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1

Liu, F., J. G. Jung, and Soo Woo Nam. "The Effect of Nitrogen on High Temperature Deformation Behaviors in Type 316L Stainless Steel." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.69.

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Both tensile and strain controlled low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted for 316L and 316LN at 550oC and 600oC to investigate the nitrogen effect on the deformation behavior of type 316L stainless. The waveform of LCF was a symmetrical triangle with a constant strain rate of 4×10-3/s was employed for most tests. It shows that the addition of nitrogen in the alloy results in an increase in tensile strength but a decrease in ductility. Both the alloys exhibited cell structure after severe tensile deformation. However, after low cycle fatigue, only planar slip band is observed in 316LN, wh
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2

Roos, Stefan, Carlos Botero, Jonas Danvind, Andrei Koptioug, and Lars-Erik Rännar. "Macro- and Micromechanical Behavior of 316LN Lattice Structures Manufactured by Electron Beam Melting." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 28, no. 12 (2019): 7290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04484-3.

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AbstractThis work focuses on the possibility of processing stainless steel 316LN powder into lightweight structures using electron beam melting and investigates mechanical and microstructural properties in the material of processed components. Lattice structures conforming to ISO13314:2011 were manufactured using varying process parameters. Microstructure was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Compression testing was used to understand the effect of process parameters on the lattice mechanical properties, and nanoindentation was used to determine the material hardness. Lattices man
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3

Sakurai, Takeru, Osamu Umezawa, and Yoshinori Ono. "Strength and Fracture Toughness of Type 304 and 316 Austenitic Stainless Steels at 4.2 K." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1302, no. 1 (2024): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012002.

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Abstract The tensile properties and fracture toughness of type 304L, 316L and 316LN austenitic stainless steels and their weldments at cryogenic temperatures have been summarized in the literature. Rolled plates showed a trade-off relationship between 0.2% proof stress and planestrain fracture toughness with those at 4.2 K. The 0.2% proof stress increases with increasing C+N content, and the fracture toughness depends on their austenite stability to α’-martensitic transformation at the crack tip. The formation of shear bands at low strains is directly related to fracture toughness. The stackin
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4

Devaraju, A., A. Elayaperumal, S. Venugopal, Satish V. Kailas, and J. Alphonsa. "Hot Vacuum Tribological Properties of Chromium Nitride Coatings against Austenitic Stainless Steel Type AISI 316LN and Colmonoy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.600.

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The tribological properties of Plasma Nitrided (PN) rings were examined in high vacuum environment (1.6 x 10-4bar) at 25°C, 200°C and 400°C. The high vacuum based pin on disc tribometer was used for this investigation. The two different sliders namely austenitic stainless steel type AISI 316LN (316LN) pin and Nickel based alloy coated (Colmonoy) pin have been used. The tribological parameters such as friction coefficient, wear mechanism and wear rate have been evaluated. The PN 316LN rings exhibits excellent wear resistance against 316 LN pin and Colmonoy pin at all temperatures. However, the
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5

Jiang, Likun, Xingwang Feng, Huanchun Wu, Guosheng Su, and Bin Yang. "Improved Microstructure of 316LN Stainless Steel Performed by Ultrasonic Surface Rolling." Metals 15, no. 5 (2025): 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050545.

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316LN stainless steel (316LN SS) with a gradient structure was produced by ultrasonic surface rolling processing (USRP). The surface quality of the 316LN SS specimen was improved significantly after the USRP. The experimental results showed that with an increasing number of rolling passes, the thickness of the gradient structure layer increased, and the microhardness decreased in a gradient from the surface to the matrix. The results also indicated that the optimal parameters were as follows: 220 rad/min lathe speed, 0.11 mm rolling space, 0.2 rad/min feed rate, and 5 rolling passes. Under the
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6

Yang, Ren Xian, Xin Cai, Lei Gang Zheng, Xiao Qiang Hu, and Dian Zhong Li. "Impact of Rare Earth Addition on Creep Rupture Behavior of 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel at 700°C." Materials Science Forum 1072 (October 25, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-59845f.

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Effect of rare earth (RE) on creep rupture behavior of 316LN austenitic stainless steel (316LN steel) was investigated after crept at 700°C under the stress in the range from 125MPa to 200MPa, by the optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show RE addition in 316LN steel increased the creep rupture ductility at high stress, but reduced the creep rupture ductility at low stress. Under 200MPa, RE addition increased the creep rupture strain of 316LN steel from 0.558 to 0.787 but the creep rupture strain after crept under
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7

He, Wen Wu, Jian Sheng Liu, Hui Qin Chen, and Hui Guang Guo. "Hot Deformation Behavior of 316LN Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.516.

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Hot-compression experiments of 316LN stainless steel have been conducted on a Gleeble-1500D thermal-mechanical simulator. We have analyzed the flow stress-strain curve and acquired the constitutive equation of 316LN steel by calculating stress exponent, activation energy and Zemer-Hollomon parameter. Then, based on the material model theories and Prasad instability criterion, the iso-efficiency map at strain 0.6 of 316LN steel has been developed. The larger power dissipation rate is emerging at 1050~1200°C and lower strain rate. In addition, we have also analyzed the hot deformation microstruc
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8

Vogt, J. B., J. Foct, C. Regnard, G. Robert, and J. Dhers. "Low-temperature fatigue of 316L and 316LN austenitic stainless steels." Metallurgical Transactions A 22, no. 10 (1991): 2385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02665004.

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9

Wang, Sheng Long, Bin Yang, Ming Xian Zhang, and Huan Chun Wu. "The Establishment and Application of 316LN Stainless Steel Database for AP1000 Primary Coolant Pipes." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.341.

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Nuclear grade 316LN austenitic stainless steel (ASS) with an exceptional combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance was used to produce AP1000 primary coolant pipe. In order to evaluate the microstructure evolution of the pipe during its forging process, the material database of the 316LN ASS is established with high integrity and reliability. In this paper, the thermal physical parameters, flow stress-strain data and the recrystallization kinetic equations of the 316LN steel are coupled, and the material database is systematically established. Most important, the reliabilit
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10

Jayakumar, Tammana, A. K. Bhaduri, M. D. Mathew, Shaju K. Albert, and U. Kamachi Mudali. "Nitrogen Enhanced 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel for Sodium Cooled Fast Reactors." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.670.

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For the future sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs), which are envisaged with a design life of 60 years, nitrogen-enhanced 316LN austenitic stainless steel (SS) with improved high-temperature properties is being developed. To optimize the enhanced nitrogen content in 316LN SS, the effect of nitrogen on its tensile, creep and low cycle fatigue behavior has been investigated. For different heats of 316LN SS containing 0.07-0.22 wt% nitrogen, the tensile and creep properties increased with increase in nitrogen content, while low cycle fatigue properties peaked at 0.14 wt% nitrogen. Finally, based o
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11

Kim, Sung Hwan, Chaewon Kim, Ji-Hwan Cha, and Changheui Jang. "Corrosion Behavior of Si Diffusion Coating on an Austenitic Fe-Base Alloy in High Temperature Supercritical-Carbon Dioxide and Steam Environment." Coatings 10, no. 5 (2020): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050493.

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In order to enhance corrosion resistance of stainless steel (SS) 316LN at high temperature environments, surface modification was carried out by Si deposition and subsequent heat treatment at 900 °C for 1 h. This resulted in the formation of Fe5Ni3Si2 phase on the surface region. The surface-modified alloy was exposed to high temperature S-CO2 (650 °C, 20 MPa) and steam (650 °C, 0.1 MPa) for 500 h and evaluated for its corrosion behavior in comparison to the as-received alloy. In S-CO2 environment, the as-received SS 316LN showed severe oxide spallation and thick Fe-rich oxide formation, while
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12

Kim, Woo Gon, Hyun Hie Kim, Kee Bong Yoon, and Woo Seog Ryu. "Application of Creep Ductility Model for Evaluation Creep Crack Growth Rate of Type 316SS Series." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1433.

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This paper is to evaluate the creep crack growth rate (CCGR) of the type 316SS series: 316SS, 316FR and 316LN, and to apply a creep ductility model. A number of the data are collected through wide literature surveys and experiment, and evaluated by the C* parameter. The results of the CCGR data were nearly matched with a small scattering band regardless of the different applied stresses, temperatures and test specimens configuration. In the CCGR, type 316FR and 316LN steels were slower than type 316SS. Type 316SS showed a better agreement in the application of the creep ductility model than th
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13

Hurley, M. F., and J. R. Scully. "Threshold Chloride Concentrations of Selected Corrosion-Resistant Rebar Materials Compared to Carbon Steel." Corrosion 62, no. 10 (2006): 892–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3279899.

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Abstract The threshold chloride concentration for solid Type 316LN (UNS S31653) stainless steel, Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel clad, 2101 (UNS S32101), Fe-9%Cr, and carbon steel rebar (ordinary ASTM A 615M) was investigated using potentiodynamic and potentiostatic current monitoring techniques in saturated calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) + sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. There is general consensus in this study and the literature that the chloride threshold for carbon steel is less than a chloride to hydroxl (Cl−/OH−) molar ratio of 1. Solid Type 316LN stainless steel rebar was found to
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14

Dong, Yuanyuan, Zhe Zhang, Zhihai Yang, Ruixiao Zheng, and Xu Chen. "Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Pressure Torsion-Produced 316LN Stainless Steel." Materials 15, no. 1 (2021): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010181.

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316LN stainless steel is a prospective structural material for the nuclear and medical instruments industries. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) combined with annealing possesses have been used to create materials with excellent mechanical properties. In the present work, a series of ultrafine-grained (UFG) 316LN steels were produced by high-pressure torsion (HPT) and a subsequent annealing process. The effects of annealing temperature on grain recrystallization and precipitation were investigated. Recrystallized UFG 316LN steels can be achieved after annealing at high temperature. The σ phase
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15

Kim, Ha Geun, Sang Beom Shin, and Dae Soon Kim. "A Study on the Angular Distortion Control for the Multi-Pass Butt Weldment of STS 316LN." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.431.

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The purpose of this study is to establish the proper control method of angular distortion of multi-pass STS 316LN weldment in the vacuum and cryostat vessel of the fusion reactor. To achieve it, the predictive equation of angular distortion in the multi-pass STS 316LN weldment with reference to welding heat input and effective bending rigidity of weldment was established using FEA and experiment. The bending restraint degree of each weldment in the the vacuum vessels of the fusion reactor was evaluated using FEA. Based on the prediction equation of distortion, both proper welding deposit seque
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16

Devaraju, A., and A. Elayaperumal. "The Effect of Surface Roughness on Sursulf, Gas and Plasma Nitride Coatings on Austenitic Stainless Steel Type AISI 316LN." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.758.

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Austenitic stainless steel type AISI 316LN (316LN SS) material has been nitrided by three different nitride techniques such as Sursulf, Gas and Plasma nitriding. The 316LN SS samples have been prepared with two different surface roughnesses. The effects of surface roughness on nitriding with respect to formation of coating, case depth, increase in surface hardness and coating adhesion strength have been evaluated. The coating thickness was high for mirror polished samples than ground samples for all nitriding techniques. The coating thickness was very high (76.5µm) for plasma nitrided (PN) mir
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17

Schwartz, Julien, Olivier Fandeur, and Colette Rey. "Modelling of Low Cycle Fatigue Initiation of 316LN Based on Crystalline Plasticity and Geometrically Necessary Dislocations." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1137.

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Initiation of intragranular cracks during low cycle fatigue is governed by complex microstructural phenomena. Depending on the loading amplitude, number of cycles, lattice structure and/or chemical composition, different dislocation structures (veins, cells or Persistent Slip Bands) develop and induce heterogeneous localization of strain and stress in the material. For a better comprehension of crack initiation in 316LN stainless steel, low cycle fatigue tests and numerical simulations were performed. Specimens of 316LN steel with polished shallow notch were cycled with constant loading amplit
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18

Jin, Miao, Xingang Liu, Lu Gao, Haipeng Ji, Huan Guo, and Baofeng Guo. "316LN Dynamic Recrystallization and Microstructure Evolution." Advanced Science Letters 12, no. 1 (2012): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2012.2758.

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19

Li, Jingdan, and Jiansheng Liu. "Strain Compensation Constitutive Model and Parameter Optimization for Nb-Contained 316LN." Metals 9, no. 2 (2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020212.

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Hot deformation behavior of Nb-contained 316LN was investigated using a series of compression tests performed on a Gleeble-1500D simulator at temperature of 950–1200 °C and strain rate of 0.01~1 s−1. Based on the strain compensation method, a modified Arrhenius constitutive model considering the comprehensive effects of temperature, strain rate, and strain on flow stress was established, and the accuracy of the proposed model was evaluated by introducing correlation coefficient (R) and average relative error (AARE). The values of R and AARE were calculated as 0.995 and 4.48%, respectively, pro
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20

Dai, Jingjing, Jijun Xin, Chuanjun Huang, et al. "Determination of strength mismatch states of 316LN-HGH4169-Inconel 718 dissimilar welds at cryogenic temperature through a digital image correlation technique." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1327, no. 1 (2025): 012215. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1327/1/012215.

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Abstract 316LN steel and Inconel 718 alloy was proposed for the outer components of the magnet container and the toroidal field (TF) coils respectively, which inevitably requires welding connection resulting in strength mismatch between different base materials (BMs) and welding filler. However, local tensile properties of 316LN-HGH4169-Inconel 718 dissimilar welds at cryogenic temperature have not been characterized currently. Global tensile properties of dissimilar welds at both room temperature (300 K) and cryogenic temperature (6 K) were evaluated through the digital image correlation (DIC
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21

Giannini de Cunto, Gabriel, Arnaldo Homobono Paes de Andrade, and Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro. "Application of Leak-Before-Break concept in 316LN austenitic steel pipes welded using 316L." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 11, no. 41 (2017): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.41.44.

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22

Song, Y., T. N. Baker, and N. A. McPherson. "A study of precipitation in as-welded 316LN plate using 316L/317L weld metal." Materials Science and Engineering: A 212, no. 2 (1996): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(96)10199-4.

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23

Kim, Dae Whan, Chang Hee Han, and Woo Seog Ryu. "Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of 316LN Stainless Steel Welded by GTAW in Nitrogen Added Environment." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.275.

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Tensile and fatigue properties were evaluated for base and welded type 316LN stainless steel. Welding methods were GTAW (308L, Ar environment) and GTAWN (316L, Ar + N2 environment). Yield strength of weld joint was higher than that of base metal but elongation of weld joint was lower than that of base metal. UTS of weld joint was slightly lower than that of base metal. Yield strength and elongation with welding method were almost same. Fatigue life of weld joint was lower than that of base metal but fatigue strength of weld joint was higher than that of base metal. Ferrite content was increase
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24

Kim, Woo Gon, Song Nan Yin, Woo Seog Ryu, and Won Yi. "Creep-Life Prediction of Type 316LN Stainless Steel by Minimum Commitment Method." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1313.

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This paper presents the results of the Minimum Commitment Method (MCM) applied to predict the creep rupture life of type 316LN SS. Constant A, and the function of P(T) and G(σ) being used in the MCM equation were determined. To determine a proper value of the constant A, a focal point method and a trial and error one were adopted, respectively. It was found to be A=-0.02~-0.05 for type 316LN SS. Each prediction curve with the A values were presented up to 106 hours and compared to the experimental data at each temperature. Using the short-term creep rupture data for under 2,000 hours, a long-t
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25

Chai, Meng Yu, Quan Duan, and Zao Xiao Zhang. "Acoustic Emission Response of 316LN Welded Joint during Intergranular Corrosion." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.401.

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The acoustic emission (AE) response of 316LN welded joint during intergranular corrosion (IGC) was investigated in this study. The boiling nitric acid method was chosen to provide the IGC environment and AE signals were detected by Macro-SAMOS AE testing system. The metallographic structures and AE results were studied and analyzed in detail. The results show that the IGC process of 316LN welded joint can generate many AE signals and the AE activity is high. The AE amplitude is below 35dB and mainly ranges from 25dB to 34dB. Two types of AE signals are obtained and both the frequency peaks are
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26

Qin, Min, Jiansheng Liu, and Jingdan Li. "Establishment and Application of the Void Closure Prediction Model of 316LN." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (May 8, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5717860.

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The presence of voids in the ingot affects the mechanical properties of the final products of the forging process. It is essential to establish a void closure model to predict cavity closure in the forging process to optimize the forging process and improve forging quality. The main purpose of this study is to obtain an accurate prediction model of void closure for 316LN stainless steel. Using the FEM simulation method to study the closure of spherical voids during forging compression of 316LN materials, we can accurately characterize the state of void closure. The void closure ratio K under d
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27

Chai, Meng Yu, Can Liang, Dong Dong Wang, Quan Duan, and Zao Xiao Zhang. "Research on Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of Welded Joints of Nuclear Grade Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.390.

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The intergranular corrosion (IGC) behaviors of welded joints of 316LN stainless steel with different welding heat input were investigated in this study. The boiling nitric acid method was chosen to provide the IGC environment. The corrosion rates of different specimens were studied and the micro-structures of each zone (base material, heat affected zone and weld zone) were analyzed in detail. The results show that welding heat input affects IGC resistance remarkably and low welding heat input can reduce the IGC tendency. The IGC test can be divided into three stages, i.e. the initial corrosion
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28

Xu, Zhi Qiang, and Yin Zhong Shen. "Serrated Flow in 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 455 (November 2013): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.455.159.

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Serrated flow behavior of the 316LN austenitic stainless steel was investigated through tensile tests at initial strain rates of 2×10-5 to 10-4 s-1 at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1048 K. Serrated flow occurred at room temperature and 6981048K at the strain rate of 2×10-4 s-1, as well as at temperatures of 623673 K at the strain rate of 2×10-5 s-1. Type A, A+B, C and E serrations appeared. The activation energy for the occurrence of serrated flow at high temperatures was about 327 kJ/mol. The dynamic strain aging caused by the interaction between substitutional solute Cr atoms
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29

Kumar, Nilesh, and Surya D. Yadav. "Creep curve modelling of Austenitic Steel 316LN." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012022.

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Abstract Physical based creep models that elucidate the creep deformation behaviour with ongoing microstructural evolution can be a useful tool for the components life assessment as well as the design of improved materials, deployed at high temperature and pressure. In this research work, a creep model that is a combination of physical based model and CDM approach is employed to predict the creep curves of steel 316LN. The microstructure based variables those are different dislocation densities (mobile and forest) are the input parameters. The model provides a provision for the assessment of e
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30

Mathew, M. D., Naveena, and D. Vijayanand. "Impression Creep Behavior of 316LN Stainless Steel." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 22, no. 2 (2012): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-012-0290-4.

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31

Kim, Dae Whan, Jong-Hwa Chang, and Woo-Seog Ryu. "Evaluation of the creep–fatigue damage mechanism of Type 316L and Type 316LN stainless steel." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85, no. 6 (2008): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2007.11.013.

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32

Yin, Song Nan, Woo Gon Kim, Ik Hee Jung, Yong Wan Kim, and Seon Jin Kim. "Creep Curve Modeling to Generate the Isochronous Stress-Strain Curve of Type 316LN Stainless Steel." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.705.

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An isochronous stress-strain curve (ISSC) needs to be generated for a creep design application for high-temperature materials. To generate the ISSC for type 316LN stainless steel (SS), a series of creep data, which was obtained from creep tests with different stress levels at 600oC, was used. Creep curves were modeled by means of a nonlinear least square fitting (NLSF) of the Garofalo model. In the fitting of the creep curve, a secondary creep region was separated into first and second phases, and its fitting range was suitable to use for the first phase. The Garofalo model revealed a good agr
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33

Li, Li Chan, Can Liang, Dong Dong Wang, Yong Quan Li, and Quan Duan. "Influence of Heat Input on Grain Size in the Structure of 316LN Stainless Steel Welded Joints." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.834.

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316LN stainless steel is a material with excellent mechanical properties, good resistance to intergranular corrosion and good weldability, and it has been used in many fields of industry. Welding quality has great influence on the strength and corrosion resistance of weldment. In this study, one group of submerged arc welding and three groups of shielded metal arc welding were taken to study the influence of heat input on grain size in the structure of 316LN welded joints. The results show that the microstructures of the weld zones in experiment were all consist of austenite and a small amount
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34

Pakpahan, Binsar Maruli Tua, Muhammad Nuh Hudawi Pasaribu, Lisnawaty Simatupang, and Robert Silaban. "Influence of Diamond-Like Carbon and Electroplating Ni-Cr on hardness and surface roughness of implant material AISI 316LN." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2908, no. 1 (2024): 012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2908/1/012015.

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Abstract AISI 316LN is widely used in biomedical applications, specifically bone implant materials because it is easier to fabricate than titanium alloys and cobalt alloys and has a cheap price. AISI 316LN has lower hardness than titanium alloy and coblate alloy, which causes many material failures. Diamond-like Carbon is a surface treatment that may enhance a material’s mechanical qualities and resistance to corrosion. Because electroplating creates a coating on the surface, it can enhance mechanical qualities and corrosion resistance. The Diamond-like Carbon process is carried out on the AIS
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35

Pawel, S. J., R. P. Taleyarkhan, D. K. Felde, and E. T. Manneschmidt. "Influence of mercury velocity on compatibility with type 316L/316LN stainless steel in a flow loop." Journal of Nuclear Materials 318 (May 2003): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(03)00021-7.

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36

Roos, Stefan, and Lars-Erik Rännar. "Process Window for Electron Beam Melting of 316LN Stainless Steel." Metals 11, no. 1 (2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010137.

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Electron beam melting (EBM) is currently hampered by the low number of materials available for processing. This work presents an experimental study of process parameter development related to EBM processing of stainless steel alloy 316LN. Area energy (AE) input and beam deflection rate were varied to produce a wide array of samples in order to determine which combination of process parameters produced dense (>99%) material. Both microstructure and tensile properties were studied. The aim was to determine a process window which results in dense material. The range of AE which produced dense
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37

Wu, H. C., B. Yang, Ming Xian Zhang, Sheng Long Wang, and Y. Z. Shi. "Effect of Solution Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wrought 316LN Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.576.

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The effect of forging and solution temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316LN stainless steel has been investigated by optical microscope, tensile testing machine and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the average grain size of the steel was refined from 150μm to 70μm after forging and solution treatment. With increasing solution temperature, the tensile strength and yield strength decreased. On the contrary, the elongation of the steel increased with increasing solution temperature except at 1200°C. The tensile strength of the samples forged at
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38

Shankar, Vani, P. Parameswaran, and M. D. Mathew. "Impression creep deformation behaviour of 316LN stainless steel." Materials at High Temperatures 32, no. 6 (2015): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1878641315y.0000000004.

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Li, Jingdan, and Jiansheng Liu. "The dynamic recrystallization mechanism of Nb contained 316LN." Materials Research Express 6, no. 8 (2019): 0865h9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab296c.

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Jin, Miao, Bo Lu, Xin-gang Liu, Huan Guo, Hai-peng Ji, and Bao-feng Guo. "Static Recrystallization Behavior of 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 20, no. 11 (2013): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(13)60198-3.

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41

Li, Bingbing, Yiming Zheng, Caiming Liu, Qite Li, Zhe Zhang, and Xu Chen. "Torsional thermomechanical fatigue behavior of 316LN stainless steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 789 (July 2020): 139676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139676.

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42

Shankar, P., D. Sundararaman, and S. Ranganathan. "Cr2N precipitation stages in 316LN austenitic stainless steels." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 31, no. 5 (1994): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(94)90149-x.

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Lu, Wenjie, Xiaozhen Hua, Xianliang Zhou, Jinhua Huang, and Xinyuan Peng. "Aging precipitation behaviors of Nb-contained 316LN SS." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 701 (April 2017): 993–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.103.

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44

Valsan, M., D. Sundararaman, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, and S. L. Mannan. "A comparative evaluation of low-cycle fatigue behavior of type 316LN base metal, 316 weld metal, and 316LN/316 weld joint." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 26, no. 5 (1995): 1207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02670616.

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Valsan, M., K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, R. Sandhya, and S. L. Mannan. "High temperature, low cycle fatigue behaviour of AISI type 316LN base metal, 316LN-316 weld joint and 316 all-weld metal." Materials Science and Engineering: A 149, no. 2 (1992): L9—L12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(92)90391-d.

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Sun, Chaoyang, Yu Xiang, Qingjun Zhou, Denis Politis, Zhihui Sun, and Mengqi Wang. "Dynamic Recrystallization and Hot Workability of 316LN Stainless Steel." Metals 6, no. 7 (2016): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met6070152.

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Pei, H. X., H. L. Zhang, L. X. Wang, S. L. Li, D. Z. Li, and X. T. Wang. "Tensile behaviour of 316LN stainless steel at elevated temperatures." Materials at High Temperatures 31, no. 3 (2014): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1878641314y.0000000014.

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Ganesan, V., M. D. Mathew, and K. B. Sankara Rao. "Influence of nitrogen on tensile properties of 316LN SS." Materials Science and Technology 25, no. 5 (2009): 614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328408x317066.

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Ramadoss, R., and A. Rajadurai. "Forming limit analysis of AISI 316LN-austenitic stainless steel." International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 4, no. 4 (2009): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmp.2009.031398.

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He, Wenwu, Jiansheng Liu, Huiqin Chen, and Huiguang Guo. "Processing Maps and Microstructure Evolution of 316LN Stainless Steel." Advanced Science Letters 4, no. 3 (2011): 1235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2011.1547.

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