Journal articles: '3D conformal radiotherapy'

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Angelakis, P., J. Vrouvas, G. Kollias, C. Paraskevopoulou, and A. Damatopoulou. "Lymphomas and 3D conformal radiotherapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 16_suppl (2005): 6708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.6708.

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Cetin, Zeynep Erdogan, Sibel Eyigor, Kerem Ozturk, et al. "Evaluation of the Effect of Various Radiotherapy Modalities on Swallowing Function in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Cancer." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 98, no. 9 (2019): 566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561319840511.

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The objective of this study was to compare the effect of curative 3-dimensional (3D) conformal radio-chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) modalities on swallowing function in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. Ten patients receiving 3D conformal radiotherapy and 10 patients receiving curative radiotherapy with IMRT, who were admitted for malignancy control for nasopharyngeal cancer, were included in the study. Swallowing functions were determined by flexible fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation. Premature spillage, retention pooling, penetration, aspiration, and reflex cough were evaluated. No statistically significant difference was found between patients receiving 3D conformal radiotherapy and IMRT regarding the scores of premature spillage, retention pooling, penetration, and aspiration with 3, 5, and 10 mL water and 5 mL yoghurt and fish crackers ( P > .05). Velopharyngeal insufficiency or delayed onset of swallowing reflex was not found in any of the patients ( P > .05). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of the symptoms regarding subjective evaluation of swallowing ( P > .05). Swallowing function did not differ among patients receiving IMRT and 3D conformal radiotherapy. Further studies with a larger sample size are warranted in order to verify the results.

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Liesenfeld, S. M., and T. G. Wendt. "Clinical Implications of 3D-Conformal Radiotherapy." Oncology Research and Treatment 23, no. 6 (2000): 590–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000055012.

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Lambrecht, M., D. Nevens, and S. Nuyts. "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs. parotid-sparing 3D conformal radiotherapy." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 189, no. 3 (2013): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-012-0289-7.

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Latinovic, Miroslav, Milana Mitric-Askovic, Olivera Ivanov, Mico Novakovic, and Jelena Licina. "Oral complications in irradiated head and neck cancer patients - 3D conformal radiotherapy planning vs. 3D conformal radiotherapy planning with magnetic resonance fusion." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 145, no. 5-6 (2017): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh160601054l.

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Introduction/Objective. The incidence of radiation-induced side effects in patients with head and neck (H&N) cancer depends on the planning technique and the irradiation dose, as well as primary tumor location within the H&N region. The aim of our research is to establish the incidence of side effects in patients with H&N cancer treated with conformal radiotherapy planning with computed tomography (CT) or computed tomography fusion with magnetic resonance imaging (CT-MRI fusion). Methods. Prospective analysis was performed on 40 patients with oropharynx carcinoma and on 40 patients with larynx carcinoma prospectively followed after radiotherapy. Forty patients with H&N cancer were irradiated by using 3D conformal radiotherapy planning with CT, while other 40 patients were treated using 3D conformal radiotherapy planning with CT-MRI fusion. In all cases standard fractionation was used at 2 Gy per day, five days a week. Results. Of the total of 80 patients treated, 52 patients (52/80; 65%) reported a side effect and the incidence of complications was higher in patients irradiated with 3D technique planning with CT (31/52; 60% for 3D CT vs. 21/52; 40% for 3D CT-MRI; p = 0.02). There were more complications in chemoradiotherapy group of patients than observed when only radiotherapy was used ? 35/52 RT + HT vs. 17/52 RT (67%: 33% and p = 0.004). Conclusion. 3D radiotherapy technique planned solely on the basis of CT is related to high incidence of toxicity, which significantly affects the quality of life of irradiated patients. 3D conformal radiotherapy planned with CT-MRI fusion reduces the incidence of oral complications. Following the example of developed countries, this technique should be considered as a standard method for irradiating patients with H&N cancer. Planning technique with fusion technique using MR imaging is more suitable for delivering higher doses to the tumor with fewer side effects.

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Laborda, Almudena Zapatero. "3D conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy: towards dose optimization." Revista de Oncología 4, no. 2 (2002): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02712398.

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Cuccia, Francesco, Giuseppe Carruba, and Guseppe Ferrera. "What We Talk about When We Talk about Artificial Intelligence in Radiation Oncology." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 11 (2022): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12111834.

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The constant evolution of technology has dramatically changed the history of radiation oncology, allowing clinicians to deliver increasingly accurate and precise treatments, moving from 2D radiotherapy to 3D conformal radiotherapy, leading to intensity-modulated image-guided (IMRT-IGRT) and stereotactic body radiotherapy treatments [...]

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Minyazeva, R. K., G. Yu Battalova, I. V. Sakhautdinova, I. M. Tayupova, and I. R. Gilyazova. "3D Conformal Radiotherapy in Cervical Metastasis to Brain." Creative surgery and oncology 12, no. 1 (2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24060/2076-3093-2022-12-1-67-73.

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Background. Cervical cancer is among the commonest malignancies and a top fourth leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. The five-year survival rate in locally advanced cervical cancer is 91.5%, and only 17.2% — in distant metastasis. Primary cervical cancer metastasis to brain is very rare. Report and analysis of quite rare clinical cases may shed light on this issue, helping formulate relevant therapeutic and diagnostic interventions.Materials and methods. The article describes a case of cervical cancer metastasis to brain. The patient received modern 3D conformal intensity-modulated (IMRT) and image-guided (IGRT) radiation therapies on an Elekta Synergy highenergy linear digital accelerator instrument.Results. Clinical effect has been achieved by end of treatment. Time since diagnosis of primary cervical cancer was 13 months, and 7 months — since diagnosis of brain metastasis.Discussion. The survival rate in brain metastasis is marginal-low and depends on the patient’s age, primary tumour state, presence of extracranial metastases, as well as volume, number and location of metastases in brain parenchyma. An integrated approach including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy is considered superior to improve survival and the quality of life.Conclusion. Despite sheer coverage of therapies available, the mean survival rate in intracranial metastasis remains subtle. Thereby, research and discovery of relapse and metastasis biomarkers of cervical cancer is relevant.

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Malone, Shawn. "Dose-escalated 3D conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer." Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 4, no. 4 (2004): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737140.4.4.663.

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Moon, Sung Ho, Kwan Ho Cho, Chang-Geol Lee, et al. "IMRT vs. 2D-radiotherapy or 3D-conformal radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 192, no. 6 (2016): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-016-0959-y.

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Anikeeva, O. Yu, K. S. Tevs, O. A. Pashkovskaya, and E. A. Samoylova. "Comparison of stereotactic techniques of irradiation in aged patients with early stages of non-small cell lung cancer." Russian Journal of Oncology 19, no. 1 (2014): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/onco40029.

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The results of 2 years survival after stereotactic radiation therapy for 117 patients with early-stages of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with the age-related contraindications to surgery (with heavy cardiovascular diseases) were analyzed. We compare three treatment methods: 3D conformal radiotherapy in the free breathing - 39 patients (group 1); 3D dynamic conformal radiotherapy with active breath control - 42 patients (group 2), and high-hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy - 36 patients (3 group). Local control rate was highest in the group 3 - 85 %. Two year survival rate in groups 1, 2 and 3 reached 41%, 56% and 66 %, respectively. It was revealed that the results of high-dose hypofractionated radiation therapy for 2-year survival rates are comparable with surgery. Thus, the distant stereotactic conformal radiation therapy of NSCLC stages 1 and 2 with active breath control showed a higher efficiency without increasing the toxicity on the mediastinum, which has compromised heavy competing cardiovascular diseases. Also, the best long-term results of treatment were registered in a group of high-dose hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy.

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Yong, J. H. E., T. McGowan, R. Redmond-Misner, et al. "Estimating the costs of intensity-modulated and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in Ontario." Current Oncology 23, no. 3 (2016): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/co.23.2998.

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Background Radiotherapy is a common treatment for many cancers, but up-to-date estimates of the costs of radiotherapy are lacking. In the present study, we estimated the unit costs of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in Ontario.Methods An activity-based costing model was developed to estimate the costs of IMRT and 3D-CRT in prostate cancer. It included the costs of equipment, staff, and supporting infrastructure. The framework was subsequently adapted to estimate the costs of radiotherapy in breast cancer and head-and-neck cancer. We also tested various scenarios by varying the program maturity and the use of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) alongside IMRT.Results From the perspective of the health care system, treating prostate cancer with IMRT and 3D-CRT respectively cost $12,834 and $12,453 per patient. The cost of radiotherapy ranged from $5,270 to $14,155 and was sensitive to analytic perspective, radiation technique, and disease site. Cases of head-and-neck cancer were the most costly, being driven by treatment complexity and fractions per treatment. Although IMRT was more costly than 3D-crt, its cost will likely decline over time as programs mature and VMAT is incorporated.Conclusions Our costing model can be modified to estimate the costs of 3D-CRT and IMRT for various disease sites and settings. The results demonstrate the important role of capital costs in studies of radiotherapy cost from a health system perspective, which our model can accommodate. In addition, our study established the need for future analyses of IMRT cost to consider how VMAT affects time consumption.

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Mileusnic, Dusan. "The choice of optimal radiotherapy technique for locally advanced maxillary carcinoma using 3d treatment planning system." Vojnosanitetski pregled 61, no. 2 (2004): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0402145m.

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Aim. To compare the isodose distribution of three radiotherapy techniques for locally advanced maxillary sinus carcinoma and analyze the potential of three-dimensional (3D) conformal radiotherapy planning in order to determine the optimal technique for target dose delivery, and spare uninvolved healthy tissue structures. Methods. Computed tomography (CT) scans of fourteen patients with T3-T4, N0, M0 maxillary sinus carcinoma were acquired and transferred to 3D treatment planning system (3D-TPS). The target volume and uninvolved dose limiting structures were contoured on axial CT slices throughout the volume of interest combining three variants of treatment plans (techniques) for each patient: 1. A conventional two-dimensional (2D) treatment plan with classically shaped one anterior two lateral opposite fields and two types of 3D conformal radiotherapy plans were compared for each patient. 2. Three-dimensional standard (3D-S) plan one anterior + two lateral opposite coplanar fields, which outlines were shaped with multileaf collimator (MLC) according to geometric information based on 3D reconstruction of target volume and organs at risk as seen in the beam eye's view (BEV) projection. 3. Three-dimensional non-standard (3D-NS) plan: one anterior + two lateral noncoplanar fields, which outlines were shaped in the same manner as in 3D-S plans. The planning parameters for target volumes and the degree of neurooptic structures and parotid glands protection were evaluated for all three techniques. Comparison of plans and treatment techniques was assessed by isodose distribution, dose statistics and dose-volume histograms. Results. The most enhanced conformity of the dose delivered to the target volume was achieved with 3D-NS technique, and significant differences were found comparing 3D-NS vs. 2D (Dmax: p<0,05 Daver: p<0,01; Dmin: p<0,05; V90: p<0,05, and V95: p<0,01), as well as 3D-NS vs. 3D-S technique (Dmin: p<0,05; V90: p<0,05, and V95: p<0,01), while there were no differences between 2D vs. 3D-S technique. 3D-S conformal plans were significantly superior to 2D plans regarding the protection of parotid glands, and the additional improvement of dose conformity was achieved with 3D-NS technique. 3D-NS technique resulted in the decrease of Dmax for ipsilateral retina compared with 3D-S technique, while the level of Dmax for optic nerve was increased (within an acceptable range) with 3D-NS technique. Conclusion. In this study, 3D planning of radiotherapy for locally advanced maxillary sinus carcinoma with noncoplanar fields, which number did not exceed the number of fields for conventional arrangement enabled conformal delivering of the adequate dose to the target volume with the improved sparing of adjacent uninvolved healthy tissue structures.

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Gaye, Papa Macoumba, and Mouhamadou Bachir Ba. "3D Conformal Radiotherapy for Nephroblastoma: Unusual Technique in Dalal Jamm Hospital." Journal of Cancer Research Reviews & Reports 2, no. 2 (2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jcrr/2020(2)110.

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Nephroblastoma is the most common kidney tumor in children, accounting for 6% of all pediatric tumors. This tumor most commonly occurs between one and five years of age with a peak incidence around three and a half years. Multidisciplinary treatment combining neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and radiotherapy has achieved an overall survival of 90% at 10 years. This radiotherapy is optimal when it makes it possible to deliver an optimal dose of radiation while preserving the healthy developing organs in this subject. Conformational intensity modulation radiotherapy (IMRT) by linear accelerator or helical tomotherapy and hadrontherapy make it possible to respect this principle. These irradiation techniques were not available in our practice setting. We used a three-dimensional conformational radiotherapy technique for pan-abdominal irradiation of a nephroblasm while respecting the dosimetric constraints required in IMRT. Indeed, a rigorous optimization of three-dimensional conformational radiotherapy by a good delineation of the volumes of interest and a multiplication of the irradiation beams makes it possible to approach new radiotherapy techniques in terms of dose coverage, compliance with dosimetric constraints with reduction secondary cancer risk associated with low doses.

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Aldaly, Moustafa, Azza Hussien, Inas Mohsen El-nadi, et al. "A Comparison of 3D Conformal and Deep Inspiratory Breath Holding vs. 4D-CT Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Patients with Left Breast Cancer." Cancers 15, no. 24 (2023): 5799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15245799.

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Background: Multimodality is required for the treatment of breast cancer. Surgery, radiation (RT), and systemic therapy were traditionally used. Pharmacotherapy includes different drug mechanisms, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapies, alone or in combination with radiotherapy. While radiation offers numerous benefits, it also has certain harmful risks. such as cardiac and pulmonary toxicity, lymphedema, and secondary cancer. Modern radiation techniques have been developed to reduce organs at risk (OAR) doses. Materials and Methods: This study is a prospective feasibility trial conducted at the Fayium Oncology Center on patients with left breast cancer receiving adjuvant locoregional radiotherapy after either breast conservative surgery (BCS) or modified radical mastectomy (MRM). This study aimed to assess the proportion of patients who are fit both physically and intellectually to undergo breast radiotherapy using the deep inspiratory breath-holding (DIBH) technique, comparing different dosimetric outcomes between the 3D dimensional conformal with DIBH and 4D-CT IMRT plans of the same patient. Results: D95 of the clinical target volume (CTV) of the target is significantly higher in the 3D DIBH plan than in the IMRT plan, with an average of 90.812% vs. 86.944%. The dosimetry of the mean heart dose (MHD) in the 4D-CT IMRT plan was significantly lower than in the 3D conformal with the DIBH plan (2.6224 vs. 4.056 Gy, p < 0.0064), and no significant difference between the two plans regarding mean left anterior descending artery (LAD) (14.696 vs. 13.492 Gy, p < 0.58), maximum LAD (39.9 vs. 43.5 Gy, p < 0.35), and V20 of the ipsilateral lung (18.66% vs. 16.306%, p < 0.88) was observed. Internal mammary chain (IMC) irradiation was better in the 4D-CT IMRT plan. Conclusions: Radiotherapy of the breast and chest wall with the 4D-CT IMRT technique appears not to be inferior to the 3D conformal with the DIBH technique and can be used as an alternative to the 3D conformal with the DIBH technique in patients meeting the exclusion criteria for performing the DIBH maneuver concerning coverage to target volumes or unacceptably high doses to OAR.

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Yang, Ruijie, Weijuan Jiang, and Junjie Wang. "A Novel Conformal Arc Technique for Postoperative Whole Pelvic Radiotherapy for Endometrial Cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 19, no. 9 (2009): 1574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/igc.0b013e3181bd35a6.

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Introduction:Conventional whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) with 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) exposes most of the contents of the true pelvis to the prescribed dose. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) provides more conformal dose distribution and better sparing of critical structures for WPRT. However, IMRT is more complicated in planning and delivery, requiring more expensive equipment and time-consuming quality assurance. We explore and evaluate a novel conformal arc radiotherapeutic technique for postoperative WPRT for endometrial cancer in this study.Methods:This technique involves 2-axis conformal arc therapy (2A-CAT) with 180-degree rotation around 2 isocenters each in 2 separate dose-shaping structures. Dosimetric comparison with 3D-CRT and IMRT for 10 endometrial cancer patients undergoing postoperative WPRT was performed to evaluate this new 2A-CAT technique.Results:The mean conformity indices were 0.83, 0.61, and 0.88 for 2A-CAT, 3D-CRT, and IMRT, respectively. The mean homogeneity indices were 1.15, 1.08, and 1.10. The mean doses to bowel, rectum, bladder, and pelvic bone marrow were, respectively, 1.19, 3.39, 4.65, and 1.64 Gy lower with 2A-CAT than with 3D-CRT (P < 0.05), whereas a little higher than with IMRT. The mean dose to normal tissue was 1.87 Gy higher with 2A-CAT than with IMRT (P = 0.00).Conclusions:In postoperative WPRT for endometrial cancer, 2A-CAT significantly improves the dose conformity and sparing of bowel, rectum, and bladder compared with 3D-CRT. Despite dose uniformity and conformity being still inferior to those of IMRT, its simplicity and extensive availability combined with further improvement warrant it as a potential shortcut alternative to IMRT.

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Simson, David K. "Conformal radiotherapy in rectal cancer: a dosimetric review." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 1 (2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20164524.

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It has been a decade since preoperative chemoradiotherapy is the standard of care in the treatment of rectal cancer. Even though the main picture remains the same, there were many refinements that happened in delivery of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and, of course, surgical skills. Technical advancements in radiotherapy helped us to precisely deliver radiotherapy with minimal side effects. Nevertheless, none of these have been studied in detail to assess the effectiveness and bad effects. It has been noted that modern radiotherapy techniques even though reduces high doses to the critical organ doses, but increases the volume of normal tissues receiving low dose radiation, the adverse effects of the same need to be assessed. There hadn’t been any consensus whether to treat with 3D Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT) or Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT). This article reviews various dosimetric parameters of various techniques of radiotherapy presently being used in our department which includes conventional, 3DCRT and IMRT.

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Kumar, Narendra, Srinivasa GY, Chinna B. Dracham, et al. "Can 3D-CRT meet the desired dose distribution to target and OARs in glioblastoma? A tertiary cancer center experience." CNS Oncology 9, no. 3 (2020): CNS60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cns-2020-0010.

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Aim: The purpose of the study is to perform a dosimetric analysis of the doses received by planning target volume and organ at risks in the postoperative glioblastoma by using 3D-conformal radiotherapy to a total dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions. Materials & Methods: All patients received concurrent temozolomide every day, and this was followed by adjuvant temozolomide of 5 days of treatment per month. Results: More than 98% of patients were treated with a dose of 60 Gy. Doses were analyzed for the normal whole brain, tumor volume, as well as all the organs at risk. Conclusion: Given the grave prognosis and the limited survival of glioblastoma despite the best treatment available, makes 3D-conformal radiotherapy an equally acceptable treatment option.

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Sudhanshu, Shrenuka, Neeti Sharma, Rajesh Sinwer, H. S. Kumar, and Shankar Lal Jakhar. "A Comparative Study of 3D Conformal Radiotherapy Versus Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy with Simultaneous Integrated Boost in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer Patients." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care 10, no. 1 (2025): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2025.10.1.17-25.

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Introduction: Role of radiotherapy in comprehensive management of head and neck cancer for achieving tumor control and organ preservation is now well established and radiotherapy is routinely used as definitive or in the adjuvant setting after surgery, concurrently with chemotherapy or targeted agents. Development of linear accelerator with Multileaf Collimator (MLC) have revolutionized radiation delivery techniques, allowing conformal and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) to deliver highly conformal sculpted radiation dose to a very complex structure with improved sparing of adjoining critical structures like salivary glands, spinal cord, eyes, and brainstem amounting to better therapeutic gain. Aim and Objective: This prospective study is to compare toxicity profile of IMRT-SIB with Three Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3D CRT) in head and neck cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 patients with proven head and neck cancer were included in the study. They underwent radiotherapy on Linac 2300 CD for 3D-CRT and TRUEBEAM SVC machine for the IMRT comprised of 40 patients in each arm. Patients received 66Gy/30 fractions, as radical treatment in the IMRT arm for 6 weeks and 66 Gy/33 fractions in the 3DCRT arm for 6.5 weeks from Monday to Friday. Results: The 3D-CRT group demonstrated significantly more acute toxic effects compared with the IMRT group in our analysis. Acute Grade 3 or greater toxic effects to the skin occurred in 7 of 40 (17.5%), patients in the 3D-CRT group compared with 3 of 40 (7.5%) patients in the IMRT group. Acute Grade 3 or greater toxic effects to the mucous membranes occurred in 15 of 40 (37.5%) patients in the 3D-CRT group and only 9 of 40 (22.5%) patients in the IMRT group. Statistically significant grade III dysphagia developed in 8 of 40 (20%) patients in 3D-CRT group compared with 4 of 40 (10%) patients in IMRT group, while significant grade II xerostomia developed after 6 month of treatment; 20 of 40 patients in 3D-CRT group (50%), compared with 13 of 40 (32.5%) patients in IMRT group. Conclusion: In our comparative study, IMRT was associated with a significantly lower incidence of Grade 3 or greater xerostomia, acute toxic effects to skin (dermatitis) and mucous membranes (mucositis) than 3DCRT. In addition, compared to 3D-CRT, IMRT had lower rates of feeding tube use during radiotherapy. Our analysis showed potentially less toxicity in patients treated with IMRT in comparison to 3D-CRT.

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Jakhar, Dharampal, Rakesh Kumar Sihag, Vidushi Saharan, Saroj Dhaka, Surender Beniwal, and Shankar Lal Jakhar. "Comparative Study of 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy by 3 Fields v/s 5 Fields Treatment Planning Techniques for Head and Neck Cancer." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care 9, no. 1 (2024): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2024.9.1.73-76.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare conventional 3 field versus 5 field treatment planning techniques during 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT) in respect of OAR, PTV coverage, treatment response & toxicities in head and neck Cancer. Materials and methods: This study included 50 biopsy proven and registered patients of head and neck cancer. Twenty five patients randomized to each arm. Arm A- 3D- conformal radiotherapy by 3 field delivery technique. Arm B--3D- conformal radiotherapy by 5 field delivery technique. All patients were irradiated on linear accelerator with concurrent chemotherapy in form of 3 weekly Cisplatin. Target volumes and normal structures were manually contoured on the axial slices of the planning CT scan. Patients were evaluated at end of treatment, 1st, 3rd & 6th months follow up visits. Results: At the end of treatment 22 (88%) patient in 3 field and 23 (92%) patients in 5 field had complete response. At 6 months complete response was 76% and 80 % in Arm A and B respectively (p value=0.6836). Grade 3rd xerostomia was seen 12% Vs 4% in Arm A and B respectively ( p value= 0.92 ) Mean V95 was 90.93 for conventional 3 field technique and 93.28 with 5 field technique ( p value=0.08).Conclusion: 5 field 3D-CRT technique can be used to spare parotid and other OAR and better PTV coverage specially in larynx carcinoma , patient with N2 or less nodal involvement and not involving higher neck node level.

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VanderSpek, Lauren, Barbara Fisher, Glenn Bauman, and David Macdonald. "3D Conformal Radiotherapy and Cisplatin for Recurrent Malignant Glioma." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 35, no. 1 (2008): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100007563.

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Purpose:To determine the maximum tolerated dose of 3D conformal radiotherapy in combination with Cisplatin for patients with recurrent malignant gliomas.Methods:From 1999-2003, nine patients with recurrent malignant glioma received fractionated radiotherapy and Cisplatin (20 mg/m2/d IV on days 1-5) in a Phase I radiation dose escalation trial. Three sequential dose levels were evaluated: 25 Gy, 30 Gy, and 35 Gy, using 5 Gy fractions. All patients received prior external beam radiation (median dose 59.4 (20-60) Gy) and five patients received prior chemotherapy.Results:Six male and three female patients were enrolled with a median age of 52 years, and a median Karnofsky performance status score of 70. The median re-irradiated tumor volume was 18.9 (0.1-78.5) cm3 and the median follow-up was 8.8 (3.2-31.2) months. One patient (30 Gy/ 6 fractions) experienced medically reversible acute grade 3 toxicity. A second patient (35 Gy/ 7 fractions) experienced acute grade 2 toxicity and histology showed tumor and radiation effect. A third patient (25 Gy/ 5 fractions) experienced late grade 3 toxicity from radiation necrosis. The radiological responses consisted of complete response (1 patient), partial response (1 patient), and stable disease (2 patients). The median overall survival was 8.8 months (95% CI 8.0-9.9), and the median disease free interval was 2.0 months (95% CI 1.4-4.4). Seven patients received chemotherapy following re-irradiation and Cisplatin.Conclusion:The maximum tolerated dose of 3D conformal fractionated radiotherapy was 30 Gy in 6 fractions with low dose Cisplatin, which was well tolerated in terms of acute toxicity for our patient population. This regimen demonstrated only modest efficacy in the treatment of recurrent malignant glioma. Combinations of conformal re-irradiation and other systemic agents may merit investigation. Currently our recommended dose is 30 Gy in 6 fractions for selected patients.

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Agustina, Fitri, Jeffri Ardiyanto, and Siti Masrochah. "Teknik 3D Conformal Radioterapi (3DCRT) Pada Keganasan Sinus Paranasal Dengan Modalitas Linac." Jurnal Imejing Diagnostik (JImeD) 6, no. 2 (2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jimed.v6i2.5825.

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Background: Radiotherapy is a radiation therapy action using ionizing radiation. To obtain the maximum dose of radiation in the tumour and the lowest possible dose on critical organs required a technique of radiation technique 3 Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT). Radiotherapy Unit Radiology Installation Dr Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta using 3DCRT technique. This research aims to know the radiotherapy procedure on paranasal sinus cancer using 3DCRT technique, to know the implementation of bolus beam modifier and dose optimization with the addition of electron radiation.Methods: The type of research in this thesis is qualitative research with case study approach. The research was conducted at Radiotherapy Unit Radiology Installation Dr Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta after published Ethical Clearance. Methods of data collection in this study are observation, interviews, and documentation.Result: The results of this study indicate that the radiotherapy procedure in paranasal sinus cancer using 3DCRT technique can produce a homogeneous dose distribution, the implementation of bolus beam modifier is capable of generating dosage homogeneity on uneven target surfaces, and the distribution of doses with electron radiation on the target in the surface area can be optimal.Conclusion: With these techniques, the goal of radiotherapy can be achieved is to give the maximum dose in the tumour and the minimum dose possible in healthy tissue located in the vicinity.

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Tantaoui, Meriem, Mustapha Krim, Ismail Ghazi, et al. "Dosimetric Comparison of 3D Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT®) in Prostate Cancer." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 11-SPECIAL ISSUE (2019): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11sp11/20193080.

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Naiker, T., A. Groenewald, H. Fakira, and B. Smith. "Transition from 3D Conformal to Modern Modulated Craniospinal Radiotherapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 121, no. 3 (2025): e12-e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.11.046.

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Amado, Ana Cristina, Laurentiu Bujor, and Isabel Monteiro Grillo. "3D conformal hypofractionated radical radiotherapy in early glottic cancer." Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy 18, no. 5 (2013): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2013.04.034.

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Kim, J., K. Jeong, Y. Chung, et al. "Feasibility of TomoDirect 3D-conformal Radiotherapy for Craniospinal Irradiation." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 78, no. 3 (2010): S828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.1917.

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GAZSI, IOZSEF, and LOREDANA G. MARCU. "Dosimetric Evaluation of the Benefits of Intensity Modulated Techniques in Cervical Cancer Radiotherapy." Romanian Journal of Physics 68, no. 7-8 (2023): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/romjphys.2023.68.702.

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"External beam radiotherapy for cervical cancer using 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) is a standard procedure in Romania. A dosimetric planning comparison between 3D-CRT and intensity modulated techniques evaluating both target parameters and organs at risk could justify the implementation of the latter techniques in clinical settings. 50 cervical cancer patients were treated with 3D-CRT, and equivalent plans simulated with IMRT and VMAT for a comparative dosimetric assessment. In addition to providing better compliance and homogeneity, intensity modulated techniques provide superior protection for organs at risk, especially for bowel bag, influencing patients’ quality of life. "

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Stanić, Dragana, Jelena Bokun, and Marina Nikitović. "Experience of the Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia in radiotherapy treatment of malignant tumors in children." Medicinska istrazivanja 52, no. 3 (2018): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/medist1801007s.

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The Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia in Belgrade is an institution in which the implementation of radiotherapy of children and adolescents started 35 years ago. To date, pediatric radiotherapy has been set up and has been following technological possibilities and progress, and a highly specialized multidisciplinary team has been established in the institution with a focus on pediatric oncology and radiotherapy. Purchase of equipment for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in 2006 enabled qualitative progress in the planning and implementation of pediatric radiotherapy. 60 to 80 patients aged 1 to 18 years are treated annually in our institution. For children aged up to 3 years, and in extremely rare cases older, radiotherapy is carried out in anesthesia, which is emphasized as a significant experience and quality of work of our institution. In the ten-year period from January 2007 to September 2016, 648 children were treated with radiotherapy. In the majority of children, 90.6%, radiotherapy was conducted using 3D conformal technique (3D-CRT) and in small number, 9.4% with conventional radiotherapy (2D-RT). The most frequent patients were children with central nervous system tumors 30.1%, leukemia 16.5%, bone tumors 15.4%, lymphoma 11.9%, soft tissue sarcoma 11.6%, neuroblastoma 6.5%, nephroblastoma 3.6%, retinoblastoma 1.7% and other rare tumors. Besides operative treatment, the majority of children were treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, 89.8%. Most of the children treated with radiotherapy were treated with chemotherapy in our institution, 45.8%. In a small number of children, radiotherapy was conducted as the only therapeutic approach, 10.2%. At the Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, as a central institution for pediatric radiotherapy, 3D-CRT has been fully adopted as a standard in the treatment of children and adolescents. In the past ten years, we have gained our own experiences which will be of great use to us with introduction of advanced techniques that we expect to gain by further purchase of machines and equipment for radiotherapy.

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Olmos, Alejandro, Alejandro Rodriguez, Estefania Beltran, et al. "Comparative dosimetric analysis of whole abdominal radiotherapy with VMAT versus 3D conformal in patients with Wilms tumour." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 18, no. 03 (2019): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396918000778.

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AbstractIntroductionIn this study, we undertake a dosimetric comparison of whole abdominal treatment plans of patients diagnosed with stage 3 Wilms tumour, to assess the benefits of treating these patients with volumetric arch therapy (VMAT) versus 3D conformal radiotherapy.Material and methodsA retrospective study was undertaken on 23 patients receiving either VMAT or 3D conformal radiotherapy during 2013–2017. A dosimetric comparison was undertaken for both techniques, measuring planning target volume (PTV), conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI) and organs at risk (OAR).ResultsThe dosimetric parameters for the PTV dose in the VMAT and 3D conformal technique showed no statistical difference (1,289·17 cGy versus 1,357·13 cGy, respectively, p=0·404). However, the VMAT technique had a better CI (1·04 VMAT versus 1·26 3D, p=0·004), and there was little difference in the HI (1·13 VMAT versus 1·15 3D, p=0·1606). In the statistical analysis, the decrease in dose to OAR for the VMAT technique is statistically significant for doses to lung and kidney (p=0·011 and p=0·002, respectively). Between the two techniques, there was no statistical significance in dose difference to the other OAR.ConclusionThis work proposes using the VMAT technique in whole abdominal irradiation to improve conformity, without affecting the quality of the PTV coverage, when compared with the 3D conformal technique. In addition, VMAT reduces the doses to OAR such as the remaining kidney and lungs that are important to preserve to reduce the probability of radiation toxicity in these patients.

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Stručić, Franjo, Vedran Rajevac, Katarina Antunac, Meliha Solak-Mekić, Franjo Cmrečak, and Lidija Beketić-Orešković. "Comparison of volumetric arc modulated radiotherapy and 3D conformal radiotherapy in prostate bed irradiation." Libri Oncologici Croatian Journal of Oncology 50, no. 1 (2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20471/lo.2022.50.01.03.

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Gogolin, D. V., I. A. Gulidov, K. E. Medvedeva, et al. "UNCONVENTIONAL FRACTIONATION RADIOTHERAPY REGIMENS IN TREATMENT OF INOPERABLE LUNG CANCER." Siberian journal of oncology 18, no. 4 (2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21294/1814-4861-2019-18-4-21-26.

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The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy and toxicity of hypofractionated versus hyperfractionated radiotherapy in patients with inoperable lung cancer.Material and Methods. Patients with inoperable lung cancer, who were treated between 2014 and 2017, were assigned to undergo radiotherapy in two arms: accelerated hypofractionated conformal radiotherapy arm with 70 patients (60 Gy in 25 fractions, with 2.4 Gy per fraction) and accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy with 49 patients (60–70 Gy with 1–1.5 Gy per fraction). At the same time, platinum-based chemotherapy was applied.Results. The rates of partial response, complete response, stable disease and progressive disease were 44.3, 7.2, 38.5 and 10.0 %, respectively in patients with hypofractionated conformal radiotherapy arm. The corresponding values were 71.4, 6.1, 16.4 and 6.1 %, respectively in patients with hyperfractionated radiotherapy arm. The 2-year overall survival rate was 62.8 % for the hypofractionated group and 58.1 % for the hyperfractionated group. Esophagitis III grade was observed in 4 (5.7 %) patients of the hypofractionated group and in 3 (6.5 %) patients of the hypofractionated group. Pneumonitis III grade was reported in 2 (2.9 %) patients in the hypofractionated radiotherapy arm and in 4 (8.7 %) patients in the hyperfractionated radiotherapy arm.Conclusion. Results of the study showed that 3D-conformal hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy resulted no in severe radiation-induced complications, and demonstrated satisfactory short-and long-term treatment outcomes.

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Gaye, Papa Macoumba. "3D Conformal Total Liver Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Hepatocarcinoma: A Case Report." Journal of Cancer Research Reviews & Reports 2, no. 2 (2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jcrr/2020(2)109.

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Hepatocarcinoma is the third localization of cancer in Senegal. More than 90 per cent of these cases in Senegal are painfull locally advanced stages. Radiotherapy is helpful in palliative situation. Newer radiation techniques, such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) help reducing the radiation to nearby healthy tissues. This technique is not available in our institution. We report a case of 3D conformal total liver radiotherapy for locally advanced hepatocarcinoma.

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Madhuri, M. Satya Priya, Malladi Ramakrishna, and Kadarla Krishna. "Dosimetric analysis of 3 dimensional conformal radiotherapy with volumetric modulated arc therapy in patients with carcinoma oesophagus – Prospective study." Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 3 (2022): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2022.110.

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: To study the dosimetry and treatment plan of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and 3 Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy in patients with carcinoma oesophagus. : A prospective study was taken up in Department of Radiotherapy, from October 2017 to June 2019. A total 20 patients who achieved eligibility criteria was taken into study and both 3D CRT (3D Conformal Radiation Therapy)and VMAT(Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy ) plans was done in all patients. Dosimetric comparison is done between these two techniques. Dose to spinal cord is significantly reduced with VMAT technique when compared to 3D CRT. VMAT plans in this study showed significantly reduced doses to heart, when compared to 3D CRT plans. VMAT plans decrease volume of lung receiving high dose(v20,dmean,v30,v40) compared to 3D CRT but at a cost of delivering low dose to more volume of lung (v5, v10, v15) resulting in serious complications like radiation pneumonitis. VMAT plans are advisable in carcinoma oesophagus patients to achieve reduced doses to OARs(Organs at Risk) like Spinal Cord, Heart & Lung and better target coverage particularly in cervical esophagus where higher doses are planned.

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Ashman, Jonathan B., Michael J. Zelefsky, Margie S. Hunt, Steven A. Leibel, and Zvi Fuks. "Whole pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer using 3D conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 63, no. 3 (2005): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.02.050.

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Theodorou, M. "P14.80 Advances in radiotherapy for brain tumors (benign, malignant and pediatrics tumors)." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_3 (2019): iii86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz126.315.

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Abstract BACKGROUND New techniques in radiation oncology such as VMAT (volumetric modulated arc therapy), IGRT (image guidance radiotherapy) compare 3D-conformal technique offering better coverage of the target and more safety for the organs at risk for brain tumors such as Glioblastomas, low grade gliomas, pediatric tumors, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, brain metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Compare 3D-conformal treatment plans with VMAT -IGRT plan for Glioblastoma, pituitary adenoma, pediatric tumors, low grade gliomas, brain metastasis. Clinical target definition occur with Fusion of planing-MRI with Planing-CT inclusive preoperative and postoperative MRI to exact delineation of GTV (gross tumor volume), CTV (clinical target definition, PTV (planing tumor volume). contouring of organs at risk such as brainstemm, chiasm, N. opticus right and left, eye right and left, lens right and left, brain, cerebellum, internal ears. RESULTS VMAT treatment plans offer higher coverage of the target, higher homogenize radiation index and less radiation for the organs at risk. Due to the good safety of the organs at risk less toxicity during radiation was mentioned specially for neuroaxisradiation for medulloblastoma in children. The toleration during radiotherapy with VMAT technique is is much better than 3D conformal technique CONCLUSION VMAT technique offers higher radiation dose to the target and less radiation to the organs at risk with better toleration of treatment and less toxicity inclusive late side effects such as radionecrosis.

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Zulkafal, Hafiz Muhibb ullah, Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal, Muhammad Waqas Akhtar, Khalid Iqbal, and Muhammad Afzal Khan. "Evaluation of three dimensional conformal radiation therapy of oesophageal cancer: a dosimetric study." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 18, no. 03 (2018): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396918000663.

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AbstractAimsThe main objective of this research work is to compare the dosimertic effect on lower and upper oesophagus cancer treatment using 3D conformal radiotherapy as well as to evaluate the doses administered to the organs at risk.Materials and methodsIn this study, a cohort of 30 oesophageal cancer patients between the ages of 45 and 67 years registered during March 2017 to February 2018 was considered. These patients were treated through 3D conformal radiotherapy using four-field technique. Beam energy of 15 MV from Varian DHX linear accelerator was used. The given 30 patients were divided into two groups. The 1st group of 15 patients with upper oesophagus cancer was prescribed 5000 cGy doses, and the 2nd group of remaining 15 patients with lower oesophagus cancer was prescribed 4500 cGy. Computed tomography scans of every patient were obtained and then transmitted to Eclipse TPS for generating treatment plans. All radiotherapy plans were evaluated through various dosimetric indices. Statistical analysis software SPSS was utilised to get the values of means standard error and standard deviation of these indices for the treatment plan evaluation.ResultsUniformity index (UI) calculated for first group of patients showed difference of 7·4% from ideal value. A difference of 7% between ideal and calculated UI value was observed in 2nd group of patients. The values of other dosimetric indices like coverage, homogeneity, moderate dose homogeneity index (mDHI) and radical dose homogeneity index (rDHI) were found in limits specified by the Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group. The maximum difference of 6% was observed between the coverage mean values of 1stand 2ndgroup treatment plans.ConclusionFor oesophageal cancer, 3D conformal radiotherapy using four-field treatment plans shows homogeneous distribution of dose around the target and limits the dose to organ at risk.

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Levy, Antonin, Philippe Saiag, Cyrus Chargari, and Avi Assouline. "Focal 3D conformal high-dose hypofractionated radiotherapy for brain metastases." Melanoma Research 22, no. 5 (2012): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cmr.0b013e328357be8f.

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Kristensen, Claus A., Flemming Kjær-Kristoffersen, Wendy Sapru, Anne K. Berthelsen, Annika Loft, and Lena Specht. "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Treatment planning with IMRT and 3D conformal radiotherapy." Acta Oncologica 46, no. 2 (2007): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841860600635862.

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MacKay, Ronald I., Paul A. Graham, Christopher J. Moore, John P. Logue, and Philip J. Sharrock. "Animation and radiobiological analysis of 3D motion in conformal radiotherapy." Radiotherapy and Oncology 52, no. 1 (1999): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(99)00081-x.

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Sandier, Howard M., Eric H. Radany, Harry S. Greenberg, Larry Junck, and Allen S. Licher. "Dose escalation using 3d conformal radiotherapy for high grade astrocytomas." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 30 (January 1994): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(94)90729-3.

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de Dios, Nuria Rodriguez, Palmira Foro Arnalot, Xavier Sanz Latiesas, and Manuel Algara Lopez. "Target contouring protocol for 3D conformal radiotherapy in lung cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 65, no. 4 (2006): 1275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.03.037.

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K, Krishnamurthy, Anandagiri Babu A, Prasad PBLD, and Kavi Arasu K. "Quality assurance of modern image guided 3D-conformal radiotherapy treatments." Journal of Medical and Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (2014): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17727/jmsr.2014/2-011.

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Purpose: To describe the Quality Assurance (QA) methods of modern Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) treatments such as image guided Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), RapidArc, Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)/ Stereotactic fractionated radiation (SRT) to ensure quality of treatments delivered to cancer patients. Materials and methods: 3D-RFA and Ionisation chambers were used for the machine specific QA. Imatrixx-2D array with locally fabricated phantom and another locally fabricated spherical phantom with ionization chambers is used for relative and absolute QA respectively. Electronic Portal Imaging Devices and Epiqa software is used for the QA with portal dosimetry. Varians Eclipse and Brainlab’s Iplan treatment planning systems were used for treatment plans and dose calculations. For relative dosimetry the planar dose matrices are analysed using global Gamma Index criteria of 3mm distance to agreement (DTA) and 3% dose difference. The QA of Machines and patient treatments were carried out using national and international protocols. Results: The maximum deviations of percentage of dose points in which γ>1 are 1.98 in relative dosimetric QA and 1.5 for absolute QA in the delivery of IMRT, RapidArc and SRS/SRT treatments. The mean deviations and Standard deviation (SD) values are less in portal dosimetry than that of phantom studies in relative dosimetry and all the absolute dose deviations are less than that of relative dose deviations. Conclusion: The results of machine specific QA as well as relative and absolute dosimetric QA of patient treatments are well within the acceptable limits of values mentioned in the national and international protocols. The study ensures the accuracy and quality of the treatments delivered to the patients at our oncology center. Keywords: Quality assurance, RapidArc, Portal dosimetry, Gamma index, Image guided radiotherapy

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Chumachenko, A., J. Winogradova, and N. Ilyin. "3D CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY (3D-CRT) AT PRIMARY ORBITAL LYMPHOMA (OL) WITH DIFFERENT FRACTIONATION." Hematological Oncology 35 (June 2017): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hon.2439_140.

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Tuğrul, Taylan, Nezahat Olacak, and Murat Köylü. "Comparison of conformal radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy and tomotherapy irradiation techniques in prostate cancers." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 18, no. 03 (2019): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396918000766.

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AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to compare three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and tomotherapy techniques used in the treatment of prostate cancer with target and critical organ doses to be included.Materials and MethodsThe target dose was studied with 4-and 6-field 3D-CRT, 7-field IMRT and tomotherapy techniques used to treat ten patients for prostate cancer and the dose volume histograms of critical organs were analyzed. The same target volumes, critical organs doses prescribed and treatment times for the three techniques were compared. Total dose of 76 Gy was given using 6 MV and 18 MV for 3D-CRT, 6 MV for IMRT and tomotherapy techniques.ResultsWhen we compare the three techniques, for rectum V35(p:0·001), V65(p:0·001), D50(p:0·020) and D25(p:0·002), for bladder V50(p:0·027), V65(p:0·006), V100(p:0·006) and for femoral head, the V50(p:0·001) dose was found to be significantly different and more favourable in the tomotherapy technique. Significant differences were found with IMRT planning in 50% of bladder volume (p:0·002). There is no significant difference between the three techniques for doses of 100% volume of rectum and 25% of volume of bladder. The minimum dose that healthy tissue received which was outside the tumour volume was investigated.FindingsDoses to critical organs were lower using the tomotherapy technique. However, the minimum doses that healthy tissue received were higher for the tomotherapy technique. When the beam on times were compared for all three techniques, a significant difference was found in favor of tomotherapy.

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Ogita, Mami, Hideomi Yamashita, Subaru Sawayanagi, Wataru Takahashi, and Keiichi Nakagawa. "Efficacy of a hydrogel spacer in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer." Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 50, no. 3 (2020): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyz171.

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Abstract Objectives We aimed to compare the dose constraints fulfillment rate of the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy treatment plan before and after a hydrogel spacer insertion. Methods The planning computed tomography scans of 39 patients who received stereotactic body radiotherapy for prostate cancer were used. All patients inserted a hydrogel spacer and underwent computed tomography scans before and after spacer insertion. The three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy plans according to NCCN classification, low-, intermediate- and high-risk, were made for each patient. Clinical target volume included prostate and seminal vesicle 2 cm for high risk, prostate and seminal vesicle 1 cm for intermediate risk and prostate only for low risk. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy including a seven-field conformal technique with 76 Gy in 38 fractions. Dose constraints for rectum and bladder were V70 Gy ≤ 15%, V65 Gy ≤ 30% and V40 Gy ≤ 60%. Results Among 39 patients, 35 (90%), 19 (49%) and 13 (33%) and 38 (97%), 38 (97%) and 34 (87%) patients before and after the spacer insertion fulfilled rectum dose constraints for low-, intermediate- and high-risk plans, respectively. A hydrogel spacer significantly reduced rectum dose and improved the rectum dose constraints fulfillment rate in intermediate (P &lt; 0.01) and high (P &lt; 0.01), but no difference was found in low-risk plan (P = 0.25). On multivariate analysis, spacer use was associated with the higher rectum dose constraints fulfillment rate. Conclusions A hydrogel spacer reduced rectum dose and improved the dose constraints fulfillment rate in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy plan. Although IMRT is the standard treatment, 3D-CRT using a hydrogel spacer may be a treatment option.

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Koukourakis, Michael I., Pelagia G. Tsoutsou, Ioannis Abatzoglou, et al. "Postoperative Accelerated Radiotherapy with Cytoprotection Followed by Three-Dimensional Conformal Boost in Patients with Early Endometrial/Cervical Cancer." Tumori Journal 95, no. 4 (2009): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160909500408.

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Aims and background Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy is highly recommended for uterine carcinomas invading beyond the inner half of the myometrium or cervical stage IIa carcinomas. The addition of a booster intracavitary dose is widely used. Methods We assessed the feasibility and toxicity of a hypofractionated accelerated conformal radiotherapy scheme (2.7 Gy per fraction, for 14 consecutive fractions to the pelvis) supported with the cytoprotective agent amifostine (HypoARC). The amifostine dose was individualized (500–1000 mg daily subcutaneously). A booster dose of radiation was given to the vagina and stump using a 6-field 3D-conformal technique (3 × 4 Gy or 4 × 3 Gy) instead of intracavitary radiotherapy. Results Grade 2 diarrhea appeared in 9/25 (36%) and grade 1 cystitis in 7/25 (28%) cases. Analysis according to the amifostine dose level clearly showed reduced toxicity in patients receiving a daily dose of 750–1000 mg (P <0.009). Within a median follow-up of 31 months (range, 11–52), there was only one case with grade 2 colitis (the patient had received no amifostine). None of the patients treated has relapsed locally or to distant organs within a median of 31 months of follow-up. Conclusions It is concluded that HypoARC followed by 3D-conformal booster dose to the vagina is feasible and convenient for patients and for busy radiotherapy departments, as it reduces the overall time by 50%. When supported by high-dose daily amifostine, it has an impressively low rate of early and late radiation toxicity.

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CHEN, Yi-dong, Jin FENG, Tong FANG, Ming YANG, Xiao-guang QIU, and Tao JIANG. "Effect of intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy on clinical outcomes in patients with glioblastoma multiforme." Chinese Medical Journal 126, no. 12 (2013): 2320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20130218.

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Background Few studies were reported on the comparison of clinical outcomes between intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This study aimed to determine whether IMRT improves clinical outcomes compared with 3D-CRT in patients with GBM. Methods The records of 54 patients with newly-diagnosed GBM from July 2009 to December 2010 were reviewed. The patients underwent postoperative IMRT or 3D-CRT with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide. Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test were used to estimate differences of patients' survival. Results The median follow-up was 13 months. Of the 54 patients, fifty (92.6%) completed the combined modality treatment. The 1-year overall survival rate (OS) was 79.6%. The pattern of failure was predominantly local. A comparative analysis revealed that no statistical difference was observed between the IMRT group (n=21) and the 3D-CRT group (n=33) for 1-year OS (89.6% vs. 75.8%, P=0.795), or 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) (61.0% vs. 45.5%, P=0.867). In dosimetric comparison, IMRT seemed to allow better sparing of organs at risk than 3D-CRT did (P=0.050, P=0.055). However, there was no significant difference for toxicities of irradiation between the IMRT group and the 3D-CRT group. Conclusions Our preliminary results suggested that delivering standard radiation doses by IMRT is unlikely to improve local control or overall survival for GBM compared with 3D-CRT. Given this lack of survival benefit and increased costs of IMRT, the utilization of IMRT treatment for GBM needs to be carefully rationalized.

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Leite, Elton Trigo Teixeira, Rafael Tsuneki Ugino, Marco Antônio Santana, et al. "Incidental irradiation of internal mammary lymph nodes in breast cancer: conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy versus conformal three-dimensional radiotherapy." Radiologia Brasileira 49, no. 3 (2016): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0003.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate incidental irradiation of the internal mammary lymph nodes (IMLNs) through opposed tangential fields with conventional two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) radiotherapy techniques and to compare the results between the two techniques. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 80 breast cancer patients in whom radiotherapy of the IMLNs was not indicated: 40 underwent 2D radiotherapy with computed tomography for dosimetric control, and 40 underwent 3D radiotherapy. The total prescribed dose was 50.0 Gy or 50.4 Gy (2.0 or 1.8 Gy/day, respectively). We reviewed all plans and defined the IMLNs following the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recommendations. For the IMLNs, we analyzed the proportion of the volume that received 45 Gy, the proportion of the volume that received 25 Gy, the dose to 95% of the volume, the dose to 50% of the volume, the mean dose, the minimum dose (Dmin), and the maximum dose (Dmax). Results: Left-sided treatments predominated in the 3D cohort. There were no differences between the 2D and 3D cohorts regarding tumor stage, type of surgery (mastectomy, breast-conserving surgery, or mastectomy with immediate reconstruction), or mean delineated IMLN volume (6.8 vs. 5.9 mL; p = 0.411). Except for the Dmin, all dosimetric parameters presented higher mean values in the 3D cohort (p < 0.05). The median Dmax in the 3D cohort was 50.34 Gy. However, the mean dose to the IMLNs was 7.93 Gy in the 2D cohort, compared with 20.64 Gy in the 3D cohort. Conclusion: Neither technique delivered enough doses to the IMLNs to achieve subclinical disease control. However, all of the dosimetric parameters were significantly higher for the 3D technique.

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Jreije, Antonio, Lalu Keshelava, Mindaugas Ilickas, Jurgita Laurikaitiene, Benas Gabrielis Urbonavicius, and Diana Adliene. "Development of Patient Specific Conformal 3D-Printed Devices for Dose Verification in Radiotherapy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (2021): 8657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188657.

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In radiation therapy, a bolus is used to improve dose distribution in superficial tumors; however, commercial boluses lack conformity to patient surface leading to the formation of an air gap between the bolus and patient surface and suboptimal tumor control. The aim of this study was to explore 3D-printing technology for the development of patient-specific conformal 3D-printed devices, which can be used for the radiation treatment of superficial head and neck cancer (HNC). Two 3D boluses (0.5 and 1.0 cm thick) for surface dose build-up and patient-specific 3D phantom were printed based on reconstruction of computed tomography (CT) images of a patient with HNC. The 3D-printed patient-specific phantom indicated good tissue equivalency (HU = −32) and geometric accuracy (DSC = 0.957). Both boluses indicated high conformity to the irregular skin surface with minimal air gaps (0.4–2.1 mm for 0.5 cm bolus and 0.6–2.2 mm for 1.0 cm bolus). The performed dose assessment showed that boluses of both thicknesses have comparable effectiveness, increasing the dose that covers 99% of the target volume by 52% and 26% for single field and intensity modulated fields, respectively, when compared with no bolus case. The performed investigation showed the potential of 3D printing in development of cost effective, patient specific and patient friendly conformal devices for dose verification in radiotherapy.

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Naimi, Zeineb, Abir Boubaker, Raouia Ben Amor, et al. "Contralateral Breast Exposure In Breast Cancer Radiotherapy: Is VMAT Safer Than 3D Conformal Radiotherapy?" International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 35, no. 2 (2025): 100634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgc.2024.100634.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D conformal radiotherapy'

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