Journal articles: '3D dimension'

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Amer, Ramses. "Vietnam and Its Neighbours: The Border Dispute Dimension." Contemporary Southeast Asia 17, no. 3 (December 1995): 298–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/cs17-3d.

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Mochimaru, Masaaki, and Makiko Kouchi. "Statistics for 3D Human Body Forms." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 38 (July 2000): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403846.

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A method of calculating representative forms from a given set of forms was developed, in which surface data is modeled by polygons based on landmarks. Inter-individual distances are defined as distortions in FFD control points. By calculating inter-individual distances for all possible pairs of forms, the distribution of the 3D forms in m-dimensional space is obtained using MDS. Each MDS dimension represents an independent shape factor. Forms with specific MDS scores, such as (0.5,0,0,0), (1,0,0,0) in standard deviation units, are calculated as weighted averages of all actual forms. An FFD transformation grid is calculated that represents the systematic form transformation along an MDS dimension. Forms with different scores for the first or second MDS dimensions only and average scores (=0) for the other MDS dimensions are calculated using these transformation grids.

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Bonetto, Rita Dominga, Juan Luis Ladaga, and Ezequiel Ponz. "Measuring Surface Topography by Scanning Electron Microscopy. II. Analysis of Three Estimators of Surface Roughness in Second Dimension and Third Dimension." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, no. 2 (December 9, 2005): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760606003x.

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used in surface studies and continuous efforts are carried out in the search of estimators of different surface characteristics. By using the variogram, we developed two of these estimators that were used to characterize the surface roughness from the SEM image texture. One of the estimators is related to the crossover between fractal region at low scale and the periodic region at high scale, whereas the other estimator characterizes the periodic region. In this work, a full study of these estimators and the fractal dimension in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) was carried out for emery papers. We show that the obtained fractal dimension with only one image is good enough to characterize the roughness surface because its behavior is similar to those obtained with 3D height data. We show also that the estimator that indicates the crossover is related to the minimum cell size in 2D and to the average particle size in 3D. The other estimator has different values for the three studied emery papers in 2D but it does not have a clear meaning, and these values are similar for those studied samples in 3D. Nevertheless, it indicates the formation tendency of compound cells. The fractal dimension values from the variogram and from an area versus step log–log graph were studied with 3D data. Both methods yield different values corresponding to different information from the samples.

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Tobak, Júlia, and András Nábrádi. "EVOLUTION OF FAMILY BUSINESSES – A 3D THEORETICAL APPROACH." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 5, Special (June 2020): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe100.

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According to international literature there are many researches about family businesses. Examining and evaluating these kinds of businesses is a complex task because it is hard to take into account every influencing factor which have an impact on the operation of family businesses. The purpose of this study is to present a new theoretical method and model which is applicable to measure the development of family businesses from three dimensions: (1) family, (2) business and (3) ownership. The new theoretical model is suitable for carrying out such cross-sectoral and international comparative statistical analyses. The three attributes of family businesses may be measured, evaluated and analyzed separately and/or in combination. It is suitable for doing aggregated analysis of one or more companies. The (1) family dimension presents wich generation/generations operates the business. The dimension of (2) business shows the level of separation of tasks between family and non-family members and gives an answer how the management and the ownership functions are separated. The (3) ownership dimension shows the ownership state of examined businesses and can clarify the stage of the ownership structure. The simultaneous or separate examination of dimensions can assist to family businesses to measure their own status. The TONA model is applicable to measure the evolution of family businesses and can show the differences between sectors or countries in an illustrative way.

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Carmichael, Stephen W. "STORM Offers Super-Resolution in 3D!" Microscopy Today 16, no. 6 (November 2008): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500062283.

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For the first few centuries of microscopy, spatial resolution was limited by the diffraction barrier. Recently, this barrier has been broken using several different methods. Optical methods that provide better resolution than the diffraction barrier are referred to as super-resolution. Although these techniques have significantly improved resolution in two dimensions (x and y) or in the axial dimension (z), it has not been possible to achieve substantial improvement in all three dimensions simultaneously. A study by Bo Huang, Wenqin Wang, Mark Bates, and Xiaowei Zhuang demonstrated a breakthrough by achieving a spatial resolution that is 10 times better than the diffraction limit in all three dimensions without using sample or optical-beam scanning.

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BOUDON, FRÉDÉRIC, CHRISTOPHE GODIN, CHRISTOPHE PRADAL, OLIVIER PUECH, and HERVÉ SINOQUET. "ESTIMATING THE FRACTAL DIMENSION OF PLANTS USING THE TWO-SURFACE METHOD: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON 3D-DIGITIZED TREE FOLIAGE." Fractals 14, no. 03 (September 2006): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x06003179.

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In this paper, we present a method to estimate the fractal dimension of plant foliage in three dimensions (3D). This method is derived from the two-surface method introduced in the 90s to estimate the fractal dimension of tree species from field measurements on collections of trees. Here we adapted the method to individual plants. The multiscale topology and geometry of the plant must first be digitized in 3D. Then leafy branching systems of different sizes are constructed from the plant database, using the topological information. 3D convex envelops are then computed for each leafy branching system. The fractal dimension of the plant is finally estimated by comparing the total leaf area and the convex envelop area of these leafy modules. The method was assessed on a set of four peach trees entirely digitized at shoot scale. Results show that the peach trees have a marked self-similar foliage with fractal dimension close to 2.4.

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Mansfield-Devine, Steve. "An added dimension: 3D face recognition." Biometric Technology Today 2013, no. 6 (June 2013): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-4765(13)70112-7.

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Wang, Jiang-Sheng, and Dietrich Stauffer. "Fractal dimension of 3D Ising droplets." Zeitschrift f�r Physik B Condensed Matter 78, no. 1 (February 1990): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01317367.

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Feranie, S., D. Sasmita, and F. D. E. Latief. "Investigation of 3D fractal dimension sensitivity on 3D fracture parameter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1280 (November 2019): 022056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1280/2/022056.

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Alkhaldi, Ali H., Muhammad Kamran Aslam, Muhammad Javaid, and Abdulaziz Mohammed Alanazi. "Bounds of Fractional Metric Dimension and Applications with Grid-Related Networks." Mathematics 9, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9121383.

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Metric dimension of networks is a distance based parameter that is used to rectify the distance related problems in robotics, navigation and chemical strata. The fractional metric dimension is the latest developed weighted version of metric dimension and a generalization of the concept of local fractional metric dimension. Computing the fractional metric dimension for all the connected networks is an NP-hard problem. In this note, we find the sharp bounds of the fractional metric dimensions of all the connected networks under certain conditions. Moreover, we have calculated the fractional metric dimension of grid-like networks, called triangular and polaroid grids, with the aid of the aforementioned criteria. Moreover, we analyse the bounded and unboundedness of the fractional metric dimensions of the aforesaid networks with the help of 2D as well as 3D plots.

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Kumermanis, Maris, and Janis Rudzitis. "Precision Assessment of Surface Coating Roughness Height 3D Parameter St." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.155.

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One of the main surface coating quality indexes of details of mechatronic systems is surface roughness. And the surface roughness is described by surface roughness parameters. Nowadays characterization of surface roughness using three-dimension (3D) methods and parameters become more and more important. This type of surface quality characterization, unlike the two-dimension (2D) methods, provide a more complete view on the surface qualities, since the surface roughness is viewed as a spatial object. Within the last ten years intensive work is being carried out on the development of 3D roughness standards, therefore it is necessary to agree on a unified approach in the assessment of surface roughness 3D parameters. To make possible application of the ISO/DIS 25178 standard being developed one needs information on the determination of 3D surface roughness parameter precision, such as number of measurements, dimensions of measurement areas and their disposition on the measured surface.

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Li, Jianzheng, Fei Li, Wei Ji, Yulong Zou, and Chunguo Li. "Three-Dimension Kronecker Channel Modeling and Correlation Analysis." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 7, no. 4 (October 2015): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2015100104.

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In this paper a three-dimension (3D) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel model is derived by considering the elevation dimension and the azimuth dimension together. To get a more accurate performance analysis for 3D MIMO channel, both Tx and Rx correlation matrices are derived, respectively, in closed form, which consist of 3D Kronecker channel model. This novel 3D Kronecker channel model is developed for arbitrary antenna arrays with non-isotropic antenna patterns and also for any propagation environment of 3D MIMO systems. In order to quantify the performance of 3D MIMO systems, the capacity in multi-user cases is analyzed. Simulation results validate the proposed 3D Kronecker channel model and study the impact of elevation and azimuth angular spread and that of Rx antenna element spacing on the correlation. The proposed capacity analysis in multi-user cases for 3D MIMO systems is also verified by simulation.

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Zhou, Cai Ying, and Long Jun Huang. "Application of Three-Dimension Visualization Technology in Water Supply Pipeline Information System Based on VTK." Advanced Materials Research 487 (March 2012): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.487.558.

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The underground water supply pipeline information system used currently is short of describing the pipe in three dimensions. Aiming at this point, the 3D underground pipe information system was achieved with the help of three-dimension graphics tool (VTK) in this paper. With the system, users can browse the 3D underground pipes and search interrelated datum, which raises the efficiency and standard of city digitizing management.

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Abu Hanipah, Abdul Fatah Firdaus, and Khairul Nizam Tahar. "Development of the 3D dome model based on a terrestrial laser scanner." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 36, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-05-2017-0024.

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Purpose Laser scanning technique is used to measure and model objects using point cloud data generated laser pulses. Conventional techniques to construct 3D models are time consuming, costly and need more manpower. The purpose of this paper is to assess the 3D model of the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque’s main dome using a terrestrial laser scanner. Design/methodology/approach A laser scanner works through line of sight, which indicates that multiple scans need to be taken from a different view to ensure a complete data set. Targets must spread in all directions, and targets should be placed on fixed structures and flat surfaces for the normal scan and fine scan. After the scanning operation, point cloud data from the laser scanner were cleaned and registered before a 3D model could be developed. Findings As a result, the reconstruction of the 3D model was successfully developed. The samples are based on the triangle dimension, curve line, horizontal dimension and vertical dimension at the dome. The standard deviation and accuracy are calculated based on the comparison of the 21 samples taken between the high-resolution and low-resolution scanning data. Originality/value There are many ways to develop the 3D model and based on this study, the less complex ways also produce the best result. The authors implement the different types of dimensions for the 3D model assessment, which have not yet been considered in the past.

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WEBSTER, A. H., M. R. DAVENPORT, and J. P. ARDOUIN. "3D DECONVOLUTION OF VIBRATION CORRUPTED HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 18, no. 03 (September 2008): 747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156408005710.

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We have developed a hyperspectral deconvolution algorithm that sharpens the spectral dimension in addition to the more usual across-track and along-track dimensions. Using an individual three-dimensional model for each pixel's point spread function, the algorithm iteratively applies maximum likelihood criteria to reveal previously hidden features in the spatial and spectral dimensions. Of necessity, our solution is adaptive to unreported across-track and along-track vibrations with amplitudes smaller than the ground sampling distance. We sense and correct these vibrations using a combination of maximum likelihood deconvolution and gradient descent registration that maximizes statistical correlations over many bands. Test panels in real hyperspectral imagery show significant improvement when locations are corrected. Tests on simulated imagery show that the precision of relative corrected positions improves by about a factor of two.

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An, Heng, Guang Rong Yan, and Yi Lei. "A Self-Adaptive Algorithm for 3D Dimension Based on Normal Adjustment." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.113.

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For the interference problem between 3D dimension and solid model caused by model rotation, a self-adaptive algorithm was proposed in this paper. Firstly, three types of dimension interference in 3D model were analyzed. Secondly, the work flow of self-adaptive algorithm was investigated and the key technologies such as interference check, normal adjustment were described in detail. By adjusting the normal of each interfered 3D dimension to non-interference state, the interference problem in this paper can be solved. All the algorithms were realized in a dynamically module based on CAXASOLID. Case study showed that the strategies present are feasible. Finally, the trends and expectation of 3D dimension layout was summarized.

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TAKESHIMA, MASUMI, and ATSUO H. MATSUI. "FRACTIONAL DIMENSIONALITY ON SELF-TRAPPED FRENKEL EXCITONS IN MOLECULAR CRYSTALLITES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 14, no. 11 (May 10, 2000): 1209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979200001485.

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Self-trapped exciton characteristics in microcrystallites are discussed in terms of the fractional dimension. The concept of the fractional dimension is introduced since microcrystallites are formed with various side lengths where the concept of the integral dimensions (1D, 2D and 3D) are not significant. The theory is based on the tight-binding approach. Uniqueness in self-trapping appears in the magnitude of the fractional dimension. Exceptionally high threshold for self-trapping is found when (1) a thin crystallite is made of two layers, or (2) a crystallite is formed by two molecular chains, or (3) a linear molecular chain is made of four molecules. The fractional dimension analysis thus offers a wider overview of the self-trapped exciton character than the analysis that can be done using intergral dimensions only.

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Jedlička, Karel. "Third dimension of a map." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-145-2019.

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Abstract. A communication of information from its producer to a user can be done in many ways which differs in their effectivity. Although a map is a native communication channel for presenting of spatial data, a presentation of spatial data in 3D environment is a growing alternative in recent years. Therefore this chapter describes basic principles of dealing with third dimension in a map.Note that this contribution focuses on matters related purely to GIS. The contribution is not going to describe advanced 3D scene visualization techniques such as shadow modelling, ray-tracing, etc. (as they belong to computer graphics).Also a type of display in not addressed in detail. Just to mention in general, having a 3D scene, it can be displayed on:<ol><li>Monitor &ndash; then it is perspective visualization. A perception of depth emerges by moving the virtual observer position or line of sight.</li><li>Monitor using passive or active glasses / 3D monitor &ndash; a full stereo perception emerges.</li><li>3D print / hologram &ndash; physical/virtual three-dimensional scene emerges.</li></ol>Coming to GIS related issues. First of all, there exists solutions displaying 2.5 dimensional data and they are commonly called 3D GIS as well even if they do not support full 3D objects.Next, there are two different types of coordinate systems used: a Cartesian coordinate system, speaking geographically &ndash; a projected coordinate system, e.g. an UTM Zone. Then all coordinates are in the same units (usually meters). More challenging is the other type &ndash; a geographic coordinate system using latitude and longitude locating both objects and phenomena on Earth globe, but metric units for (ellipsoidal or orthometric) height &ndash; then different types of units (angular and metrical) are used for different axes. Such a situation is typical for virtual globes.Talking about cartography, there are two main approaches to visualize a 3D scene, photorealistic versus symbolized). Photorealistic approach tends to use real world textures and create an impression as close to real world as possible. The other approach, consisting of applying a cartographic symbols on the scene, challenges contemporary cartography, as not all cartographic techniques can be transferred from 2D to 3D. There can be distinguished among techniques able to apply without a change, techniques need to be adapted and inapplicable techniques.And last but not least major issue is that 3D GIS has to deal with large data in a different way than in 2D. Two dimensional GIS deals with large amount of data by a concept of scale dependent rendering (also called a scale dependent map) and using pyramiding and generalization techniques. But important thing is that always the whole thematic layer (or even a map) is represented at one level of detail in one view. When zoom in or out, an appropriate level of pyramid is depicted. A different approach is needed in 3D &ndash; instead of using one zoom level as a threshold for what and how to visualize, the observer position and line of sight have to be taken into account. Then, objects closer to observer have to be presented in more detailed way than objects away, no matter if they are from the same layer or different layers.

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Avdeev, Dmitry, and Sergei Knizhnik. "3D integral equation modeling with a linear dependence on dimensions." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 5 (September 2009): F89—F94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3190132.

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We have improved the integral equation method for modeling 3D electromagnetic fields by using the separability of its inherent [Formula: see text] dyadic Green’s tensors. Conventional integral equation approaches exhibit a quadratic dependence on model size, at least for the vertical dimension. In contrast, our approach has a linear dependence on all three dimensions. We tested our method on an example of induction logging in deviated boreholes.

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Sánchez Chávez, Hugo David, and Leonardo Flores Cano. "Shortest path fractal dimension for randomly crumpled thin paper sheets." Revista Mexicana de Física 64, no. 4 (June 28, 2018): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.64.415.

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We realized a study of the shortest path fractal dimension in three dimensions for randomly crumpled paper balls. We took measurements between all possible combinations of pairs of points in crumpled and flat configurations, we found that a correlation between these distances exist, even more, such mean experimental value is dmin=1.2953±0.02 that coincides almost numerically with the very known 3D shortest path fractal dimension for percolation systems reported in computational simulations.

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Wang, Heng. "AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF 3D ASSEMBLY DIMENSION CHAINS." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 41, no. 06 (2005): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2005.06.181.

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Tang, Dongming, and Alejandro G. Marangoni. "3D fractal dimension of fat crystal networks." Chemical Physics Letters 433, no. 1-3 (December 2006): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2006.11.057.

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Gryc, Vladimír, and Petr Horáček. "Resin canals in spruce (Picea abis /L./ Karst.) with the occurrence of reaction wood." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 1 (2005): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553010085.

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The paper was aimed at the determination of variability of horizontal resin canal dimension in spruce wood in relation to the position in a spruce stem. Significant changes of dimensions in horizontal resin canal along the stem length and radius were found. On the basis obtained of results 3D models (for CW, OW, SWL and SWP zones) describing changes in resin canal dimensions in spruce in relation to the position in a stem were created. In the models, the resin canal dimension decreases with the height of a stem and on the other hand, with an increasing distance from the stem pith the dimension of resin canal increases. The importance of the paper consists in the enlargement of findings about the structure of spruce with compression wood.

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Ecke, R. E. "From 2D to 3D in fluid turbulence: unexpected critical transitions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 828 (August 30, 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.507.

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How do the laws of physics change with changes in spatial dimension? Maybe not at all in some cases, but in important cases, the changes are dramatic. Fluid turbulence – the fluctuating, intermittent and many-degree-of-freedom state of a highly forced fluid – determines the transport of heat, mass and momentum and is ubiquitous in nature, where turbulence is found on spatial scales from microns to millions of kilometres (turbulence in stars) and beyond (galactic events such as supernovae). When the turbulent degrees of freedom are suppressed in one spatial dimension, the resulting turbulent state in two dimensions (2D) is remarkably changed compared with the turbulence in three dimensions (3D) – energy flows to small scales in 3D but towards large scales in 2D. Although this result has been known since the 1960s due to the pioneering work of Kraichnan, Batchelor and Leith, how one transitions between 3D and 2D turbulence has remained remarkably unexplored. For real physical systems, this is a highly significant question with important implications about transport in geophysical systems that determine weather on short time scales and climate on longer scales. Is the transition from 3D to 2D smooth or are there sharp transitions that signal a threshold of the dominance of one type of turbulence over another? Recent results by Benavides & Alexakis (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 822 (2017), pp. 364–385) suggest that the latter may be the case – a surprising and provocative discovery.

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Domej, Gisela, Céline Bourdeau, Luca Lenti, Salvatore Martino, and Kacper Pluta. "Shape and Dimension Estimations of Landslide Rupture Zones via Correlations of Characteristic Parameters." Geosciences 10, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10050198.

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For many geotechnical purposes, the proper estimation of shapes and dimensions of landslide rupture zones is of significant importance. Very often, this exact delineation is difficult due to the lack of information on rupture zone extents in 3D. Based on a global landslide inventory, this work presents statistical analyses correlating dimension-related and shape-related parameters characterizing a rupture zone in 3D to its volume. Dimension-related parameters are approximated by linear regressions increasing with greater volumes, whereas shape-related parameters appear stable throughout the entire range of volumes. Revealing themselves as very stable, these correlations can be used, hence, to extrapolate from a distinct parameter to the volume of a landslide rupture zone. In a second stage, ratios of dimension-related parameters are correlated with rupture zone volumes. Furthermore, this type of correlation delivers very stable results showing that ratios are constant throughout the entire range of volumes. Making use of this ratio consistency, it is possible to deduce one of the two parameters when the other one is given. This latter aspect seems to be promising for remote sensing surveys when initial rupture areas or rupture volumes should be delineated or for numerical modeling of landslides in 3D.

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Liu, Huabo, Fanjing Meng, and Shaozhen Hua. "4D Mapping of the Fracture Evolution in a Printed Gypsum-Like Core by Using X-Ray CT Scanning." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 17, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8820828.

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The paper presents the use of micro-X-ray computed tomography (CT) system and associated automatic loading device in visualizing and analyzing the propagation of penny-shaped flaw in gypsum-like 3D printing specimen. During the loading process, a micro-X-ray computed tomography (CT) system was used to scan the specimen with a resolution of 30 × 30 μm2. The volumetric images of specimen were reconstructed based on two-dimensional images. Thus, the propagation of penny-shaped flaw in gypsum-like 3D printing specimen in spatial was observed. The device can record the evolution of the internal penny-shaped flaw by X-ray CT scanning and the evolution of the surface crack by digital radiography at the same time. Fractal analysis was employed to quantify the cracking process. Two- and three-dimensional box-counting methods were applied to analyze slice images and volumetric images, respectively. Comparison between fractal dimensions calculated from two- and three-dimensional box-counting method was carried out. The results show that the fractal dimension increases with the propagation of cracks. Moreover, the common approach to obtain the 3D fractal dimension of a self-similar fractal object by adding one to its corresponding 2D fractal dimension is found to be inappropriate.

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Lim, Soeun, Seoung-Jin Hong, Joo-Young Ohe, and Janghyun Paek. "Application of 3D Computed Tomography Reconstruction Images to Assess the Thickness and Dimensions of the Posterior Palatal Seal Area." BioMed Research International 2019 (February 19, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7912371.

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Few studies have been reported on the scientific measurements of the thickness and dimensions of the posterior palatal seal (PPS) area. The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze the thickness of palatal mucosa by using a three-dimensional (3D) model reconstructed with computed tomography (CT) images and to present objective values by identifying the PPS area. The CT images were reconstructed as a 3D model by separating the maxillary palate mucosa and teeth. Each reconstructed model was analyzed and the thickness was measured at 93 crossing points of each divided plane. The dimension of the PPS area was measured and the right and left dimensions of the PPS area were compared. The thickness of the palatal mucosa was thicker toward the posterior area. The thickness increased in the lateral direction and decreased again. In the PPS area, the mean dimension between the rearmost of anterior border and the most posterior line was 2.19 mm and the mean dimension between the forefront of anterior border and the most posterior line was 5.19 mm in the right side and 5.16 mm in the left side. The mean dimension from the center of the palate to the right most forward point was 6.85 mm, and the left was 7.36 mm. The new measurement method of palatal mucosal thickness is noninvasive, accurate, and easy to store and study, so it can be used effectively in planning and manufacturing the maxillary complete denture in the digital workflows.

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Belianinov, Alex, Matthew J. Burch, Anton Ievlev, Songkil Kim, Michael G. Stanford, Kyle Mahady, Brett B. Lewis, Jason D. Fowlkes, Philip D. Rack, and Olga S. Ovchinnikova. "Direct Write of 3D Nanoscale Mesh Objects with Platinum Precursor via Focused Helium Ion Beam Induced Deposition." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050527.

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The next generation optical, electronic, biological, and sensing devices as well as platforms will inevitably extend their architecture into the 3rd dimension to enhance functionality. In focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID), a helium gas field ion source can be used with an organometallic precursor gas to fabricate nanoscale structures in 3D with high-precision and smaller critical dimensions than focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID), traditional liquid metal source FIBID, or other additive manufacturing technology. In this work, we report the effect of beam current, dwell time, and pixel pitch on the resultant segment and angle growth for nanoscale 3D mesh objects. We note subtle beam heating effects, which impact the segment angle and the feature size. Additionally, we investigate the competition of material deposition and sputtering during the 3D FIBID process, with helium ion microscopy experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show complex 3D mesh structures measuring ~300 nm in the largest dimension, with individual features as small as 16 nm at full width half maximum (FWHM). These assemblies can be completed in minutes, with the underlying fabrication technology compatible with existing lithographic techniques, suggesting a higher-throughput pathway to integrating FIBID with established nanofabrication techniques.

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Karim, Hairi, Alias Abdul Rahman, and Pawel Boguslawski. "GENERALIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR 2D+SCALE DHE DATA MODEL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W1 (October 26, 2016): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w1-61-2016.

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Different users or applications need different scale model especially in computer application such as game visualization and GIS modelling. Some issues has been raised on fulfilling GIS requirement of retaining the details while minimizing the redundancy of the scale datasets. Previous researchers suggested and attempted to add another dimension such as scale or/and time into a 3D model, but the implementation of scale dimension faces some problems due to the limitations and availability of data structures and data models. Nowadays, various data structures and data models have been proposed to support variety of applications and dimensionality but lack research works has been conducted in terms of supporting scale dimension. Generally, the Dual Half Edge (DHE) data structure was designed to work with any perfect 3D spatial object such as buildings. In this paper, we attempt to expand the capability of the DHE data structure toward integration with scale dimension. The description of the concept and implementation of generating 3D-scale (2D spatial + scale dimension) for the DHE data structure forms the major discussion of this paper. We strongly believed some advantages such as local modification and topological element (navigation, query and semantic information) in scale dimension could be used for the future 3D-scale applications.

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Ying, Yue, Mila Koeva, Monika Kuffer, Kwabena Obeng Asiama, Xia Li, and Jaap Zevenbergen. "Making the Third Dimension (3D) Explicit in Hedonic Price Modelling: A Case Study of Xi’an, China." Land 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010024.

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Recent rapid population growth and increasing urbanisation have led to fast vertical developments in urban areas. Therefore, in the context of the dynamic property market, factors related to the third dimension (3D) need to be considered. Current hedonic price modelling (HPM) studies have little explicit consideration for the third dimension, which may have a significant influence on modelling property values in complex urban environments. Therefore, our research aims to narrow the cognitive gap of the missing third dimension by assessing both 2D and 3D HPM and identifying important 3D factors for spatial analysis and visualisation in the selected study area, Xi’an, China. The statistical methods we used for 2D HPM are ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR). In 2D HPM, they both have very low R2 (0.111 in OLS and 0.217 in GWR), showing a very limited generalisation potential. However, a significant improvement is observed when adding 3D factors, namely view quality, sky view factor (SVF), sunlight and property orientation. The obtained higher R2 (0.414) shows the importance of the third dimension or—3D factors for HPM. Our findings demonstrate the necessity to include such factors into HPM and to develop 3D models with a higher level of details (LoD) to serve more purposes such as fair property taxation.

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Oouchi, Yuika, Megumi Watanabe, Yosuke Ida, Hiroshi Ohguro, and Fumihito Hikage. "Rosiglitasone and ROCK Inhibitors Modulate Fibrogenetic Changes in TGF-β2 Treated Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts (HconF) in Different Manners." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 7335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147335.

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Purpose: The effects of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) 1 and 2 inhibitor, ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate (Rip), ROCK2 inhibitor, KD025 or rosiglitazone (Rosi) on two-dimension (2D) and three-dimension (3D) cultured human conjunctival fibroblasts (HconF) treated by transforming growth factor (TGFβ2) were studied. Methods: Two-dimension and three-dimension cultured HconF were examined by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER, 2D), size and stiffness (3D), and the expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) including collagen1 (COL1), COL4 and COL6, fibronectin (FN), and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) by quantitative PCR (2D, 3D) in the presence of Rip, KD025 or Rosi. Results: TGFβ2 caused a significant increase in (1) the TEER values (2D) which were greatly reduced by Rosi, (2) the stiffness of the 3D organoids which were substantially reduced by Rip or KD025, and (3) TGFβ2 induced a significant up-regulation of all ECMs, except for COL6 (2D) or αSMA (3D), and down-regulation of COL6 (2D). Rosi caused a significant up-regulation of COL1, 4 and 6 (3D), and down-regulation of COL6 (2D) and αSMA (3D). Most of these TGFβ2-induced expressions in the 2D and αSMA in the 3D were substantially inhibited by KD025, but COL4 and αSMA in 2D were further enhanced by Rip. Conclusion: The findings reported herein indicate that TGFβ2 induces an increase in fibrogenetic changes on the plane and in the spatial space, and are inhibited by Rosi and ROCK inhibitors, respectively.

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Tan, Yumin, and Yunxin Li. "UAV Photogrammetry-Based 3D Road Distress Detection." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090409.

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The timely and proper rehabilitation of damaged roads is essential for road maintenance, and an effective method to detect road surface distress with high efficiency and low cost is urgently needed. Meanwhile, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), with the advantages of high flexibility, low cost, and easy maneuverability, are a new fascinating choice for road condition monitoring. In this paper, road images from UAV oblique photogrammetry are used to reconstruct road three-dimensional (3D) models, from which road pavement distress is automatically detected and the corresponding dimensions are extracted using the developed algorithm. Compared with a field survey, the detection result presents a high precision with an error of around 1 cm in the height dimension for most cases, demonstrating the potential of the proposed method for future engineering practice.

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CRISTOLOVEANU, SORIN, ROMAIN RITZENTHALER, AKIKO OHATA, and OLIVIER FAYNOT. "3D Size Effects in Advanced SOI Devices." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 16, no. 01 (March 2006): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156406003515.

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Recent results on state-of-the-art SOI MOS transistors reveal the impact of the device miniaturization. The role of each dimension (length, width, thickness) is examined sequentially, by emphasizing the link with the other MOSFET dimensions. Ultra-thin gate oxide and silicon film enable, respectively, Gate-Induced Floating Body Effects (GIFBE) and super-coupling. In ultra-thin SOI films, the interface coupling effects are amplified leading to interesting consequences for carrier transport and multiple-gate operation. The self-heating problem in SOI MOSFETs can be alleviated by replacing the buried oxide with a different dielectric that offers improved thermal conductivity, without degrading the electrostatic behavior of the device. We describe the operation and scaling principles of transistors with double, triple or quadruple gates, which are governed by strong 3-D coupling effects.

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MOJUMDER, M. A., and MESFIN TADASSE. "A HEURISTIC STRING-THEORETIC APPROACH TO THE 3D ISING MODEL." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 13 (April 30, 1992): 1123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392003578.

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We have made a modification of a very heuristic relationship available in the literature between the parameter space distance and the embedding space distance on the string worldsheet. This modification along with the input of numerically determined values of the fractal dimension of the fermionic worldsheet and of the Wilson scaling dimensions of conventional ψ2 and ψ4-field theories enables a numerical calculation of the critical exponents α and β of the 3D Ising model. These values are in very good agreement with the experimental and other theoretical values.

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FERANIE, SELLY, UMAR FAUZI, and SATRIA BIJAKSANA. "3D FRACTAL DIMENSION AND FLOW PROPERTIES IN THE PORE STRUCTURE OF GEOLOGICAL ROCKS." Fractals 19, no. 03 (September 2011): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x1100535x.

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Three-dimensional pore structure of four samples of geological rock was obtained using serial sectioning. Their fractal and flow properties have been successfully determined through image analysis. The measured 3D box counting fractal dimension of four geological rock samples are 2.59, 2.88, 2.88 and 2.29, which are not integer dimensions. This would imply that the structure of the four geological rock samples is fractal in nature. Porosity of the four rock samples are ranged from 0.18 to 0.31 and the specific surface area is ranged from 1.57 to 2.75 mm-1. Tortuosity estimated from image analysis of the four samples is ranged from 1.11 to 5.83 and varied in each fluid flow direction. This would imply that the rock samples are not uniform in its pore structure. The fractal dimension as a representation of the isotropic level of the pore structure is not clearly clarified and it still needs further investigation.

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Chang, Zhi Yong, Jian Xin Yang, Neng Wan, and Jie Zhao. "Research on the Algorithm of Technological Dimension Chain Based on 3D Process Models." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1421.

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Aiming at the wide application of technological design in three-dimensional CAD software, while the technological dimension chain’s calculation is completed in the two-dimensional process sketch still. A sort of method of calculating technological dimension chain was put forward, which is based on three-dimensional process model. Three-dimensional process model is created through the process of technological design by introducing the concept of three-dimensional process model, and then, the information of process dimension is extracted from the three-dimensional process model and a tree oriented process dimension structure is established. On the basis of the above, we can proceed with technological dimension chain’s integrated calculation and analysis, redistributing the process dimension and its corresponding allowance dimension and tolerance. It will offer more reasonable and reliable process parameters to the technologists in the design of process route, and also effectively solve the problems of the technological dimension chain’s calculation involving to CAPP system in the environment of three-dimensional CAD software.

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D'Urso, M. G., C. L. Marino, and A. Rotondi. "On 3D Dimension: Study cases for Archaeological sites." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-6 (April 23, 2014): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-6-13-2014.

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For more than a century the tridimensional vision has been of interest for scientists and users in several fields of application. The mathematical bases have remained substantially unchanged but only the new technologies have allowed us to make the vision really impressive. Photography opens new frontiers and has enriched of physical, mathematical, chemical, informatical and topographic notions by making the images so real to make the observer fully immersed into the represented scene. By means of active googless the 3D digital technique, commonly used for video games, makes possible animations without limitations in the dimension of the images thanks to the improved performances of the graphic processor units and related hardware components. In this paper we illustrate an experience made by the students of the MSc'degree course of Topography, active at the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, in which the photography has been applied as an innovative technique for the surveying of cultural heritage. The tests foresee the use of traditional techniques of survey with 3D digital images and use of GPS sensors. The ultimate objective of our experience is the insertion in the web, allowing us the visualization of the 3D images equipped with all data. In conclusion these new methods of survey allow for the fusion of extremely different techniques, in such an impressive way to make them inseparable and justifying the origin of the neologism "Geomatics" coined at the Laval University (Canada) during the eighties.

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Gao, Zhenbo, Zhexing Wang, Zijian Wu, and Yanlong Cao. "Study on Generation of 3D Assembly Dimension Chain." Procedia CIRP 27 (2015): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.04.060.

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Sotelo-Silveira, Mariana, Ricardo A. Chávez Montes, Jose R. Sotelo-Silveira, Nayelli Marsch-Martínez, and Stefan de Folter. "Entering the Next Dimension: Plant Genomes in 3D." Trends in Plant Science 23, no. 7 (July 2018): 598–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.03.014.

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Fischer, Peter, Dédalo Sanz-Hernández, Robert Streubel, and Amalio Fernández-Pacheco. "Launching a new dimension with 3D magnetic nanostructures." APL Materials 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 010701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5134474.

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Chang, Stephanie H. "Commentary: Does 3D Add Another Dimension to VATS?" Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 32, no. 4 (2020): 1099–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.06.039.

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Hartung, Thomas. "3D — A new dimension of in vitro research." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 69-70 (April 2014): vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2014.04.003.

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Koziatek, O., S. Dragićević, and S. Li. "GEOSPATIAL MODELLING APPROACH FOR 3D URBAN DENSIFICATION DEVELOPMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 7, 2016): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b2-349-2016.

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With growing populations, economic pressures, and the need for sustainable practices, many urban regions are rapidly densifying developments in the vertical built dimension with mid- and high-rise buildings. The location of these buildings can be projected based on key factors that are attractive to urban planners, developers, and potential buyers. Current research in this area includes various modelling approaches, such as cellular automata and agent-based modelling, but the results are mostly linked to raster grids as the smallest spatial units that operate in two spatial dimensions. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop a geospatial model that operates on irregular spatial tessellations to model mid- and high-rise buildings in three spatial dimensions (3D). The proposed model is based on the integration of GIS, fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), and 3D GIS-based procedural modelling. Part of the City of Surrey, within the Metro Vancouver Region, Canada, has been used to present the simulations of the generated 3D building objects. The proposed 3D modelling approach was developed using ESRI’s CityEngine software and the Computer Generated Architecture (CGA) language.

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Koziatek, O., S. Dragićević, and S. Li. "GEOSPATIAL MODELLING APPROACH FOR 3D URBAN DENSIFICATION DEVELOPMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 7, 2016): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-349-2016.

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With growing populations, economic pressures, and the need for sustainable practices, many urban regions are rapidly densifying developments in the vertical built dimension with mid- and high-rise buildings. The location of these buildings can be projected based on key factors that are attractive to urban planners, developers, and potential buyers. Current research in this area includes various modelling approaches, such as cellular automata and agent-based modelling, but the results are mostly linked to raster grids as the smallest spatial units that operate in two spatial dimensions. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop a geospatial model that operates on irregular spatial tessellations to model mid- and high-rise buildings in three spatial dimensions (3D). The proposed model is based on the integration of GIS, fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), and 3D GIS-based procedural modelling. Part of the City of Surrey, within the Metro Vancouver Region, Canada, has been used to present the simulations of the generated 3D building objects. The proposed 3D modelling approach was developed using ESRI’s CityEngine software and the Computer Generated Architecture (CGA) language.

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Karim, H., and A. Abdul Rahman. "APPLICATION PERSPECTIVE OF 2D+SCALE DIMENSION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W1 (September 29, 2016): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w1-119-2016.

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Different applications or users need different abstraction of spatial models, dimensionalities and specification of their datasets due to variations of required analysis and output. Various approaches, data models and data structures are now available to support most current application models in Geographic Information System (GIS). One of the focuses trend in GIS multi-dimensional research community is the implementation of scale dimension with spatial datasets to suit various scale application needs. In this paper, 2D spatial datasets that been scaled up as the third dimension are addressed as 2D+scale (or 3D-scale) dimension. Nowadays, various data structures, data models, approaches, schemas, and formats have been proposed as the best approaches to support variety of applications and dimensionality in 3D topology. However, only a few of them considers the element of scale as their targeted dimension. As the scale dimension is concerned, the implementation approach can be either multi-scale or vario-scale (with any available data structures and formats) depending on application requirements (topology, semantic and function). This paper attempts to discuss on the current and new potential applications which positively could be integrated upon 3D-scale dimension approach. The previous and current works on scale dimension as well as the requirements to be preserved for any given applications, implementation issues and future potential applications forms the major discussion of this paper.

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Boyd, Sharon, Eoghan Clarkson, and Brian Mather. "Learning in the third dimension." Veterinary Record 176, no. 14 (April 2, 2015): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.h1725.

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Cui, Yinan, and Nasr Ghoniem. "Influence of Size on the Fractal Dimension of Dislocation Microstructure." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040478.

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Three-dimensional (3D) discrete dislocation dynamics simulations are used to analyze the size effect on the fractal dimension of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D dislocation microstructure. 2D dislocation structures are analyzed first, and the calculated fractal dimension ( n 2 ) is found to be consistent with experimental results gleaned from transmission electron microscopy images. The value of n 2 is found to be close to unity for sizes smaller than 300 nm, and increases to a saturation value of ≈1.8 for sizes above approximately 10 microns. It is discovered that reducing the sample size leads to a decrease in the fractal dimension because of the decrease in the likelihood of forming strong tangles at small scales. Dislocation ensembles are found to exist in a more isolated way at the nano- and micro-scales. Fractal analysis is carried out on 3D dislocation structures and the 3D fractal dimension ( n 3 ) is determined. The analysis here shows that ( n 3 ) is significantly smaller than ( n 2 + 1 ) of 2D projected dislocations in all considered sizes.

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Ichikawa, Takahiro, Takashi Kato, and Hiroyuki Ohno. "Dimension control of ionic liquids." Chemical Communications 55, no. 57 (2019): 8205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc04280f.

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This feature article describes molecular design strategies for organizing ionic liquids into 1D, 2D and 3D ordered states. New applications and functions of the dimensionally-ordered ionic liquids are also reviewed.

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Teizer, Jochen, Changwan Kim, Carl T. Haas, Katherine A. Liapi, and Carlos H. Caldas. "Framework for Real-Time Three-Dimensional Modeling of Infrastructure." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1913, no. 1 (January 2005): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191300117.

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Modeling transportation infrastructure assets in three dimensions (3D) is becoming increasingly necessary for good management. Condition assessment, maintenance, operations, and construction activities are exploiting 3D models for improved visualization, communications, and process control. Acquiring 3D models rapidly can improve safety and productivity and is becoming feasible through approaches based on sparse range point clouds; however, although this approach has contextual advantages, it is ultimately limited in speed. Emerging Flash laser detection and ranging (LADAR) technology is opening up the possibility of 3D modeling at rates better than 1 Hz (real time). A framework for 3D modeling is presented that includes the dimension of time. In particular, the performance of the Flash LADAR technology is examined, and potential applications are explored. Technologies such as Flash LADAR will play an important role in real-time modeling of infrastructure assets in the near future.

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Yang, Yongfei, Zhihui Liu, Jun Yao, Lei Zhang, Jingsheng Ma, S. Hejazi, Linda Luquot, and Toussaint Ngarta. "Flow Simulation of Artificially Induced Microfractures Using Digital Rock and Lattice Boltzmann Methods." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082145.

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Microfractures have great significance in the study of reservoir development because they are an effective reserving space and main contributor to permeability in a large amount of reservoirs. Usually, microfractures are divided into natural microfractures and induced microfractures. Artificially induced rough microfractures are our research objects, the existence of which will affect the fluid-flow system (expand the production radius of production wells), and act as a flow path for the leakage of fluids injected to the wells, and even facilitate depletion in tight reservoirs. Therefore, the characteristic of the flow in artificially induced fractures is of great significance. The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) was used to calculate the equivalent permeability of artificially induced three-dimensional (3D) fractures. The 3D box fractal dimensions and porosity of artificially induced fractures in Berea sandstone were calculated based on the fractal theory and image-segmentation method, respectively. The geometrical parameters (surface roughness, minimum fracture aperture, and mean fracture aperture), were also calculated on the base of digital cores of fractures. According to the results, the permeability lies between 0.071–3.759 (dimensionless LB units) in artificially induced fractures. The wide range of permeability indicates that artificially induced fractures have complex structures and connectivity. It was also found that 3D fractal dimensions of artificially induced fractures in Berea sandstone are between 2.247 and 2.367, which shows that the artificially induced fractures have the characteristics of self-similarity. Finally, the following relations were studied: (a) exponentially increasing permeability with increasing 3D box fractal dimension, (b) linearly increasing permeability with increasing square of mean fracture aperture, (c) indistinct relationship between permeability and surface roughness, and (d) linearly increasing 3D box fractal dimension with increasing porosity.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D dimension'

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