Relevant bibliographies by topics / 32 factorial designs

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Academic literature on the topic '32 factorial designs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "32 factorial designs"

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Conagin, Armando, and Luís Alberto Ambrósio. "FRACTIONAL FACTORIAL DESIGNS 1/32 (45) IN BLOCKS OF SIXTEEN UNITS." BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE - Revista de Agricultura 82, no. 2 (2015): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v82i2.1445.

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Boguslavsky, Ilya, Slava Z. Brodsky, and Gena R. Ioffe. "Regular uniform main-effect designs derivable from geometric factorial designs in 2n runs." Model Assisted Statistics and Applications 15, no. 4 (2020): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mas-200504.

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The article introduces a general method of construction of asymmetrical regular factorial main-effect designs in 2n runs. It presents a collection of optimal designs constructed by this method in 32, 64, 128, and 256 runs. The method provides exploration of design structure and construction of designs with required properties. Construction of composite designs is given as an example of design structure exploration.
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Kaur, Gunjeet, Goutam Rath, Hemraj Heer, and Amit K. Goyal. "Optimization of Protocell of Silica Nanoparticles Using 32 Factorial Designs." AAPS PharmSciTech 13, no. 1 (2011): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-011-9741-8.

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Essery, R. "A factorial snowpack model (FSM 1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 12 (2015): 3867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3867-2015.

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Abstract. A model for the coupled mass and energy balances of snow on the ground requires representations of absorption of solar radiation by snow, heat conduction in snow, compaction of snow, transfer of heat to snow from the air and retention and refreezing of meltwater in snow. Many such models exist, but it has proven hard to relate their relative performances to the complexity of their process representations. This paper describes the systematic development of an open-source snowpack model with two levels of representation for each of the five processes mentioned above, allowing factorial experimental designs with 32 different model configurations. The model is demonstrated using driving and evaluation data recorded over one winter at an alpine site.
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Essery, R. "A Factorial Snowpack Model (FSM 1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 8 (2015): 6583–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-6583-2015.

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Abstract. A model for the coupled mass and energy balances of snow on the ground requires representations of absorption of solar radiation by snow, heat conduction in snow, compaction of snow, transfer of heat to snow from the air, and retention and refreezing of meltwater in snow. Many such models exist, but it has proven hard to relate their relative performances to the complexity of their process representations. This paper describes the systematic development of an open-source snowpack model with two levels of representation for each of the five processes mentioned above, allowing factorial experimental designs with 32 different model configurations. The model is demonstrated using driving and evaluation data recorded over one winter at an alpine site.
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K R, Shankar, Aminabee S, Ramana G, Lakshmi KNVC, and Indusree G. "Formulation and Evaluation of Propranolol Hydrochloride Floating Tablets by 32 Factorial Design." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 04 (2024): 1716–21. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.14.4.17.

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The goal of current work is to develop Propranolol HCl floating tablets. Floating tablets of Propranolol HCl were designed basing on the idea of gas generation. Using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as a gas-generating agent, xanthan gum, polyox WSR 303a as a matrix-forming polymer, and HPMC K4 M and K15 M as matrix-forming polymers, matrix tablets totalling 40 mg of propranolol HCl were created.Among the four polymers namely HPMCK4M, HPMCK15M, Xanthan gum and Polyox WSR, HPMC K4M gave good release and was selected for formulation of propranolol HCl floating tablets by 32 factorial design. Propranolol HCl release from the manufactured floating tablets occurred gradually over the course of 12 hours and was contingent upon the tablet's composition. The percentage that the independent variables HPMC K4M and NaHCO3 were utilised in the formulation of propranolol HCl floating tablets is described by a chosen three level, two factors experimental designs (32 factorial designs). Floating lag time (FLT), percent drug released in 8h were selected as dependent variables. The equations for Floating lag time (FLT) and drug release in 8 hr in (PD8) drug dissolved are as follows. Y1= 23.89 +4.17X1 -8.33 X2-0.75X1X2 +0.17X12 +2.67X22 (FLT), Y2= 81.06 -1.86X1 -4.10X2 -0.14 X1X2 – 0.21X12 + 6.57 X22 (DR8h). The Y1 equations' co-efficient of X2, which has a negative sign, shows that floating lag time increases as sodium bicarbonate concentration falls. The findings indicatethat the amount of NaHCO3 (X2) and the amount of HPMCK4M (X1) both have an impact on how long it takes for a medication to release and floating lag time.All manufactured floating tablet drug release followed first order kinetics, with the exception of F7, F8, and F9. Drug release from all the floating tablets prepared followed first order kinetics except in case of F7, F8 and F9. All manufactured floating tablets had their drug release regulated by non-Fickian diffusion, which served as the floating tablet's release mechanism. For FLT and DR 8h, the proximity between the predicted and observed values supports the rationality of the consequent equations for the dependent variables. Among the nine formulations F9 formulation is considered as best formulation basing on floating lag time and medication release parameters. It can be inferred from the findings that the floating tablets of propranolol HCl can be obtained successfully using optimization by 32 factorial design using HPMC K4M and sodium bicarbonate.
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Dev, Asish, Nihar Lohagaonkar, and Mansi Deshmukh. "Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Bioadhesive Tablet of Candesartan Cilexetil Using 32 Factorial Designs." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 10 (2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211014.

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Objective: The objective of the work is to formulate candesartan cilexetil floating bioadhesive tablets which can considerably improve the bioavailability of medicine underneath the condition of redoubled continuance of drug in abdomen. Methods: Floating bioadhesive tablet was ready by direct compression of chemical compound like HPMCE15 and Carbopol934p together. Result: After analysis of different evaluation parameter and drug release, F4 batch was selected as promising formulation for delivery of candesartan cilexetil floating bioadhesive tablets with 91.22% drug release at 12th h. Conclusion: Among the further batches, the F4 batch was selected as an optimized batch as a result of the pre-compression and post-compression parameters results area unit satisfactory. Keywords: Candesartan cilexetil, Floating bioadhesive tablets, Polymer, Total floating time.
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Young, J. C. "A CATALOG OF CONFOUNDING SCHEMES FOR 8-, 16-, AND 32-RUN FRACTIONAL FACTORIAL DESIGNS." Quality Engineering 9, no. 3 (1997): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982119708919062.

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Sapate, K. A., P. V. Dangre, and M. D. Godbole. "FORMULATION AND STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION OF MULTIPARTICULATE LAFUTIDINE-LOADED GASTRORETENTIVE DELIVERY SYSTEM USING 32- FACTORIAL DESIGN." INDIAN DRUGS 51, no. 10 (2014): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.51.10.10169.

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The purpose of this research was to develop and optimize buoyant beads containing lafutidine by ionic-gelation method for gastroretentive delivery. The effect of two independent process variables like NaHCO 3: Polymer, Drug: Polymer ratio on % drug entrapment, % swelling and % drug release of buoyant beads containing lafutidine was optimized using 32 factorial designs. The observed responses coincided well with the predicted values, given by the optimization technique. The optimized beads showed drug entrapment efficiency 78.76+0.27%, swelling 69.90+0.13%, cumulative drug release 69.00+0.36% after 8 h; the average size of all buoyant beads ranged from 1.35+0.01 to 1.56+0.05 mm. The buoyant beads were characterized by SEM, DSC and FTIR spectroscopy for surface morphology and excipient-drug interaction analysis, respectively. All these beads showed prolong release of lafutidine over 8 h in 0.1 N HCl (pH1.2) evaluation of buoyancy of the optimized formulation in vivo in human volunteers showed that the beads were buoyant in gastric fluid for 8 h both in fasted and fed state.
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Ramana Kumari Avirneni and Prakash Nathaniel Kumar Sarella. "Exploration of melt granulation technique for the development of entecavir monohydrate tablets using 32 factorial designs." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 14, no. 1 (2023): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2023.14.1.0191.

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This research work aims to fabricate fast-release tablets of entecavir monohydrate using a novel melt granulation technique and optimize the proportion of xylitol and mannitol using a 32 factorial design. entecavir monohydrate, a medication used for treating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, was used as a model drug. The fast-release tablets were designed to avoid fluctuations in plasma drug concentration and increase the bioavailability of entecavir monohydrate. The FTIR spectra of pure entecavir monohydrate were compared against polymers which had no interaction. The pre-compression and post-compression parameters were found to be within the desired range. The results of the drug release studies indicate that the formulations were able to release the drug within the desired range of 60-80% within 10 minutes. The study concludes that the melt granulation technique can be used to develop fast-release tablets of entecavir monohydrate with good compressibility, flow characteristics, and mechanical strength.
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Book chapters on the topic "32 factorial designs"

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Arıca, Betül, H. Süheyla Kaş, and A. Atilla Hıncal. "Evaluation and Formulation of Biodegradable Levodopa Microspheres Using 32 Factorial Design." In Biomedical Science and Technology. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5349-6_4.

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Avesh, Mohd, and Rajeev Srivastava. "Full-Factorial Design Approach to Parametric Optimization and Modeling of Car Suspension System." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9099-0_6.

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Phanphet, Suwattanarwong, Athiwat Wangmai, Surapong Bangphan, and Phiraphan Bangphan. "Application of Factorial Design to Study the Effect of Moisture and Rice of Varieties on the Production of Paddy Husker Machine: Part II." In Transactions on Engineering Technologies. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9531-5_22.

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Sarada, B., G. Srividya, R. V. Suresh Kumar, M. Keerthana, and M. Vidyavathi. "Effect of Formulation Variables on Optimization of Gastroretentive In Situ Rafts of Bosentan Monohydrate HCl by 32 Factorial Design." In Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46939-9_5.

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Nguyen, Nam-Ky, Stella Stylianou, Tung-Dinh Pham, and Mai Phuong Vuong. "Designs for Screening Experiments with Quantitative Factors." In Chemometrics - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106805.

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Most screening experiments in chemometrics and science are quantitative, i.e. continuous factors. These factors should be 3-level and the designs for these experiments should also be 3-level. However, popular designs for screening experiments are still Plackett-Burman designs (PBDs) and 2-level fractional factorial designs (FFDs) such as resolution III and resolution IV FFDs. This chapter introduces the conference matrices as an alternative to PBDs and resolution III FFDs and definitive screening designs, a conference matrix-based class of designs, as an alternative to resolution IV FFDs. A table of conference matrices of up to order 32 and examples are also provided for illustration.
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Sukanya, M., V. Rupa Sree Devi, K. Ravi Shankar, G. Ramana Reddy, and R. Anusha. "Optimization of Telmisartan Fast Dissolving Tablets by 32 Factorial Design." In Current Trends in Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery (CTD4-2022). Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837671090-00533.

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Telmisartan belongs to BCS Class II drug and needs enhancement in dissolution rate. The main objective of the study is to produce rapid dissolving tablets of telmisartan by complexation with β-cyclodextrin(βCD) and by using solid dispersions of MCC, Starch 1500, PEG 4000, Primojel and Mannitol. Telmisartan tablets with fast dissolution characteristics employing βCD were prepared using 32 factorial design and were prepared by direct compression method. Dissolution of Telmisartan from the βCD complexes was rapid and higher when compared to Telmisartan pure drug and with different carriers. Hence βCD(1:3M) ratio was chosen for formulation of tablets by 32 factorial study. Tablets each carrying 20mg of telmisartan were prepared employing βCD(1:3M) using Sodium starch glycolate and Crospovidone as super disintegrants by direct compression method. The tablet powder blends in each case possess excellent flow characteristics suitable for direct compression. All tablets prepared met I.P disintegration time specification of uncoated tablets.Factorial design was used in formulation of tablets. The 3 levels of factor X1 (Crospovidone) are at the concentration of 3%, 4%, 5%,3 levels of factor X2 (Primojel) are at the concentration of 3%, 4%, 5%. (% with respect to the avg weight of the Tablet, i.e 250mg) were taken as the rationale for the design of telmisartan fast dissolving tablet preparation. The conclusion can be drawn that increasing the superdisintegrant amount causes the dosage form’s disintegration time to decrease, and the drug release pattern can be altered by choosing right levels of superdisintegrant.
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Devi, V. Rupa Sree, M. Sukanya, K. Ravi Shankar, G. Ramana Reddy, and KNV Chenchu Lakshmi. "Formulation, Preparation, and Evaluation of Nebivolol Fast-Dissolving Tablets by Using 32 Factorial Design." In Current Trends in Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery (CTD4-2022). Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837671090-00510.

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Nebivolol comes under BCS Class II Classification, so there is a need to improve the dissolution rate. The motive of the current work is to formulate the fast-dissolving tablets of Nebivolol from optimised solid dispersion by allowing complexation using solid dispersions of PEG 4000, Starch 1500, Poloxamer 188, and β-cyclodextrin (β CD). Nebivolol tablets with fast dissolution characteristics employing βCD were prepared using a 32 factorial study employing by direct compression technique. Dissolution of Nebivolol from the β-CD complexes was rapid and higher when seen with that of Pure Nebivolol and with different carriers like Poloxamer, PEG 4000, and Starch 1500. Hence β-CD (1:3 M) ratio was selected for the preparation of tablets by 32 factorial study. Nebivolol equivalent to 5mg tablets was prepared by immersing βCD (1:3 M) using Primojel and Crospovidone as super disintegrants through direct compression technique. Tablet powder blends in each case possess excellent flow characteristics suitable for direct compression. All prepared tablets satisfied the I.P disintegration time range of noncoated tablets. The factorial study was used in the formulation of nebivolol tablets in which all three levels of factor X1 (Primojel) and factor X2 (Crospovidone) are of concentration 3%, 4%, 5% (% calculated based on total Tablet weight, i.e250 mg) were chosen as the hypothesis for the execution of the rapid dissolution of Nebivolol formulations. From the overview, it is evident that an enhancement in the portion of Superdisintegrant tends to decline in the disintegration time of the tablet and increase in drug dissolution.
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Latha, S. Madhavi, and P. Bharghava Bhushan. "Statistical Optimization and in Vitro Evaluation of Nizatidine Floating Tablets." In Current Trends in Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery (CTD4-2022). Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837671090-00586.

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Nizatidine is a histamine (H2) receptor antagonist that is indicated in the management of Gastric Esophageal Reflux Disorder, Peptic Ulcer Disease, gastric and duodenal ulcer. The bioavailabilty of Nizatidine is around 70% and the drug suffers from low permeability issues due to its hydrophilic nature. The aim of this work was to formulate and develop non effervescent floating matrix tablets of Nizatidine to increase the bioavailability of the drug by increasing gastric residence time. NEGFMT of Nizatidine were prepared using Glyceryl Laurate (GL), lactose, aerosol and magnesium stearate. 32 full factorial design was employed for the design and optimization of formulations using Design Expert software. Amount of GL (X1) and percentage of lactose (X2) were taken as independent variables while percentage of drug release in 1 hour (Y1) and time to release 100% of the drug (Y2) were selected as dependent variables. Nizatidine granules were prepared using melt granulation technique and evaluated for flow properties and then compressed into NEGFMT. Prepared formulations were evaluated for various post compression parameters, dissolution studies and stability studies. The lower density of GL when compared to gastric fluid and its capability to sustain the release of drug makes it an ideal choice to prepare non effervescent floating matrix tablets. Response surface methodology of the statistical mathematical models showed a good correlation between the predicted and actual values. Optimized formulations were successfully developed based on full factorial design and statistical methods.
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Anane-Fenin, Kwame, Esther Titilayo Akinlabi, and Nicolas Perry. "Optimization Methods for Minimizing Induced Stress During Tensile Testing of Prosthetic Composite Materials." In Design, Development, and Optimization of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering Products. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8235-9.ch008.

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The application of composite materials for prosthetic applications is the norm in recent times. Accurately characterizing the principal stresses during tensile testing is therefore essential. The low transverse compressive strength of most composite materials limits high clamping forces during tensile testing. Tabs are consequently critical for cushioning against grip pressure and surface damage. However, tabs tend to introduce induced stress concentrations. In this chapter, the induced stress concentrations are minimized via the optimization of tab design configurations. Stress concentration obtained via finite element analysis were used to develop a full factorial design for statistical analysis and compared with a Taguchi, Taguchi-multi response and Taguchi-genetic algorithm optimizations. It was established that to minimize the stress concentrations, low values of tab stiffness, thickness, and taper angle were required while the adhesive thickness was increased. The Taguchi and hybrid approaches were efficient and reduced the number of simulations from 32 to 8 (75% reduction).
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Vargas Martínez, María Gabriela, Selene Pascual-Bustamante, and María del Carmen Beltrán-Orozco. "Temperature Effects on the Physicochemical Properties and Composition of Fatty Acids in the Oil of Chia Seeds." In Design of Experiments for Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Food, and Industrial Applications. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1518-1.ch010.

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Chia seeds have a high content of omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids, so their consumption has become popular, often added to products subjected to heat treatments. This chapter evaluated the effect of temperature and time on the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of chia seed oil. The seeds, either whole or ground, were subjected to several treatments using a full factorial experimental design 32 where the factors were: the temperature (150, 187, and 225 °C) and treatment time (10, 25 and 40 min), while the studied responses were: iodine, acid, peroxide, and saponification values, Kreis test, and the content of omega 3, 6, and 9, the latter evaluated by gas chromatography. The use of moderate temperatures and short baking times is recommended (150 to 155 °C, less than 14 min) to avoid the loss in essential fatty acids and thus preserve the nutritional value of chia added in functional foods.
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Conference papers on the topic "32 factorial designs"

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Yetkin, Busra, and Berna Ulutas. "Application of Digital Human Modelling and Factorial Experiments for Workstation Optimization." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005019.

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Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) empower manufacturing workstations by enabling ergonomic and safe working conditions for humans. To design successful HRC, operational and ergonomics aspects must be considered. In this paper, a new methodology is developed to identify factors that can impact physical workload of workers’ performance in a HRC environment. The proposed approach is based on Digital Human Modelling (DHM) and Factorial Design of Experiments. DHM enables to design and evaluate a large number of design configurations with respect to multiple performance measures. However, most of modelling tools focus on graphical aspects and fail to analyze the effect of interactions among different design parameters that play a significant role in the design of workstations. Factorial Experiments addresses these gaps by generating a set of alternative design configurations in a systematic manner. In this study, a HRC workstation design is simulated in JACK software. A set of controllable design parameters (input factors) that may influence the ergonomic risks are defined as number of cobots, task complexity, human's anthropometric characteristics (height and weight) and product features (weight and dimensions). Each factor has two levels as high and low. To reduce the number of runs fractional factorial design algorithm is applied and 32 experiments are generated by using different configurations of factors’ levels. Multi-objective optimization technique applied for five different performance measures that are characterized as cumulative compression, cumulative low back moment exposure on L4/L5, energy expenditure rate, RULA score and cycle time. Main and interaction effects of input factors on performance measures are discussed. The proposed methodology shows the advantages of combining DHM tools, and statistical design approaches such as Factorial Experiments.
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Ebacher, Gabrielle, Marie-Claude Besner, and Michèle Prévost. "Quantification of the Relative Importance of Factors Contributing to Intrusion in a Distribution System Using a Full Factorial Design." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41173(414)32.

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Johnson, V. Jaya Jothi, M. S. Anand Kumar, and Vinay C. Harne. "44 Theoretical Predictions and Experimental Verification of Pass-by Noise Reduction for Small Four-Stroke Motorcycle." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-32-1813.

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<div class="htmlview paragraph">To meet stringent noise regulations by governing body and customer expectations for quieter machines, design of low noise-emitting vehicle is becoming increasingly critical. Noise from small capacity four-stroke motorcycle is ranked for its noise intensity emitted, by sound intensity technique. Generally, noise form exhaust ranks first among the sources. Theoretical predictions were made to determine the frequency band being attenuated by the exhaust system. Design of Experiments (L25 Fractional factorial -6 factors and 5 levels), a statistical technique, is used for determining critical parameters, which increase the transmission loss of the exhaust system for four-stroke engine. Best combination of design parameters for maximum transmission loss is selected using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Experimental exhaust systems were built based on the theoretical predictions, pass-by noise spectrum were captured and compared. With this technique, significant pass by noise level reduction has been achieved without any deterioration of engine performance like torque, fuel consumption.</div>
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Win, Zaw, R. P. Gakkhar, S. C. Jain, and M. Bhattacharya. "24 Noise, Emissions and Fuel Economy Investigation on a Small DI Diesel Using Taguchi Methods." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-32-1793.

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<div class="htmlview paragraph">To provide optimal performance of a small DI diesel in relation to noise, emissions and fuel economy, an experimental investigation was carried out using Taguchi methods. A single cylinder 3.5 kW diesel was selected for performance test at different engine speeds, loads and static injection timings. These controlled parameters were varied at three levels and the resulting changes in response variables viz. engine noise, smoke, HC, NO<sub>x</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and fuel economy (b.s.f.c) were observed. The levels for low noise, smoke, emissions and b.s.f.c could be predicted and relevant combination of controlled parameters specified. Confirmation engine runs were carried out and the results showed good agreement with the predicted optimized quantities of interest based on Taguchi analysis. The effect of engine parameters to the above responses was evaluated in terms of percent contributions by using analysis of variance. Taguchi method of experimental design was found to be more cost-effective for understanding the relationship between diesel engine parameters and noise, emissions and b.s.f.c than full factorial design.</div>
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Sheng, Jianping, Dave Mechergui, Madan Vunnam, Sudhakar Arepally, Dave Bednarz, and Ching Hsieh. "A MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR OCCUPANT CENTRIC GROUND VEHICLE SYSTEM DESIGN - Part I: Vehicle Design Parameter Screening Study." In 2024 NDIA Michigan Chapter Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium. National Defense Industrial Association, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-3497.

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<title>ABSTRACT</title> <p>This paper presents a vehicle design parameter screening, the first portion of our MDO efforts on occupant-centric vehicle design. The study uses a full simplified vehicle by considering occupant centric survivability performance under underbody mine blast loading. The top 10 design variables have been identified by TARDEC SMEs and analyzed systematically. 32 finite element models were built to represent fractional factorial combinations of these design parameters and used to determine the main contributors to vehicle structure response and occupant injury potentials. Four preferred design parameter selections have been found in this effort to achieve improved occupant survivability performance and structural response under underbody blast loadings. They are: optimized seat energy absorption system, higher standoff distance and vehicle mass, double-V underbody shape without structural reinforcement, and smaller vehicle width. The study found and confirmed that an optimized seat energy absorption system can lower occupant injury indices significantly. The efforts presented in this paper pave a road to a full system multidisciplinary design optimization.</p>
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Ching Chu, Hsiao, and Chien-Hsiung Chen. "The User Experience of App Interface Design in Hospitals: An Empirical Study." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005438.

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Amidst the pandemic's catalyzation, numerous hospitals rapidly invested in enhancing their mobile service systems. Medical appointment scheduling and outpatient information retrieval are fundamental functionalities of healthcare systems. Poor design in these basic functionalities can lead to negative user experiences, eventually resulting in user abandonment. This study employs a 2 (time selection) x 2 (information layout) factorial experimental design to investigate its impact on user performance, workload, and subjective perceptions. A between-subjects experimental design was utilized, and data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 32 participants for the experiment. The results revealed that: (1) Calendar date picker widgets are more suited for searching appointments further in the future. (2) Tabular information presentation enhances search efficiency but may require necessary learning and lead to higher cognitive load. (3) In more complex comparative tasks, there could be a transfer of information to the perceptual system, accelerating information absorption and retrieval.
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Judith, Jörn, Denis Neher, Maurice Kettner, Markus Klaissle, and Darko Kozarac. "Numerical Investigations of the Auto-Ignition Ranges of a Natural Gas Fueled HCCI Engine." In JSAE/SAE Small Engine Technologies Conference & Exhibition. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-32-0073.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) in natural gas fueled engines is thought to achieve high efficiency and low NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. While automotive applications require various load and speed regions, the operation range of stationary cogeneration engines is narrower. Hence, HCCI operation is easier to reach and more applicable to comply with future emission standards.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study presents computationally investigations of the auto-ignition ranges of a stationary natural gas HCCI engine. Starting from a detailed 1D engine cycle simulation model, a reduced engine model was developed and coupled to chemical kinetics using AVL Boost. Compression ratio, air-fuel ratio, internal EGR rate (iEGR) and intake temperature were varied for three different speeds, namely 1200, 1700 and 2200 rpm. Each examination includes a full factorial design study of 375 configurations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the first step, the combustion was calculated using the GRI-mechanism 3.0 and a single zone combustion model. The data generated was analyzed and single effects of the design parameters on auto-ignition characteristics were derived. In the second step, quadratic regression models were built and sensitivity analysis was performed. Compression ratio and intake temperature show the largest impact on auto-ignition timing (AIT) and auto-ignition temperature, whereas iEGR and air-fuel ratio mainly influence indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). The design space indicates narrower auto-ignition range at lower engine speed due to decreasing volumetric efficiency and increasing heat losses.</div></div>
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Hanipah, M. Razali, M. Haziq Adham Rosli, and Akhtar Razul Razali. "Flexible valve timing strategies for boosting a small four-stroke spark ignition engine performance." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-32-0591.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Variable valve timing (VVT) technology has been successful in enhancing internal combustion (IC) engine performance. VVT offers an additional control on engine breathing so that the engine operating conditions may be tailored more precisely hence, output and performance are amplified. In this paper, an approach of boosting IC engine performance through flexible valve timing (FVT) is presented. A numerical baseline model was developed using onedimensional numerical simulation tool based on a 65cc four-stroke gasoline engine. The flow coefficient values of intake and exhaust ports were obtained from flow bench experiments. The baseline model was validated against specification from manufacturer and results from previous research. This model undergone performance tuning to obtain the power and torque curves for the whole engine speed range. Next, performance optimization was conducted through design of experiments (DoE) with the target of boosting the torque and power of the baseline model between 5 to 10% for the engine speed from 1,500 until 6,000rpm. This was obtained through the variation of intake and exhaust valves timing as well as maximum lift using a full factorial experiment with three levels. The DoE experiments have identified several optimum FVT profiles. The result has shown an increase of up to 13% in brake power than the baseline. Volumetric efficiency is improved resulting in corresponding BMEP amplification. Finally, the potential of FVT system implementation is illustrated through laboratory prototype linear motor direct actuation system. The linear motor motion control preliminary testing has shown 4 to 11% difference between the demand and actual positions of the valve closing position. In conclusion, this study has shown high potential of FVT strategies which can improve engine performance over the whole range of engine speeds.</div></div>
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Mele´ndez, Elva, and Rene´ Reyes. "Experimental Description of the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient for Pool Boiling of Binary Mixtures on Porous Heating Surfaces." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47196.

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This work presents the experimental results of the effect of porous heating surfaces, and the Marangoni effect on the convective heat transfer coefficient for pool boiling, h. The porous heating surfaces fabricated for these experiments, and the interfacial tension gradients in the binary mixtures reduced the bubbles’ size and their coalescence in the proximity of the heating surface. The convective heat transfer coefficient was calculated for the boiling of pure water and three aqueous mixtures with 12, 16, and 20% weight of ethanol on five different porous coverings on the heating element. Some combinations of these variables were studied in a 32 factorial design, and represented by the response surface calculated. The maximum h for boiling of pure water on the bare surface of the heating element was 50 kW/m2 °C. Using the porous coverings, the maximum h value was 180 kW/m2 °C. For boiling the binary mixtures on the smooth heating element surface the maximum h value was 65 kW/m2 °C, while on the porous coverings the values of h attained a maximum of 220 kW/m2 °C. The maximum values of h correspond to the composition of 16% ethanol, and a porous covering with the smallest porous diameter.
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Ghadiri Gargari, Sama, Jamaka Thomas, and Solmaz Tabtabaei. "Development and statistical optimization of a tribo-electrification separation process for dry fractionation of yellow pea flour." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/zfnd2447.

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An eco-friendly dry tribo-electrostatic separation technique has been investigated to produce native plant-based protein concentrates from yellow pea flour using a lab-scale tribo-electrostatic separator. In this approach, a mixed-level full factorial (32 × 22) experiment was designed to evaluate the influence of process parameters on the protein content and protein separation efficiency of the resulted protein-enriched product. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the data along with optimizing the process with the objective of maximizing the protein separation efficiency while reaching a protein content of at least 57%. Air flow rate, milling type (Pin and Ferkar), and milling intensity were found to have statistically significant impacts on the protein content while only plate voltage had an impact on protein separation efficiency. Although plate voltage and air flow rate had no impact on the response variables, the interactions of plate voltage with milling intensity and air flow rate with plate voltage were found to be significant. The optimal conditions for air flow rate, plate voltage, milling type, and milling intensity were found to be 7 LPM, -6.5 kV with pin milled flour at the higher milling intensity. It resulted in 57.1% of protein content for the protein-enriched flour. The theoretical predictions had a good agreement with the experimental results. Acknowledgment: The authors acknowledge USDA-NIFA-AFRI (Bioprocessing & Bioengineering) Award#2020-67021-31141 for its support.
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Reports on the topic "32 factorial designs"

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Tetzlaff, Sasha, Jinelle Sperry, Bruce Kingsburg, and Brett DeGregorio. Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41800.

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Raising captive animals past critical mortality stages for eventual release (head-starting) is a common conservation tactic. Counterintuitively, post-release survival can be low. Post-release behavior affecting survival could be influenced by captive-rearing duration and housing conditions. Practitioners have adopted environmental enrichment to promote natural behaviors during head-starting such as raising animals in naturalistic enclosures. Using 32 captive-born turtles (Terrapene carolina), half of which were raised in enriched enclosures, we employed a factorial design to explore how enrichment and rearing duration affected post-release growth, behavior, and survival. Six turtles in each treatment (enriched or unenriched) were head-started for nine months (cohort one). Ten turtles in each treatment were head-started for 21 months (cohort two). At the conclusion of captive-rearing, turtles in cohort two were overall larger than cohort one, but unenriched turtles were generally larger than enriched turtles within each cohort. Once released, enriched turtles grew faster than unenriched turtles in cohort two, but we otherwise found minimal evidence suggesting enrichment affected post-release survival or behavior. Our findings suggest attaining larger body sizes from longer captive-rearing periods to enable greater movement and alleviate susceptibility to predation (the primary cause of death) could be more effective than environmental enrichment alone in chelonian head-starting programs where substantial predation could hinder success.
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Erdman, Richard, Geoffrey Dahl, Hanina Barash, Israel Bruckental, Avi Shamay, and Anthony Capuco. Management Strategies to Maximize Skeletal Growth Rate in Dairy Heifers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695848.bard.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and added dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on organ and tissue weights and body composition in growing dairy heifers. A total of 32 Holstein heifers, 3 months of age at the beginning of the study were used in the experiment. Eight heifers were slaughtered at 3 mo of age to determine pre- treatment body composition. The remaining heifers were randomly assigned to treatments (n=6) consisting of 0.1 mg/kg body weight per day of bST and 2% added dietary RUP (dry matter basis) applied in a 2X2 factorial design. A total of six heifers per treatment group (3 each at 5 and 10 mo of age), were slaughtered to determine body composition an organ masses. There was a trend for increased live and empty body weights (EB:W), carcass and non-carcass components for heifers treated with bST or fed RUP. Added RUP increased rumen and reticulum weights whereas administration of bST tended to increase the weights of small and large intestine at 10 months of age by 22 % and 26%, respectively. Spleen, heart, and kidney weights at 10 months of age were increased 36%, 28% and 23% for bST treatments respectively, compared with controls. Rates of ash and protein deposition between 3 and 10 months of age were increased by bST by 7.2 g/d and 28.9 g/d, respectively, while no treatment differences were observed for rates of fat and energy deposition. Bovine somatotropin significantly altered the metabolism of growing heifers in a manner that led to increased protein and ash deposition, and tended to reduce fat percentage, and there was a similar tendency observed with added RUP. This suggests that nutritional and endocrine manipulations could increase growth rates of skeletal and lean tissues without increasing fat deposition in prepubertal dairy heifers.
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