, instead of urgent referral to rule out CRC, are likely to require intensive supporting educational outreach to increase GP confidence in the accuracy and application of a FIT in this context.

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Rimmer, J., J. Watson, P. O'Flynn, and F. Vaz. "A Head and Neck 'Two-Week Wait' Clinic: Cancer Referrals or the Worried Well ?" Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363512x13311314196212.

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Head and neck cancer affects approximately 8–15 per 100,000 of the UK population, with marked regional variations. There is good evidence that early detection improves prognosis but unfortunately many of the initial symptoms are often non-specific. In 2000 the NHS Cancer Plan introduced the 'two-week wait'(2WW) rule to increase the speed with which patients with suspected cancer are seen by a specialist.

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Vinnamala, S., A. Gibson, L. Osborne, J. Akhtar, A. Malik, SMT Nasser, J. Mannath, and J. Eaden. "PWE-148 Tackling The 2WW Service- A Hard Nut Cracked." Gut 65, Suppl 1 (June 2016): A211.1—A211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312388.393.

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Patel, Kunjan, Susan Jane Hall, Kamath Shraddha, Richard Stanford, Simon Williams, and Jon Lund. "‘Blood in pee’ campaign: Increased demand on secondary care with no change in cancers diagnosed." Journal of Clinical Urology 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051415818801187.

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Objective: As part of the national Be Clear on Cancer campaign, the ‘blood in pee’ campaign was launched in 2013. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the campaign on 2-week wait (2WW) referrals and the resulting diagnoses of malignancy at a single trust, and secondly, to evaluate the socio-economic background of patients referred. Patients and methods: Suspected cancer 2WW patients in the 3 months pre- and post-campaign were included. Demographics, investigations and diagnoses were recorded. A Kolmogorov–Smirnov test demonstrated a normal distribution. The data were treated as parametric and analysed with the unpaired Student’s t-test. Results: Referrals for visible haematuria significantly increased by 52% from 135 pre-campaign to 205 post-campaign ( p = 0.03). There was a fall in the proportion of patients diagnosed with malignancy from 20.27% pre-campaign to 15.36% post-campaign. The mean index of multiple deprivation score of referrals did not change: p = 0.43. Conclusion: This campaign has increased referrals without increasing the proportion of malignancies diagnosed, placing large demand on services without benefit or extra funding. Nor has the campaign effectively reached deprived socio-economic groups. There is little evidence as to the efficacy of untargeted cancer awareness campaigns and further work is needed to improve their pick-up of malignancies. Level of evidence: 2C

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Bailey, J. A., N. Hanbali, K. Premji, J. Bunce, S. Mashlab, J. A. Simpson, D. J. Humes, and A. Banerjea. "Thrombocytosis helps to stratify risk of colorectal cancer in patients referred on a 2-week-wait pathway." International Journal of Colorectal Disease 35, no. 7 (May 1, 2020): 1347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-020-03597-9.

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Abstract Purpose Primary care studies suggest that thrombocytosis (platelet counts > 400 × 109/L) is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to establish whether this marker has significant stratification value in patients seen in secondary care. Methods A retrospective review of 2991 patients referred to our colorectal 2-week-wait (2WW) pathway between August 2014 and August 2017. Patient demographics were recorded prospectively, and local electronic records systems were used to retrieve full blood counts (FBC) and cancer diagnoses. Patients with no recent platelet count at the time of referral or incomplete records were excluded. Results 2236 patients were included in this evaluation. There was no significant difference in the age distribution of those with thrombocytosis and those without. There were significantly more females in the thrombocytosis group (72.1% vs 53.9%, chi-squared 24.63, p < 0.0001). 130 CRCs were detected (5.8%) and patients with thrombocytosis were more likely to have CRC (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.60–4.30). The CRC diagnosis rate was significantly higher in females with thrombocytosis (10.3% vs 2.9%, chi-squared 19.41, p < 0.0001) and males with thrombocytosis (16.1% vs 7.9%, chi-squared 4.62, p = 0.032). Conclusion Thrombocytosis appears to have stratification value in the 2WW population. Further evaluation of its value alone or in combination with other stratification tests is required.

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Barfoot, J., and A. Pawlowicz. "130 Retrospective audit of 2 Week Wait (2WW) clinic patient information leaflet." Lung Cancer 83 (January 2014): S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5002(14)70131-x.

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Evans, L., and R. Wharton. "PTU-276 What is the mortality rate following a colorectal 2ww clinic appointment." Gut 64, Suppl 1 (June 2015): A182.2—A182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309861.391.

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Hong, B., S. Adcock, and Z. Shaikh. "Evaluation of the 2WW head and neck cancer referral system: a prospective study." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 44 (October 2015): e225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.08.127.

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Currie, A., F. Pakzad, NS Tolley, and FF Palazzo. "Is the Two-Week Wait Path Way Appropriate for Thyroid Cancer Referrals?" Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363512x13189526437757.

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Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy but remains relatively uncommon, representing 0.5% of all newly diagnosed cancers in the UK. Differentiated thyroid cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type in the UK and, if treated in an appropriate and timely fashion, is associated with outcomes of over 90% 10-year survival. However, evidence suggests that the outcomes in thyroid and other cancers in the UK lag behind our European and American counterparts. To address these deficiencies the Department of Health set out the NHS Plan. Within this document, there was a commitment to see all new suspected cancer referrals within a new 'two-week wait' (2WW) pathway from primary care to specialist review.

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Saratzis, A., J. Winter-Beatty, C. El-Sayed, R. Pande, and C. Harmston. "Colorectal cancer screening characteristics of patients presenting with symptoms of colorectal cancer and effect on clinical outcomes." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 97, no. 5 (July 2015): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588415x14181254789565.

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Introduction National colorectal cancer screening, utilising a faecal occult blood test (FOBT), is now well established in the UK. The aim of this study was to define the screening characteristics of patients presenting to secondary care with symptoms of colorectal cancer and to assess the effect of screening outcome on subsequent symptomatic presentation. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of all patients of screening age presenting within one calendar year in a tertiary trust via a two-week wait (2WW) pathway owing to suspicion of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer related outcomes were compared between patients in the cohort who had previously accepted bowel cancer screening and patients who had previously declined bowel cancer screening. The primary endpoint was overall incidence of colorectal neoplasia. Secondary endpoints included incidence of colorectal malignancy, cancer related mortality, cancer related outcomes and polyp related outcomes. Results Overall, 2,227 patients presented via the 2WW pathway; 955 were aged 60–75 years. Among the latter, 411 (43%) had been screened previously and had a negative FOBT, and 544 (57%) had declined screening. Incidence of colorectal neoplasia did not differ between the two groups (113 [27%] vs 143 [26%], p=0.7). Of those with a negative FOBT and subsequent symptomatic presentation, 16 (3.9%) were diagnosed with a colorectal malignancy compared with 36 (6.6%) of those who declined screening and had subsequent symptomatic presentation (relative risk: 1.7, 95% confidence interval: 0.96–3.02, p=0.08). There were no differences between the two groups with regard to TNM (tumour, lymph nodes, metastasis) stage, Dukes’ stage, metastases, number of polyps or cancer related mortality (median follow-up duration: 20 months). Conclusions The incidence of colorectal neoplasia was similar among patients who previously had a negative FOBT and those who declined screening. There was a higher incidence of colorectal cancer detected among those who declined screening but it did not reach statistical significance. All other cancer and polyp outcomes were similar between the groups.

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Wilke, Carolina Franco, Guilherme Passos Ramos, André Maia Lima, Christian Emmanuel Torres Cabido, Cristiano Lino Monteiro de Barros, Thiago Teixeira Mendes, and Emerson Silami Garcia. "Maximal power output estimates the MLSS before and after aerobic training." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 20, no. 2 (June 2014): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742014000200014.

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The purpose of this study is to present an equation to predict the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) through a VO2peak incremental protocol. Twenty-six physically active men were divided in two groups (G1 and G2). They performed one maximal incremental test to determine their VO2peak and maximal power output (Wpeak), and also several constant intensity tests to determine MLSS intensity (MLSSw) on a cycle ergometer. Group G2 underwent six weeks of aerobic training at MLSSw. A regression equation was created using G1 subjects Wpeak and MLSSw to estimate the MLSS intensity (MLSSweq) before and after training for G2 (MLSSweq = 0.866 x Wpeak-41.734). The mean values were not different (150±27W vs 148±27W, before training / 171±26W vs 177±24W, after training) and significant correlations were found between the measured and the estimated MLSSw before (r²=0.49) and after training (r²=0.62) in G2. The proposed equation was effective to estimate the MLSS intensity before and after aerobic training.

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Hong, B., Z. Shaikh, S. Adcock, and S. N. Aldallal. "Two-week wait false alarms? A prospective investigation of 2WW head and neck cancer referrals." British Dental Journal 220, no. 10 (May 2016): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.376.

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Allam, Ahmed, and Hazem Nijim. "Persistent Unilateral Sore Throat: Should It Be Included in the 2-Week Wait Referral Criteria by NICE." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2019 (May 5, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4920514.

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Design and Setting. A retrospective study was conducted on all 2WW referrals made to our tertiary head and neck centre in a 12-month period. Methods. Sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of presenting complaints in H&N cancer diagnosis using Excel® and the statistical package SPSS®. Results. The sensitivity and specificity of 2005 NICE guidelines in detecting H&N cancers were 91.2% and 59%, respectively; their PPV was 9%. The sensitivity and specificity of 2015 NICE guidelines were 75.4% and 71%, respectively; their PPV was 10.3%. Eight out of 85 patients who presented with unilateral sore throat for more than 4 weeks, with or without otalgia and normal otoscopy, had H&N cancer (PPV 9.5%). Conclusions. Although the 2015 NICE guidelines have a high rate in detecting H&N cancers, consideration of reincluding unilateral sore throat in the referral criteria might be necessary.

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Ng, VTY, A. Walsham, A. Sharman, and SCO Taggart. "P174 CATCH - a year in profile and further reductions in 2WW referrals: Abstract P174 Table 1." Thorax 70, Suppl 3 (November 12, 2015): A164.1—A164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.311.

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Tokode, Olukayode, Sarah Rastall, and Mandy Wilson. "P097. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the 2WW breast referrals to a district general hospital." European Journal of Surgical Oncology 47, no. 5 (May 2021): e321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2021.03.101.

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Lillo-Bevia, Jose Ramon, Ricardo Moran-Navarro, Alejandro Martinez-Cava, Victor Cerezuela, and Jesus G. Pallares. "A 1-day maximal lactate steady-state assessment protocol for trained cyclists." Journal of Science and Cycling 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/180630.jsc.03.

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The main aim of this study is to assess the validity of a new cycling protocol to estimate the Maximal Lactate Steady-State workload (MLSS) through a one-day incremental protocol (1day_MLSS). Eleven well-trained male cyclists performed 3 to 4 trials of 30-min constant load test (48-72h in between) to determine their respective MLSS workload. Then, on separate days, each cyclist carried out two identical graded exercise tests, comprised of four 10-minute long stages, with the initial load at 63% of their respective maximal aerobic power, 0.2 W·Kg-1 increments, and blood lactate concentration (BLC) determinations each 5 min. The results of the 1day_MLSS tests were analysed through three different constructs: i) BLC difference between 5th and 10th min of each stage (DIF_5to10), ii) BLC difference between the 10th min of two consecutive stages (DIF_10to10), and iii) difference in the mean BLC between the 5th and 10th min of two consecutive stages (DIF_mean). For all constructs, the physiological steady state was determined as the highest workload that could be maintained with a BLC rise lower than 1mmol·L-1. No significant differences were detected between the MLSS workload (247 ± 22W) and any of the 1day_MLSS data analysis (250 ± 24W, 245 ± 23W and 243 ± 21W, respectively; p>0.05). When compared to the MLSS workload, strong ICCs and low bias values were found for these three constructs, especially for the DIF_10to10 workload (r=0.960; Bias=2.2 W). High within-subject reliability data were found for the DIF10_10 construct (ICC=0.846; CV=0.4%; Bias=2.2 ± 6.4W). The 1day_MLSS test and DIF_10to10 data analysis is a valid assessment to predict the MLSS workload in cycling, that considerably reduces the dedicated time, effort and human resources that requires the original test. The validity and reliability values reported in this project are higher than those achieved by other previous MLSS estimation tests.

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Lee, Mr Jing Xian, Mr Anil Varma, and Prof Philip Kane. "Is it time to radically change the two week wait (2WW) referral pathway for suspected brain and CNS cancer?" Neuro-Oncology 20, suppl_5 (October 2018): v359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noy130.069.

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Sundaramoorthy, Souganthy, and Chandeena Roshanlall. "Prospective audit of breast cancer detection rates from 2WW referrals to a district general hospital during Covid-19 pandemic." European Journal of Surgical Oncology 47, no. 1 (January 2021): e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2020.11.048.

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Mergo, M., E. G. Rhoden, and M. Burns. "EFFECT OF RELATIVE PLANTING DATE ON INTERCROPPING." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 692C—692. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.692c.

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Intercropping is a management system that maximizes production per unit area of land. Intercropping has to be carried out with crops that are compatible in order to ensure increased productivity. An intercropping study was conducted to determine a suitable planting pattern for corn (Zea mays), an overstory crop, and sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas), an under-story crop. Five relative planting dates were established for each component crop (3 week; before, 3WB; 2 weeks before, 2WB; simultaneous, SIM; 2 weeks after, 2WA; and 3 weeks after, 3WA planting the other crop). Monocrop of each component was also planted. The marketable yields of sweetpotato were reduced by 48, 57, 75, 76 and 74% when sweetpotato was intercropped with corn and planted 3WB, 2WB, SIM, 2WA and 3WA corn, respectively. Corn grain yields were reduced 28, 28, 26, 57, and 66% when intercropped with sweetpotato beginning 3WB, 2WB, SIM, 2WA and 3WA sweetpotato, respectively. Although yields of individual component crop were reduced in intercrop, there was no significant difference in land utilization. Land equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio, and competition ratio were not significantly affected by planting date. Intercropping corn and sweetpotato was compatible when both crops were simultaneously planted.

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Corsini, Anna, Patrizia Zaccheo, Gerard Muyzer, Vincenza Andreoni, and Lucia Cavalca. "Arsenic transforming abilities of groundwater bacteria and the combined use of Aliihoeflea sp. strain 2WW and goethite in metalloid removal." Journal of Hazardous Materials 269 (March 2014): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.037.

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31

Edwards, Bethan, and Kieron McVeigh. "Assessing the adherence to NICE guidance for urgent suspected cancer referrals following implementation of a new 2WW MDT (OMFS/Dermatology) clinic." British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 57, no. 10 (December 2019): e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2019.10.015.

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Sundaramoorthy, Souganthy, and Chandeena Roshanlall. "P079. Prospective audit of breast cancer detection rates from 2WW referrals to a district general hospital during initial COVID-19 lockdown." European Journal of Surgical Oncology 47, no. 5 (May 2021): e316-e317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2021.03.083.

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Patel, Shaili, Sadia Tasleem, Zbigniew Kryjak, and David Westbroek. "P038: Symptomatic breast two week wait standard: a decade on, still fit for purpose? Audit of an NHS trust's 2WW performance metrics." European Journal of Surgical Oncology 46, no. 6 (June 2020): e20-e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2020.03.077.

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NAKAGAWA, Chihiro, Yoshihiro SUDA, Kimihiko NAKANO, and Shoichiro TAKEHARA. "1109 Basic study on 2WS/2WD bicycle." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2007.16 (2007): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2007.16.151.

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Wireko, M. B., V. Subramanian, and K. Ragunath. "The two week WAIT (2WW) referral for upper gastrointestinal cancer: predictors and prevalence of non-upper gastrointestinal cancers in those with negative gastroscopy." Gut 60, Suppl 1 (March 13, 2011): A47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2011.239301.93.

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Hunt, W. T. N., L. Ali, H. Marder, J. E. Sansom, and D. A. R. Berker. "A service evaluation between 2‐week wait (2WW) skin cancer referrals via teledermatology and the standard face‐to‐face pathway at a teaching hospital." Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 45, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ced.14137.

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Cottam, Samantha, Oliver Mitchell, and Sanjay Sharma. "Looking at the Quality & Appropriateness of Referrals Sent On The 2WW Pathway To The Maxillofacial Department At University Hospital Southampton September 2017-August 2018." European Journal of Surgical Oncology 45, no. 11 (November 2019): 2207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.09.053.

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Corsini, Anna, Milena Colombo, Gerard Muyzer, and Lucia Cavalca. "Characterization of the arsenite oxidizer Aliihoeflea sp. strain 2WW and its potential application in the removal of arsenic from groundwater in combination with Pf-ferritin." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 108, no. 3 (July 7, 2015): 673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-015-0523-2.

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NAKAGAWA, Chihiro, Kimihiko NAKANO, and Yoshihiro SUDA. "3905 Motion and Control of the 2WS/2WD Bicycle." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2008.7 (2008): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2008.7.0_263.

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Reddy, R., M. Jackson, J. Myerson, A. Elkins, and M. Saey Al Rifai. "32 An evaluation of presenting symptoms in patients referred via the two week wait (2WW) pathway to the chest clinic in a UK district general hospital." Lung Cancer 91 (January 2016): S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5002(16)30049-6.

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41

Akkurt, Ridvan, Dave Marschall, R. Y. Eyvazzadeh, J. S. Gardner, Duncan Mardon, and K. J. Dunn. "Determination of Residual Oil Saturation by Use of Enhanced Diffusion." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 03 (June 1, 1999): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56990-pa.

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Summary The enhanced diffusion method (EDM) exploits the diffusion contrast between oil and water separating their respective nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals. Unlike standard NMR logs acquired with short interecho time (TE), measurements, EDM data are acquired using long T E accentuating diffusion. Fundamentally the EDM establishes an absolute upper bound for the T2 of water, thus any T2's greater than this limit unambiguously indicates that oil is present. The EDM's best application is with intermediate viscosity oils (approximately 1 to 50 cp) complementing other NMR hydrocarbon-typing applications designed for lighter hydrocarbons (i.e., the differential spectrum method). While expanding the viscosity range of NMR hydrocarbon-typing applications, the EDM also provides a method by which to determine residual oil saturation (ROS), which is the main focus of this article. The potential use of NMR as a direct indicator of hydrocarbon saturation via techniques such as the differential spectrum method (DSM) has generated significant interest in the petrophysical community in recent years. Although originally developed for applications involving natural gas, the DSM has also been used successfully in light hydrocarbon environments. However, success has been limited to the low end of the viscosity spectrum because of the T1 separation requirements between the brine and hydrocarbon phases. The T1 separation requirement imposed on diffusion applications in higher viscosity oils can be eliminated by using the EDM, where diffusion is turned into the dominant relaxation mode for the wetting brine phase. Given that brine is more diffusive than the hydrocarbons, the longest apparent T2 from the brine phase can be made short enough to cause separation between the two phases in T2 space, thereby eliminating the need for T1 separation. Wait time manipulation can then be used to quantify hydrocarbon volumes when the two phases are separated in the T2 domain. In this article we focus on determination of the residual oil saturation using the EDM, while also providing guidelines for job screening and acquisition parameter selection. Several case histories that are provided are used to illustrate the basic concepts and different methodologies available. Introduction The enhanced diffusion method is a new method developed to distinguish oil and water NMR signals in a gradient magnetic field by exploiting the diffusion contrast between the two fluids. The method is applicable for moderate oil viscosities, approximately in the ~1 to ~50 cp range. The major objective of this article is to discuss EDM signal processing techniques for residual oil saturation, and the reader is referred to existing literature1 for a detailed discussion regarding the petrophysical concepts and related laboratory measurements of the EDM. A secondary objective is to provide guidelines that can be used to screen potential EDM applications and to determine optimal acquisition parameters. Within the context used in this article, residual oil saturation is defined as the oil saturation in the flushed zone after drilling fluid invasion, and the terms residual and flushed zone oil saturation are used interchangeably. Theory The basic concept of the EDM is to turn diffusion into an effective transverse relaxation mechanism while minimizing the dominance of surface relaxation by acquiring NMR logs at long interecho times. Three different mechanisms, which operate in parallel, contribute to the overall apparent relaxation rate of water in porous media: $$1/T {2AW}=1/T {2BW}+1/T {2SW}+1/T {2DW},\eqno ({\rm 1})$$ where the subscript W stands for water, and A, B, S, D denote apparent, bulk, surface-induced, and diffusion-induced mechanisms, respectively. The surface and diffusion induced relaxation rates are given by $$1/T {2SW}=\rho {2}S/V,\eqno ({\rm 2})$$$$1/T {2DW}=((\gamma GT {E})^{2}D {0W})/12,\eqno ({\rm 3})$$ where ?2 is surface relaxivity, S/V is the surface-to-volume ratio, ? is the gyromagnetic ratio, G is the magnetic field gradient, TE is the interecho time, and D0W is the self-diffusion coefficient of water. In standard logging modes using short TE surface relaxation dominates since (1) T2BW is very long, especially at elevated temperatures, and (2) T2BW is also very long because of the short TE values used, despite large magnetic field gradients of the logging tools.

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42

Corsini, Anna, Lucia Cavalca, Gerard Muyzer, and Patrizia Zaccheo. "Effectiveness of various sorbents and biological oxidation in the removal of arsenic species from groundwater." Environmental Chemistry 11, no. 5 (2014): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13210.

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Environmental context Arsenic contamination of aquifers is a worldwide public health concern and several technologies have been developed to reduce the arsenic content of groundwater. We investigated the efficiency of various materials for arsenic removal from groundwater and found that iron-based sorbents have great affinity for arsenic even if groundwater composition can depress their ability to bind arsenic. Moreover, we showed that the use of microorganisms can enhance the removal of arsenic from groundwater. Abstract The AsIII and AsV adsorption capacity of biochar, chabazite, ferritin-based material, goethite and nano zero-valent iron was evaluated in artificial systems at autoequilibrium pH (i.e. MilliQ water without adjusting the pH) and at approximately neutral pH (i.e. TRIS-HCl, pH 7.2). At autoequilibrium pH, iron-based sorbents removed 200μgL–1 As highly efficiently whereas biochar and chabazite were ineffective. At approximately neutral pH, sorbents were capable of removing between 17 and 100% of AsIII and between 3 and 100% of AsV in the following order: biochar<chabazite<ferritin-based material<goethite<nano zero-valent iron. Chabazite, ferritin-based material and nano zero-valent iron oxidised AsIII to AsV and ferritin-based material was able to reduce AsV to AsIII. When tested in naturally As-contaminated groundwater, a marked decrease in the removal effectiveness occurred, due to possible competition with phosphate and manganese. A biological oxidation step was then introduced in a one-phase process (AsIII bio-oxidation in conjunction with AsV adsorption) and in a two-phase process (AsIII bio-oxidation followed by AsV adsorption). Arsenite oxidation was performed by resting cells of Aliihoeflea sp. strain 2WW, and arsenic adsorption by goethite. The one-phase process decreased As in groundwater to 85%, whereas the two-phase process removed up to 95% As, leaving in solution 6μgL–1 As, thus meeting the World Health Organization limit (10μgL–1). These results can be used in the scaling up of a two-phase treatment, with bacterial oxidation of As combined to goethite adsorption.

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43

El-Sharkawi, H., M. Irshad, A. M. El-Serfy, and T. Honna. "Effect of water quality on grain yield and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 52, no. 2 (August 1, 2004): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.52.2004.2.4.

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The use of poor quality water for agriculture is now receiving major attention especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different irrigation water qualities on the grain yield and nutrient uptake of rice and on the heavy metal concentration in the grains. Six water treatments were applied at intervals of three days, involving either fresh water (FW), drainage water (DW), mixed water (MW), fresh water followed by drainage water (1FW + 1DW), two applications of fresh water followed by one of drainage water (2FW + 1DW) or one application of fresh water followed by two of drainage water (1FW + 2DW). The rice grain yield and the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were determined. The grains were also analysed for the concentration of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The results showed that the grain yield, the uptake of N, P and K in the plant biomass and the concentration of heavy metals in the grains were significantly affected by the water quality. The rice grain yield exhibited a close correlation with the water quality. The highest grain yield was obtained in the FW treatment and the lowest yield in the DW treatment. The uptake of N, P and K was detrimentally affected by poor quality water. However, the uptake trend for these elements was similar across all the irrigation treatments. The concentrations of heavy metal in the grains were significantly higher in plots irrigated with poor quality water. Among the treatments the cumulative concentrations of heavy metal were in the order of: DW ≯1FW + 2DW ≯ MW ≯ 1FW + 1DW ≯ 2FW + 1DW ≯ FW. This study showed that there is a potential risk of heavy metal contamination in rice crops treated with poor quality water. The lower grain yield after irrigation with poor quality water could be due to the disturbed mineral nutrition or to relatively higher salt toxicity.

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44

Barros, Cristiano Lino Monteiro de, Thiago Teixeira Mendes, Diogo Antônio Soares Pacheco, and Emerson Silami Garcia. "Efeitos do calor no OBLA: comparação entre ambiente quente e temperado." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 19, no. 2 (June 2013): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742013000200021.

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O OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation) é um método utilizado para estimar o limiar de lactato (LL). Entretanto, ainda não está claro o efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre o OBLA. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o OBLA em ambiente quente (40ºC) e temperado (22ºC). Nove homens (idade: 23,9±2,4 anos; massa corporal: 75,9±7,3 kg e VO2máx: 47,8±4,9 mL•kg-1•min-1) realizaram teste progressivo em cicloergômetro para determinação da potência máxima (Wmáx) e do OBLA nos dois ambientes. A Wmáx (195±25W vs 225±28W) e a potência no OBLA (153±30W vs 165±32W) foram menores no ambiente quente do que no temperado. A frequência cardíaca no OBLA-40 foi maior do que no OBLA-22 (171±8 vs 153±10 bpm, respectivamente). Não foi observada diferença no consumo de oxigênio no OBLA-22 e OBLA-40 (31,65±5,21 vs 31,12±6,82 mL•kg-1•min-1). Estes resultados indicam que as condições ambientais influenciam a determinação do OBLA.

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Coningsby, Thomas. "THE GOVERNANCE OF THE CHURCH IN WALES by Philip Jones, Greenfach, 2000, xxx + 441 pp (paperback £20) ISBN 0-9539020-0-5, obtainable from Greenfach, P.O. Box 5052, Cardiff CF5 2WW or SPCK, Windsor Place, Cardiff CF10 3BZ." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 6, no. 29 (July 2001): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00000636.

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46

Li, Feng, Ping Fan, Jing Ting Luo, Zhuang Hao Zheng, Guang Xing Liang, and Ying Zhong. "Thermoelectric Properties of β-Zn₄Sb₃ Thin Films Deposited on Polyimide Flexible Substrate." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.166.

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Due to the high-performance in the medium temperature application, β-Zn4Sb3 thermoelectric material has been received much attention. It is found that low dimensional thin film can improve the thermoelectric properties of materials by quantum local area effect and interface effect in recent years. In this paper, the β-Zn4Sb3 thin film was prepared on polyimide flexible substrate by DC magnetron co-sputtering method. The results showed that the thin film exhibited predominately ZnSb phases when the thin film was prepared by DC magnetron sputtering using Zn4Sb3 alloy target. It is suggested that the element Zn has high saturated vapor pressure and the thin film is lack of Zn due to the evaporation during the heat treatment process. We further adopted co-deposition Zn and Zn4Sb3 by DC magnetron co-sputtering to supplement the content of Zn. The sputtering power of Zn4Sb3 is fixed and Zn is set to 21W, 27W and 34W, respectively. The results indicated that the thin films transformed from ZnSb phase into β-Zn4Sb3 phase after Zn added. EDS analysis demonstrated that the atomic ratio of Zn:Sb was approach 4:3, and a slightly surplus of Zn. The thermoelectric properties of thin films with β-Zn4Sb3 phase were improved obviously.

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47

Bian, Jian Jiang, Hong Bo Gao, and Xiao Wu Wang. "Microwave Dielectric Properties of A-Site Modified Pb(Mg_1/2W_1/2)O₃." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1.

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The sintering behavior, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of A-site modified Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 with Ca2+, Ba2+and La3+ were investigated in this paper. It is discovered that a series of single-phase perovskite type solid solutions with A-site vacancies were formed for Pb1-3/2xLax(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 (0 £ x £ 2/3)). The solid solution took cubic perovskite type structure (Fm3m)with random distribution of A-site vacancies when 0 < x < 0.5, and tetragonal or orthorhombic structure with the ordering of A-site vacancies when 0.5 £ x £ 2/3. However, the solid solubility of Ba(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 and Ca(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 in Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 is limited to 15 and 5 mol%, respectively, in spite of no structural difference between the end member. It was also found that the A-site substitution with Ca2+, Ba2+and La3+ for Pb2+ has no influences on the degree of B-site ordering between Mg2+ and W6+. However, the antiferroelectric Tc decreases with increase in the content of A-site substitution. The dielectric constants and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency of La3+ modified Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 are much lower than that of. Ca2+and Ba2+ modified Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3, and decrease with increasing La content. However, its Q×f values is much higher than that of Ca2+and Ba2+ modified Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3, and increase with increase in La content. Relatively good combination microwave dielectric properties were obtained for Pb1-3/2xLax(Mg1/2W1/2)O3 with x=0.56: er=28.7, Q×f=18098, and tf=-5.8ppm/oC.

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48

Shinoda, Hiroyuki, Yasutoshi Makino, Naoshi Yamahira, and Hiroto Itai. "Two-Dimensional Wireless Power Supply to Ubiquitous Robots Using Microwaves." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 22, no. 6 (December 20, 2010): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2010.p0777.

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This paper proposes a wireless power supply method to ubiquitous small robots using microwaves propagated in a two-dimensional waveguide (2DW). A robot working anywhere on a 2DW sheet receives the power from the sheet. The communication signal is also transmitted through the identical sheet. The structure of 2DW sheet is simple and realized with various materials at low cost. Since the microwave power is confined inside the 2DW sheet, it enables safe power transmission and communication without strong interference with the space outside the sheet.

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Ramos, Maria Lucrecia Gerosa, Richard Parsons, and Janet Irene Sprent. "Differences in ureide and amino acid content of water stressed soybean inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 40, no. 5 (May 2005): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2005000500005.

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The objective of this work was to study the response to water stress of a drought sensitive soybean cultivar inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strain CB1809, Semia 586) and B. elkanii (strain 29W, Semia 5019). CB1809 nodulated plants produced a significantly higher root fraction (19%) than 29W (14.6%). Plants inoculated with CB1809 produced less nodules and accumulated more nitrogen than those inoculated with 29W. In general, low amounts of ureides in nodules were found in watered plants inoculated with either CB1809 or 29W strains, but those levels were five-fold increased in stressed plants inoculated with CB1809. Nodules formed by strain CB1809 had aspartate and glutamate as major amino acids, while those formed by 29W had glutamate, asparagine and alanine. In nodules of plants inoculated with CB1809 aspartate showed the highest accumulation (5 µmol g-1); in stressed plants this amino acid reached a value of 26 µmol g-1, and asparagine was not detected. Nodules formed by the strain 29W accumulated 1 µmol g-1 of aspartate, whether plants were stressed or not. Asparagine was the major amino acid found in nodules from watered plants (6 µmol g-1) and the amount of this amino acid was six-fold increased when plants were water stressed.

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50

Sasaki, Gen, Yong Bum Choi, Kenjiro Sugio, and Kazuhiro Matsugi. "Development of Tool Steel Matrix Composites with High Thermal Conductivity." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1956.

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The improvement of thermal conductivity of tool steel is extremely important for order to achieve life prolongation of metal die used in die-casting. In order to improve the thermal conductivity without the degradation of mechanical properties, VGCF (vapor grown carbon fiber) and TiB2 particles added in tool steel (SKD61) and to obtain the composites. Composites was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Before sintering, SKD61 powders with 70μm in diameter and 1.9-3.8 vol. % VGCF with 0.15-0.2μm in diameter and 10-20μm in length or 4-8 vol. % TiB2 particles with 2.62μm in average diameter was mixed by V shape type ball milling or planetary ball milling. Composites were sintered at 1273K with 50 MPa. The relative density of all composites is higher than 97%. The thermal conductivity improved from 20W/mK to 36W/mK by adding 8 vol. % TiB2 particles, and to 25W/mK by adding 1.9 vol. % VGCF. On the other hand, the tensile strength of 1.9 vol. % VGCF/ SKD61 composites prepared under the condition of V shape type ball milling has 2200MPa. Composites with addition of 4vol. % TiB2 particles with V shape type ball milling and 1.9 vol. % VGCF with planetary ball milling is almost equal to the monolithic alloy. Good mechanical properties of the composites are caused by the grain refinement or interfacial strengthening by adding dispersants. But as increasing the contents of dispersants, the aggregation of the dispersants degrade the mechanical properties.

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