Dissertations / Theses on the topic '3D-Druck'
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Lamack, Frank. "Customized Fabrication – Mass Customizing mit 3D-Druck." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-215180.
Full textMahn, Uwe, Jörg Matthes, and Anna Maronek. "Topologieoptimierung und CAD- Modellaufbereitung für den 3D-Druck." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21510.
Full textInnovative function-related component geometries in small quantities can be produced efficiently with different methods of additive, generative manufacturing, in a popular science known as 3D printing. For the designer of such components it also means to use other methods as usual. Component geometries optimized regarding to a target size can be calculated using topology optimization based on a FE model. While topology optimization has been known and established for a long time, the consistent use of a common database was often characterized by obstacles. In this article today's possibilities are shown with the FE system ANSYS and evaluated with regard of the efficient practical use.
Prinz, Ralf. "Vom CAD-Modell über die Simulation zum 3D-Druck und zurück : Simulationsansätze in einer, durch den 3D-Druck entfesselten, neuen Gestaltungsfreiheit." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-206799.
Full textLink, Yasmin [Verfasser], and Uwe [Gutachter] Gbureck. "3D-Druck mikrofluidischer Systeme mittels Stereolithografie / Yasmin Link ; Gutachter: Uwe Gbureck." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218973129/34.
Full textPrechtel, Alexander [Verfasser], and Bogna [Akademischer Betreuer] Stawarczyk. "3D-Druck des Hochleistungskunststoffes Polyetheretherketon (PEEK) / Alexander Prechtel ; Betreuer: Bogna Stawarczyk." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1213658985/34.
Full textPolsakiewicz, Dominik [Verfasser]. "Herstellung keramischer Komposite über den pulverbasierten Multi-Material 3D-Druck / Dominik Polsakiewicz." Hamburg : Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Bibliothek, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162138114/34.
Full textСтаднійчук, Віта Сергіївна. "Розроблення композицій для 3D моделей." Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/26101.
Full textОб’єкт дослідження: модельна полімерна композиція для 3D-друку. Предмет дослідження: температура плавлення, текучість та тривалість твердіння композицій залежно від їхнього складу. Мета роботи: створення композиції для виготовлення ливарних витоплюваних моделей методом 3D-друку. Методи дослідження: сплавлення компонентів, аналіз хімічного складу, визначення властивостей за загальноприйнятими методиками. Результати дослідження: розроблено базову рецептуру модельної композиції, яка складається із трьох компонентів полімерного типу. Температура плавлення 120…130 °С, текучість 5…6 мм. Значущість роботи: визначено принцип вибору компонентів для виготовлення моделей методом 3D-друку та створено власну композицію, яка відповідає загальним вимогам. Галузі застосування: художнє та ювелірне литво, виготовлення дрібних ажурних складних за конфігурацією виливків із сплавів благородних металів методом лиття за моделями, що витоплюються. Виготовлення ливарних моделей на 3D-принтерах. Економічна ефективність: умовний економічний ефект $ 1.000.000. Прогнозовані припущення: подальше удосконалення модельної композиції та способу її приготування, перевірка інших полімерних матеріалів, підвищення міцності.
Объект исследования: модельная полимерная композиция для 3D-печати. Предмет исследования: температура плавления, текучесть и продолжительность твердения композиций в зависимости от их состава. Цель работы: создание композиции для изготовления литейных выплавляемым моделям методом 3D-печати. Методы исследования: сплавления компонентов, анализ химического состава, определения свойств по общепринятым методикам. Результаты исследования: разработана базовую рецептуру модельной композиции, состоящей из трех компонентов полимерного типа. Температура плавления 120 ... 130 ° С, текучесть 5 ... 6 мм. Значимость работы: определен принцип выбора компонентов для изготовления моделей методом 3D-печати и создана собственная композицию, которая соответствует общим требованиям. Области применения: художественное и ювелирное литье, изготовление мелких ажурных сложных по конфигурации отливок из сплавов благородных металлов методом литья по моделям, вытапливаются. Изготовление литейных моделей на 3D-принтерах. Экономическая эффективность: условный экономический эффект $ 1.000.000. Прогнозируемые предположения: дальнейшее совершенствование модельной композиции и способа ее приготовления, проверка других полимерных материалов, повышение прочности.
Waidmann, Axel. "Neue Freiheiten bei der Konstruktion durch den Einsatz von Topologieoptimierung und additiver Fertigung." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21543.
Full textJung, Melissa [Verfasser], and Uwe [Gutachter] Gbureck. "Entwicklung und Charakterisierung vorgemischter lagerstabilere Zementpasten für den 3D-Druck / Melissa Jung ; Gutachter: Uwe Gbureck." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1230324135/34.
Full textWang, Yiqiao [Verfasser]. "Auswertung von Prozessparametern zur Herstellung winziger biomedizinischer Geräte mittels 3D-Druck von PEEK / Yiqiao Wang." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241539707/34.
Full textWaidmann, Axel. "Topologieoptimierung mit Ansys AIM und Ansys Workbench." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21542.
Full textJohannink, Jonas [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Kirschniak. "Entwicklung und Bewertung von Organmodellen für das chirurgische Training mit Implementierung von 3D – Druck – Verfahren / Jonas Johannink ; Betreuer: Andreas Kirschniak." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1198859008/34.
Full textProbst, Sophia [Verfasser]. "3D-Druck trifft auf Urheber- und Patentrecht : Ein Beitrag zur rechtswissenschaftlichen Innovationsforschung unter Anwendung der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts / Sophia Probst." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1183472927/34.
Full textMatthes, Jörg, Claudius Petzold, and Valentin Mauersberger. "Aufbereitung von 3D-Scandaten zur additiven Fertigung von orthopädischen Helmschalen mit Fusion 360 und Geomagic FreeForm." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2019. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34092.
Full textFlath, Tobias, Alexandra Springwald, Michaela Schulz-Siegmund, Michael C. Hacker, and Peter Schulze. "Das Potenzial 3D-gedruckter Gradientenwerkstoffe für pharmazeutische Applikationen." Thelem Universitätsverlag & Buchhandlung GmbH & Co. KG, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36952.
Full textOstendorff, Saskia Friederike. ""Copy and Paste"." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20484.
Full text3D printing is not only a technical topic but also a topic for creators. The 3D printer intervenes the core right of creators and makes copyright issues obvious. 3D printing is a new usage under section § 31 UrhG. The private user can "copy and paste" to reproduce any objects. The question is how the right of the creator can be restricted by private use of 3D printers at home, in FabLabs, hackerspaces or 3D printing copy shops. Copyright as a property right in Art. 14 GG faces the user's right to information and freedom of expression under Art. 5 GG. Balancing these two fundamental rights is one of the crucial questions for intellectual property in times of digitization, internet and new technologies, as 3D printing is also about freedom of reproduction and alternative compensation models. To what extent creates section § 53 para. 1, para. 7 UrhG a balance of interests for applied art? This present works examines the reproduction of applied art under the “Geburtstagszugentscheidung” and the necessity of reforming legislation in the age of 3D printers.
Thienen, Stefan, and Thomas Gellner. "Flexible and easy to engineer servo-hydraulic actuators using 3D printing manufacturing process." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71208.
Full textSimmler, Urs. "Vergleich von Stützstrukturen für die additive Fertigung." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-226162.
Full textNeijhoft, Jonas [Verfasser], Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Henrich, Dirk [Gutachter] Henrich, and Robert Alexander [Gutachter] Sader. "Entwicklung und Realisierung neuer Designs zur Nutzung als Knochenersatzmaterial mittels Fused-Deposition-Modelling-3D-Druck / Jonas Neijhoft ; Gutachter: Dirk Henrich, Robert Alexander Sader ; Betreuer: Dirk Henrich." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239730063/34.
Full textDietrich, Tilo. "Optimale Anordnung von beliebig geformten Körpern im Raum." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-70627.
Full textKöpf, Marius Johannes [Verfasser], Horst Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer, and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] [Jockenhövel. "Synthese sowie rheologische, mechanische und zellbiologische Charakterisierung von Agarose-Kollagen-Hydrogel-Mischungen für den 3D-Druck von prävaskularisiertem Luftröhren-Ersatzgewebe / Marius Johannes Köpf ; Horst Fischer, Stefan Jockenhövel." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1195446543/34.
Full textKöpf, Marius Johannes Verfasser], Horst [Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer, and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] [Jockenhövel. "Synthese sowie rheologische, mechanische und zellbiologische Charakterisierung von Agarose-Kollagen-Hydrogel-Mischungen für den 3D-Druck von prävaskularisiertem Luftröhren-Ersatzgewebe / Marius Johannes Köpf ; Horst Fischer, Stefan Jockenhövel." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1195446543/34.
Full textSimmler, Urs. "Topologieoptimierung im Creo-Umfeld mit ProTopCI." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-206856.
Full textSchubert, Martin, Sabine Friedrich, Daniel Wedekind, Sebastian Zaunseder, Hagen Malberg, and Karlheinz Bock. "3D printed flexible substrate with pneumatic driven electrodes for health monitoring." Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33148.
Full textScholze, Mario, Aqeeda Singh, Pamela F. Lozano, Benjamin Ondruschka, Maziar Ramezani, Michael Werner, and Niels Hammer. "Utilization of 3D printing technology to facilitate and standardize soft tissue testing." Nature Publishing Group, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31244.
Full textWinkler, Johannes. "3D-Druck von Softwaremodellen." 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33139.
Full textLink, Yasmin. "3D-Druck mikrofluidischer Systeme mittels Stereolithografie." Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211529.
Full text3D printing is an essential part of biofabrication. For example, geometries are built up layer by layer using bio-inks and a suitable 3D printing process. New options are given by the fabrication of a microfluidic print head. The design of microfluidic print heads creates the possibility of mixing multiple materials inside the print head and thus start printing certain mixing ratios. The resolution limits of the DLP-SLA printer Vida HD Crown and Bridge (EnvisionTEC) using the resin E-Shell 600 (EnvisionTEC) were first determined and components for the layout of a microfluidic print head were processed. The components are, on one hand, geometries that can serve as a mixing device inside the channel, and on the other hand, vertical channels that can carry bio-inks and channels that serve as inlets for the main channel of the microfluidic print head. The properties of the printed objects were examined, the respective geometries and channel openings were measured, large aspect ratios of the geometries were examined and the consistency of the channels investigated. In future, the processed components for a microfluidic print head can be combined variably and further experiments can take place on this basis
Jung, Melissa. "Entwicklung und Charakterisierung vorgemischter lagerstabiler Zementpasten für den 3D-Druck." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-23018.
Full textThe aim of this work was the development and characterization of pre-mixed calcium phosphate cement pastes and the transfer of the concept of these pastes to 3D printing. Three different cement formulations were tested, based on powder mixture of α-TCP/DCPA/CaCO3 (Biozement D), TTCP/DCPA and β-TCP/MCPA, which were analyzed for various material properties and subjected to a 3D printing process. The Biozement D paste was made with three powder-to-liquid ratios (PLR) (80/20, 85/15, 87/13), the TTCP/DCPA paste with two PLRs (83/17, 85/15), and the β-TCP/MCPA paste also with two PLR (67/33, 70/30). Every paste could be successfully printed with the 3D printer. The Biozement D paste with the PLR 85/15 turned out to be the most suitable paste in its group. The TTCP/DCPA paste achieved better results in terms of injectability and printability. Dimensionally stable scaffolds were achieved with both PLR. Fine honeycomb patterns could be produced with the PLR of 83/17 in combination with a high printing speed. With the higher PLR (85/15) and a lower printing speed, the dimensional stability increased further, which enabled the hexagonal structure to be printed more precisely. A good print result could also be achieved with the β-TCP/MCPA paste and the PLR 70/30
Rödiger, Jan. "Modellversuch zur Rekonstruktion kraniomaxillofazialer Defekte mittels individueller 3D-pulverdruckgefertigter Calciumphosphatimplantate." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122781.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation was to establish a process chain for the production of anatomical patient-specific implants of dicalcium phosphate in a 3D powder printing process. The pilot project was designed to evaluate the practicability and accuracy of this process chain. A human cadaver skull was dissected with several bone defects and then reconstructed according to its CT data using a self-programmed mirror-imaging software. The software was able to construct virtual implants which were processed with a 3D powder printer to obtain patient-specific implants. The success of the process chain was evaluated by the coverage of the skull defects in the model. Furthermore, dicalcium phosphates were tested for their suitability as an implant material regarding mechanical and thermal properties. The process chain turned out to be feasible. All defects were reconstructed with high precision and good anatomical contour. However, due to the low stability of the materials, the implants are only suitable for non-load-bearing defects
Reich, Sebastian. "Computergestütztes Auffinden obliterierter Wurzelkanäle mit Hilfe der Planungssoftware SicatEndo und CDX – eine In-vitro-Vergleichsstudie." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-20687.
Full textAim: To compare the accuracy and effort of digital workflow for guided endodontic access procedures using two different software applications in 3D-printed teeth modeled to simulate pulp canal obliteration in vitro. Materials and methods: 32 3D-printed incisors with simulated PCO were fabricated and mounted, four each on maxillary and mandibular study arches. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3D surface scans were matched and used to virtually plan and prepare GEA by one operator using two different methods: 1) coDiagnostiX (CDX) with 3D-printed templates, and 2) SicatEndo (SE) with subtractive CAD/CAM-manufactured templates. Postoperative CBCT and virtual planning data were superimposed for analysis. Accuracy was assessed by measuring the discrepancies between planned and prepared cavities at the tip of the bur (three spatial dimensions, 3D vector, angle). Virtual planning effort was defined as the time and number of computer clicks. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed for each sample . Results: SE successfully located root canals for GEA in 16/16 cases (100%) and CDX in 15/16 cases (94%). SE resulted in less mean deviation at the tip of the bur with regard to distance in the labial-oral direction (0.12 mm), 3D vector (0.35 mm), and angle (0.68 degrees) compared with CDX (0.54 mm, 0.74 mm, 1.57 degrees, respectively; P < 0.001). CDX required less mean planning time and effort for each four-tooth arch (10 min 50 s, 107 clicks) than SE (20 min 28 s, 341 clicks; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Both methods enabled rapid drill path planning, a predictable GEA procedure, and the reliable location of root canals in teeth with PCO without perforation
Jüngst, Tomasz. "Establishing and Improving Methods for Biofabrication." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173444.
Full textBiofabrication is an advancing new research field that might, one day, lead to complex products like tissue replacements or tissue analogues for drug testing. Although great progress was made during the last years, there are still major hurdles like new types of materials and advanced processing techniques. The main focus of this thesis was to help overcoming this hurdles by challenging and improving existing fabrication processes like extrusion-based bioprinting but also by developing new techniques. Furthermore, this thesis assisted in designing and processing materials from novel building blocks like recombinant spider silk proteins or inks loaded with charged nanoparticles. A novel 3D printing technique called Melt Electrospinning Writing (MEW) was used in Chapter 3 to create tubular constructs from thin polymer fibers (roughly 12 μm in diameter) by collecting the fibers onto rotating and translating cylinders. The main focus was put on the influence of the collector diameter and its rotation and translation on the morphology of the constructs generated by this approach. In a first step, the collector was not moving and the pattern generated by these settings was analyzed. It could be shown that the diameter of the stationary collectors had a big impact on the morphology of the constructs. The bigger the diameter of the mandrel (smallest collector diameters 0.5 mm, biggest 4.8 mm) got, the more the shape of the generated footprint converged into a circular one known from flat collectors. In a second set of experiments the mandrels were only rotated. Increasing the rotational velocity from 4.2 to 42.0 rpm transformed the morphology of the constructs from a figure-of-eight pattern to a sinusoidal and ultimately to a straight fiber morphology. It was possible to prove that the transformation of the pattern was comparable to what was known from increasing the speed using flat collectors and that at a critical speed, the so called critical translation speed, straight fibers would appear that were precisely stacking on top of each other. By combining rotation and translation of the mandrel, it was possible to print tubular constructs with defined winding angles. Using collections speeds close to the critical translation speed enabled higher control of fiber positioning and it was possible to generate precisely stacked constructs with winding angles between 5 and 60°. In Chapter 4 a different approach was followed. It was based on extrusion-based bioprinting in combination with a hydrogel ink system. The ink was loaded with nanoparticles and the nanoparticle release was analyzed. In other words, two systems, a printable polyglycidol/hyaluronic acid ink and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), were combined to analyze charge driven release mechanism that could be fine-tuned using bioprinting. Thorough rheological evaluations proved that the charged nanoparticles, both negatively charged MSN-COOH and positively charged MSN-NH2, did not alter the shear thinning properties of the ink that revealed a negative base charge due to hyaluronic acid as one of its main components. Furthermore, it could be shown that the particles did also not have a negative effect on the recovery properties of the material after exposure to high shear. During printing, the observations made via rheological testing were supported by the fact that all materials could be printed at the same settings of the bioprinter. Using theses inks, it was possible to make constructs as big as 12x12x3 mm3 composed of 16 layers. The fiber diameters produced were about 627±31 μm and two-component constructs could be realized utilizing the two hydrogel print heads of the printer to fabricate one hybrid construct. The particle distribution within those constructs was homogeneous, both from a microscopic and a macroscopic point of view. Particle release from printed constructs was tracked over 6 weeks and revealed that the print geometry had an influence on the particle release. Printed in a geometry with direct contact between the strands containing different MSN, the positively charged particles quickly migrated into the strand previously containing only negatively charged MSN-COOH. The MSN-COOH seemed to be rather released into the surrounding liquid and also after 6 weeks no MSN-COOH signal could be detected in the strand previously only containing MSN-NH2. In case of a geometry without direct contact between the strands, the migration of the positively charged nanoparticles into the MSN-COOH containing strand was strongly delayed. This proved that the architecture of the printed construct can be used to fine-tune the particle release from nanoparticle containing printable hydrogel ink systems. Chapter 5 discusses an approach using hydrogel inks based on recombinant spider silk proteins processed via extrusion-based bioprinting. The ink could be applied for printing at protein concentrations of 3 % w/v without the addition of thickeners or any post process crosslinking. Both, the recombinant protein eADF4(C16) and a modification introducing a RGD-sequence to the protein (eADF4(C16)-RGD), could be printed revealing a very good print fidelity. The RGD modification had positive effect on the adhesion of cells seeded onto printed constructs. Furthermore, human fibroblasts encapsulated in the ink at concentrations of 1.2 million cells per mL did not alter the print fidelity and did not interfere with the crosslinking mechanism of the ink. This enabled printing cell laden constructs with a cell survival rate of 70.1±7.6 %. Although the cell survival rate needs to be improved in further trials, the approach shown is one of the first leading towards the shift of the window of biofabrication because it is based on a new material that does not need potentially harmful post-process crosslinking and allows the direct encapsulation of cells staying viable throughout the print process
Vorndran, Elke. "Rapid-Prototyping hydraulisch härtender Calcium- und Magnesiumphosphatzemente mit lokaler Wirkstoffmodifikation." Doctoral thesis, 2011. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70245.
Full textAim of this study was the room temperature fabrication of individually formed structures via 3D-powder printing based on hydraulic bone cements. In addition to the development of a novel cement formulation composed of magnesium phosphate, the simultaneous modification of matrices during the printing process with temperature sensitive and bioactive drugs was an important part of the work. The drug localization within the matrices is hereby correlated with an analogous colour design of the structures, which is physically reproduced by the multi-colour-printer. The calcium phosphate based system has the disadvantage of a strongly acidic setting reaction, which has negative effects on the simultaneous modification with sensitive bioactive agents. To solve this problem a novel bone cement formulation based on magnesium phosphate was established. This cement reacts with ammonium based binder solution within seconds to form the mineral struvite at neutral pH. The technological properties of the of trimagnesium phosphate cement powder, including particle size, particle size distribution, spreadability, powder density, and the setting behaviour, were characterized and optimized for the printing process. The high structural accuracy enabled the production of macroporous structures with a minimal pore diameter of approximately 200 µm. Proper mechanical characteristics of the printed structures as well as a high degree of conversion to the struvite phase were achieved by post-hardening in ammonium phosphate solution. The compressive strength could be increased to more than 20 MPa and the phase fraction of struvite could be increased to a maximum value of a total of 54 %. The fabrication of drug loaded calcium phosphate and magnesium phosphate scaffolds using a multi-colour-printer was established, beginning with the structure design and following the experimental verification of the correlation between the colour information and the applied binder. To guarantee a high accuracy of printing and the localization of the printed drugs, a supplemental modification of the tricalcium phosphate powder with swellable polymers (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or chitosan) was successful. A maximum resolution of about 400 µm was achieved by an HPMC/chitosan/calcium phosphate composition, whereas the highly reactive magnesium phosphate/magnesium oxide system showed a resolution of about 480 µm. The localization of the applied solutions was a prerequisite to control the release kinetics of the drugs. The release kinetic of vancomycin was investigated in vitro depending on the drug localization (homogeneous, depot, gradient-like) within the matrix and by adding additional polymeric diffusion barriers. It could be shown that the polymeric modification of the matrices resulted in a delayed drug release. By discrete and depot-like or graded drug distributions within the matrices the release kinetic could be controlled, achieving a linear release with time (zero order release). The administered agents involved both low molecular compounds like the antibiotic vancomycin or the polysaccharide heparin and protein based factors like bone morphogenic factor rhBMP-2. Evaluation of pharmacological activity of the agents after printing as well as after release of vancomycin from a calcium phosphate matrix was determined, indicating that the bulk biological activity of more than 80 % was retained during the printing process. The limiting factor of the brushite based system was the strong acidic pH, which resulted in an inactivation of protein-based bioactives. This problem may be solved by using neutrally setting magnesium phosphate systems. Finally a microstructural characterization of calcium phosphate and magnesium phosphate matrices by µ-CT analysis and helium pycnometry as well as a quantitative phase analysis by Rietveld was performed. It was demonstrated, that 3D-printing allows the manufacturing of macro pores > 200 µm. The analysis of phase composition showed a significant increase of the degree of conversion from tricalcium phosphate or trimagnesium phosphate to the phases brushite or struvite due to the post hardening process. Hence the porosity of the printed matrices decreased from 58 % to 26 % for struvite and from 47 % to 38 % for brushite
Schäfer, [geb Stichler] Simone. "Thiol-ene Cross-linked Poly(glycidol) / Hyaluronic Acid Based Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-174713.
Full textZiel der Arbeit war die Entwicklung von Thiol-En-vernetzten Hydrogelen basierend auf funktionalisierten Poly(glyzidolen) (PG) und Hyaluronsäure (HA) für das extrusionsbasierte 3D-Biodrucken. Um die vielseitigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von PG-Polymeren für die Hydrogelentwicklung zu zeigen, wurde darüber hinaus, in einer Proof-of-Principle-Studie, PG mit Peptiden funktionalisiert und die Eignung dieser Polymere für die Herstellung von physikalisch vernetzten Gelen untersucht. Zunächst wurden die Vorläuferpolymere für die verschiedenen Hydrogelsysteme synthetisiert. Für die Thiol-En-vernetzten Hydrogele wurde lineares Allyl-funktionalisiertes PG (P(AGE-co-G)) und drei verschiedene Thiol-(SH )funktionalisierte Polymere, Ester haltiges PG-SH (PG-SHec), Ester freies PG SH (PG-SHef) und HA-SH synthetisiert und analysiert. Dabei war der Funktionalisierungsgrad dieser Polymere einstellbar. Für physikalisch vernetzte Hydrogele wurde Peptid-funktionalisierte PGs (P(Peptid co-G)) mittels polymeranaloger Thiol-En-Modifikation von P(AGE-co-G) synthetisiert. Anschließend wurden Thiol-En-vernetzte Hydrogele auf Basis der synthetisierten Thiol- und Allyl-funktionalisierten Polymeren hergestellt. Je nach Ursprung der verwendeten Polymere wurden zwei verschiedene Systeme erhalten: einerseits synthetische Hydrogele bestehend aus PG-SHec/ef und P(AGE-co-G) und andererseits hybride Gele, bestehend aus HA-SH und P(AGE-co-G). Bei den synthetischen Gelen wurde die Abbaubarkeit der Gele durch das verwendete PG-SH bestimmt. Die Verwendung von PG-SHec resultierte in hydrolytisch abbaubaren Hydrogelen, während die Vernetzung mit PG-SHef zu nicht abbaubaren Gelen führte. Die physikalischen Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Hydrogelsysteme wurden mittels Quell-, mechanischen und Diffusionsexperimenten bestimmt und anschließend miteinander verglichen. Die Quellungsstudien zeigten die Unterschiede von abbaubaren und nicht abbaubaren synthetischen Hydrogelen, sowie die Unterschiede von synthetischen gegenüber hybriden Hydrogelen. Als nächstes wurden die Steifigkeit und das Quellverhältnis (SR) der etablierten Hydrogelsysteme in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Parametern wie Inkubationszeit, Polymerkonzentration und UV-Bestrahlung untersucht. Im Allgemeinen zeigten diese Messungen für synthetische und hybride Hydrogele die gleichen Trends: eine erhöhte Polymerkonzentration sowie eine verlängerte UV-Bestrahlung führten zu einer erhöhten Netzwerkdichte. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass das Einbringen zusätzlicher, nicht gebundener HMW HA die Hydrogelvernetzung behinderte, was zu Gelen mit verringerter Steifigkeit und erhöhtem SR führte. Dieser Effekt war stark abhängig von der Menge an zusätzlich eingebrachter HMW HA. Die Diffusion von Fluorescein-Isothiocyanat-Dextran (FITC-Dextran) mit unterschiedlichem Molekulargewichten durch hybride Hydrogele (mit/ohne HMW HA) lieferte Informationen über die Maschengröße dieser Gele. Das kleinste FITC-Dextran (4 kDa) diffundierte innerhalb der ersten Woche vollständig durch beide Hydrogelsysteme, während nur 55 % der 40 kDa und 5-10 % HMW FITC-Dextrane (500 kDa und 2 MDa) durch die Netzwerke diffundieren konnten. Die Anwendbarkeit von synthetischen und hybriden Hydrogelen für Knorpelregenerationszwecke wurde durch biologische Experimente untersucht. Es wurde bewiesen, dass beide Gele das Überleben von eingebetteten humanen mesenchymalen Stromazellen (hMSCs) unterstützen (21/28 d in vitro Kultur), jedoch war die chondrogene Differenzierung in hybriden Hydrogelen im Vergleich zu synthetischen Gelen signifikant verbessert. Die Zugabe von nicht gebundenem HMW HA führte zu einer etwas weniger ausgeprägten Chondrogenese. Zuletzt wurde die Druckbarkeit der etablierten Hydrogelsysteme untersucht. Dafür wurden die viskoelastischen Eigenschaften der Hydrogellösungen durch das Einbringen von nicht gebundener HMW HA eingestellt. Beide Systeme konnten erfolgreich mit hoher Auflösung und hoher Formgenauigkeit gedruckt werden. Die Einführung des Doppeldruck-Konzeptes mit verstärkendem PCL ermöglichte das Drucken von Hydrogellösungen mit niedrigeren Viskositäten. Infolgedessen konnte die für den Druck notwendige Menge an HMW HA reduziert und hybride Hydrogellösungen mit eingebetteten Zellen erfolgreich gedruckt werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die integrierten Zellen den Druckprozess mit hoher Vitalität überlebten (gemessen nach 21 d). Darüber hinaus wurden mit dieser Verstärkungstechnik robuste Hydrogel-enthaltende Konstrukte hergestellt. Zusätzlich zu den Thiol-En-vernetzten Hydrogelen wurde die Hydrogelvernetzung mittels elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen mit einem hybriden Gel auf der Basis von HMW HA und Peptid-funktionalisiertem PG untersucht. Rheologische Messungen ergaben eine Erhöhung der Viskosität einer 2 wt.% HMW HA Lösungen durch die Zugabe von Peptid-funktionalisiertem PG. Der Viskositätsanstieg konnte auf die elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem positiv geladenen PG und der negativ geladenen HMW HA zurückgeführt werden. Zusammenfassend wurde in dieser Arbeit die Thiol-En-Chemie und PG als vielversprechende Vernetzungsreaktion bzw. Polymervorstufe für die Biofabrikation eingeführt. Des Weiteren wurden die Unterschiede von hybriden und synthetischen Hydrogelen sowie von chemisch und physikalisch vernetzten Hydrogelen aufgezeigt. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass das Doppeldruck-Konzept eine vielversprechende Methode für die Herstellung von robusten Hydrogel-enthaltenden Konstrukten ist. Es eröffnet die Möglichkeit, Hydrogele zu drucken, die aufgrund zu geringer Viskositäten bis jetzt nicht druckbar waren
Nerella, Venkatesh Naidu. "Development and characterisation of cement-based materials for extrusion-based 3D-printing." 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A37706.
Full textExtrusion-based 3D-printing — also referred to as digital construction (DC) — involves automated layer-by-layer deposition of 3D-printable cement-based materials (3PCs). DC enables speedy, economic and formwork-free construction in addition to quasi-unlimited architectural design flexibility. To ensure these advancements with DC, the rheological and mechanical properties of 3PCs need to be accurately measured and optimised according to the technological requirements. Inherently, the 3D-printed elements can reveal weak layer-to-layer interfaces, which form the weakest links in the entire structure and imply pronounced anisotropy. To fulfil the process requirements and to prevent weak bonds, the 3PCs should exhibit particular, precisely controllable rheological properties, such as static yield stress and its development in time due to structural build-up. The complex and partly contradictory material requirements of 3PCs necessitates comprehensive experimental investigations. This is a great challenge since there are no standard test methods for the material characterisation of 3PCs. In this research, while following an overarching aim of developing high-performance 3PCs for on-site DC, the author focused on material characterisation. The primary requirements to 3PCs — pumpability, extrudability, buildability and layer-to-layer bond — are investigated. The deliverables are methods for a) strain-based measurement of structural build-up, b) computationally estimating pumping pressures, c) inline extrudability characterisation, d) practice-oriented determination of buildability test parameters and e) micro- and macroscopic insights on layer-to-layer interface properties. A 3D-printing test device with a progressive cavity pump, a concentric cylinder Couette rheometer, ram extruder and scanning electron microscope were the major devices applied to systematically characterise the printability of developed fine-grained high-strength 3PCs. The extensive analyses of the experimental results revealed that structural build-up can be characterised with constant effective strain approach. To do so, this effective strain must be high enough to ensure flow-onset. Simulation results obtained using the developed CFD (computation fluid dynamics) model called virtual Sliper (sliding pipe rheometer) correlated with experimental measurements. Lubricating layer was implemented into the CFD model and its viscosity could be calculated using Krieger-Dougherty model. Comparative analyses of ram-extrusion and viscometer tests substantiated the significance of the proposed inline extrudability quantification method for 3PCs. The unit extrusion energy, i.e. energy consumed per extruded unit volume of 3PC, increased with increasing yield stress and plastic viscosity of 3PCs. Buildability tests’ parameters were identified with a practice-oriented approach. The proposed model takes machine, labour, material costs and DC approach type into consideration. Layer-to-layer interface properties were shown to be highly sensitive to time interval between subsequent layers, binder composition, and substrate porosity/roughness. An improper choice of parameters can lead to fatal consequences. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that partial replacement of Portland cement with supplementary cementitious materials causes high structuration rate (structural build-up), superior interface properties and satisfactory mechanical performance. Developed test methods and the obtained results establish a basis for accurate and reliable material characterisation of cementitious materials in the context of extrusion-based digital construction.
Behr, Greta. "Die „Malen nach Zahlen“ Methode zur Lehre der Präparation einer einflügeligen Adhäsivbrücke aus Zirkoniumdioxidkeramik." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-23718.
Full textIntroduction: Learning new types of preparation is not easy, especially preparations that have high technical requirements and the shape of which differs from conventional full crowns, such as the preparation of an adhesive bridge. In order to expand the later therapy spectrum of prospective dentists, a large number of different preparations should be learned in universitiy. In everyday student life, there is often no time for long explanations and exemplary preparations. Therefore, the “Painting by Numbers Method” was designed to help students to facilitate the learning of new preparations. Materials and methods: After the design of the print file for the practice tooth, these were produced with a stereolithographic printer. The training tooth consisted of two differently colored layers with an integrated adhesive bridge preparation. The layer to be removed to achieve the target preparation was black and should show the students the extent and thickness of the preparation. 42 dental students from the fourth year of study onwards took part in a voluntary practical course. The students were randomly divided into two groups of equal size. One group practiced with the “Painting by Numbers” teeth, the other one with standard model teeth. Nevertheless each student had the opportunity to test the new printed teeth. The students already had experience with other standard model and real teeth. The printed teeth were evaluated with a questionnaire using German school grades from 1 to 6. In a second part, the prepared teeth of the students were scanned and compared with the ideal prepared tooth using a 3D evaluation software. The “Painting by Numbers Method” could thus be compared with conventional teaching methods. Results: The production of teeth for learning the preparation of an adhesive bridge was simple and inexpensive. Overall, the students rated the teeth with 1.9 and evaluated the teaching method positively. The tooth model was rated overall with 1.9. It supported the students to visualize the target preparation and to develop a self-assessment through the control with their own work. Even though the students considered their learning success and learning process to be better with the 3D-printed teeth, no significant difference could be found when comparing the evaluation of the teeth. The students wished to integrate printed teeth more into the teaching of preparations and expressed in the free text questions to see advantages in terms of independence, cost and individualization of dental education. Conclusions: It has been shown that the "painting by numbers" method is suitable for teaching new preparations such as an adhesive bridge. The colour-coded integrated preparation in the printed teeth and the printed tooth model enabled the students to learn how to prepare an adhesive bridge independently and at low cost
Lorson, Thomas. "Novel Poly(2-oxazoline) Based Bioinks." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180514.
Full textMotiviert durch das große Potential, das die Kombination aus additiver Fertigung und künstlicher Geweberegeneration bietet, wurde eine neuartige polymerbasierte Biotintenplattform auf Basis von Poly(2 oxazolin)en entwickelt. Diese soll zukünftig dazu beitragen das noch junge, aber aufstrebende Forschungsfeld der Biofabrikation weiterzuentwickeln. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Synthese sowie die Eigenschaften von mehreren Diblock Copolymeren, bestehend aus POx und POzi, untersucht, wobei der Hauptfokus auf deren Eignung als Biotinte lag. Grundsätzlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass Copolymere, bestehend aus 2 Oxazolinen und 2 Oxazinen, die unterschiedliche Alkylseitenketten besitzen, synthetisiert werden können. Dabei lagen die ermittelten Polymerisationsgrade nahe am zuvor errechneten Wert. Die Polymere wiesen mittlere bis niedrigere Dispersitäten auf. Für jedes der im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit synthetisierten Diblock Copolymere konnte eine mehr oder weniger starke Abhängigkeit der dynamischen Viskosität von der Temperatur gezeigt werden. Allerdings ist es nicht möglich, aus den thermischen Eigenschaften des Bulkmaterials Rückschlüsse auf das temperaturabhängige Verhalten in Lösung zu ziehen. Diblock Copolymere mit einem hydrophilen PMeOx Block und einem thermoresponsiven PnPrOzi Block bildeten oberhalb einer Kettenlänge von 50 Einheiten und einer Polymerkonzentration von 20 Gew% ein physikalisches Gel. Solch ein Verhalten wurde bisher noch nicht für Copolymere, die ausschließlich auf POx oder seinen höheren Homologen basieren, beschrieben. Physikalische Hydrogele, basierend auf POx b POzi Copolymeren, weisen eine umgekehrte thermische Gelierung wie auch wässrige Lösungen von PNiPAAm und Pluronic F127 auf. Allerdings konnte durch die komplementäre Verwendung von SANS, DLS und SLS gezeigt werden, dass sich der zugrundeliegende Gelbildungsmechanismus für POx b POzi basierte Hydrogele deutlich von den beiden zuvor genannten unterscheidet. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich zunächst bei einer sehr geringen Polymerkonzentration von 6 mg/L Vesikel mit geringer Polydispersität ausbilden. Eine Erhöhung der Konzentration resultiert in der Ausbildung eines bikontinuierlichen Netzwerks mit schwammartiger Struktur. Dieses bildet sich vermutlich durch die Fusion mehrerer Vesikel. Des Weiteren wird für höhere Polymerisationsgrade ein Phasenübergang zu einer gyroidalen Struktur postuliert der sich sehr gut mit den gewonnenen rheologischen Daten deckt. Stabile Hydrogele mit außergewöhnlich hoher mechanischer Stärke (G‘ ≈ 4kPa) bildeten sich oberhalb der Tgel, die über eine Temperaturspanne von 20 °C durch Änderung des Polymerisationsgrades eingestellt werden konnte. Veränderung der Kettenenden zeigten nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die TGel, wobei der Einfluss des verwendeten Lösemittels nicht unterschätzt werden sollte. Dies konnte durch den direkten Vergleich von MilliQ Wasser und Zellkulturmedium gezeigt werden. Rheologische Untersuchungen, die sowohl im rotierenden als auch im oszillierenden Modus durchgeführt wurden, zeigten eine gute Eignung der POx b POzi basierten Hydrogele für Extrusion basierte Druckverfahren. Insbesondere aufgrund des stark ausgeprägten scherverdünnenden Verhaltens und der ausgezeichneten Strukturerholung nach hoher Scherbelastung sollten gute Druckergebnisse erzielbar sein. Zellviabilität-Assays (WST-1) von PMeOx b PnPrOzi Copolymeren an NIH 3T3 Fibroblasten und HaCat-Zellen zeigten, dass die Polymere bei Konzentrationen von bis zu 100 g/L und Inkubationszeiten von 24 h keine dosisabhängige Zytotoxizität besitzen. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass die Copolymerisation von POx und POzi den verfügbaren Eigenschaftsbereich von POx basierten Materialien deutlich vergrößert hat. Insbesondere die temperaturinduzierte Gelierung von wässrigen Polymerlösungen wurde noch nie zuvor für ein anderes Copolymer auf Basis von POx und POzi beschrieben. Aufgrund ihrer herausragenden Eigenschaften, wozu unter anderem eine sehr gute Zytokompatibilität bei hohen Polymerkonzentrationen und eine vergleichsweise hohe mechanische Festigkeit zählen, konnten die entwickelten Hydrogele erfolgreich für den 3D Biodruck verwendet werden. Obwohl die beschriebenen Ergebnisse sehr vielversprechend sind und die entwickelte Hydrogelplattform folglich als ernstzunehmender Biotintenkandidat angesehen werden sollte, ist die Konkurrenz sehr groß und es bleibt abzuwarten, welche Tinte bzw. Tinten in Zukunft zum Einsatz kommen
Kolling, Markus. "Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Ermittlung der Qualität und des Lernerfolgs 3D-gedruckter Zähne in der endodontischen Ausbildung." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-23188.
Full textIntroduction With a tooth survival rate of 84% after a six-year period, a root-canal treatment represents a conservative therapeutic alternative to surgical interventions (Torabinejad, Anderson et al. 2007, Tsesis, Nemkowsky et al. 2010, Zitzmann, Krastl et al. 2010). Attention should be paid to a high-quality education in particular, as it lays the foundation to perform a sufficient and long-lasting root-canal treatment (Lin, Rosenberg et al. 2005). Different training models in students’ training of skills to perform a root-canal treatment have been established in order to simulate a realistic patient situation, ranging from resin blocks to extracted teeth (Perry, Bridges et al. 2015). Thanks to the possibility of 3D-printing, new 3D-printed teeth are being used as a simulation model in training of dental students (Höhne and Schmitter 2019, Reymus, Fotiadou et al. 2019). To determine the quality and learning success with 3D-printed teeth in endodontic training, a questionnaire was developed and validated, and the utilized 3D-printed tooth was evaluated. Materials and Methods In order to answer the central research questions of this study, a pilot study took place in the winter term of 2017/18 with 41 students, and a validation study took place in the summer term of 2018 and in the winter term 2018/19 with 88 students in their respective sixth semester. The root-canal treatment in both cohorts was practiced with resin blocks, extracted real teeth and 3D-printed teeth. Finally, the training models were evaluated using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed with a team of experts and included eight different categories, comprising personal data, conditions for the course, comparison of characteristics between a 3D-printed tooth, a resin block and an extracted tooth, estimated learning outcome, effects of training,
Nahm, Daniel. "Poly(2-oxazine) Based Biomaterial Inks for the Additive Manufacturing of Microperiodic Hydrogel Scaffolds." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/24598.
Full textDas Ziel dieses Projekts war die Herstellung einer Biomaterialtinte, welche die Herstellung chemisch vernetzter, mikrostrukturierter Hydrogelgerüste mittels Melt Electrowriting (MEW) ermöglicht. Die Verwendung von speziell auf den schmelzbasierten 3D Druck angepassten polyoxazinbasierten Polymeren und die Anwendung von dynamisch kovalenter Chemie ermöglichte es, dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Dies ist ein wichtiger Schritt für die aufstrebende, additive Fertigungstechnologie MEW, da nun erstmals weiche und hydrophile Strukturen erzeugt werden können. Speziell die Verwendung der dynamischen Diels-Alder (DA) Chemie ist ein effizienter Weg, die Fertigung von kovalent vernetzten Strukturen mit der Schmelzprozessierung zu vereinen. Es wurde weiterhin gezeigt, dass die hier etablierte Materialplattform die Möglichkeit zur Modifikation mit biologischen und chemischen Signalen bietet. Dies ist besonders für biologische Anwendungen unerlässlich. Die physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften des Materials lassen sich leicht auf potentielle Anwendungen anpassen und das Potential für den 4D Druck wurde ebenfalls hervorgehoben. Alles in Allem legt diese Arbeit den Grundstein für eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Anwendungen sowohl in der Biomedizin als auch in anderen Bereichen
Jentzsch, Antonio. "Die „Malen nach Zahlen“ Methode zur Verbesserung der Präparation einer Vollgusskrone der Studenten." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-23717.
Full textEinleitung: Es gibt derzeit keine kommerziell erhältliche Lösung zur Verbesserung des Erlernens einer Kronenpräparation an Modellzähnen. Um diese Lücke zu schließen und die Betreuer von zahnmedizinischen Kursen zu unterstützen, wurde ein druckbarer und kostengünstiger Zahn zur strukturierten Selbsteinschätzung entwickelt. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, diesen druckbaren Zahn unter realistischen vorklinischen Situationen zu testen. Materialien und Methoden: Es wurde ein zweifarbiger, zweischichtiger Übungszahn entwickelt. Dieser Zahn bestand aus einer korrekten Präparationsschicht und der Zahnkrone. Alle gedruckten Zähne wurden mit einem Stereolithografiedrucker hergestellt. 35 freiwillige Zahnmedizinstudenten des zweiten vorklinischen Kurses im zweiten Jahr, wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt. Alle Studenten hatten Erfahrung mit Modellzähnen. Die erste Gruppe trainierte an vier Standard-Modellzähnen. Die zweite Gruppe verwendete Modellzähne für den ersten und vierten Versuch und gedruckte Zähne für den zweiten und dritten Versuch. Die Präparationen der Studenten wurden mit einem In-Lab-Scanner gescannt und die Oberflächenabweichungen im Gegensatz zu einer perfekten Präparation gemessen. Die Unterschiede zwischen dem ersten und vierten Versuch wurden berechnet. Der Nutzen des gedruckten Zahnes wurde durch einen Fragebogen mit deutschen Schulnoten von den Studierenden bewertet (1 = Ausgezeichnet, 2 = Gut, 3 = Befriedigend, 4 = Ausreichend, 5 = Schlecht, 6 = Unbefriedigend). Ergebnisse: Der Arbeitsablauf war praktikabel und kostengünstig in der Herstellung der der gedruckten Zähne. Die Gesamtbewertung des gedruckten Zahns im Fragebogen war gut (Ø 2,1 ± 0,22). Die Studenten berichteten verschiedene Vorteile dieser Methode im Freitext. Der Vergleich der Präparation zwischen dem ersten und vierten Versuch zeigte, dass mit den gedruckten Zähnen eine signifikant bessere Präparation erreicht wurde. Die vollständige Präparation hatte Medianwerte von 0,05 mm (Gruppe1: Standardmodellzahn) und -0,03 mm (Gruppe2: gedruckter Zahn) (P = .005). Aufgeteilt in einzelne Flächen waren die vestibulären und okklusalen Bereiche signifikant besser. Für die vestibuläre Fläche ergaben sich folgende Werte 0,11 mm (Gruppe1) und -0,04 mm (Gruppe2) (P = .018). Für die Okklusalfläche ergab sich eine Abweichung von 0,13 mm (Gruppe1) und -0,05 mm (Gruppe2) (P = .009). Schlussfolgerungen: Das Ziel dieser Studie wurde erfüllt. Der gedruckte Zahn wurde erfolgreich in einem vorklinischen Kurs getestet. Die Machbarkeit dieses Lehrkonzepts wurde durch den Fragebogen und die Analyse der Präparationsform bestätigt. Ein signifikanter Unterschied zu einem Standard-Modellzahn war messbar. Die Studenten hatten die Möglichkeit eine korrekte Kronenpräparation an einem standardisierten zweischichtigen Zahn mit eingebauter Präparation zu üben. Dieser gedruckte Zahn ermöglichte es den Studenten die Kronenpräparation selbst zu kontrollieren
von, Strauwitz geb Ahlfeld Tilman. "Bioprinting of Functionalized Bone Grafts." 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A75682.
Full textBackground: The number of trauma-related bone fractures, fragility fractures resulting from osteoporosis or bone defects after tumor resections is increasing. The usability of autologous, but also allogenous and xenogenous bone grafts is limited. Bone grafts being manufactured using a tissue engineering approach are a promising alternative. For this, resorbable biomaterials are combined with biological components such as cells and growth factors. These functionalized constructs stimulate the formation of novel bone tissue after implantation in the patient and resorb in favor of regrowing, native bone. A new form of tissue engineering is 3D bioprinting. Biologically active proteins and/or cells are mixed with biomaterials and get fabricated to constructs by a convenient additive manufacturing technology. This offers great advantages. For example, the patient-specific tissue engineered constructs can be manufactured fitting exactly to the respective defect. Further, it allows full control about the porosity of the final construct which is considered to be advantageous for nutrient supply and vascularization. Most crucial, it allows the spatial distribution of cells within the three-dimensional construct, which facilitate the maturation of the construct to the tissue-like graft. Research Questions: In the last decade some technological challenges in the field of bioprinting have been solved. Nevertheless, for bone tissue engineering only a small number of approaches had been developed. One of the reasons for this is that bioprinting technologies usually enable the processing of materials that are chemically and mechanically rather distant from the bone, particularly hydrogels. These materials are less suitable as bone substitutes. The aim of this work was to research new approaches of extrusion-based (bio-)printing for bone tissue engineering strategies. For this purpose two promising approaches were investigated: (I) Multichannel printing of bioactive calcium phosphate cements in combination with biologically active hydrogels which were loaded either with growth factors or cells. (II) Development of a new bioink by supplementation of growth factor- or cell-laden hydrogels with a bioactive filler material. The presented studies of this thesis demonstrate the feasibility of these approaches as well as their limits. In addition, fundamental mechanical and biological properties of the bioprinted bone constructs are investigated. Materials and Methods: A technology that makes the principle of bioprinting possible is the so-called 3D plotting. With the aid of a multichannel plotter, multiphasic constructs can be fabricated (approach I), but of course also monophasic constructs are possible (approach II). For approach I, a clinically certified calcium phosphate cement (CPC) was used as bioactive component. For approach II, a less investigated nanomaterial called Laponite was used which was shown before to hold great potential for tissue engineering applications. The biopolymers alginate and methylcellulose formed the basis for plottable, growth factor-laden (biomaterial inks) and cell-laden (bioinks) pastes. For the development of one specific bioink, human fresh frozen plasma was used. Rheological properties of the newly developed biomaterial inks and bioinks were characterized, additionally mechanical properties of plotted constructs were investigated. Further studies investigated the swelling of the hydrogels and the porosity of the constructs. Particular attention was payed to the shape fidelity of the plotted structures. Different cell types were used according to the aim of the subject of research; special attention was payed to the use of mesenchymal stem cells which were plotted directly in combination with the biomaterial, forming the bioink. The angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was used as model protein for release studies from bioprinted structures; its biological activity was investigated by proliferation studies of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Results Firstly, it was investigated whether multichannel plotting is a suitable technology for the fabrication of patient-specific CPC constructs. This was achieved by plotting of a fugitive methylcellulose support ink. This procedure allowed the manufacturing of inner cavities which would not have been possible with other scaffold fabrication methods. Moreover, it was possible to extract a scaphoid bone from a CT scan of a human hand which was modeled virtually and fabricated subsequently with high shape fidelity. Later it was demonstrated that this procedure can be adapted to biphasic constructs consisting of CPC and cell-laden hydrogels. This was achieved by developing and processing bioinks. Bioprinted cells can evoke biological effects in vitro and in vivo. For this purpose two bioinks were developed within this work acting as cell carrier materials. The first bioink contained the nano material Laponite (approach II) which has demonstrated positive effects for bone tissue engineering before. The novel Laponite-based bioink enabled the fabrication of constructs with high shape fidelity. Furthermore, cell viability and cell density were increased compared to a Laponite-free control. Since Laponite offers a heterogeneous charge distribution, it was investigated whether it is a suitable delivery system for VEGF. Scaffolds with Laponite demonstrated a distinct different release profile compared to Laponite-free scaffolds. Thus an initial burst-like release could be avoided and at the same time a uniform release could be observed. The released VEGF was biologically active also after longer time in the scaffold. The second bioink was developed using fresh frozen human blood plasma. Plasma contains fibrinogen which holds a RGD motif for the attachment of MSC. Bioprinted MSC and preosteoblastic cells showed a high affinity to spread within the bioink, which is difficult to achieve for encapsulated cells. The plasma-based bioink was suitable for the combined fabrication of biphasic constructs with CPC (approach I). To achieve this, firstly a suitable post-processing for biphasic constructs consisting of CPC and cell-laden bioinks had to be developed. From previous studies it is known that plotted CPC constructs form microcracks in aqueous media during setting, which impair mechanical properties. The formation of the microcracks can be avoided by setting in water-saturated atmosphere. In biphasic constructs with bioinks this phase should only be short since a long incubation in absence of aqueous cell culture media would lead to cell death within the bioink. It could be shown that incubation for 20 min in water-saturated atmosphere is convenient to avoid the formation of microcracks in CPC strands. This time could be tolerated by the cells. In combination with the plasma-based bioink, a strong proliferation and osteogenic maturation of bioprinted preosteoblastic cells could be observed. Conclusion: In this thesis, the principle of extrusion-based bioprinting (3D plotting) was used to fabricate biofunctionalized constructs. This was achieved by loading cells or growth factors before manufacturing of the constructs. Bioactive materials could be embedded into the constructs by either multichannel plotting or by supplementation of a bioink with a bioactive filler material. In principle both approaches even could be combined with each other. The results obtained prove that bioprinting is a suitable method for bone tissue engineering. Patient-specific constructs can be fabricated by this technology. Based on these results, further studies should be performed in vivo to investigate the potency of the approaches for the development of new regenerative therapies to treat bone defects.:Abstract 9 Zusammenfassung 13 Index of Abbreviations 19 List of Figures 20 Preface 23 i generalis 1 introduction to the topic 29 1.1 Background 29 1.2 Terminology 29 1.3 Physiological Properties of Bone Tissue 31 1.3.1 Composition of Bone 31 1.3.2 Bone Cytology 33 1.3.3 Crosstalk 34 1.4 Bone Grafting 34 1.4.1 Biopolymers 35 1.4.2 Calcium Phosphates 38 1.4.3 Nanoclays 41 1.5 Additive Manufacturing in Medicine & Bioprinting 43 1.5.1 Additive Manufacturing in Tissue Engineering 43 1.5.2 Bioprinting Techniques 44 1.6 Bioinks & Biomaterial Inks 48 1.6.1 Rheology 48 1.6.2 Plottability & Shape Fidelity 49 1.6.3 Post-Processing 52 1.6.4 Biocompatiblity & Biodegradation 53 1.6.5 The Biofabrication Window 53 2 aim of the thesis 55 2.1 Preliminary Studies 55 2.2 Research Questions 57 ii specialis 3 A methylcellulose hydrogel as support for 3D plotting of complex shaped calcium phosphate scaffolds 61 4 Development of a clay based bioink for 3D cell printing for skeletal application 77 5 Bioprinting of mineralized constructs utilizing multichannel plotting of a self-setting calcium phosphate cement and a cell-laden bioink 97 6 A novel plasma-based bioink stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation in bioprinted, mineralized constructs 113 iii conclusio 7 Summary & Conclusion 133 7.1 Bioprinting of bone tissue constructs 133 7.2 Technological Improvements 134 7.3 Bioink Development 136 7.4 Limitations & Future Research Directions 138 Bibliography 140 Danke 155 Appendix Erklärungen zur Eröffnung des Promotionsverfahrens 165 Erklärung über die Einhaltung gesetzlicher Bestimmungen 166 Auszug aus dem Journal Citation Report 166 Conferences 167
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