Journal articles: '316L stainless steel feedstock injection'

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Hausnerova, Berenika, and Martin Novak. "Environmentally Efficient 316L Stainless Steel Feedstocks for Powder Injection Molding." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061296.

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In this study, environmentally convenient highly metal powder filled feedstocks intended for powder injection molding is presented. The composition of 60 vol % 316L stainless steel gas atomized powder feedstocks containing semicrystalline waxes: acrawax or carnauba wax and paraffin wax, combined with polyethylene glycol and modifier, was optimized to provide defect-free parts. Rheological as well as thermogravimetric analyses supported with scanning electron microscopy and metallography were employed to set up optimum conditions for molding, debinding and sintering. The performance of the novel feedstock was compared with currently available polyolefines-based materials, and results showed an efficiency enhancement due to the substantially lower (about 100 °C) mixing and molding temperatures as well as a reduction of debinding and sintering times at the simultaneous achievement of better mechanical properties in terms of elongation and tensile strength, in comparison to the mass production feedstock.

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Haw, Pei Li, Norhamidi Muhamad, and Hadi Murthadha. "The Characterization and Flow Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Feedstock for Micro Metal Injection Molding (μMIM)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2872.

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The rheological behaviors of the Micro Metal Injection Molding feedstock are important for the stability of the feedstock during micro injection molding process and quality of the final micro-components. Homogeneous feedstocks are preferable for MIM process to ensure the dimensional consistency of molded components and prevent the defects of powder-binder separation or particle segregation. In this work, feedstocks with various formulations of 316L stainless steel and binder system were prepared by using Brabender Plastograph EC Plus mixer. The binder system comprises of palm stearin, polyethelene (PE) and stearic acid. In order to obtain the viscosity, activation energy, flow behavior and mold ability index, the rheological characterization of the feedstocks were investigated in numerous conditions by using Shimadzu 500-D capillary rheometer The study showed that all of the 316L stainless steel feedstocks are homogenous with pseudo-plastic behaviors.

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Aslam, Muhammad, Faiz Ahmad, Puteri Sri Melor Binti Megat Yusoff, Khurram Altaf, Mohd Afian Omar, H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, and M. Rafi Raza. "Investigation of Rheological Behavior of Low Pressure Injection Molded Stainless Steel Feedstocks." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5347150.

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The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of different powder loadings of 316L stainless steel (SS) powders on rheological behavior of feedstocks required for low pressure powder injection molding (L-PIM) process. The main idea consists in development of various formulations by varying 316L SS powder contents in feedstocks and evaluating the temperature sensitivity of feedstock via flow behavior index and activation energy. For this purpose, the irregular shape, spherical shape, and combination of both shapes and sizes (bimodal approach) of 316L SS powders are compounded with wax based composite binder. Moreover, the influence of elemental nanosized boron (nB) addition (up to 1.5 wt.%) on rheological properties of irregular shape 316L SS powders is also evaluated using capillary rheometer method. It is observed that rheological parameters for solid powder loading of powder gas atomized (PGA) and bimodal powder P25/75 316L SS underwent sudden change from PGA-69 vol.% to PGA-72 vol.% and P25/75-67 vol.% to P25/75 316L SS 70 vol.%, respectively. Thus it is concluded that PGA-69 vol.% and P25/75-67 vol.% are optimal powder solid loadings corresponding to the lowest values of activation energies.

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Li, Haw Pei, and Norhamidi Muhamad. "Rheological Analysis of Microminiature Powder Injection Molding (μPIM) Feedstock." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.238.

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A rheological analysis has been performed to evaluate the characteristics and behaviors of Microminiature Powder Injection Molding (μPIM) feedstocks. The feedstocks comprised of 316L stainless steel powder and water-based binder components. Feedstocks formulations with powder loading of 59% to 63% were prepared and investigated. In these formulations, the binder system consists of 65% Polyethelena Glycol (PEG), 25% Polymethyl Methacrilate (PMMA) and 10% Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB) based on the weight fraction. The influences of rheological behaviors such as flow activation energy (E), Power-Law exponent (n), viscosity (η) and temperature (T) of the SS316L/PEG/PMMA/CAB feedstocks are analyzed and discussed. Results show that all of the feedstocks exhibited the pseudo-plastic flow behavior. The homogenous feedstock at 61 vol. % demonstrated the most satisfactory rheological properties for μPIM with the lowest flow activation energy, Power-Law exponent, n < 1 and moderate viscosity values. It was chosen to perform the injection molding process. Micro components have been replicated successfully by using this selected feedstock.

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Mohamad Nor, N. H., Muhammad Hussain Ismail, Nur Atikah Abu Kasim, N. Muhamad, and M. A. Taib. "Characterization and Rheological Studies on Ready-Made Feedstock of Stainless Steel 316L in Metal Injection Molding (MIM) Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.709.

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Current trend for manufacturers associated to MIM industry try to enhance the feedstock in term of its characteristics, since it is the most crucial part of the MIM process. This paper covered the characterization and rheological studies on a ready-made feedstock of stainless steel 316L which is vital to determine the availability and suit the needs of many advanced applications. There are three different experiments involved which are Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Capillary Rheometer. Observation through SEM gives an insight of the bonding microstructure matrices of the feedstock and also determines the homogeneity of the feedstock. DSC testing defines the melting temperature of the 3 binders used which are 62.07°C for surfactant, 178.72°C for filler and 236.61°C for backbone binder. From TGA result, it showed that the total weight loss of feedstock was 39%. Throughout the capillary rheometer testing, the feedstocks viscosity was decreasing as the shear rate increasing. The feedstock exhibits pseudoplastic behaviour since its flow behaviour index was less than 1. It is founded that at the temperature of 190°C, the feedstock exhibits the best characteristics for injection.

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Barreiros, Fatima M., A. G. Martins, Mariana Matos, João M. G. Mascarenhas, and M. Teresa Vieira. "Preparing MIM Feedstocks for Bio-Applications Using an Agar-Based Binder." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.385.

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The present study aims to prepare feedstocks for MIM (Metal Injection Molding) where the metal powders are 316L stainless steel powders (SS). The master objective is to compare the performance of a biodegradable binder with a commercial one based on polyolefins. Different challenges must be overcome in SS injection molding, as follows: to decrease binder/carbon content in feedstocks; to decrease carbon contamination during debinding and sintering; to avoid the formation of chromium carbide and presence of precipitation-free zones; to avoid the grain growth during sintering and to reduce the feedstock price. The optimization of the feedstocks was performed using a torque rheometry technique. Feedstocks of coated and uncoated SS powders mixed with an agar-based binder were used to produce sound parts. A feedstock constituted by SS powders mixed with a high quality commercial binder was the standard. SS with agar-based on feedstocks can admit solids content similar to those based on the commercial binder (62 vol.%). For similar powder content, the sinters resulting from feedstocks with the agar-based binder shows a lower quantity of solid solution of carbon and chromium carbides, absence of precipitation-free zones than commercial feedstocks and good sinter soundness. Coating powders with nanocrystalline stainless steel contribute to control grain growth during debinding and sintering.

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Raza Malik, Muhammad Rafi, Faiz Ahmad, Othman Mamat, Mohd Afian Omar, R. M. German, and Ali S. Muhsan. "Effects of Sintering Temperature and Cooling Rate on Mechanical Properties of Powder Injection Molded 316L Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 185 (February 2012): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.185.102.

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This research presents the effects of temperature and cooling rate on mechanical properties of powder injection molded 316L Stainless steel. Steel powder and binder were mixed together to produce the feedstock. The green samples were produced by injection molding and debinded. Brown test samples were sintered in vacuum at 1325°C, 1360°C and 1380°C for 2h with two heating and cooling rates 5°C/min and 10°C/ min. The test samples sintered at 1325°C achieved maximum sintered density. The higher cooling rate improved the strength of the sintered test samples. The maximum sintered density of 96% and tensile strength of 503MPa was achieved and these results are comparable to the wrought 316L stainless steel (according to ASTM standard).

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Jang, Jin Man, Wonsik Lee, Se-Hyun Ko, Chulwoong Han, and Hanshin Choi. "Oxide Formation In Metal Injection Molding Of 316L Stainless Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0114.

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Abstract The effects of sintering condition and powder size on the microstructure of MIMed parts were investigated using water-atomized 316L stainless steel powder. The 316L stainless steel feedstock was injected into micro mold with micro features of various shapes and dimensions. The green parts were debound and pre-sintered at 800°C in hydrogen atmosphere and then sintered at 1300°C and 1350°C in argon atmosphere of 5torr and 760torr, respectively. The oxide particles were formed and distributed homogeneously inside the sample except for the outermost region regardless of sintering condition and powder size. The width of layer without oxide particles are increased with decrease of sintering atmosphere pressure and powder size. The fine oxides act as the obstacle on grain growth and the high sintering temperature causes severe grain growth in micro features due to larger amount of heat gain than that in macro ones.

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Abdullah, Mohd Fazuri, Abu Bakar Sulong, Norhamidi Muhamad, Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Abdullah, and Nor Hamdan Nor Yahya. "Comparison on Rheology Properties of Polypropylene and Polyethylene as Binder System with Stainless Steel 316L for Metal Injection Moding." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.409.

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The comparison of binder system between PP/ palm stearin and PE/ palm stearin both mixed with palm stearin were studied based on the rheological properties to (MIM) process. The microstructure of distribution and dispersion studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the pattern of the attached binder with stainless steel powder. The types of binder system used were palm stearin with Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE). The powder loading for stainless steel 316L with average size of 20µm used was determined at 66 vol %. The palm stearin was the main significant factor for both viscosity and sensitivity of the feedstock behavior. Less content of palm stearin reduce the viscosity of the feedstock in the range of 100-10000 Pa.s and less influence on changing towards temperature and pressure. As the percentage of addition of palm stearin increase, the feedstock becomes less viscous with high sensitivity. PP and PE feedstock shows dilatant and pseudoplastic flow behavior respectively. PE homogenously coated each of stainless during morphology observation. Meanwhile poor distribution of PP can be observed from SEM observation at 1000x magnification.

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Norita, Hassan, Sahrim Ahmad, N. Muhamad, Mohd Afian Omar, and Noor Azlina Hassan. "Morphology and Mechanical Properties of MIM Feedstock Using TPNR Backbone Binder." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.279.

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This study has examined the effects of using TPNR backbone polymer on the morphology and mechanical properties of the metal injection moulding feedstock 316L stainless steel with paraffin wax (PW) and palm stearin (PS) respectively as the main binder and stearic acid as a lubricant during mixing and injection moulding process. Tensile behaviour indicates that the green sample of feedstock PW/TPNR/SA system gives higher value compared to PS/TPNR/SA system. Morphology studies showed that green samples of PS/TPNR/SA exhibited brittleness fracture compared to PW/TPNR/SA system.

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Aslam, Muhammad, Faiz Ahmad, P. S. M. Bm-Yousoff, Khurram Altaf, Afian Omar, and Muhammad Rafi Raza. "A Study on the Optimization of Solvent Debinding Process for Powder Injection Molded 316L Stainless Steel Parts." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.324.

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Optimization of solvent debinding process parameters for powder injection molded 316L stainless steel (SS) has been reported in this research work. Powder gas atomized (PGA) 316L SS was blended with a multicomponent binder in Z-blade mixer at 170°C ± 5°C for 90 minutes. Feedstock was successfully injected at temperature 170 ± 5°C. Injection molded samples were immersed in n-heptane for 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h at temperatures 50°C ,55°C and 60°C to extract the soluble binder components. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results attested that soluble binder components were completely extracted from injection molded samples at temperature 55°C after 6h.

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Muhamad, Norhamidi, Javad Rajabi, Abu Bakar Sulong, Abdolali Fayyaz, and Muhammad Rafi Raza. "Micro Powder Injection Moulding Using Nanosized Powders." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.116.

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Micro powder injection moulding (μPIM) is one of the micro-moulding technology applied today in high-volume fabrication of metal and ceramic micro-components. The current study presents the micro powder injection moulding (µPIM) of 316L Stainless Steel nanopowder-polymer mixtures. 316L SS powders have been blended with a binder system which consists of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Stearic Acid (SA). All the feedstock prepared shows homogeneity and pseudo-plastic behaviour which is suitable for μPIM process. The results showed that increase in nano powder content would improve the powder loading, injection and sintering temperature. Moreover, high physical and mechanical properties of the sintered specimen have been achieved under vacuum atmosphere. The above results indicate that application of nano powder has the potential to provide micro powder injection moulded parts with nearly full density, fine microstructure. The binder system is environment-friendly, has low viscosity-temperature and suitable to prepare feedstock for μPIM.

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Liu, L., N. H. Loh, B. Y. Tay, S. B. Tor, Y. Murakoshi, and R. Maeda. "Mixing and characterisation of 316L stainless steel feedstock for micro powder injection molding." Materials Characterization 54, no. 3 (March 2005): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2004.11.014.

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Ismail, Muhammad Hussain, Norhamidi Muhamad, Aidah Jumahat, Istikamah Subuki, and Mohd Afian Omar. "Study on Stability of a Novel Binder System Based on Palm Stearin in Metal Injection Moulding Application." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i2.5655.

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Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a wellestablished technology for manufacturing a variety of complex and small precision parts. In this paper, fundamental rheological characteristics of MIM feedstock using palm stearin are theoretically analyzed and presented. The feedstock consisted of gas atomized 316L stainless steel powder at three different particle size distributions and the binder system of palm stearin (PS) and polyethylene (PE). The powder loading used was 60vol % for all samples (monosize 16 µm, monosize 45 µm, and bimodal 16 µm + 45 µm) and the binder system of 40vol %(PS/PE = 40/60). The viscosity of MIM feedstock at different temperatures and shear rates was measured and evaluated. Results showed that, the feedstock containing palm stearin exhibited suitable rheological properties by increasing the fluidity of feedstock in MIM process. The rheological results also showed a pseudoplastic flow characteristics, which poses higher value of shear sensitivity (n) and lower value of flow activation energy (E), that are both favourable for injection molding process. The green parts were successfully injected and exhibited adequate strength for handling by optimizing the injection pressure and temperature.

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Ismail, Muhammad Hussain, Norhamidi Muhamad, Aidah Jumahat, Istikamah Subuki, and Mohd Afian Omar. "Study on Stability of a Novel Binder System Based on Palm Stearin in Metal Injection Moulding Application." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i2.9340.

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Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a wellestablished technology for manufacturing a variety of complex and small precision parts. In this paper, fundamental rheological characteristics of MIM feedstock using palm stearin are theoretically analyzed and presented. The feedstock consisted of gas atomized 316L stainless steel powder at three different particle size distributions and the binder system of palm stearin (PS) and polyethylene (PE). The powder loading used was 60vol % for all samples (monosize 16 µm, monosize 45 µm, and bimodal 16 µm + 45 µm) and the binder system of 40vol %(PS/PE = 40/60). The viscosity of MIM feedstock at different temperatures and shear rates was measured and evaluated. Results showed that, the feedstock containing palm stearin exhibited suitable rheological properties by increasing the fluidity of feedstock in MIM process. The rheological results also showed a pseudoplastic flow characteristics, which poses higher value of shear sensitivity (n) and lower value of flow activation energy (E), that are both favourable for injection molding process. The green parts were successfully injected and exhibited adequate strength for handling by optimizing the injection pressure and temperature.

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Asmawi, Rosli, Mohd Halim Irwan Ibrahim, and Azriszul Mohd Amin. "Mixing and Characterisation of Stainless Steel 316L Feedstock for Waste Polystyrene Binder System in Metal Injection Molding (MIM)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (July 2014): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.83.

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This paper describes the mixing process and homogeneity analysis of a newly developed binder system based on waste polystyrene (PS) and palm kernel oil (PKO) to produce feedstock for metal injection molding (MIM). Since mixing is a critical step in MIM process, hence the mixture of powder and binder should be homogeneous and injectable. In this study, water atomised Stainless Steel powder was mixed with a new binder system consisting of waste polystyrene and palm kernel oil in a Brabender Plastograph EC rotary mixer. Several tests were performed to assess the homogeneity of the feedstock that was produced at 60 vol.% powder loadings. The 60 vol.% was chosen because the Critical Powder Volume Concentration (CPVC) of the SS316L powder was found to be 64.8 vol.%. The tests conducted were density, binder burn-out and SEM morphology observation. It was found that the feedstock shows good homogeneity and suitable for further processing in MIM.

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Nishiyabu, Kazuaki, Yasuhiro Kanoko, and Shigeo Tanaka. "Innovations in Micro Metal Injection Molding Process by Lost Form Technology." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.369.

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The production method of micro sacrificial plastic mold insert metal injection molding, namely μ-SPiMIM process has been proposed to solve specific problems involving the miniaturization of MIM. The sacrificial plastic mold (SP-mold) with fine structures was prepared by injection-molding polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) into Ni-electroform, which is a typical LIGA (Lithographie-Galvanoformung-Abformung) process. Stainless steel 316L feedstock was injectionmolded into the SP-mold which had micro structures with multi-pillars. The green compact was demolded as one component with the SP-mold, which was decomposed along with binder constituent of feedstock in debinding process. This study focused on the effects of metal particle size and processing conditions on the shrinkage, transcription and surface roughness of sintered parts, which were evaluated by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) observation.

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Mulser, Marco, and Frank Petzoldt. "Two-Component Metal Injection Moulding of Ti-6Al-4V and Stainless Steel Bi-Material Parts." Key Engineering Materials 704 (August 2016): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.704.148.

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Two-component metal injection moulding (2C-MIM) allows producing functionally graded metal parts of complex shape by co-sintering. Until now several studies have demonstrated that different material properties can be combined. Another promising material combination is titanium and iron-based materials. It can combine the biocompatibility and low density of titanium with a ductile and cost efficient stainless steel. However, co-sintering these materials reveals challenges due to a significant mismatch in sintering shrinkage and limitations in sintering temperature for both materials. The recent study showed that Ti-6Al-4V can be joined to the stainless steel 316L by 2C-MIM provided that certain constraints are taken in account. The quality of the interface before and after co-sintering is a crucial factor for intact parts after processing. By applying sinterdilatometry the mismatch in shrinkage was compensated by using adjusted powder characteristics and tailored feedstock compositions. A co-sintering cycle was defined with regard to the sintering characteristics of both materials. The developed two-component specimens revealed significant interdiffusion of alloying elements at the Ti-6Al-4V / 316L interface and a tensile strength of 282 MPa after co-sintering.

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Muhamad, Norhamidi, and Hooman Abolhasani. "Development of a Starch-Based Binder in Metal Injection Molding." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.24.

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A new starch-based binder as a natural polymer has been developed for metal injection molding (MIM). In this study tapioca starch which is cheap and readily available in Malaysia has been used as a binder which composed of starch, glycerol, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), citric acid and stearic acid. This developed binder system was mixed with 316 L stainless steel powder to prepare the feedstock at three different of powder loadings of 56, 57 and 58% vol. The rheological behavior of the binder and feedstock were evaluated at different temperatures using a capillary rheometer. The rheological behavior of binder shows less than 10 Pa s and the flow behavior index of the feedstocks were determined to less than 1, which indicates the flow characteristic is pseudo-plastic which is suitable for MIM process. Finally, among these three feedstocks, the feedstock of 57% vol. powder loading was selected and its viscosity values within expected shear rate range are less than 1000 Pa s.

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Khakbiz, M., A. Simchi, and R. Bagheri. "Investigation of rheological behaviour of 316L stainless steel–3 wt-%TiC powder injection moulding feedstock." Powder Metallurgy 48, no. 2 (June 2005): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003258905x37747.

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Ibrahim, Mohd Halim Irwan, Norhamidi Muhamad, and A. B. Sulong. "Characterization of Micro Metal Injection Molding by Using PMMA & PEG." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.992.

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Due to its versatility, micro metal injection molding has become an alternative method in powder metallurgy where it can produce small part with a minimal number of waste. The success of micro MIM is greatly influenced by feedstock characteristics. This paper investigated the characterization and optimization which both of them plays an important characteristic in determining the successful of micro MIM. In this paper, stainless steel SS 316L was used with composite binder, which consists of PEG (Polyethelena Glycol), PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrilate) and SA (Stearic Acid). The rheology properties are investigated using Shimadzu Flowtester CFT-500D capillary rheometer. The geometry of water atomised stainless steel powder are irregular shape, therefore it is expected significant changes in the rheological results that can influence the microcomponent, surface quality, shape retention and resolution capabilities. From rheological characteristics, feedstock with 61.5% shows a significant value with several injection parameters were optimized through screening experiment such as injection pressure (A), injection temperature (B), mold temperature (C), injection time (D) and holding time (E). Besides that, interaction effects between injection pressure, injection temperature and mold temperature were also considered to optimize in the Taguchis orthogonal array. Result shows that 61.5%vol contributes a significant stability over a range of temperature and the best powder loading from a critical powder volume percentage (CPVP) and rheological point of view. Furthermore interaction between injection temperature and mold temperature (BxC) give highest significant factor followed by interaction between injection pressure and mold temperature (AxC).

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Karatas, Çetin, Adnan Sözen, Erol Arcaklioglu, and Sami Erguney. "Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Mouldability for Feedstocks Used in Powder Injection Moulding." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2007 (2007): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/85150.

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Experimental and theoretical analyses of mouldability for feedstocks used in powder injection moulding are performed. This study covers two main analyses. (i)The experimental analysis: the barrel temperature, injection pressure, and flow rate are factors for powder injection moulding (PIM). Powder-binder mixture used as feedstock in PIM requires a little more attention and sensitivity. Obtaining the balance among pressure, temperature, and especially flow rate is the most important aspect of undesirable conclusions such as powder-binder separation, sink marks, and cracks in moulded party structure. In this study, available feedstocks used in PIM were injected in three different cavities which consist of zigzag form, constant cross-section, and stair form (in five different thicknesses) and their mouldability is measured. Because of the difference between material and binder, measured lengths were different. These were measured as 533 mm, 268 mm, 211 mm, and 150 mm in advanced materials trade marks Fe–2Ni, BASF firm Catamould A0-F, FN02, and 316L stainless steel, respectively. (ii)The theoretical analysis: the use of artificial neural network (ANN) has been proposed to determine the mouldability for feedstocks used in powder injection moulding using results of experimental analysis. The back-propagation learning algorithm with two different variants and logistic sigmoid transfer function were used in the network. In order to train the neural network, limited experimental measurements were used as training and test data. The best fitting training data set was obtained with three and four neurons in the hidden layer, which made it possible to predict yield length with accuracy at least as good as that of the experimental error, over the whole experimental range. After training, it was found that theR2values are 0.999463, 0.999445, 0.999574, and 0.999593 for Fe–2Ni, BASF firm Catamould A0-F, FN02, and 316L stainless steel, respectively. Similarly, these values for testing data are 0.999129, 0.999666, 0.998612, and 0.997512, respectively. As seen from the results of mathematical modeling, the calculated yield lengths are obviously within acceptable uncertainties.

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Omar, Mohd Afian, Noorsyakirah Abdullah, Nurazilah Mohd Zainon, Norazlan Roslani, and Ahmad Hafiz Zulkifly. "Investigation of Biomechanical and Biosafety of Injection Moulded Implant Materials." Advanced Materials Research 879 (January 2014): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.879.79.

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This paper presents the attempt to manufacture metallic implant using medical grade 316L stainless steel alloy powder by MIM process. The powder with the median particle size of 15 μm and a binder consisting of palm stearin and poly ethylene were mixed at 160°C using a sigma-blade mixer for one hour to prepare the feedstock of the test bar. The rheological properties of the feedstock was tested using capillary rheometer. The test bar was injection moulded using vertical injection moulding machine with the nozzle temperature of 200°C. Prior to sintering, the specimens were debound using a combination of solvent extraction and thermal pyrolysis method. The specimens were then sintered under vacuum at the temperature between 1300oC to 1360oC. The properties of the sintered bar such as physical appearance and densities were presented and discussed. The biocompatibility including toxicity properties of the implant also been presented. The results showed that physical and mechanical properties of the sintered sample complied with the international standard

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Wahab, Nor‘aini, Mohd Afian Omar, Nor Amalina Nordin, and Rosliza Sauti. "The Potential of Starch as an Eco-Friendly Binder in Injection Moulding of 316L Stainless Steel for Medical Devices Applications." Advanced Materials Research 911 (March 2014): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.911.200.

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Two starch/wax based binders were formulated for metal injection moulding of 316L stainless steel. The formulations difffer in term of the starch type which substitute the backbone polyethelene. Feedstock having powder loading of the stainless steel powder up to 65 vol.% can be injection moulded successfully. Solvent debinding was performed in water at a temperature of 60°C for 3 hours and followed by immersion n-heptane for duration of 2 hours to remove the residual wax. The remaining binder was thermally extracted at 4500 with heating rate of 3°C/min, with no defects. The parts were then sintered in vacuum atmosphere within a temperature range of 1300°C to 1380°C. Approximately, 6.8 g/cm3theoretical density, hardness of 188.8 HV and tensile strength of 229.3 MPawere achieved for cassava starch/wax based binder while rice starch/wax based binder possessed 8.6g/cm3theoretical density, hardness of 385 HV and tensile strength of 462.1 MPa.

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Khakbiz, M., A. Simchi, and R. Bagheri. "Analysis of the rheological behavior and stability of 316L stainless steel–TiC powder injection molding feedstock." Materials Science and Engineering: A 407, no. 1-2 (October 2005): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.06.057.

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Muangwaeng, Bhawan, Surasit Rojananan, and Siriporn Rojananan. "The Effect of Injection Parameters on Morphology in Metal Injection Moulding." Advanced Materials Research 802 (September 2013): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.802.174.

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The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of injection parameters on morphology in stainless steel 316L metal injection moulding. In the experiment, samples were prepared by injection moulding process with varies parameters such as gate locations, pressures and speeds. The physical appearance of green parts was examined. After that, the cross sections of samples were investigated by scanning electron microscope including chemical analysis of the phase determined by x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that a perpendicular gate injection caused a separate section between outer skin and core at the cross section of specimens. The high pressure and speed for both injection directions caused crack. In conclusion, a parallel gate injection of feedstock with low pressure and speed was successful to mould the homogeneous samples without black streak, crack and phase separation. Therefore, the observed results could be useful to establish guideline for moulding in order to receive the complete green parts without defects

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Ibrahim, Mohd Halim Irwan, Norhamidi Muhamad, Abu Bakar Sulong, Khairur Rijal Jamaludin, Nor Hafiez Mohamad Nor, and Sufizar Ahmad. "Optimization of Micro Metal Injection Molding SS 316L for the Highest Green Strength by Using Taguchi Method." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.135.

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Micro metal injection molding which is a new develop technology has attract most researcher where it becomes among the promising method in powder metallurgy research to produce small-scale intricate part at an effective process and competitive cost for mass production. Due to highly stringent characteristics of micro MIM feedstock,the study has been emphasized in investigating the optimization of highest green strength which plays an important characteristic in determining the successful of micro MIM. Stainless steel SS 316L with D50 = 5.96μm was used with composite binder, which consists of PEG, PMMA and Stearic Acid. From rheological characteristic and highly significant parameter through screening experiment, feedstock with 61.5% with several injection parameters were optimized such as injection pressure(A), injection temperature(B), mold temperature(C), injection time(D) and holding time(E). Besides that, interaction effects between injection pressure, injection temperature and mold temperature were also considered to optimize in the Taguchi’s orthogonal array. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N-larger is better) for green strength was also presented in this paper. Result shows that interaction between injection temperature and mold temperature(BxC) give highest significant factor followed by interaction between injection pressure and injection temperature(AxB). Single factor that also contributes to significant optimization are mold temperature(C), injection time(D) and injection pressure(A). This study shows that Taguchi method would be among the best method to solve the problem with minimum number of trials.

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Raza, Muhammad Rafi, Faiz Ahmad, M. A. Omar, R. M. German, and Ali S. Muhsan. "Role of Debinding to Control Mechanical Properties of Powder Injection Molded 316L Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.875.

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316L stainless steel is widely used in various industries due to low cost, ease of availability and exceptional combination of mechanical properties along with corrosion resistance as compared to the other available metal alloys. In powder injection molding, debinding is very critical step and improper debinding can change the final properties dramatically. In the present study, affects of debinding on mechanical properties of powder injection molded 316L stainless steel were studied. The prepared feedstocks were molded according to MPIF 50 standard using vertical injection molding machine (KSA100). The plastic binder was removed at 450°C from the molded test samples using two different furnaces i.e. commercial and laboratory furnace followed by the sintering in vacuum, hydrogen, mixture of H2 and N2 (9:1) and nitrogen at 1325°C for 2hr with post sintering cooling rate 3°C/min . Test samples debound in commercially available furnace showed 97% densification and higher mechanical properties. The corrosion resistance was reduced due to presence of residual carbon during thermal debinding. The presence of carbon and formation of carbides and nitrides were confirmed by XRD and microstructural analysis. The results showed that the test samples debound in commercial furnace showed brittle behavior due to the presence of carbides and nitrides. Test samples sintered in N2 showed 96.3% density and tensile strength 751MPa. This value of strength is twice as compared to the sample debound in laboratory furnace followed by the sintering in vacuum. The achieved mechanical properties in vacuum sintered samples were comparable to the wrought 316L stainless steel (according to ASTM standard).

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Rei, M., E. C. Milke, R. M. Gomes, L. Schaeffer, and J. P. Souza. "Low-pressure injection molding processing of a 316-L stainless steel feedstock." Materials Letters 52, no. 4-5 (February 2002): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(01)00422-0.

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Choi, Joon-Phil, Hyun-Gon Lyu, Won-Sik Lee, and Jai-Sung Lee. "Investigation of the rheological behavior of 316L stainless steel micro-nano powder feedstock for micro powder injection molding." Powder Technology 261 (July 2014): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.047.

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Raza, M. Rafi, Faiz Ahmad, M. A. Omar, R. M. German, and Ali S. Muhsan. "Defect Analysis of 316LSS during the Powder Injection Moulding Process." Defect and Diffusion Forum 329 (July 2012): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.329.35.

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Austenitic Stainless Steel Has a FCC Structure at Room Temperature and the Temperature Range of the Austenite Phase Depends upon its Composition. 316L SS Is Widely Used in Medical, Marine, Industrial, Sporting and Aerospace Applications due to its Excellent Combination of Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance. this Study Presents the Defects Observed during Optimization of the Processing Parameters for the Fabrication of Powder Injection Molding (PIM) of 316L SS Parts. in this Study, Five Formulations of Feedstock Containing 60-71vol% of Metal Powder Were Prepared Using a Wax-Based Binder. Green Samples Were Injection-Moulded, Followed by Binder Removal by Solvent and Thermal Means. Paraffin Wax (major Binder) Was Extracted at Various Temperatures in Order to Determine the Solvent Extraction Temperature. the Thermal De-Binding Was Performed Successfully at a Temperature of 450°C by Varying the Heating Rate from 1°C/min -10°C/min. SEM Results Showed Complete Removal of the Plastic Binder. Test Samples Were Sintered at Various Temperatures and Atmospheres. the Defects Observed during Solvent Extraction Were Swelling, Cracks and, at the Thermal De-Binding Step, Collection of Binder, Swelling and Holes. Sintered Samples Showed a Loss of Dimensional Control. these Types of Defect Were Considered to Be due to Inappropriate Heating Rates, Temperature and Dwell Time at each Process Step.

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Almanar, Indra Putra, Zuhailawati Hussain, and Mohd Afian Omar. "Single Step of Binder Thermal Debinding and Sintering of Injection Moulded 316L Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1518.

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Metal injection moulding was performed with gas atomized 316L stainless steel powders. Feedstocks were prepared using a paraffin wax/polyethylene/stearic acid binder system and subsequently molded into tensile bar specimens. Solvent extraction done at 80○C has shortened the debinding process to 30 minute. Single step of thermal binder debinding and sintering was done in a vacuum furnace. Sintering at 1380○C has reduced the porosity and associated with grain growth that result in an increase in ultimate tensile strength to 444 MPa while the elongation increased to 29% before fracture.

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Asmawi, R., M. H. I. Ibrahim, A. M. Amin, and N. Mustafa. "Characterization of Stainless Steel 316L Feedstock for Metal Injection Molding (MIM) Using Waste Polystyrene and Palm Kernel Oil Binder System." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 160 (November 2016): 012062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/160/1/012062.

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34

Javad, Rajabi, Norhamidi Muhamad, Abu Bakar Sulong, Aziz Hasyimah, Abdolali Fayyaz, and Hafizawati Zakaria. "Characterization of Fabricated Feedstock Using Nano Powders and a Water-Soluble Binder in Micro Metal Injection Molding." Journal of Nano Research 23 (July 2013): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.23.36.

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Micro metal injection molding has become the promising method in powder metallurgy research in order to fabricate small-scale intricate parts in an influential process and competitive cost of mass production. Stainless steel 316 L powders with powder size of 150 nm and 5 μm were mixed with a binder with a water soluble component which consisted of a major fraction of water soluble Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), a minor fraction of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and some stearic acid has been used as a surfactant. This work aims to investigate the rheological properties of a feedstock which are efficiently characterised by capillary Rheometry to measure apparent viscosities at different temperatures and shear rates. Results obtained by the varying feedstock characteristics, when viscosity decreases by increasing of shear rate at certain temperature feedstock should have a pseudoplastic behaviour. Melt viscosity of the feedstock was decreased by adding nanoscale powders. The reduced (n) values at high temperature with addition of nanoparticles indicated a possible increase in the shear-thinning behavior.

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Javad, Rajabi, Norhamidi Muhamad, Abu Bakar Sulong, Aziz Hasyimah, Abdolali Fayyaz, and Hafizawati Zakaria. "Characterization of Fabricated Feedstock Using Nano Powders and a Water-Soluble Binder in Micro Metal Injection Molding." Journal of Nano Research 25 (October 2013): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.25.174.

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Micro metal injection molding has become the promising method in powder metallurgy research in order to fabricate small-scale intricate parts in an influential process and competitive cost of mass production. Stainless steel 316 L powders with powder size of 150 nm and 5 μm were mixed with a binder with a water soluble component which consisted of a major fraction of water soluble Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), a minor fraction of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and some stearic acid has been used as a surfactant. This work aims to investigate the rheological properties of a feedstock which are efficiently characterised by capillary Rheometry to measure apparent viscosities at different temperatures and shear rates. Results obtained by the varying feedstock characteristics, when viscosity decreases by increasing of shear rate at certain temperature feedstock should have a pseudoplastic behaviour. Melt viscosity of the feedstock was decreased by adding nanoscale powders. The reduced (n) values at high temperature with addition of nanoparticles indicated a possible increase in the shear-thinning behavior.

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36

Zlatkov, B. S., E. Griesmayer, H. Loibl, O. S. Aleksic, H. Danninger, C. Gierl, and L. S. Lukic. "Recent advances in PIM technology I." Science of Sintering 40, no. 1 (2008): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0801079z.

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In this article the state of art of the PIM (Powder Injection Moulding) technology is given in brief. The main process flow diagram consisting of four steps: feedstock preparation, injection moulding (green samples forming), the debinding (binder removing) procedure and the sintering process was described. After that the materials for binders and additives for the surface active agents were mentioned in brief. The metal injection moulding (MIM) process was analysed in more detail: MIM- stainless steels, MIM-copper and MIM-aluminium as the most metals common in MIM metal parts production. After that our results of MIM stainless steel 316 L and MIM copper are given. The main powder characteristics, the shrinkage and density of the sintered samples were compared for isostatically pressed PM (powder metallurgy) samples and MIM formed samples. The SEM fractographs of MIM and PM samples are given for MIM green parts, debinded (brown) parts and sintered parts, and PM green parts and sintered parts. The results obtained were compared with literature data before they were applied in metal parts production.

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Ibrahim, Mohd Halim Irwan, Norhamidi Muhamad, Abu Bakar Sulong, Khairur Rijal Jamaludin, Nor Hafiez Mohamad Nor, Sufizar Ahmad, Mohd Ruzi Harun, and Hafizawati Zakaria. "Parameter Optimization towards Highest Micro MIM Density by Using Taguchi Method." Key Engineering Materials 443 (June 2010): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.443.705.

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Nowadays, micro metal injection molding has become among the promising method in powder metallurgy research to produce small-scale intricate part at an effective process and competitive cost for mass production. This paper investigated the optimization of highest green strength which plays an important characteristic in determining the successful of micro MIM. In this paper, stainless steel SS 316L with D50 = 5.96µm was used with composite binder, which consists of PEG (Polyethelena Glycol), PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrilate) and SA (Stearic Acid). Feedstock with 61.5% with several injection parameters were optimized which highly significant through screening experiment such as injection pressure(A), injection temperature(B), mold temperature(C), injection time(D) and holding time(E). Besides that, interaction effects between injection pressure, injection temperature and mold temperature were also considered to optimize in the Taguchi’s orthogonal array. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N-larger is better) for green density was also presented in this paper. Result shows that interaction between injection temperature and mold temperature(BxC) give highest significant factor followed by interaction between injection pressure and mold temperature(AxC). Single factor that also contributes to significant optimization are mold temperature(C) and injection time(D). This study shows that Taguchi method would be among the best method to solve the problem with minimum number of trials.

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38

Cheng, Zhi Qiang, Cedric Quinard, Xiang Ji Kong, Thierry Barriere, Bao Sheng Liu, and Jean Claude Gelin. "Viscous Behaviours of Feedstocks for Micro MIM." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.713.

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The viscous behavior of feedstocks plays the crucial role in Micro MIM. It affects directly injectability of the components and finally quality of the sintered component, because of the possible segregation induced by injection. The studies on viscosity of the feedstocks are realized by a series of the tests, in which a torque rheometer and a capillary rheometer are employed. The effects of binder composition, powder size, temperature and powder loading in volume on viscosity of the feedstocks are investigated. The mixtures of three kinds of binder composition, mixed with 5µm or 16µm 316L stainless steel powders, are evaluated. The best binder composition is determined by comparison of the viscous behaviors among the self-mixed feedstocks and the commercial one. It results in the suitable ranges of heating temperature and powder loading in volume for the feedstocks. The critical powder loading in volume is determined by a series of the capillary tests with the gradual increase of powder loading. These works provide the valuable reference for the research on binder composition and the process of micro metal injection molding.

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39

Kong, X., T. Barriere, and J. C. Gelin. "Determination of critical and optimal powder loadings for 316L fine stainless steel feedstocks for micro-powder injection molding." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 212, no. 11 (November 2012): 2173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.05.023.

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El-Garaihy, Waleed, Ahmed Nassef, and Medhat El-Hadek. "Comparative study of different alloys during thermal debind-ing of powder injection molded parts." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 5, no. 4 (October 4, 2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v5i4.6492.

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Powder injection molding (PIM) is an interesting technique and address of research, in which a thermoplastic polymeric material is used to form the powder into the desired shape in a closed die. Binders have a crucial importance in the powder metallurgy technology as they play a vital role to provide efficient powder agglomeration and/or lubrication during shaping. At the same time, they have to be easily removed from the compacts during initial stages of sintering, using debinding process, without any damaging effect for the base material. Thermal debinding is a vital process requiring somewhat elevated temperatures to remove binder from the compact. In the current study, an investigation has been made about the effect of process variables on the debinding of injection molded pieces, by melt wicking. The debinding process was performed at temperatures ranging from 160- up to-200°C for a time duration varying from 1-up to-27 hours. All powders used in injection molding feedstock have an inherent packing porosity. Several types of alloy powders (Carbonyl iron steel, Nickel aluminide, and 316L stainless powders), with various size distributions, particle shapes, and materials are adopted to define the influence on binder incorporation resulted from this inherent porosity. Results revealed that the increase of debinding time or decrease in the wicking powder (alumina) particle size lead to an increase in the thickness of the adhered layer of alumina. When the wicking powder is very fine (0.3 mm) or has a wide particle size range (<10 mm), it becomes more dense and its debinding efficiency is decreased. At high debinding temperatures (200 °C) the rate of binder evaporation and removal increased, which leads to decreasing the cohesion of the samples yielding a shape distortion. In addition, the effect of the wicking powder (Al2O3) sizes and debinding time on the binder weight loss percentage after debinding process for FeOX, Ni3Al, and 316L has been investigated.

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Kong, X., C. Quinard, T. Barrière, and J. C. Gelin. "Mixing and Characterisation of stainless steel 316L feedstock." International Journal of Material Forming 2, S1 (August 2009): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0652-0.

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42

Liu, Z. Y., N. H. Loh, S. B. Tor, Y. Murakoshi, R. Maeda, K. A. Khor, and T. Shimidzu. "Injection molding of 316L stainless steel microstructures." Microsystem Technologies 9, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2003): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-003-0293-z.

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43

Emadinia, Omid, Maria Vieira, and Manuel Vieira. "Feedstocks of Aluminum and 316L Stainless Steel Powders for Micro Hot Embossing." Metals 8, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8120999.

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In metal powder, shaping the preparation and characterization of the feedstock is an aspect commonly recognized as fundamental. An optimized composition is required to ensure the successful shaping of the feedstock. In this study, a commercial binder system, pure aluminum and 316L austenitic stainless-steel powders were used for micro hot embossing. The optimization process revealed that powder characteristics such as shape and the stability of the torque mixing, were important parameters. Manipulating the feedstock composition by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes or stearic acid or using a higher powder concentration considerably influenced the torque mixing values. The steady state of torque mixing was achieved for all feedstocks. This torque behavior indicates a homogeneous feedstock, which was also confirmed by microscopic observations. Nevertheless, an extruding process was required for greater homogeneity of the aluminum feedstocks. The presence of the carbon nanotubes increased the homogeneity of green parts and reduced microcrack formation. The roughness was essentially dependent on the feedstock composition and on the plastic deformation of the elastomer die. Shaping the prepared feedstocks (with or without carbon nanotube) was achieved by the optimized powder concentrations and it did not increase by the stearic acid addition.

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44

Islam, Sk Tanbir, Sudip Kumar Samanta, Nagahanumaniah, Himadri Roy, Aditya Kumar Lohar, Santanu Das, and Asish Bandyopadhyay. "Rheological Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Feedstock for µ-MIM." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 2 (2018): 8152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.503.

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45

Meenashisundaram, Ganesh Kumar, Zhengkai Xu, Mui Ling Sharon Nai, Shenglu Lu, Jyi Sheuan Ten, and Jun Wei. "Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of High Porosity 316L Stainless Steel Metal Foams." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 3744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173744.

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High porosity (40% to 60%) 316L stainless steel containing well-interconnected open-cell porous structures with pore openness index of 0.87 to 1 were successfully fabricated by binder jetting and subsequent sintering processes coupled with a powder space holder technique. Mono-sized (30 µm) and 30% (by volume) spherically shaped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) powder was used as the space holder material. The effects of processing conditions such as: (1) binder saturation rates (55%, 100% and 150%), and (2) isothermal sintering temperatures (1000 ○C to 1200 ○C) on the porosity of 316L stainless steel parts were studied. By varying the processing conditions, porosity of 40% to 45% were achieved. To further increase the porosity values of 316L stainless steel parts, 30 vol. % (or 6 wt. %) of PMMA space holder particles were added to the 3D printing feedstock and porosity values of 57% to 61% were achieved. Mercury porosimetry results indicated pore sizes less than 40 µm for all the binder jetting processed 316L stainless steel parts. Anisotropy in linear shrinkage after the sintering process was observed for the SS316L parts with the largest linear shrinkage in the Z direction. The Young’s modulus and compression properties of 316L stainless steel parts decreased with increasing porosity and low Young’s modulus values in the range of 2 GPa to 29 GPa were able to be achieved. The parts fabricated by using pure 316L stainless steel feedstock sintered at 1200 ○C with porosity of ~40% exhibited the maximum overall compressive properties with 0.2% compressive yield strength of 52.7 MPa, ultimate compressive strength of 520 MPa, fracture strain of 36.4%, and energy absorption of 116.7 MJ/m3, respectively. The Young’s modulus and compression properties of the binder jetting processed 316L stainless steel parts were found to be on par with that of the conventionally processed porous 316L stainless steel parts and even surpassed those having similar porosities, and matched to that of the cancellous bone types.

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Mirzababaei, Saereh, and Somayeh Pasebani. "A Review on Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing of 316L Stainless Steel." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3030082.

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Binder jet additive manufacturing enables the production of complex components for numerous applications. Binder jetting is the only powder bed additive manufacturing process that is not fusion-based, thus manufactured parts have no residual stresses as opposed to laser-based additive manufacturing processes. Binder jet technology can be adopted for the production of various small and large metallic parts for specific applications, including in the biomedical and energy sectors, at a lower cost and shorter lead time. One of the most well-known types of stainless steels for various industries is 316L, which has been extensively manufactured using binder jet technology. Binder jet manufactured 316L parts have obtained near full density and, in some cases, similar mechanical properties compared to conventionally manufactured parts. This article introduces methods, principles, and applications of binder jetting of SS 316L. Details of binder jetting processes, including powder characteristics (shape and size), binder properties (binder chemistry and droplet formation mechanism), printing process parameters (such as layer thickness, binder saturation, drying time), and post-processing sintering mechanism and densification processes, are carefully reviewed. Furthermore, critical factors in the selection of feedstock, printing parameters, sintering temperature, time, atmosphere, and heating rate of 316L binder jet manufactured parts are highlighted and summarized. Finally, the above-mentioned processing parameters are correlated with final density and mechanical properties of 316L components to establish a guideline on feedstock selection and process parameters optimization to achieve desired density, structure and properties for various applications.

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Omar, M. A., R. Ibrahim, M. I. Sidik, M. Mustapha, and M. Mohamad. "Rapid debinding of 316L stainless steel injection moulded component." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 140, no. 1-3 (September 2003): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(03)00772-6.

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Kanchanomai, C., B. Saengwichian, and A. Manonukul. "Delamination wear of metal injection moulded 316L stainless steel." Wear 267, no. 9-10 (September 2009): 1665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.06.019.

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Veltl, G., Th Hartwig, F. Petzoldt, and H. D. Kunze. "Investigations on Metal Injection Molding of 316L Stainless Steel." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 10, no. 3 (May 1995): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426919508935036.

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Dvorak, P., T. Barriere, and J. C. Gelin. "Jetting in metal injection moulding of 316L stainless steel." Powder Metallurgy 48, no. 3 (September 2005): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329005x66430.

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Journal articles on the topic '316L stainless steel feedstock injection'

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