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Relevant bibliographies by topics / 3D dimension

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Academic literature on the topic '3D dimension'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "3D dimension"

1

Amer, Ramses. "Vietnam and Its Neighbours: The Border Dispute Dimension." Contemporary Southeast Asia 17, no. 3 (December 1995): 298–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/cs17-3d.

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Mochimaru, Masaaki, and Makiko Kouchi. "Statistics for 3D Human Body Forms." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 38 (July 2000): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403846.

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A method of calculating representative forms from a given set of forms was developed, in which surface data is modeled by polygons based on landmarks. Inter-individual distances are defined as distortions in FFD control points. By calculating inter-individual distances for all possible pairs of forms, the distribution of the 3D forms in m-dimensional space is obtained using MDS. Each MDS dimension represents an independent shape factor. Forms with specific MDS scores, such as (0.5,0,0,0), (1,0,0,0) in standard deviation units, are calculated as weighted averages of all actual forms. An FFD transformation grid is calculated that represents the systematic form transformation along an MDS dimension. Forms with different scores for the first or second MDS dimensions only and average scores (=0) for the other MDS dimensions are calculated using these transformation grids.

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Bonetto, Rita Dominga, Juan Luis Ladaga, and Ezequiel Ponz. "Measuring Surface Topography by Scanning Electron Microscopy. II. Analysis of Three Estimators of Surface Roughness in Second Dimension and Third Dimension." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, no. 2 (December 9, 2005): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760606003x.

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used in surface studies and continuous efforts are carried out in the search of estimators of different surface characteristics. By using the variogram, we developed two of these estimators that were used to characterize the surface roughness from the SEM image texture. One of the estimators is related to the crossover between fractal region at low scale and the periodic region at high scale, whereas the other estimator characterizes the periodic region. In this work, a full study of these estimators and the fractal dimension in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) was carried out for emery papers. We show that the obtained fractal dimension with only one image is good enough to characterize the roughness surface because its behavior is similar to those obtained with 3D height data. We show also that the estimator that indicates the crossover is related to the minimum cell size in 2D and to the average particle size in 3D. The other estimator has different values for the three studied emery papers in 2D but it does not have a clear meaning, and these values are similar for those studied samples in 3D. Nevertheless, it indicates the formation tendency of compound cells. The fractal dimension values from the variogram and from an area versus step log–log graph were studied with 3D data. Both methods yield different values corresponding to different information from the samples.

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Tobak, Júlia, and András Nábrádi. "EVOLUTION OF FAMILY BUSINESSES – A 3D THEORETICAL APPROACH." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 5, Special (June 2020): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe100.

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According to international literature there are many researches about family businesses. Examining and evaluating these kinds of businesses is a complex task because it is hard to take into account every influencing factor which have an impact on the operation of family businesses. The purpose of this study is to present a new theoretical method and model which is applicable to measure the development of family businesses from three dimensions: (1) family, (2) business and (3) ownership. The new theoretical model is suitable for carrying out such cross-sectoral and international comparative statistical analyses. The three attributes of family businesses may be measured, evaluated and analyzed separately and/or in combination. It is suitable for doing aggregated analysis of one or more companies. The (1) family dimension presents wich generation/generations operates the business. The dimension of (2) business shows the level of separation of tasks between family and non-family members and gives an answer how the management and the ownership functions are separated. The (3) ownership dimension shows the ownership state of examined businesses and can clarify the stage of the ownership structure. The simultaneous or separate examination of dimensions can assist to family businesses to measure their own status. The TONA model is applicable to measure the evolution of family businesses and can show the differences between sectors or countries in an illustrative way.

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Carmichael, Stephen W. "STORM Offers Super-Resolution in 3D!" Microscopy Today 16, no. 6 (November 2008): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500062283.

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For the first few centuries of microscopy, spatial resolution was limited by the diffraction barrier. Recently, this barrier has been broken using several different methods. Optical methods that provide better resolution than the diffraction barrier are referred to as super-resolution. Although these techniques have significantly improved resolution in two dimensions (x and y) or in the axial dimension (z), it has not been possible to achieve substantial improvement in all three dimensions simultaneously. A study by Bo Huang, Wenqin Wang, Mark Bates, and Xiaowei Zhuang demonstrated a breakthrough by achieving a spatial resolution that is 10 times better than the diffraction limit in all three dimensions without using sample or optical-beam scanning.

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BOUDON, FRÉDÉRIC, CHRISTOPHE GODIN, CHRISTOPHE PRADAL, OLIVIER PUECH, and HERVÉ SINOQUET. "ESTIMATING THE FRACTAL DIMENSION OF PLANTS USING THE TWO-SURFACE METHOD: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON 3D-DIGITIZED TREE FOLIAGE." Fractals 14, no. 03 (September 2006): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x06003179.

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In this paper, we present a method to estimate the fractal dimension of plant foliage in three dimensions (3D). This method is derived from the two-surface method introduced in the 90s to estimate the fractal dimension of tree species from field measurements on collections of trees. Here we adapted the method to individual plants. The multiscale topology and geometry of the plant must first be digitized in 3D. Then leafy branching systems of different sizes are constructed from the plant database, using the topological information. 3D convex envelops are then computed for each leafy branching system. The fractal dimension of the plant is finally estimated by comparing the total leaf area and the convex envelop area of these leafy modules. The method was assessed on a set of four peach trees entirely digitized at shoot scale. Results show that the peach trees have a marked self-similar foliage with fractal dimension close to 2.4.

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Mansfield-Devine, Steve. "An added dimension: 3D face recognition." Biometric Technology Today 2013, no. 6 (June 2013): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-4765(13)70112-7.

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Wang, Jiang-Sheng, and Dietrich Stauffer. "Fractal dimension of 3D Ising droplets." Zeitschrift f�r Physik B Condensed Matter 78, no. 1 (February 1990): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01317367.

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Feranie, S., D. Sasmita, and F. D. E. Latief. "Investigation of 3D fractal dimension sensitivity on 3D fracture parameter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1280 (November 2019): 022056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1280/2/022056.

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Alkhaldi, Ali H., Muhammad Kamran Aslam, Muhammad Javaid, and Abdulaziz Mohammed Alanazi. "Bounds of Fractional Metric Dimension and Applications with Grid-Related Networks." Mathematics 9, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9121383.

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Metric dimension of networks is a distance based parameter that is used to rectify the distance related problems in robotics, navigation and chemical strata. The fractional metric dimension is the latest developed weighted version of metric dimension and a generalization of the concept of local fractional metric dimension. Computing the fractional metric dimension for all the connected networks is an NP-hard problem. In this note, we find the sharp bounds of the fractional metric dimensions of all the connected networks under certain conditions. Moreover, we have calculated the fractional metric dimension of grid-like networks, called triangular and polaroid grids, with the aid of the aforementioned criteria. Moreover, we analyse the bounded and unboundedness of the fractional metric dimensions of the aforesaid networks with the help of 2D as well as 3D plots.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "3D dimension"

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Bufford, Laura. "3D-2D Dimension Reduction of Homogenized Thin Films." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/520.

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Apel, Marcus. "A 3d geoscience information system framework." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola&quot, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:105-3300478.

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Two-dimensional geographical information systems are extensively used in the geosciences to create and analyse maps. However, these systems are unable to represent the Earth's subsurface in three spatial dimensions. The objective of this thesis is to overcome this deficiency, to provide a general framework for a 3d geoscience information system (GIS), and to contribute to the public discussion about the development of an infrastructure for geological observation data, geomodels, and geoservices. Following the objective, the requirements for a 3d GIS are analysed. According to the requirements, new geologically sensible query functionality for geometrical, topological and geological properties has been developed and the integration of 3d geological modeling and data management system components in a generic framework has been accomplished. The 3d geoscience information system framework presented here is characterized by the following features: - Storage of geological observation data and geomodels in a XML-database server. According to a new data model, geological observation data can be referenced by a set of geomodels. - Functionality for querying observation data and 3d geomodels based on their 3d geometrical, topological, material, and geological properties were developed and implemented as plug-in for a 3d geomodeling user application. - For database queries, the standard XML query language has been extended with 3d spatial operators. The spatial database query operations are computed using a XML application server which has been developed for this specific purpose. This technology allows sophisticated 3d spatial and geological database queries. Using the developed methods, queries can be answered like: "Select all sandstone horizons which are intersected by the set of faults F". This request contains a topological and a geological material parameter. The combination of queries with other GIS methods, like visual and statistical analysis, allows geoscience investigations in a novel 3d GIS environment. More generally, a 3d GIS enables geologists to read and understand a 3d digital geomodel analogously as they read a conventional 2d geological map.

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Mittelbach, Jens. "Die SLUB in 3D." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-79989.

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Öffentliche Gebäude, ob nun Kaufhäuser oder Bibliotheken, sind aufgrund ihrer Größe, ihrer oft originellen Architektur und der Vielfalt ihres Angebotes tendenziell unübersichtliche Räume, die mithilfe von Leitsystemen und Grundrissplänen erschlossen werden müssen. Anders als in Kaufhäusern, in denen die Juwelier-Abteilung schon aus der Ferne leicht vom Damenmoden- oder Sportartikel-Bereich zu unterscheiden ist, umfasst das Angebot von Bibliotheken traditionell in erster Linie physisch recht gleichartige Medien, die den Kunden in langen Regalreihen dargeboten werden. Das Problem der Unübersichtlichkeit ergibt sich hier also naturgemäß in schärferer Form. Gedruckte Übersichtspläne, in denen die Verteilung der Medienbestände entsprechend der jeweiligen Ordnungsprinzipien schematisch dargestellt werden, sind in Bibliotheken gang und gäbe. Schon seit geraumer Zeit bieten Bibliotheken natürlich Übersichtspläne auch online an, die eine mehr oder weniger ausgeprägte Funktionsvielfalt aufweisen und im günstigsten Falle direkt an den Bibliothekskatalog angebunden sind, so dass der Regalstandort eines dort gefundenen Buches mit einem Klick angezeigt werden kann. Gewöhnlich sind solche Übersichtspläne und Standortanzeigen zweidimensional und verharren, auch wenn sie im virtuellen Raum des Internets angeboten werden, in der Sphäre der physisch greifbaren Objekte. Das heißt, sie machen sicht- und auffindbar, was im realen Raum tatsächlich einen Platz einnimmt: gedruckte Bücher oder andere physische Medien, betretbare Gebäudeteile, Einrichtungsgegenstände oder Orte, an denen Dienstleistungen von Personen erbracht werden.

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Schaulin, Michael. "Optische 3D-Inspektion von Bauelementen der Systemintergration." Templin Detert, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3042214&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Lindt, Irma. "Adaptive 3D-User-Interfaces." München Verl. Dr. Hut, 2009. http://d-nb.info/993260241/04.

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Timmins, Nicholas E. "Extending the third dimension : novel methods and applications for 3D multicellular spheroids /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18289.pdf.

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Schaulin, Michael. "Optische 3D-Inspektion von Bauelementen der Systemintegration /." Templin : Detert, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3042214&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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LIU, BOSUI. "VERTICALLY INTERCONNECTED WIDE-BANDWIDTH MONOLITHIC PLANAR ANTENNAS FOR 3D-IC." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1040154281.

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Apel, Marcus. "A 3d geoscience information system framework." Doctoral thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22479.

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Two-dimensional geographical information systems are extensively used in the geosciences to create and analyse maps. However, these systems are unable to represent the Earth's subsurface in three spatial dimensions. The objective of this thesis is to overcome this deficiency, to provide a general framework for a 3d geoscience information system (GIS), and to contribute to the public discussion about the development of an infrastructure for geological observation data, geomodels, and geoservices. Following the objective, the requirements for a 3d GIS are analysed. According to the requirements, new geologically sensible query functionality for geometrical, topological and geological properties has been developed and the integration of 3d geological modeling and data management system components in a generic framework has been accomplished. The 3d geoscience information system framework presented here is characterized by the following features: - Storage of geological observation data and geomodels in a XML-database server. According to a new data model, geological observation data can be referenced by a set of geomodels. - Functionality for querying observation data and 3d geomodels based on their 3d geometrical, topological, material, and geological properties were developed and implemented as plug-in for a 3d geomodeling user application. - For database queries, the standard XML query language has been extended with 3d spatial operators. The spatial database query operations are computed using a XML application server which has been developed for this specific purpose. This technology allows sophisticated 3d spatial and geological database queries. Using the developed methods, queries can be answered like: "Select all sandstone horizons which are intersected by the set of faults F". This request contains a topological and a geological material parameter. The combination of queries with other GIS methods, like visual and statistical analysis, allows geoscience investigations in a novel 3d GIS environment. More generally, a 3d GIS enables geologists to read and understand a 3d digital geomodel analogously as they read a conventional 2d geological map.

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Amaral, Jonatas Bussador do. "Células MCF-7 como modelo 3D no estudo de câncer de mama humano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-21072011-134443/.

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O diferencial da cultura de células em 3-dimensões é permitir que as células explorem as 3-dimensões do espaço, aumentando assim as interações com o ambiente e entre as células. Em estudos relacionados à biologia do câncer de mama, vem ganhando espaço a utilização de esferóides para estudos que visam à compreensão da morfogênese do espaço luminal. Neste trabalho foi mostrado que as células MCF-7 reorganizam-se em estruturas tubulares e acinares. Em ambas as situações, a formação do lúmen veio acompanhada pelo estabelecimento de uma camada de células polarizadas, arranjo este muito semelhante ao encontrado em glândulas mamárias. Os resultados apresentados apontam para a existência de uma população de células na linhagem MCF-7 que não estão totalmente comprometidas ao fenótipo tumoral. Mantidos diferenciados, os esferóides de células MCF-7 apontam como um novo modelo para estudos relacionados à formação do lúmen, permitindo assim explorar o papel de diferentes vias como as relacionadas a apoptose, autofagia, diferenciação e sobrevivência celular.
As a particularity, a 3D cell culture permits cells to explore the three dimensions of the space thereby increasing cell-cell interactions, as well as interaction with the environment. In studies related to breast cancer biology, spheroids are becoming widely used in the aim to comprehend luminal space morphogenesis. We showed that MCF-7 cells reorganize themselves in tubular and acinar structures. In both situations, lumen formation was accompanied by the establishment of a layer of polarized cells, an arrangement that is very similar to that of breast glands. The presented results suggest the existence of an MCF cell line population not completely committed to the tumor phenotype. When maintained as differentiated, MCF-7 cell spheroids can be a new model for studies regarding lumen formation, thereby exploring the role of diiferent pathways, such as those related to cell apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation and survival.

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Books on the topic "3D dimension"

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3D motion graphics for 2D artists: Conquering the 3rd dimension. Waltham, MA: Focal Press, 2012.

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O, Head George. The AutoCAD 3D companion: The illustrated guide to AutoCAD's third dimension. Chapel Hill, NC: Ventana Press, 1993.

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Kapp, Karl M. Learning in 3D: Adding a new dimension to enterprise learning and collaboration. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2010.

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Kapp, Karl M. Learning in 3D: Adding a new dimension to enterprise learning and collaboration. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer, 2010.

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1966-, O'Driscoll Tony, ed. Learning in 3D: Adding a new dimension to enterprise learning and collaboration. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer, 2010.

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O, Head George. AutoCAD 3D companion: The illustrated guide to AutoCAD's third dimension : for Release 13 for Windows. 2nd ed. Chapel Hill, NC: Ventana Press, 1995.

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O, Head George. The AutoCAD 3D companion: The illustrated guide to AutoCAD's third dimension for release 13 for Windows. 2nd ed. Chapel Hill, NC: Ventana Press, 1995.

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Inc, ebrary, ed. Away3D 3.6 essentials: Take Flash to the next dimension by creating detailed, animated, and interactive 3D worlds with Away3D. Olton, Birmingham: Packt Pub. Ltd., 2011.

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3D displays. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.

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Maurice, Holt. 3D characteristics. Hampton, VA: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "3D dimension"

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Chung, Miyi, Roy Ladner, Ruth Wilson, John Breckenridge, and Kevin B. Shaw. "Adding The Third Dimension To Digital Mapping." In 3D Synthetic Environment Reconstruction, 61–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8756-3_3.

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Firth, Jack, Simon Gaisford, and Abdul W. Basit. "A New Dimension: 4D Printing Opportunities in Pharmaceutics." In 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals, 153–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90755-0_8.

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Fallscheer, Ute, and Ekbert Hering. "Darstellungen in der dritten Dimension (3D)." In CAD mit AutoCAD, 190–215. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-14204-1_7.

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Backes, André Ricardo, Danilo Medeiros Eler, Rosane Minghim, and Odemir Martinez Bruno. "Characterizing 3D Shapes Using Fractal Dimension." In Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications, 14–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16687-7_7.

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Hering, Ekbert, and Stephan Sienz. "Darstellungen in der dritten Dimension (3D)." In AutoCAD 12 für Windows, 199–239. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-06847-1_7.

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Hering, Ekbert, and Ute Fallscheer. "Darstellungen in der dritten Dimension (3D)." In CAD mit AutoCAD, 195–237. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-19705-8_7.

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Przybylski, Frank. "Die erste Dimension des Verhandelns – Prozess und Struktur." In Erfolgreiche Verhandlungen mit dem 3D-Effekt, 21–72. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21114-1_4.

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Przybylski, Frank. "Die dritte Dimension des Verhandelns – Ihr Gesprächspartner in Verhandlungen." In Erfolgreiche Verhandlungen mit dem 3D-Effekt, 157–238. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21114-1_6.

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Romo-Morales, Antonio, and Stefan Przyborski. "An introduction to the third dimension for routine cell culture." In Technology Platforms for 3D Cell Culture, 1–19. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118851647.ch1.

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Przybylski, Frank. "Die zweite Dimension des Verhandelns – Sie selbst in der Verhandlung." In Erfolgreiche Verhandlungen mit dem 3D-Effekt, 73–155. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21114-1_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "3D dimension"

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Anderson, Brian S., and Mark E. Weber. "A New Dimension in 3D." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7982-ms.

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Anderson, Brian S., and Mark E. Weber. "A new dimension in 3D." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1997. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1885637.

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Bartres, A., S. Oliver, B. Pellicer, L. Oliver, V. Campo, M. Barrios, E. Arana, and V. Gonzalez. "Algorithm programming for 3D fractal dimension evaluation." In 2016 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gmepe-pahce.2016.7504637.

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Gargini, Paolo A. "Integration via 3rd dimension: 3D power scaling." In International Conference on Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography 2018, edited by Kurt G. Ronse, Paolo A. Gargini, Eric Hendrickx, Patrick P. Naulleau, and Toshiro Itani. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2501283.

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Fuad, N., R. Jailani, W. R. W. Omar, A. H. Jahidin, and M. N. Taib. "Three dimension 3D signal for electroencephalographic (EEG)." In 2012 IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsgrc.2012.6287173.

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Knechtel, Johann, Satwik Patnaik, and Ozgur Sinanoglu. "3D Integration: Another Dimension Toward Hardware Security." In 2019 IEEE 25th International Symposium on On-Line Testing And Robust System Design (IOLTS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iolts.2019.8854395.

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Arai, Hayato, Yusuke Chayama, Hitoshi Iyatomi, and Kenichi Oishi. "Significant Dimension Reduction of 3D Brain MRI using 3D Convolutional Autoencoders." In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513469.

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Silva, Luciano. "Point Containment in Discrete Arbitrary Dimension." In Third International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission (3DPVT'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3dpvt.2006.108.

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Zheng, X. H., S. T. Ding, Y. M. Wu, H. Xiao, J. C. Qi, and J. W. Niu. "Dimension extraction from three dimensional (3D) hand data without prior manual landmarking." In EM 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieem.2011.6035481.

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Rack, M., L. Nyssens, J. P. Raskin, D. Lederer, A. Paganini, M. B. Shinde, and A. Beganovic. "Device layout dimension impact on substrate effective resistivity." In 2018 IEEE SOI-3D-Subthreshold Microelectronics Technology Unified Conference (S3S). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/s3s.2018.8640211.

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Reports on the topic "3D dimension"

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Wilson, D., Daniel Breton, Lauren Waldrop, Danney Glaser, Ross Alter, Carl Hart, Wesley Barnes, et al. Signal propagation modeling in complex, three-dimensional environments. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40321.

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The Signal Physics Representation in Uncertain and Complex Environments (SPRUCE) work unit, part of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Army Terrestrial-Environmental Modeling and Intelligence System (ARTEMIS) work package, focused on the creation of a suite of three-dimensional (3D) signal and sensor performance modeling capabilities that realistically capture propagation physics in urban, mountainous, forested, and other complex terrain environments. This report describes many of the developed technical capabilities. Particular highlights are (1) creation of a Java environmental data abstraction layer for 3D representation of the atmosphere and inhomogeneous terrain that ingests data from many common weather forecast models and terrain data formats, (2) extensions to the Environmental Awareness for Sensor and Emitter Employment (EASEE) software to enable 3D signal propagation modeling, (3) modeling of transmitter and receiver directivity functions in 3D including rotations of the transmitter and receiver platforms, (4) an Extensible Markup Language/JavaScript Object Notation (XML/JSON) interface to facilitate deployment of web services, (5) signal feature definitions and other support for infrasound modeling and for radio-frequency (RF) modeling in the very high frequency (VHF), ultra-high frequency (UHF), and super-high frequency (SHF) frequency ranges, and (6) probabilistic calculations for line-of-sight in complex terrain and vegetation.

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Chapman, Ray, Phu Luong, Sung-Chan Kim, and Earl Hayter. Development of three-dimensional wetting and drying algorithm for the Geophysical Scale Transport Multi-Block Hydrodynamic Sediment and Water Quality Transport Modeling System (GSMB). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41085.

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The Environmental Laboratory (EL) and the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) have jointly completed a number of large-scale hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport studies. EL and CHL have successfully executed these studies utilizing the Geophysical Scale Transport Modeling System (GSMB). The model framework of GSMB is composed of multiple process models as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) accepted wave, hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport models are directly and indirectly linked within the GSMB framework. The components of GSMB are the two-dimensional (2D) deep-water wave action model (WAM) (Komen et al. 1994, Jensen et al. 2012), data from meteorological model (MET) (e.g., Saha et al. 2010 - http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1), shallow water wave models (STWAVE) (Smith et al. 1999), Coastal Modeling System wave (CMS-WAVE) (Lin et al. 2008), the large-scale, unstructured two-dimensional Advanced Circulation (2D ADCIRC) hydrodynamic model (http://www.adcirc.org), and the regional scale models, Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three dimensions-Multi-Block (CH3D-MB) (Luong and Chapman 2009), which is the multi-block (MB) version of Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three-dimensions-Waterways Experiments Station (CH3D-WES) (Chapman et al. 1996, Chapman et al. 2009), MB CH3D-SEDZLJ sediment transport model (Hayter et al. 2012), and CE-QUAL Management - ICM water quality model (Bunch et al. 2003, Cerco and Cole 1994). Task 1 of the DOER project, “Modeling Transport in Wetting/Drying and Vegetated Regions,” is to implement and test three-dimensional (3D) wetting and drying (W/D) within GSMB. This technical note describes the methods and results of Task 1. The original W/D routines were restricted to a single vertical layer or depth-averaged simulations. In order to retain the required 3D or multi-layer capability of MB-CH3D, a multi-block version with variable block layers was developed (Chapman and Luong 2009). This approach requires a combination of grid decomposition, MB, and Message Passing Interface (MPI) communication (Snir et al. 1998). The MB single layer W/D has demonstrated itself as an effective tool in hyper-tide environments, such as Cook Inlet, Alaska (Hayter et al. 2012). The code modifications, implementation, and testing of a fully 3D W/D are described in the following sections of this technical note.

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Taylor, L. M., and D. P. Flanagan. PRONTO 3D: A three-dimensional transient solid dynamics program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6212624.

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George Jarvis. THREE DIMENSIONAL INTEGRATED CHARACTERIZATION AND ARCHIVING SYSTEM (3D-ICAS). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834108.

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Ravazdezh, Faezeh, Julio A. Ramirez, and Ghadir Haikal. Improved Live Load Distribution Factors for Use in Load Rating of Older Slab and T-Beam Reinforced Concrete Bridges. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317303.

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This report describes a methodology for demand estimate through the improvement of load distribution factors in reinforced concrete flat-slab and T-beam bridges. The proposed distribution factors are supported on three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) analysis tools. The Conventional Load Rating (CLR) method currently in use by INDOT relies on a two-dimensional (2D) analysis based on beam theory. This approach may overestimate bridge demand as the result of neglecting the presence of parapets and sidewalks present in these bridges. The 3D behavior of a bridge and its response could be better modeled through a 3D computational model by including the participation of all elements. This research aims to investigate the potential effect of railings, parapets, sidewalks, and end-diaphragms on demand evaluation for purposes of rating reinforced concrete flat-slab and T-beam bridges using 3D finite element analysis. The project goal is to improve the current lateral load distribution factor by addressing the limitations resulting from the 2D analysis and ignoring the contribution of non-structural components. Through a parametric study of the slab and T-beam bridges in Indiana, the impact of selected parameters on demand estimates was estimated, and modifications to the current load distribution factors in AASHTO were proposed.

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Degrez, G., and J. J. Ginoux. Velocity Measurements in a 3D (Three Dimensional) Shock Wave Laminar Boundary Layer Interaction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada187334.

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Kennedy, Alan, Mark Ballentine, Andrew McQueen, Christopher Griggs, Arit Das, and Michael Bortner. Environmental applications of 3D printing polymer composites for dredging operations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39341.

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This Dredging Operations Environmental Research (DOER) technical note disseminates novel methods to monitor and reduce contaminant mobility and bioavailability in water, sediments, and soils. These method advancements are enabled by additive manufacturing (i.e., three-dimensional [3D] printing) to deploy and retrieve materials that adsorb contaminants that are traditionally applied as unbound powders. Examples of sorbents added as amendments for remediation of contaminated sediments include activated carbon, biochar, biopolymers, zeolite, and sand caps. Figure 1 provides examples of sorbent and photocatalytic particles successfully compounded and 3D printed using polylactic acid as a binder. Additional adsorptive materials may be applicable and photocatalytic materials (Friedmann et al. 2019) may be applied to degrade contaminants of concern into less hazardous forms. This technical note further describes opportunities for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) project managers and the water and sediment resource management community to apply 3D printing of polymers containing adsorptive filler materials as a prototyping tool and as an on-site, on-demand manufacturing capability to remediate and monitor contaminants in the environment. This research was funded by DOER project 19-13, titled “3D Printed Design for Remediation and Monitoring of Dredged Material.”

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McDermott, Randy, Alan R. Kerstein, and Rodney Cannon Schmidt. ODTLES : a model for 3D turbulent flow based on one-dimensional turbulence modeling concepts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921740.

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Tang, Shuaiqi, Shaocheng Xie, and Minghua Zhang. Description of the Three-Dimensional Large-Scale Forcing Data from the 3D Constrained Variational Analysis (VARANAL3D). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1648153.

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Tang, S., Shaocheng Xie, and Minghua Zhang. Description of the Three-Dimensional Large-Scale Forcing Data from the 3D Constrained Variational Analysis (VARANAL3D). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1808707.

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