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Journal articles on the topic '3-point bending test'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sadek, Mohamed, Jens Bergström, Nils Hallbäck, and Christer Burman. "20 kHz 3-point bending fatigue of automotive steels." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 22020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816522020.

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The 20 kHz load frequency enables fatigue tests for very high cycle fatigue life, 109-1013 cycles, within conveniently short time. In automotive applications, many components are subjected to flexural loading and hence bending fatigue is an important test mode. Ultrasound fatigue test instruments have been used successfully in several assessments of fatigue strength and more commonly in uniaxial loading. Here, a 3-point bending fatigue test rig operating in resonance at 20 kHz load frequency has been designed to test plane specimens at R=0.1 loading. The test rig design and stress calculations are presented. Testing for fatigue strength was conducted using the staircase method with 15 specimens of each steel grade, specimens reaching 108 cycles were considered run-outs giving fatigue strength at 108 cycles. Additional 15 specimens of each grade were tested for S-N curves with the upper limit above 109 cycles. Two different common automotive steels, 38MnSiV5, a micro-alloyed ferritic-pearlitic steel, and 16MnCr5, a carburizing martensitic steel, were tested. The fatigue strengths achieved from the staircase testing are 340 and 419 MPa stress amplitudes for the 38MnSiV5 and 16MnCr5 steels, respectively. The S-N curves of the steels appear to be quite flat in the tested life range 107 – 109.

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2

Wagner, L., P. Larour, D. Dolzer, F. Leomann, and C. Suppan. "Experimental issues in the instrumented 3 point bending VDA238-100 test." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 967 (November 19, 2020): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/967/1/012079.

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3

LU, Kai, and Toshiyuki MESHII. "GS08 Elastic T-stress solutions for 3 point bending test specimen." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2013 (2013): _GS08–1_—_GS08–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2013._gs08-1_.

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4

Stauder, Bernhard J., Hubert Kerber, and Peter Schumacher. "Foundry sand core property assessment by 3-point bending test evaluation." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 237 (November 2016): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.06.010.

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5

Topič, Jaroslav, Jan Bartoš, Lubomír Kopecký, Karel Šeps, Zdeněk Prošek, and Jan Trejbal. "Cement Composite Reinforced with Synthetic Fibers: Comparison of Three-Point and Four-Point Bending Test Results." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.332.

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Presented article deals with the influence of PET fiber production on the bending strength of cement-based composite when incorporated into the fresh mortar, and comparison of results of 3-point and 4-point bending test. Cement paste samples were reinforced with 2 wt. % of primary or recycled PET fibers. The bending test was performed on prismatic samples with dimension of 40 × 40 × 160 mm. It was found that samples with recycled PET fibers, compared to primary ones, exhibit a decrease in bending strength. In the case of 4-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers exhibited higher bending strength than reference samples without any fibers. However, in the case of 3-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers had lower bending strength than the reference ones. The results suggest that recycled PET fibers could be used as an alternative to reinforce cement-based composites.

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6

Maati, Ahmed, Laurent Tabourot, Pascale Balland, and Salim Belaid. "Influence of the material microstructural properties on a 3-point bending test." Mechanics & Industry 21, no. 5 (2020): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2020060.

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The purpose of this study is to highlight the role played by some important factors on sprinback phenomenon. This latter affects significantly the geometry of the manufactured product. Large automotive or plane body parts are specifically affected by this phenomenon which complicates the tools design. The study focuses here on specific materials with high trend to develop heterogeneous strains during forming processes. Due to its hexagonal crystalline structure, titanium has initial heterogeneous microstructure that grows stronger when plastic strain occurs. Heterogeneous microstructures induce the coexistence in the material of volumes with different mechanical properties even, in some case, with different mechanical behaviours. Therefore, accommodation between these volumes generates distributed internal stresses and important elastic energy storage. The macroscopic behaviour can be provided either by average phenomenological constitutive equation identical for all locations in the material or by integrating a set of local constitutive relations taking into account the variability of the behaviour as a function of the position in the material. In this context, experimental and numerical studies of a 3-point bending test on titanium alloy are considered.

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7

Yoshida, Tsutomu, Mitsuo Hoshino, and Shinichi Matsui. "Measurement of Elastic Constant for Composite Materials by 3-point Bending Test." Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Meeting of JSME/MMD 2002 (2002): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmezairiki.2002.0_317.

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8

HARA, Eiichi, Tomohiro YOKOZEKI, Hiroshi HATTA, Yutaka IWAHORI, and Takashi ISHIKAWA. "Out-of-Plane Tensile Modulus of CFRP Laminates by 3-Point Bending Test." Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials 39, no. 5 (2013): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.6089/jscm.39.184.

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9

RAMFUL, Raviduth, and Atsushi SAKUMA. "Fracture-Behavior Classification of Madake Bamboo in Kyoto by 3-Point Bending Test." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2019.72 (2019): F15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2019.72.f15.

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10

Berezovski, A., and M. Berezovski. "Numerical simulation of acoustic emission during crack growth in 3-point bending test." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 24, no. 11 (February 7, 2017): e1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.1996.

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11

ODA, Juhachi, Yoshifumi TANIGUCHI, and Masayuki HANZAWA. "An influence of overhang on fracture toughness in impact 3-point bending test." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 57, no. 536 (1991): 804–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.57.804.

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12

Hara, Eiichi, Tomohiro Yokozeki, Hiroshi Hatta, Yutaka Iwahori, and Takashi Ishikawa. "Out-of-plane tensile modulus of CFRP laminates by 3-point bending test." Advanced Composite Materials 24, no. 3 (October 30, 2014): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2014.960145.

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13

Kunecký, Jiří, Václav Sebera, Jan Tippner, Hana Hasníková, Michal Kloiber, Anna Arciszewska-Kędzior, and Jaromír Milch. "Mechanical Performance and Contact Zone of Timber Joint With Oblique Faces." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 4 (2015): 1153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041153.

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The goal of the work was to evaluate mechanical performance of full-scale timber beams containing scarf joint with a dowel. Work focused on standard testing using modular system to obtain effective stiffness and strength of the beams with and without the joint. The work further researched a contact zone between two timber parts of the joint – at the scarf face. This was carried out using non-destructive optical technique – digital image correlation (DIC) and newly developed algorithm. The joint was made of Norway spruce, dims. 6×0.2×0.24 m and was loaded by two modes: a) 3-point bending and b) 4-point bending. During the loading, a sequence of images was acquired for further investigation of contact zone using the proposed algorithm. The joint with scarf and dowel provided enough effective stiffness, ie. 73–93% for 3-point bending test and 71% for 4-point bending with respect to MOE measured on reference solid beams. Effective strength of the joint was also relatively high and in a range of 55% and 60% with respect to reference solid beams in both 3-point and 4-point bending tests. Contact length differed for loading modes. Mean contact length in symmetrical 4-point bending was about 40%, for asymmetrical 3-point bending test, it was approx. 20% on face closer to support and 44% on a face closer to loads.

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14

Mohamad, Fotouhi, Heidary Hossein, Pashmforoush Farzad, and Mehdi Ahmadi Najaf Abadi. "Composite Materials Damage Characterization under Quasi-Static 3-Point Bending Test Using Fuzzy C-Means Clustering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 1221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.1221.

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In this study, acoustic emission (AE) monitoring with a Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering is developed to detect the delamination process during quasi-static 3-point bending test on glass/epoxy composite materials. The main fracture mode that should be emphasized and has an effect on the residual strength of composite materials is delamination. The 3-point bending test simulates thrust force due to drilling process without backup plate. In this work, two types of specimen at different layups, woven [0,90] s and unidirectional [0] s, leading to different levels of damage evolution, were studied. Using acoustic emission monitoring can help to detect these fracture mechanisms. The obtained AE signals were classified using FCM. Dependency percentage of damages in each class is different in two specimens. Three parameters (Peak Amplitude, Count, and Average Frequency) were used to validate the FCM based classification. The results show that there is a good agreement with the FCM classification and microscopic observation by SEM.

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15

Choubey, R. K., and S. Kumar. "Simplified equations for determining double-K fracture parameters of concrete for 3-point bending test." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 41, no. 7 (March 7, 2018): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ffe.12800.

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16

Fotouhi, Mohamad, Parinaz Belalpour Dastjerdi, and Mehdi Ahmadi. "Acoustic Emission Based Method to Characterize Glass/Epoxy Composite Damages During 3-point Bending Test." International Journal of Material Sciences 4, no. 1 (2014): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14355/ijmsci.2014.0401.04.

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17

Liao, Lin, Sergio Cavalaro, Albert de la Fuente, and Antonio Aguado. "Complementary Use of Inductive Test and Bending Test for the Characterization of SFRC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2213.

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Many researches have been conducted in past decades for promoting the application of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC), either conventional or self-compacting. However, the differences of post-crack behaviour and the properties of these two types of concrete remains unclear. The objective of this paper is to analyse such differences in terms of flexural behaviour, fibre orientation and contribution as well as the fibre content. For that, an extensive experimental campaign was carried out. In total 3 mixes of self-compacting and 3 mixes with traditional concrete were produced with the nominal fibre contents of 30kg/m3, 45kg/m3 and 60kg/m3. In each series, specimens were produces and characterized by three point bending test (code EN 14651) and inductive test. The results illustrate how fibre orientation and distribution justify the differences in the mechanical behaviour of the materials and the scatter of the bending test results.

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18

Rugsaj, Ravivat, and Chakrit Suvanjumrat. "Determination of Material Property for Non-Pneumatic Tire Spokes by Inverse Method." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.411.

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The radial spokes of non-pneumatic tire have been developed to absorb impacts. In order to obtain its property for the further developments, it had to cut into the curve beam specimens. The 3-point bending was selected to test referring to ASTM D790. Subsequently, the finite element method was employed to simulate the 3-point bending test of specimens. The inverse method was used to determine the modulus of elasticity for specimen material. The gradient based on optimization scheme was used to optimize the modulus of elasticity by the input and output condition which was the vertical deflection and force, respectively. The optimized process was terminated at the desirable force tolerance of 0.00071 N. The elastic modulus of spoke was implemented in the finite element model of the 3-point bending test. There was found that the simulation result of vertical displacement obtained an average error of 4.87% by comparing with physical experiment.

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19

Berge, Franz, Heiko Winderlich, Christina Krbetschek, Madlen Ullmann, and Rudolf Kawalla. "The Effect of Sheet Thickness, Loading Rate and Punch Diameter on the Deformation Behaviour of AZ31 during 3-Point Bending." Materials Science Forum 854 (May 2016): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.854.65.

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In this study, the influence of sheet thickness, loading rate, and punch diameter on the bending behaviour of twin-roll cast, rolled and heat-treated AZ31 magnesium alloy was investigated. Therefore, the 3-point bending test was performed at room temperature using an electromechanical testing machine (v = 0.1−10 mm/s) with different punch diameters (D = 2 mm, 8 mm, 16 mm). The initial material has a recrystallized microstructure with grain sizes of 6−9 µm. It is shown by the mechanical investigations that the bending force increases with the sheet thickness. In contrast to this, the bending angle is independent of the sheet thickness. In addition, the punch diameter and the loading rate do not influence the maximum force and the bending angle significantly.

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20

Piovár, Stanislav, and Eva Kormaníková. "Sandwich Beam in Four-Point Bending Test: Experiment and Numerical Models." Advanced Materials Research 969 (June 2014): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.969.316.

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The numerical modeling of lightweight sandwich beam in four-point bending, using combination of finite elements by help of two modeling approaches 2-D and 3-D models is presented. The mechanical results of hot-dipped zinc steel face layers and polyurethane foam core, obtained from comprehensive material testing program, were used as input data in order to implement the finite element analysis by the commercial ANSYS code. The material nonlinearities, most pronounced in the core, as well as geometric nonlinearities are included in the models. As was shown an advantage of plane stress condition can be applied in numerical models in one-way bending.

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21

Sohn, Il Seon, Dong Ho Bae, Won Seok Jung, and S. J. Park. "Fatigue Design of Leaf Spring Based on Proving Ground." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.1295.

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The suspension system of vehicle is directly influenced to ride and handling. Therefore, suspension part should have enough endurance during its lifetime to protect passenger. Spring is one of major suspension part of vehicle. Thus, in this paper, a fatigue design method for leaf spring based on proving ground response was proposed. At first, stress and displacement of leaf spring are measured through the proving ground test. And next, the maximum load acting on leaf spring assembly under driving condition was defined from the road load response. On the base of these results, fatigue tests for leaf spring assembly and 3-point bending fatigue tests for material of leaf spring were carried out. From the above, the maximum load-fatigue life relation of leaf spring material and assembly was defined, and 3-point bending test result has good agreement with leaf spring assembly fatigue test result. Thus, it is expect that economical fatigue design criterion for leaf spring assembly can be determined from fatigue data of simple smooth specimen by 3 point bending fatigue tests.

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22

Yoda, S., and T. Sogabe. "Comments on“3-Point Bending Fracture Toughness Test of Artificial Graphite Electrodes by Electrical Potential Method”." TANSO 1985, no. 120 (1985): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7209/tanso.1985.43.

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23

Yoshida, Tsutomu, Shin-ichi Matsui, Mitsuo Hoshino, and Masaru Sakata. "Measurement of Elastic Constants for Composite Materials by 3-Point Bending, Twisting and Impact Sound Test." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 1611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.1611.

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Analyzing a sound produced by an impact of a fallen ball upon a small rectangular bar specimen, elastic moduli of engineering ceramic composites can be determined. In this paper,three-points bending and torsional test devices which employed the specimen for the impactsound test were designed. Using the devices, elastic moduli of various materials were mea-sured applying deformation theory. The elastic constants evaluated by the impact sound testwere compared with those measured by the devices. They agreed well. A reliable measure-ment system was developed for elastic constants of anisotropic materials.

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24

Sathler, Renata, MarcosRoberto de Freitas, CarlosAlberto Soufen, Marcelo Zanda, ThaisMaria Freire Fernandes, OlgaBenário Vieira Maranhão, DanielaGamba Garib, and Guilherme Janson. "Elastic deflection study of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires: 3-point bending test X clinical simulation device." Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 10, no. 1 (2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jid.jid_78_18.

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25

ODA, Juhachi, Yoshifumi TANIGUCHI, and Masayuki HANZAWA. "Simple evaluation method for the dynamic stress intensity factor in the impact 3-point bending test." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 57, no. 533 (1991): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.57.64.

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26

Tsubota, KenIchi, Taiji Adachi, Seiji Nishiumi, and Yoshihiro Tomita. "OS7(3)-9(OS07W0402) Elastic Properties of Single Trabeculae Measured by Micro-Three-Point Bending Test." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003 (2003): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.37.

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27

Cacciafesta, Vittorio, Maria Francesca Sfondrini, Alessandro Lena, Andrea Scribante, Pekka K. Vallittu, and Lippo V. Lassila. "Force levels of fiber-reinforced composites and orthodontic stainless steel wires: A 3-point bending test." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 133, no. 3 (March 2008): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.01.047.

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28

Belan, Juraj, Lenka Kuchariková, Eva Tillová, and Mária Chalupová. "Three-Point Bending Fatigue Test of TiAl6V4 Titanium Alloy at Room Temperature." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (September 10, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2842416.

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A polycrystalline alpha-beta TiAl6V4 alloy in the annealed condition was used for the three-point bending fatigue test at frequency f∼100 Hz. The static preload Fstat. = −15 kN and variable dynamic force Fdyn. = −7 kN to −13.5 kN were set as fatigue test loading parameters. The fatigue life S-N curve presented the stress amplitude σa as a function of a number of cycles to fracture Nf. A limiting number of cycles to run out of 2.0 × 107 cycles were chosen for the 3-point fatigue tests of rectangular specimens. In addition, the Smith diagram was used to predict the fatigue life. The alpha lamellae width has a significant influence on fatigue life. It is assumed that the increasing width of alpha lamellae decreases fatigue life. A comparison of fatigue results with given alpha lamellae width in our material to the results of other researchers was performed. The SEM fractography was performed with an accent to reveal the initiation sites of crack at low and high load stresses and mechanism of crack propagation for the fatigue part of fracture.

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29

NOJIMA, Taketoshi, and Osamu NAKAI. "Discussion on the Fracture Toughness Test of JIS 3 Point Bending Specimen for Crack-Rate Sensitive Ceramics." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 43, no. 484 (1994): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.43.75.

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30

Sapata, Vítor Marques, Diogo Marques Sapata, Julio Araújo Gurgel, Antônio Medina Neto, and Adilson Luiz Ramos. "DSC analysis and evaluation of forces released on deactivation of 0.40-mm (0.016") orthodontic thermo-activated NiTi wires: An in vitro study." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 14, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/joddd.2020.002.

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Background . This study evaluated the phase transformation of NiTi orthodontic wires and forces they release on deactivation. Methods. The structural phase transformations of the following five thermo-activated nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): Flexy Thermal Sentalloy® (GAC International), NiTi (35ºC) (Eurodonto), Thermo-Plus® (Morelli), FlexyNiTi® Flexy Thermal (35ºC) (Orthometric) and Damon® CuNiTi (35ºC) (ORMCO Corp.). The wires had a cross-section of 0.40 mm (0.016"). In addition, the forces they released were investigated using the three-point bending test. Five arches of each wire were tested using DSC (-20/80ºC at 10ºC/min), and six arches from each wire were sectioned for bending tests. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Pearson’s correlation test was performed between the results yielded by the DSC tests and those by three-point analyses (P=0.05). Results. The DSC analysis showed differences between the NiTi alloys from all the manufacturers, with no differences between the lots of the same brand. ORMCO and Orthometric wires exhibited similar TTR values in cooling (P=0.49), and statistically similar TTR values in heating (P=0.056). The three-point bending test showed different patterns in releasing forces. A correlation was found between the DSC analysis and the three-point bending test results. Conclusion. The higher the temperature transformation was, the larger was the variation of force. All the wires presented higher forces at 3-mm deflection from 155 (±12.3) to 168.1 (±8) cN. The DSC analysis and the three-point bending test showed differences between the NiTi alloys from all the manufacturers.

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31

Lee, Yeon Hee, Hitoshi Takagi, Kazuya Ohkita, and Han Ki Yoon. "Effects of Thermal Shock on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo/PBS Green Composites." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.1135.

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. This paper deals with the mechanical characterization of short bamboo fiber reinforced green composites (BFGC). The effects of thermal shock on the mechanical properties of BFGC were investigated. Their flexural strength was evaluated by 3-point bending test, and Vickers hardness and elastic modulus were evaluated by a nano-indentation method. The fracture surfaces and microstructure of BFGC were examined by SEM. The results of evaluated mechanical properties (3-point bending test) after thermal shock indicated that the strength of BFGC decreased below 40°C, however the strength became constant above 40°C. The Vickers hardness and modulus of elasticity evaluated from the nano-indentation tests also represented a similar trend to that of flexural strength. The fracture surface of thermal shocked BFGC after bending tests indicated the pull-outed bamboo fibers. This might be responsible for insufficient bonding between bamboo fiber and resin.

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32

Ching, Michael, Aaron Gee, Christopher Del Balso, Abdel Lawendy, Emil H. Schemitsch, Radovan Zdero, and David Sanders. "Biomechanical Consequences of Nail Insertion Point and Anterior Cortical Perforation for Antegrade Femoral Nailing." BioMed Research International 2020 (December 18, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5878607.

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This biomechanical study assessed the influence of changing antegrade cephalomedullary nail insertion point from anterior to neutral to posterior locations relative to the tip of the greater trochanter with or without anterior cortical perforation in the distal femur. Artificial osteoporotic femurs and cephalomedullary nails were used to create 5 test groups each with 8 specimens: intact femur without a nail or perforation, anterior nail insertion point without perforation, neutral nail insertion point without perforation, posterior nail insertion point without perforation, and posterior nail insertion point with perforation. Nondestructive biomechanical tests were done at 250 N in axial, coronal 3-point bending, sagittal 3-point bending, and torsional loading in order to measure overall stiffness and bone stress. The intact femur group vs. all femur/nail groups had lower stiffness in all loading modes ( p ≤ 0.018 ), as well as higher bone stress in the proximal femur ( p ≤ 0.027 ) but not in the distal femur above the perforation ( p = 0.096 ). Compared to each other, femur/nail groups only showed differences in sagittal 3-point bending stiffness for anterior and neutral vs. posterior nail insertion points without ( p ≤ 0.025 ) and with perforation ( p ≤ 0.047 ). Although it did not achieve statistical significance ( p ≥ 0.096 ), moving the nail insertion point from anterior to neutral to posterior to posterior with perforation did gradually increase bone stress by 45% (proximal femur) and 46% (distal femur). No femur or hardware failures occurred. Moving the nail insertion point and the presence of a perforation had little effect on stiffness, but the increased bone stress may be important as a predictor of fracture. Based on current bone stress results, surgeons should use anterior or neutral nail insertion points to reduce the risk of anterior cortical perforation.

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33

Fajrin, Jauhar, Zhu Ge Yan, Frank Bullen, and Hao Wang. "The Implementation of Statistical Inference to Study the Bending Strength of Sustainable Hybrid Sandwich Panel Composite." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 956–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.956.

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The study reported here involves the evaluation of the ultimate bending stress (bending strength) of hybrid sandwich panels using a simple comparative statistical analysis. Four sets of beam were tested with each set consisting of modified beams (MB) and unmodified beam (UB) samples. A total of 42 beam samples were tested using 3 point bending followed by statistical inference analysis using a t-test. The results show that the introduction of an intermediate layer has a significant effect on increasing the bending strength of the new hybrid sandwich panel composite.

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34

Choi, In Young, Young June Kang, Kyung Min Hong, Kwang Su Ko, and Sung Jong Kim. "Study on the Development of the Digital Image Correlation Measurements Program for Measuring the 3-Point Bending Test." Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 31, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2014.31.10.889.

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35

Seno, Aldyandra Hami, Eko Koswara, Hendri Syamsudin, and Djarot Widagdo. "Analysis of Bending Loads on Bamboo-Balsa and Bamboo-Polypropylene Honeycomb Composite Sandwiches." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.94.

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This research was done to evaluate the bending behavior (load-deflection curve and failuremode) of sandwich structures using Tali Bamboo strips as sandwich skin material. Bending tests wereconducted on sandwich specimens with end grain balsa (3-point bending) and polypropylene (PP)honeycomb cores (4-point bending) to evaluate their bending behavior. From the test results,analytical and numerical models were developed to simulate the observed bending behavior. Themodels are able to simulate the pre-failure bending behavior and failure modes (core shear failure) ofthe specimens. It is also shown that for thin (length/thickness > 20) sandwiches the models are moreaccurate since shear effects are less prominent. With the obtained models a predictive comparison isdone between the PP and balsa cored specimens since the testing configuration for each type wasdifferent. The analysis results show that balsa cored specimens are able to withstand higher transversebending loads due to the higher shear strength of the balsa core. These prediction results are to beproven by specimen testing which is the subject of future research.

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36

dos Santos, João P. Lam, Pedro M. Amaral, António Correia Diogo, and Luís Guerra Rosa. "Comparison of Young’s Moduli of Engineered Stones Using Different Test Methods." Key Engineering Materials 548 (April 2013): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.548.220.

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This work reports the results of Young’s modulus of elasticity obtained for 3 types of engineered stones. Using parallelepiped specimens with dimensions 150  30  20 mm3, Young’s modulus is determined by different methods: static and dynamic. Via quasi-static deformation tests: - uniaxial tension, - uniaxial compression, and, - pure bending (i.e. symmetrical four-point bending), determination of Young’s modulus was carried out by means of the conventional electric-resistance extensometry with strain-gauge strips glued to the specimens. The results obtained from these quasi-static deformation tests are compared with the results of dynamic Young’s modulus obtained with RFDA equipment (Resonant Frequency & Damping Analyser) using the parallelepiped specimens in a flexural vibration mode. Dynamic Young’s modulus was also evaluated through measurements of ultrasonic pulses velocity. Composition and microstructures of the materials under investigation are also presented and discussed.

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Kovaleva, I. O., V. I. Makarenko, O. V. Silkova, O. V. Makarenko, and H. V. Kostenko. "IMPACT OF AMMONIUM PYROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE ON BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FEMORAL BONE IN RATS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF COMBINED EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF FLUORIDE AND SODIUM NITRATE." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 21, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.21.1.89.

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This article describes the effect of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, on the biomechanical characteristics of femoral bones in rats under the conditions of combined excess intake of fluoride and sodium nitrate. The series of experiments were performed on 30 white Wistar rats weighing 190-240 g, divided into 3 groups: 1st group included intact animals, 2nd group included animals exposed to the combined administration of sodium fluoride (10 mg/kg body weight) and sodium nitrate (500 mg / kg body weight) for 30 days; the 3rd group included rats, who starting from the 15th day of intoxication were injected with an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate is a dose of 76 mg / kg 3 times a week. The investigation of the biomechanical properties of the femur was performed according to a 2-point scheme (linear rupture test) and a 3-point scheme (bending test) using a rupture machine RMU-0.05-1 with an assessment of rupture load (strength) and bone elongation (elasticity); we also applied a 4-point scheme (bending test) using the deformation test setup MRC-1 with following calculation of the Young's modulus, tensile strength, relative residual deformation to failure and relative elongation to failure. The administration of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate under the conditions of the experiment significantly increased the tensile load at linear rupture and bending by 35.3 and 23.5%, respectively, compared with the results in the 2nd group. The relative elongation of the femoral bones in the test for linear rupture and flexion was more pronounced than the values of the 2nd group by 7.9 and 18.6%. When testing for bending according to the 4-point scheme using the deformation setup MRK-1, we revealed a probable increase in the Young's modulus of elasticity by 19.8% compared to the results in the 2nd group. However, the indicators of the limit of elasticity and strength, the relative elongation of the extreme fibers before fracture did not change significantly. This enables us to conclude that ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, the inhibitor of the NF-κB transcription factor, used under the conditions of combined administration of fluoride and sodium nitrate can serve an effective osteoprotective agent, which increases the strength and elasticity of the femoral bones.

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Sun, Jiu Xiao, Yun Dong Ji, Wei Zhang, Ji Hui Wang, and Xing Lin Tong. "VIMP Curing Process and Health Monitoring of Vinyl Ester Composites Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 1163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.1163.

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In this paper, curing process monitoring of vacuum infusion molding process (VIMP) based on FBG for glass fiber reinforced vinyl resins was studied. In the experiment, three kinds of sensors were embedded in the composites. Excursion of the wavelength and temperature was tested in the whole curing process. Reflected power was tested by spectrometer in the molding process, the gel point was tested. In addition, 3-point bending test of composites which FBG was embedded in was done. Results showed that FBG could be exactly reflecting the relationship of stress and strain in bending state of composites.

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Zlobina, I., N. Bekrenev, and I. Katsuba. "THE TREATMENT EFFECT IN A MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD TO CHANGE THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE CURED CARBON-FIBER COMPOSITES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 3(238) (April 21, 2020): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2020-3-238-20-22.

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The article describes the results of comparative tests for three-point bending of carbon fiber samples processed in a microwave electromagnetic field after being exposed to environmental factors for 3 months. It is shown that the influence of external climatic factors leads to a decrease in the bending strength of control and experimental samples by 3.7% and 1.4%, respectively. At the same time, the strength of the test samples increases by 8% in comparison with the control ones.

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SAWADA, Yuko, and Shiro KUBO. "OS0502 A Proposal of Estimation Method of Nonlinear Stress-Strain Relation of Polymer Material from 3-Point Bending Test." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2012 (2012): _OS0502–1_—_OS0502–3_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2012._os0502-1_.

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Yoshihara, Hiroshi. "Comparison of results obtained by static 3- and 4-point bending and flexural vibration tests on solid wood, MDF, and 5-plywood." Holzforschung 67, no. 8 (December 1, 2013): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0016.

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Abstract The flexural Young’s modulus of western hemlock, medium-density fiberboard, and 5-plywood (made of lauan) has been determined by conducting three- and four-point bending tests with various span lengths and by flexural vibration test. The Young’s modulus was significantly influenced by the deflection measurement method. In particular, the Young’s modulus was not reliable based on the difference between the deflections at two specific points in the specimen, although this test is standardized according to ISO 3349-1975 and JIS Z2101-2009.

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Jin, Limin, Baozhong Sun, and Bohong Gu. "Cumulative fatigue damage for 3-D angle-interlock woven composite under three-point bending cyclic loading." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 22, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789511433904.

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This article presents the quantitative characterization of cumulative fatigue damage behavior for the three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite undergoing three-point bending cyclic loading. The S–N curve was obtained to demonstrate the fatigue life of the three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite under different stress levels. The increment of cycles for each 5% interval of stress level was reported to show the difference of fatigue resistance performances of the three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite among the high, middle, and low intervals of stress level. In addition, the Cumulative Fatigue Damage versus Number of Cycles (D–N) curve and the Deflection Index versus Number of Cycles (F–N) curve were deduced to characterize the three-stage cumulative fatigue damage. Furthermore, the damage morphologies of the three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite after fatigue tests were photographed to compare with those in quasi-static test. The cracks initiation and propagation in the three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite during the process of cyclic loading were summarized to find the mechanisms of fatigue damage development.

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Evin, Emil, Miroslav Tomáš, and Marek Výrostek. "Laser-Beam Welding Impact on the Deformation Properties of Stainless Steels When Used for Automotive Applications." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2016-0028.

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Abstract Materials other than standard and advanced high strength steels are remarkable for the thin-walled structures of the car-body in recent years in order to safety enhancement, weight and emission reduction, corrosion resistance improvement. Thus, there are presented in the paper the deformation properties of laser welded austenitic AISI 304 and ferritic AISI 430 stainless steels compared to these one measured for the high strength low alloyed steel H220PD. The properties were researched by tensile test and 3-point bending test with fixed ends on specimens made of basic material and laser welded one. The specimens were welded by solid state fiber laser YLS-5000 in longitudinal direction (the load direction). The deformation properties such as strength, stiffness and deformation work were evaluated and compared. The strength and stiffness were calculated from tensile test results and the deformation work was calculated from both, tensile test and 3-point bending test results. There has been found only minor effect of laser welding to the deformation properties for high strength low alloyed steel H220PD and austenitic stainless steel AISI 304. Otherwise, the laser welding strongly influenced the deformation work of the ferritic stainless steel AISI 430 as well as the elongation at tensile test.

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Hoogervorst, Paul, Riley Knox, Kara Tanaka, Zachary M. Working, Ashraf N. El Naga, Safa Herfat, and Nicolas Lee. "A Biomechanical Comparison of Fiberglass Casts and 3-Dimensional–Printed, Open-Latticed, Ventilated Casts." HAND 15, no. 6 (February 27, 2019): 842–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944719831341.

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Background: The aim of this study was to quantify the stabilizing properties of a 3-dimensional (3D)-printed short-arm cast and compare those properties with traditional fiberglass casts in a cadaveric subacute distal radius fracture model. Methods: A cadaveric subacute fracture model was created in 8 pairs of forearms. The specimens were equally allocated to a fiberglass cast or 3D-printed cast group. All specimens were subjected to 3 biomechanical testing modalities simulating daily life use: flexion and extension of digits, pronation and supination of the hand, and 3-point bending. Between each loading modality, radiological evaluation of the specimens was performed to evaluate possible interval displacement. Interfragmentary motion was quantified using a 3D motion-tracking system. Results: Radiographic assessment did not reveal statistically significant differences in radiographic parameters between the 2 groups before and after biomechanical testing. A statistically significant difference in interfragmentary motion was calculated with the 3-point bending test, with a mean difference of 0.44 (±0.48) mm of motion. Conclusions: A statistically significant difference in interfragmentary motion between the 2 casting groups was only identified in 3-point bending. However, the clinical relevance of this motion remains unclear as the absolute motion is less than 1 mm. The results of this study show noninferiority of the 3D-printed casts compared with the traditional fiberglass casts in immobilizing a subacute distal radius fracture model. These results support the execution of a prospective randomized clinical trial comparing both casting techniques.

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Guo, Jian-Min, Li-Ying Gong, and Yan Liu. "Characteristic analysis of carbon nanotube thread embedded into three-dimensional braided composite under bending load." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 24, no. 5 (September 26, 2017): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0447.

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AbstractIn this paper, we introduce an embedded method of carbon nanotube threads (CNTs) in three-dimensional (3-D) braided composite material preform. We investigate the strain sensing properties of CNTs embedded into 3-D braided composites using three-point bend test under different loads. The resistance change rate properties of CNTs in composites under tensile and compressive loading are analyzed in detail. Experimental results show that in the three-point bending process, the resistance of CNTs exponentially increases with the increase of strain until the specimen loading to fracture. Moreover, the residual resistance of CNTs has been observed after unloading. Our experiments have shown that structure health status of 3-D braided composites can be sensed and monitored in real-time using CNTs sensor under bending load. This study provides an experimental basis to lay the foundation for the structural health monitoring system construction of 3-D braided composites.

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Poutanen, Juri. "Accurate analytic formula for light bending in Schwarzschild metric." Astronomy & Astrophysics 640 (August 2020): A24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037471.

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We propose new analytic formulae describing light bending in the Schwarzschild metric. For an emission radii above the photon orbit at the 1.5 Schwarzschild radius, the formulae have an accuracy of better than 0.2% for the bending angle and 3% for the lensing factor for any trajectories that turn around a compact object by less than about 160°. In principle, they can be applied to any emission point above the horizon of the black hole. The proposed approximation can be useful for problems involving emission from neutron stars and accretion discs around compact objects when fast accurate calculations of light bending are required. It can also be used to test the codes that compute light bending using exact expressions via elliptical integrals.

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Ramos, Tiago, Daniel F. O. Braga, Shayan Eslami, Paulo J. Tavares, and P. M. G. P. Moreira. "Comparison Between Finite Element Method Simulation, Digital Image Correlation and Strain Gauges Measurements in a 3-Point Bending Flexural Test." Procedia Engineering 114 (2015): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.063.

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Yang, Yi-Lun, Hiroyuki Ito, Young Suk Kim, Takayuki Ohba, and Kuan-Neng Chen. "Evaluation of Metal/Polymer Adhesion and Highly Reliable Four-Point Bending Test Using Stealth Dicing Method in 3-D Integration." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 10, no. 6 (June 2020): 956–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2020.2968561.

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Zhou, M. M., W. He, H. M. Xie, and S. Liu. "Characterization of Mechanical Properties of 3-D–Printed Materials Using the Asymmetric Four-Point Bending Test and Virtual Fields Method." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 49, no. 1 (May 9, 2019): 20180598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20180598.

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Zhang, Lian Zhen. "Bending Strength and Effective Modules of Songhua River Ice." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.789.

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River ice exists in the most countries and regions and brings much damage to the structures in the river. However, the mechanical properties of the river ice are still unclear. In the present study, over 150 specimens of river ice taken from Songhua River of China have been investigated using the MTS machine to measure the flexural strength and the effective modules at various test temperature and strain rate. The test temperature was set at three different point (-5°C,-10°C,-20°C), the strain rate was set at the range from 3.33E-5/S to 3.33E-3/S. The test results show that the flexural strength of river ice depends on the temperature and strain rate. It increases with the decreasing test temperature. The flexural strength of river ice changes at the various strain rate, however, it is non-monotonic. The variation curve looks like a inversed "W" shape. Under flexural loading condition, the effective modules of Songhua River ice is about 0.568~0.825GPa. And The modules of river ice increases with the increasing of the strain rate. The effective modules of river ice also increases with the decreasing of the test temperature slightly.

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