Journal articles: '3D geological model'

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Brandel, Sylvain, Sébastien Schneider, Michel Perrin, Nicolas Guiard, Jean-Français Rainaud, Pascal Lienhard, and Yves Bertrand. "Automatic Building of Structured Geological Models." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 5, no. 2 (February 4, 2005): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1884145.

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The present article proposes a method to significantly improve the construction and updating of 3D geological models used for oil and gas exploration. We present a prototype of a “geological pilot” which enables monitoring the automatic building of a 3D model topologically and geologically consistent, on which geological links between objects can easily be visualized. This model can automatically be revised in case of changes in the geometric data or in the interpretation.

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Li, Sheng Miao, Ke Yan Xiao, Xiao Ya Luo, Chun Hua Wen, and Xi Gan. "Research on the Application of 3D Modeling and Visualization Method in Construction Mine Model." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 3208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.3208.

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The spatial data of mine is analyzed and processed in this study. This research mainly include: calculate 3d coordinate of points of drill hole axis, calculate 3d coordinates of drill hole axis and stratum surface, insert virtual drill hole and calculate it's ostiole 3d coordinate, divide and number stratum of study area. Finally, this research design drill hole database and realize storage and management of mine geological data. This study also researched the classification and characteristics of 3d spatial data model. Based on distribution characteristics of mine data and application purpose of 3d model, this paper choose quasi tri-prism as basic volume to build 3d geological model. The improvement of data structure and modeling algorithm of quasi tri-prism make it can better adapt to the complex geological body modeling. This research study the expansion rule of triangle, modeling algorithm of quasi tri-prism and finally design geologic body database and realize storage and management of geological modeling data.

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Mashin, D. O. "3D geological model of the Crimean training geological ground." Vestnik of Institute of Geology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch RAS 7 (2016): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/2221-1381-2016-7-43-45.

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Royse, Katherine R., Holger Kessler, Nicholas S. Robins, Andrew G. Hughes, and Stephen J. Mathers. "The use of 3D geological models in the development of the conceptual groundwater model." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 161, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2010/0161-0237.

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Hou, Guo Wei, Xue Li, Jin Laing Zhang, and Long Long Liu. "Integrated Physical Property Modeling with 3D Visual Technique – A Case Study in Lishui Depression, East China Sea Basin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (September 2013): 834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.421.834.

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3D geological modeling and visualization are the key technique issues to implement the plan of Digital Earth". However, 3D physical property model varies depending on the technology of 3D geological modeling which will bring about great changes in the reflection of reservoir property. In this paper, Some super voxel models, mathematical models of fault and geometrical models of fold have been contrived so as to show the space geometric configuration of the complicated geologic structures. And the architecture for integrated physical property modeling is established; Based on the physical property model, the spatial distribution and plane spread of reservor property is displayed detailedly with Sequential Gaussian simulation. By integrating geological database, sedimentary facies maps with those property models, geologists will be able to capture the partial characteristics and whole structure embodied in the geological data in a direct-viewing, figurative and accurate manner.

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Jacquemyn, Carl, Margaret E. H. Pataki, Gary J. Hampson, Matthew D. Jackson, Dmytro Petrovskyy, Sebastian Geiger, Clarissa C. Marques, et al. "Sketch-based interface and modelling of stratigraphy and structure in three dimensions." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): jgs2020–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-187.

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Geological modelling is widely used to predict resource potential in subsurface reservoirs. However, modelling is often slow, requires use of mathematical methods that are unfamiliar to many geoscientists, and is implemented in expert software. We demonstrate here an alternative approach using sketch-based interface and modelling, which allows rapid creation of complex three-dimensional (3D) models from 2D sketches. Sketches, either on vertical cross-sections or in map-view, are converted to 3D surfaces that outline geological interpretations. We propose a suite of geological operators that handle interactions between the surfaces to form a geologically realistic 3D model. These operators deliver the flexibility to sketch a geological model in any order and provide an intuitive framework for geoscientists to rapidly create 3D models. Two case studies are presented, demonstrating scenarios in which different approaches to model sketching are used depending on the geological setting and available data. These case studies show the strengths of sketching with geological operators. Sketched 3D models can be queried visually or quantitatively to provide insights into heterogeneity distribution, facies connectivity or dynamic model behaviour; this information cannot be obtained by sketching in 2D or on paper.Supplementary material: Rapid Reservoir Modelling prototype (executable and source code) is available at: https://bitbucket.org/rapidreservoirmodelling/rrm. Supplementary screen recordings for the different case studies showing sketch-based modelling in action are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5084141 and supplementary figure S1-S4 are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5303043

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Faulon, J. L., M. Vandenbroucke, J. M. Drappier, F. Behar, and M. Romero. "3D chemical model for geological macromolecules." Organic Geochemistry 16, no. 4-6 (January 1990): 981–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(90)90134-l.

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MacCormack, Kelsey, Emmanuelle Arnaud, and Beth L. Parker. "Using a multiple variogram approach to improve the accuracy of subsurface geological models." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 7 (July 2018): 786–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0112.

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Subsurface geological models are often used to visualize and analyze the nature, geometry, and variability of geologic and hydrogeologic units in the context of groundwater resource studies. The development of three-dimensional (3D) subsurface geological models covering increasingly larger model domains has steadily increased in recent years, in step with the rapid development of computing technology and software, and the increasing need to understand and manage groundwater resources at the regional scale. The models are then used by decision makers to guide activities and policies related to source water protection, well field development, and industrial or agricultural water use. It is important to ensure that the modelling techniques and procedures are able to accurately delineate and characterize the heterogeneity of the various geological environments included within the regional model domain. The purpose of this study is to examine if 3D stratigraphic models covering complex Quaternary deposits can be improved by splitting the regional model into multiple submodels based on the degree of variability observed between surrounding data points and informed by expert geological knowledge of the geological–depositional framework. This is demonstrated using subsurface data from the Paris Moraine area near Guelph in southern Ontario. The variogram models produced for each submodel region were able to better characterize the data variability, resulting in a more geologically realistic interpolation of the entire model domain as demonstrated by the comparison of the model output with preexisting maps of surficial geology and bedrock topography as well as depositional models for these complex glacial environments. Importantly, comparison between model outputs reveals significant differences in the resulting subsurface stratigraphy, complexity, and variability, which would in turn impact groundwater flow model predictions.

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Yu, Jiang Tao, Jun Xie, Ning Ning Meng, and Peng Lin. "3D Geological Modeling in Chang109 Block of Changchunling Oilfield." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 1891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.1891.

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With the improving of reservoir development level, reservoir geologic research urgently need some new and practical technical methods to describe reservoir more accurately and meticulous. The three-dimensional geological modeling exactly is one of the main aspects to resolve the problem. Take the Chang109 block of Changchunling oilfield for an example. Using Petrel, which is multi-disciplinary and synthetical software for researching reservoir and to establish a 3D geological model as the outstanding characteristic, to build the reservoir model displaying geological information system. That, including the structure model, the sedimentary facies model and the property model, will provide reliable basis potential finding and well placement.

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Xu, Jing Rui, and Xue Li. "3D Geological Modeling in Complex Reservoir with Fractures – A Case of Biandong Oilfield." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4116.

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With the fast development of computer technology and 3D visualization technology, geological modleing has made great progress in recent years. The aim of geological modeling is to realize the integrated and quantitative prediction of underground geological bodies, and provide researchers with 3D display of geological characteristics, consequently. So, 3D geological modeling has become an important tool for people to carry out related studies in every oilfield of in China. This paper analyzes the complexity and diversity of geological bodies and geological structure, because these are the main factors that control the distribution and spread of sandboied and reservoir parameters. Based on these previous analysis, the 3D geological model is established with proper modeling method, and a certain 3D visualization of geological bodies are realized by through-well profiles and fence models. Also, the 3D geological model can provide a reliable scientific tools for decision-making for geological researchers.

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Fan, Jun. "Computer Data Structure for Geological Entities Modelling Based on OO-Solid Model." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 2484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.2484.

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In the long evolution of the earth formation often form a complex geological structure, modeling for these complex geological entities (such as thinning-out, bifurcation, reverse, etc.) still require in-depth 3D modeling study. Because of discontinuity, complexity and uncertainty of distribution of 3D geo-objects, some models only are suitable for regular, continuous and relatively simple spatial objects, and some are suitable for discontinue, complex and uncertain geo-objects, but some improvements on these models, such as, updating of model, maintenance of topological and seamless integration between models, are still to be made. OO-Solid model, put forward by writer in 2002, is an object- oriented topological model based on sections. The OO-Solid Model is an object-oriented 3D topologic data model based on component for geology modeling with fully considering the topological relations between geological objects and its geometric primitives, Comparatively, it accords with the actual requirements of three-dimensional geological modeling . The key issue of 3D geology modeling is the 3D data model. Some data models are suitable for discontinue, complex and uncertain geo-objects, but the OO-Solid model is an object-oriented 3D topologic data model based on component for geology modeling with fully considering the topological relations between geological objects and its geometric primitives. OO-Solid model and data structure are designed. At last, 3D complex geological entities modeling based on OO-Solid are studied in this paper. These study is important and one of the core techniques for the 3DGM.

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Li, An-Bo, Hao Chen, Xiao-Feng Du, Guo-Kai Sun, and Xian-Yu Liu. "Parametric Modeling Method for 3D Symbols of Fold Structures." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120618.

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Most fabrication methods for three-dimensional (3D) geological symbols are limited to two types: directly increasing the dimensionality of a 2D geological symbol or performing appropriate modeling for an actual 3D geological situation. The former can express limited vertical information and only applies to the three-dimensional symbol-making of point mineral symbols, while the latter weakens the difference between 3D symbols and 3D geological models and has several disadvantages, such as high dependence on measured data, redundant 3D symbol information, and low efficiency when displayed in a 3D scene. Generating a 3D geological symbol is represented by the process of constructing a 3D geological model. This study proposes a parametric modeling method for 3D fold symbols according to the complexity and diversity of the fold structures. The method involves: (1) obtaining the location of each cross-section in the symbol model, based on the location parameters; (2) constructing the middle cross-section, based on morphological parameters and the Bezier curve; (3) performing affine transformation according to the morphology of the hinge zone and the middle section to generate the sections at both ends of the fold; (4) generating transition sections of the 3D symbol model, based on morphing interpolation; and (5) connecting the point sets of each transition section and stitching them to obtain a 3D fold-symbol model. Case studies for different typical fold structures show that this method can eliminate excessive dependence on geological survey data in the modeling process and realize efficient, intuitive, and abstract 3D symbol modeling of fold structures based on only a few parameters. This method also applies to the 3D geological symbol modeling of faults, joints, intrusions, and other geological structures and 3D geological modeling of typical geological structures with a relatively simple spatial morphology.

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Liu, Shao Hua, Xin Hai Wang, and Tang Jun. "Three-Dimensional Modeling of Stratified Geologic Body and Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 2866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2866.

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Visual technology and three-dimension modeling of Geologic bodies have important meaning in the fields of geological research and resource explore. Based on TIN surface, this paper realizes the model reconstructing of stratified geological entity three-dimension, with the aid of three-dimensional graphic library OpenGL, the visualization and any section view of geological three-dimension model can be achieved, which offers powerful support for excavating the information of 3D geological model

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Yasuda, T., K. T. Lu, L. C. Leh, K. Chiam, and L. S. Ghiong. "Development of 3D geological model of Singapore." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v06.giz10.

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Lindsay, M. D., M. W. Jessell, L. Ailleres, S. Perrouty, E. de Kemp, and P. G. Betts. "Geodiversity: Exploration of 3D geological model space." Tectonophysics 594 (May 2013): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.03.013.

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Wu, Xuechao, Gang Liu, Zhengping Weng, Yiping Tian, Zhiting Zhang, Yang Li, and Genshen Chen. "Constructing 3D geological models based on large-scale geological maps." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 851–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0270.

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Abstract The construction of 3D geological models based on geological maps is a subject worthy of study. The construction of geological interfaces is the key process of 3D geological modeling. It is hard to build the bottom interfaces of quaternary strata only using boundaries in large-scale geological maps. Moreover, it is impossible to construct bedrock geological interfaces through sparse occurrence data in large-scale geological maps. To address the above-mentioned two difficulties, we integrated two key algorithms into a new 3D modeling workflow. The buffer algorithm was used to construct virtual thickness contours of quaternary strata. The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) algorithm was applied to occurrence interpolation. Using a regional geological map of a city in southern China, the effectiveness of our workflow was verified. The complex spatial geometry of quaternary bottom interfaces was described in detail through boundaries buffer. The extension trends of bedrock geological interfaces were reasonably constraint by occurrence interpolation. The 3D geological model constructed by our workflow accords with the semantic relationship of tectonics. Through the model, the complex spatial structure of urban shallow strata can be displayed stereoscopically. It can provide auxiliary basis for decision-making of urban underground engineering.

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Chi, Mingwen. "Research on Automatic Profile Generation Based on 3D Model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2148, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2148/1/012007.

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Abstract In this paper, the technology of profile generation based on 3D model is studied. The main steps are as follows: (1) the location where the profile needs to be generated in 3D model design; (2) Using 3D data cutting technology to realize the generation of geological lines in profile; (3) Read the basic exploration data related to profile position in the database; (4) According to the data generated in the first three steps, the cross-section is automatically drawn after data coordinate transformation. The above method can quickly generate the geological profile of any location according to the 3D geological model, which is helpful for geological analysis and provides reference data for engineering design.

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Gunnink, J. L., D. Maljers, S. F. van Gessel, A. Menkovic, and H. J. Hummelman. "Digital Geological Model (DGM): a 3D raster model of the subsurface of the Netherlands." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 92, no. 1 (April 2013): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600000263.

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AbstractA 3D geological raster model has been constructed of the onshore of the Netherlands. The model displays geological units for the upper 500 m in 3D in an internally consistent way. The units are based on the lithostratigraphical classification of the Netherlands. This classification is used to interpret a selection of boreholes from the national subsurface database. Additional geological information regarding faults, the areal extent of each unit and conceptual genetic models have been combined in an automated workflow to interpolate the basal surfaces of each unit on 100 × 100 metre (x,y dimensions) raster cells. The combination of all interpolated basal surfaces results in a 3D Digital Geological Model (DGM) of the subsurface. A measure of uncertainty of each of these surfaces is also given. The automated workflow ensures an easily updatable subsurface model. The outputs are available for end users through www.dinoloket.nl.

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Sandersen, Peter B. E., Thomas Vangkilde-Pedersen, Flemming Jørgensen, Richard Thomsen, Jørgen Tulstrup, and Johnny Fredericia. "Towards a national 3D geological model of Denmark." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 35 (July 15, 2016): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v35.4900.

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As part of its strategy, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) is to develop a national, digital 3D geological model of Denmark that can act as a publicly accessible database representing the current, overall interpretation of the subsurface geology. A national model should be under constant development, focusing on meeting the current demands from society. The constant improvements in computer capacity and software capabilities have led to a growing demand for advanced geological models and 3D maps that meet the current technical standards (Berg et al. 2011). As a consequence, the users expect solutions to still more complicated and sophisticated problems related to the subsurface. GEUS has a long tradition of making 2D maps of subsurface layer boundaries and near-surface geology (Fredericia & Gravesen 2014), but in the change from 2D to 3D and when combining data in new ways, new geological knowledge is gained and new challenges of both technical and organisational character will arise. The purpose of this paper is to present the strategy for the national 3D geological model of Denmark and the planned activities for the years ahead. The paper will also reflect on some of the challenges related to making and maintaining a nationwide 3D model. Initially, the model will only include the Danish onshore areas, with the Danish offshore areas and Greenland to be added later using a similar general setup.

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Jessell, Mark, Jiateng Guo, Yunqiang Li, Mark Lindsay, Richard Scalzo, Jérémie Giraud, Guillaume Pirot, Ed Cripps, and Vitaliy Ogarko. "Into the Noddyverse: a massive data store of 3D geological models for machine learning and inversion applications." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-381-2022.

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Abstract. Unlike some other well-known challenges such as facial recognition, where machine learning and inversion algorithms are widely developed, the geosciences suffer from a lack of large, labelled data sets that can be used to validate or train robust machine learning and inversion schemes. Publicly available 3D geological models are far too restricted in both number and the range of geological scenarios to serve these purposes. With reference to inverting geophysical data this problem is further exacerbated as in most cases real geophysical observations result from unknown 3D geology, and synthetic test data sets are often not particularly geological or geologically diverse. To overcome these limitations, we have used the Noddy modelling platform to generate 1 million models, which represent the first publicly accessible massive training set for 3D geology and resulting gravity and magnetic data sets (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4589883, Jessell, 2021). This model suite can be used to train machine learning systems and to provide comprehensive test suites for geophysical inversion. We describe the methodology for producing the model suite and discuss the opportunities such a model suite affords, as well as its limitations, and how we can grow and access this resource.

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Liu, Shao Hua, Xin Hai Wang, and Tang Jun. "Study on the Method of 3D Geologic Modeling and Visualization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 2862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2862.

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Three-dimensional Geologic body modeling is one of the core problems in geological information system. The current situation of three -dimensional geographic information system (GIS) and method of space modeling were analyzed in geological field, a kind of three-dimensional geological space modeling method-Similar Tri-Prism(STP) was put forwards, STP Combined with the characteristics of Geological body engineering. This method took Similar Tri-Prism body as the basic volume element of three-dimensional geological modeling, and described the data structure of Similar Tri-Prism body by using five basic elements and six groups of topological relationships. It can effectively express all kinds of three -dimensional geological phenomenon, can better combined with traditional multi-layer triangular irregular network (TIN) model, as well as maintain the topological relationship of space entity. An initial prototype has been developed basing on the modeling method in this paper and proved by real drilling data,which is suitable for three -dimensional GIS in geological field.

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Rashidifard, Mahtab, Jérémie Giraud, Mark Lindsay, Mark Jessell, and Vitaliy Ogarko. "Constraining 3D geometric gravity inversion with a 2D reflection seismic profile using a generalized level set approach: application to the eastern Yilgarn Craton." Solid Earth 12, no. 10 (October 22, 2021): 2387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2387-2021.

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Abstract. One of the main tasks in 3D geological modeling is the boundary parametrization of the subsurface from geological observations and geophysical inversions. Several approaches have been developed for geometric inversion and joint inversion of geophysical datasets. However, the robust, quantitative integration of models and datasets with different spatial coverage, resolution, and levels of sparsity remains challenging. One promising approach for recovering the boundary of the geological units is the utilization of a level set inversion method with potential field data. We focus on constraining 3D geometric gravity inversion with sparse lower-uncertainty information from a 2D seismic section. We use a level set approach to recover the geometry of geological bodies using two synthetic examples and data from the geologically complex Yamarna Terrane (Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia). In this study, a 2D seismic section has been used for constraining the location of rock unit boundaries being solved during the 3D gravity geometric inversion. The proposed work is the first we know of that automates the process of adding spatially distributed constraints to the 3D level set inversion. In many hard-rock geoscientific investigations, seismic data are sparse, and our results indicate that unit boundaries from gravity inversion can be much better constrained with seismic information even though they are sparsely distributed within the model. Thus, we conclude that it has the potential to bring the state of the art a step further towards building a 3D geological model incorporating several sources of information in similar regions of investigation.

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Gou, J., W. Zhou, and L. Wu. "IMPLICIT THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEO-MODELLING BASED ON HRBF SURFACE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W2 (October 5, 2016): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w2-63-2016.

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Three-dimensional (3D) geological models are important representations of the results of regional geological surveys. However, the process of constructing 3D geological models from two-dimensional (2D) geological elements remains difficult and time-consuming. This paper proposes a method of migrating from 2D elements to 3D models. First, the geological interfaces were constructed using the Hermite Radial Basis Function (HRBF) to interpolate the boundaries and attitude data. Then, the subsurface geological bodies were extracted from the spatial map area using the Boolean method between the HRBF surface and the fundamental body. Finally, the top surfaces of the geological bodies were constructed by coupling the geological boundaries to digital elevation models. Based on this workflow, a prototype system was developed, and typical geological structures (e.g., folds, faults, and strata) were simulated. Geological modes were constructed through this workflow based on realistic regional geological survey data. For extended applications in 3D modelling of other kinds of geo-objects, mining ore body models and urban geotechnical engineering stratum models were constructed by this method from drill-hole data. The model construction process was rapid, and the resulting models accorded with the constraints of the original data.

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von Harten, Jan, Miguel de la Varga, Michael Hillier, and Florian Wellmann. "Informed Local Smoothing in 3D Implicit Geological Modeling." Minerals 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111281.

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Geological models are commonly used to represent geological structures in 3D space. A wide range of methods exists to create these models, with much scientific work focusing recently on implicit representation methods, which perform an interpolation of a three-dimensional field where the relevant boundaries are then isosurfaces in this field. However, this method has well-known problems with inhomogeneous data distributions: if regions with densely sampled data points exist, modeling artifacts are common. We present here an approach to overcome this deficiency through a combination of an implicit interpolation algorithm with a local smoothing approach. The approach is based on the concepts of nugget effect and filtered kriging known from conventional geostatistics. It reduces the impact of regularly occurring modeling artifacts that result from data uncertainty and data configuration and additionally aims to improve model robustness for scale-dependent fit-for-purpose modeling. Local smoothing can either be manually adjusted, inferred from quantified uncertainties associated with input data or derived automatically from data configuration. The application for different datasets with varying configuration and noise is presented for a low complexity geologic model. The results show that the approach enables a reduction of artifacts, but may require a careful choice of parameter settings for very inhomogeneous data sets.

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Chaoling, Li, Li Fengdang, Guo Jiateng, Liu Chang, Chen Feixiang, and Liu Yuanyuan. "3D geological map modeling technology based on a geological route and geological object wireframe model." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 93, S1 (May 2019): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14056.

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Wang, Xing Zhen, and Jia Ping Yan. "A Method of Spatial Analysis of Fault Structure Based on 3D GIS." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.13.

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3D GIS is a useful modeling tool, which can greatly improve the efficiency and accuracy of the geological modeling, meet the requirements of modeling in complicated geological area. A typical 3D geological model is composed of one or a plurality of stratum, structure, fault etc. In this paper, we divide geological body into blocks, determinate each levels block boundary, build single block model, couple them up in 3D space. Combining with variation characteristics of 3D geological body, by manual interpretation or second derivative method, we get their distribution characteristics of fault unconfirmed by drilling. Through 3D GIS visualization and space analysis, we can not only be facilitate to manage drilling data and visualize underground geological body, but also analyze fault characteristics from a real angle, confirm their boundary, get ore body distribution characteristics, and provide credible digital model for ore grade analysis.

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Chen, Fei, Ruigang Zhang, Yinghong Li, Deju Zhang, Wei Li, and Zhen Liu. "Construction and Application of 3D geological model of mianhuaba center in Wulong District of Chongqing Based on Depthlnsight." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 7 (August 3, 2022): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v7i.1058.

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3D geological modeling plays an increasingly important role in the fields of mineral resources, energy, ecological geological environment and urban construction. With the continuous development of geological work and the increasing demand, many excellent 3D geological modeling software have emerged. In this paper, the 3D geological model of mianhuaba center in Wulong District of Chongqing City is completed based on Depthlnsight platform by using the 1:10000 measured topographic and geological map and integrating the geological profile, geophysical interpretation profile and borehole data. This model can be used to realize arbitrary direction and angle section cutting in the modeling area, and output the model geological profile with lithologic pattern to support the business work in the fields of engineering construction and resource exploration.

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Wu, Hui Xin, and Cheng Guo Chang. "Study on Geological Reserves Calculation Based on 3D Entity Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 1917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.1917.

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In order to overcome some technical problems in 3D modeling and model interaction operation, a new geological reserves calculation method is proposed based on 3D entity model. Firstly, this paper discusses how to infer and link mine rock boundary lines and generate geological profile map with it the 3D entity model of ore body can be constructed. Then, the principle of geological reserves calculation is discussed in detail. The calculation results show that this method is of characteristic of high precision and easy operation compared with the traditional empirical formula and provides a new operation and design platform for engineering designers.

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Ming-li, Bi, Xue Xiao-gang, Li Cai-hong, and Chen Guo-qiang. "Discussion on 3D Visualization Model of Geological structure." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1345 (November 2019): 052014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1345/5/052014.

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Abbassi, Bahman, and Li-Zhen Cheng. "3D Geophysical Post-Inversion Feature Extraction for Mineral Exploration through Fast-ICA." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090959.

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A major problem in the post-inversion geophysical interpretation is the extraction of geological information from inverted physical property models, which do not necessarily represent all underlying geological features. No matter how accurate the inversions are, each inverted physical property model is sensitive to limited aspects of subsurface geology and is insensitive to other geological features that are otherwise detectable with complementary physical property models. Therefore, specific parts of the geological model can be reconstructed from different physical property models. To show how this reconstruction works, we simulated a complex geological system that comprised an original layered Earth model that has passed several geological deformations and alteration overprints. Linear combination of complex geological features comprised three physical property distributions: electrical resistivity, induced polarization chargeability, and magnetic susceptibility models. This study proposes a multivariate feature extraction approach to extract information about the underlying geological features comprising the bulk physical properties. We evaluated our method in numerical simulations and compared three feature extraction algorithms to see the tolerance of each method to the geological artifacts and noises. We show that the fast-independent component analysis (Fast-ICA) algorithm by negentropy maximization is a robust method in the geological feature extraction that can handle the added unknown geological noises. The post-inversion physical properties were also used to reconstruct the underlying geological sources. We show that the sharpness of the inverted images is an important constraint on the feature extraction process. Our method successfully separates geological features in multiple 3D physical property models. This methodology is reproducible for any number of lithologies and physical property combinations and can recover the latent geological features, including the background geological patterns from overprints of chemical alteration.

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Ran, Xiangjin, Linfu Xue, Xuejia Sang, Yao Pei, and Yanyan Zhang. "Intelligent Generation of Cross Sections Using a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network and Application to Regional 3D Geological Modeling." Mathematics 10, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 4677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10244677.

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The cross section is the basic data for building 3D geological models. It is inefficient to draw a large number of cross sections to build an accurate model. This paper reports the use of multi-source and heterogeneous geological data, such as geological maps, gravity and aeromagnetic data, by a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) and implements an intelligent generation method of cross sections to overcome the problem of inefficient modeling data based on CGAN. Intelligent generation of cross sections and 3D geological modeling are carried out in three different areas in Liaoning Province. The results show that: (a) the accuracy of the proposed method is higher than the GAN and Variational AutoEncoder (VAE) models, achieving 87%, 45% and 68%, respectively; (b) the 3D geological model constructed by the generated cross sections in our study is consistent with manual creation in terms of stratum continuity and thickness. This study suggests that the proposed method is significant for surmounting the difficulty in data processing involved in regional 3D geological modeling.

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Meng, Ning Ning, Guang Xue Zhang, Gao Qun Wei, and Xin Lv. "Study on Three-Dimensional Geological Modeling of Reservoir in Hei46 Block." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2349.

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Three dimensional (3D) geologic modeling is used to study the reservoir quantitatively from a three-dimensional angle, and its core is the prediction to reservoir of multi-disciplinary integration, quantitative and visualization. Compared with traditional reservoir research, it has a significant advantage. This paper makes geological modeling research and builds structural models sedimentary micro-facies models and phased property model for Hei46 block of Daqingzi oilfield by utilizing 3D geologic modeling technique and petrel software on the basis of integrated using of geology, logging, oil production test, production of dynamic information, thus it provide a reliable basis for reservoir's development and adjustment.

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Yu, Ping Ping, Jian Ping Chen, Xiao Zheng, and Miao Yu. "3D Prospecting Information Mining and Quantitative Prediction of Mineral Resources Based on Geological Models." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.269.

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3D quantitative prediction can be summarized as finding the combination parts of favorable metallogenic information based on the 3D geological models and cubic block models. Based on metallogenic prediction theory, relying on 3D visualization technology, 3D database technology and statistical calculations, this paper established the technical processes of 3D quantitative prediction and evaluation of deep mineral resources which including 3D geological modeling, prospecting model establishing, mineralization favorable information analysis and 3D quantitative prediction and evaluation.The favorable metallogenic information analysis and extraction which implemented based on 3D cubic block models extended the prospecting method from 2D to 3D space, and realized the visualization of deep quantitative geological information from the 3D point of view. The method of using 3D spatial exploration flag variable to realize 3D prediction of deep concealed ore provides a new way of prospecting prediction study of deep mineral resources.

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de Kemp, Eric A. "Spatial agents for geological surface modelling." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 6661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6661-2021.

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Abstract. Increased availability and use of 3D-rendered geological models have provided society with predictive capabilities, supporting natural resource assessments, hazard awareness, and infrastructure development. The Geological Survey of Canada, along with other such institutions, has been trying to standardize and operationalize this modelling practice. Knowing what is in the subsurface, however, is not an easy exercise, especially when it is difficult or impossible to sample at greater depths. Existing approaches for creating 3D geological models involve developing surface components that represent spatial geological features, horizons, faults, and folds, and then assembling them into a framework model as context for downstream property modelling applications (e.g. geophysical inversions, thermo-mechanical simulations, and fracture density models). The current challenge is to develop geologically reasonable starting framework models from regions with sparser data when we have more complicated geology. This study explores the problem of geological data sparsity and presents a new approach that may be useful to open up the logjam in modelling the more challenging terrains using an agent-based approach. Semi-autonomous software entities called spatial agents can be programmed to perform spatial and property interrogation functions, estimations and construction operations for simple graphical objects, that may be usable in building 3D geological surfaces. These surfaces form the building blocks from which full geological and topological models are built and may be useful in sparse-data environments, where ancillary or a priori information is available. Critical in developing natural domain models is the use of gradient information. Increasing the density of spatial gradient information (fabric dips, fold plunges, and local or regional trends) from geologic feature orientations (planar and linear) is the key to more accurate geologic modelling and is core to the functions of spatial agents presented herein. This study, for the first time, examines the potential use of spatial agents to increase gradient constraints in the context of the Loop project (https://loop3d.github.io/, last access: 1 October 2021) in which new complementary methods are being developed for modelling complex geology for regional applications. The spatial agent codes presented may act to densify and supplement gradient as well as on-contact control points used in LoopStructural (https://www.github.com/Loop3d/LoopStructural, last access: 1 October 2021) and Map2Loop (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288476, de Rose et al., 2020). Spatial agents are used to represent common geological data constraints, such as interface locations and gradient geometry, and simple but topologically consistent triangulated meshes. Spatial agents can potentially be used to develop surfaces that conform to reasonable geological patterns of interest, provided that they are embedded with behaviours that are reflective of the knowledge of their geological environment. Initially, this would involve detecting simple geological constraints: locations, trajectories, and trends of geological interfaces. Local and global eigenvectors enable spatial continuity estimates, which can reflect geological trends, with rotational bias, using a quaternion implementation. Spatial interpolation of structural geology orientation data with spatial agents employs a range of simple nearest-neighbour to inverse-distance-weighted (IDW) and quaternion-based spherical linear rotation interpolation (SLERP) schemes. This simulation environment implemented in NetLogo 3D is potentially useful for complex-geology–sparse-data environments where extension, projection, and propagation functions are needed to create more realistic geological forms.

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Xikui, Lv, Li Yongfa, and Sun Peipei. "Study on Three Dimensional Modeling and Visualization in Geology." Open Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010114.

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The display of three dimensional geological body can visually describe the complex subsurface geological structure, effectively improve the engineer's space imagination and intuitively understand the geological spatial relationship. Through analysis of commonly used three dimensional geological data model and considered the impact of faults. The paper establishes a generalized triangular prism (GTP) element model, and achieves a three dimensional geological modeling method based on GTP. The paper proposes the error correction technology based on virtual drilling, which allows designers combine their experience to appropriately amend the unknown region of stratum, it contributes to improve the accuracy of 3D geological model. Finally, the paper achieves a 3D geological drilling, borehole cross section, visual information query and geological visualization technology such as virtual drilling, cutting, layering display based on 3D spatial analysis techniques and graphics.

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He, Hanhan, Jingze Xiao, Jing He, Bo Wei, Xiaogang Ma, Fan Huang, Xiangmin Cai, et al. "Three-Dimensional Geological Modeling of the Shallow Subsurface and Its Application: A Case Study in Tongzhou District, Beijing, China." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031932.

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Three-dimensional (3D) geological models are currently needed and used independently for urban development. The main difficulty in constructing a 3D geological model of a shallow subsurface is to determine the stratigraphic distribution. Highly variable properties and geometries of geological units beneath lead to difficulty. It is key to find a practicable and efficient way to construct a model in practical work. This study takes Tongzhou District (Beijing) as a case; 476 boreholes (40 newly drilled and 436 existing engineering boreholes) were utilized combined with the cross-section method to construct an integrated 3D geological model. The framework and analyses contributed to the following applications: (1) High-quality information from new boreholes and existing engineering boreholes were used to define stratigraphy and build cross-sections. (2) The resulting geological model (up to 50 m beneath Tongzhou area) shows many details of the shallow subsurface. This includes 10 major layers which were grouped into three cyclothems representing cyclic sequences of clay, interbedded silt, sand, and gravel with variable quantities of lenses. (3) The new model was used as a tool to visualize the depth and geometry variations below ground and to characterize a large variety of properties (for example, the compression modulus analyzed in this paper) that each unit contains, and then to evaluate the underground geological conditions. (4) An analysis of a dynamic monitoring model based on the resulting 3D model indicated that the geological units (sand and silty clay) at depths between 30 m and 40 m, with an average vertical deformation of 0.97 mm, from July 2019 to September 2020, are suitable for underground construction, from the perspective of vertical stability in the study area. Monitoring models that take time into consideration based on a 3D framework will be further explored.

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Huang, Xiao, Gang Chen, and Zhe Lin Li. "Research on Constructing 3D Geological Model of the Construction Layers in Daxing New City Area of Beijing." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2897.

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The new city in Daxing district is the focus of future development in the southern of Beijing city, establishing 3D geological model of its engineering construction layer can provide a scientific basis for urban planning and construction as well as the land’s proper utilization. After collecting the geological drilling data, we establish the geological model based on a 3D geological modeling platform developed by Peking University. The 3D spatial modeling method based on sections is used to analyze two key technical problems about simulation process named high-precision modeling and rapid modeling respectively. In the modeling process, Delaunay triangulation and Kriging interpolation algorithms are used. Furthermore, the manual intervention is achieved through the use of flexible and convenient 3D interactive modeling tools. The application examples indicate that the 3D geological model constructed by this method can better reflect the actual situation, it also possesses the advantages of high precision and fast modeling.

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Liu, Jin Shui, Xue Li, Jin Laing Zhang, and Cun Lei Li. "3D Visualization for Detailed Sedimentary-Facies Modeling of Lishui Depression, East China Sea Basin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 442 (October 2013): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.442.489.

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Geological body is the product of the geological evolution in the time dimension and is also the record and the process of structural changes and sequence changes presenting in 3D configuration, so 3D visualization for sedimentary-facies modeling can results in a large quantity of spatial data which can be used for detailed sedimentary-facies modeling. Lishui Depression is taken for an example and the lower of Mingyuefeng Formation is the target formation for this study. Based on the analysis of sequence cycles and sedimentary environment and interpretation of 3D geological objects, the detailed 3D sedimentary-facies model for the lower Mingyuefeng Formation is built with Sequential Indicator Simulation. Then the 3D visualization of local sedimentary-facies is detailedly presented through fence models and profile models. The results prove that the methodology is competent for 3D modeling and self-adaptive visualization of large geological objects and it is a good way to solve the problem of integration and share of geological spatial data.

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Fu, Lin, and Yaqing Ding. "3D City Online Visualization and Cluster Architecture for Digital City." Journal of Sensors 2021 (November 5, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6427468.

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As an important carrier of human production, life, and social development, the emergence of cities symbolizes the maturity and civilization of mankind. For more than 40 years of reform and opening up, our country’s economic development has become increasingly prosperous, and urbanization is booming. At present, our country is in a decisive period for building a well-off society in an all-round way, with rapid progress in socio-economic growth and urbanization. Based on this, this article is oriented towards urban visualization modeling work and proposes a cluster modeling method that is compatible with the combination of urban geological structure and three-dimensional urban space, so that urban space modeling work not only pays attention to the rationality of above-ground planning and construction but also fully considers underground geology the stability and safety of the structure. This paper uses the 3D city online visualization modeling technology to efficiently and reasonably complete the 3D urban geological modeling under the fusion of multiple geological data and combines the organic combination of multisource heterogeneous model data to convert the geological model data into a 3D geographic information model; the universal standard format analyzes the rapid construction of large-scale complex geological structure models and the integrated expression of multisource heterogeneous model data. Experiments have proved that from the cluster capacity of 5,000 to 100,000, no matter how much the modeling time is different, whether it is to search the entire territory or part of the scope, the search time of the 3D city visualization model is less than 20 ms, and the 3D city visualization model map of the city can be well established. This shows that the three-dimensional city visualization model highlights the impact of the urban geological environment on urban construction and development and visually and vividly displays region geological structure and other information in a three-dimensional way, providing corresponding information for urban geological stability assessment and geological disaster rescue reference and help.

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Jiang, Ting Yao, Le Le Cui, and Jia Heng Li. "An Implementation of 3D Landslide Geological Modeling and Visualization." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2338.

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Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling and visualization of landslide is very important for landslide monitoring and stability evaluation. Unfortunately there have not been very efficient methods to realize this modeling and visualization process currently. An implementation of 3D landslide geological modeling and visualization based on a hybrid data structure of TIN and GTP is introduced in this paper. The proposed implementation method includes three sections: pre-processing terrain data for known or history data; 3D modeling of landslide terrain surface, slip surface and geological structure surfaces; construction of 3D landslide geological model and 3D visualization of landslide model through java 3D API. The introduced method contributes to a new approach to landslide research.

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Zhang, Xuefeng, Cheng Chen, Zifei Xu, and Hong Li. "Method and Application of Urban 3D Rapid Modeling of Geology Based on CAD Borehole Logs." Geofluids 2022 (May 23, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4959887.

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Urban 3D geological modeling is one of the key technologies of geological data visualization and spatial analysis. Aiming at the problems of cumbersome modeling process, low modeling efficiency, and accuracy of traditional modeling methods based on borehole data, in this paper, a fast 3D geological modeling method based on CAD borehole data is proposed. The method first designed a method for rapidly extracting borehole log information which is based on .Net API (c#). On this basis, knowledge-driven 3D geological modeling method based on profile data is employed. With these methods, the borehole data in CAD format can be converted to structured data, which can be directly used for data analysis, and the geological knowledge can be analyzed and integrated into the process of three-dimensional geological modeling. The feasibility of this method is verified using the CAD borehole data in the West District of Kaifeng City as an example. The results show that this method can not only realize the rapid construction of urban 3D geological model but also improve the accuracy of 3D geological model.

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Bosch, J. H. Aleid Bakker, and Bob F. Paap. "Airborne electromagnetic measurements as basis for a 3D geological model of an Elsterian incision." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 160, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2009/0160-0258.

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Dong, Chen Qiang, Fang Ding, and Wei Wei Ren. "Three Dimensional Fine Structure Modeling of Haqian1 Wellblock, in Northern Dzungaria Basin, China." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.488.

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Haqian wellblock has a very good prospect in Dzungaria Basin, as it developed many faults and some formations are truncated, the development situation of it is very complicated, in this paper, we applied 3D geological modeling method which is one of the most important technology methods in describing the underground development situation, to illustrate the intricate structure. This geological model involved computer modeling and visualization of geological fault in 3D, the type of data of geological faults based on geological exploration is analyzed, after the fault model and horizon model are built, a whole structure model is finally set up.

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Liu, Xian-Yu, An-Bo Li, Hao Chen, Yan-Qing Men, and Yong-Liang Huang. "3D Modeling Method for Dome Structure Using Digital Geological Map and DEM." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2022): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11060339.

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Geological maps have wide coverage with low acquisition difficulty. When other geological survey data are scarce, they are a valuable source of geological structure information for geological modeling. However, for structures with large deformation, geological map information has difficulty meeting the requirement of its 3D geological modeling. Therefore, this paper takes the dome structure as an example to explore a 3D modeling method based on geological maps, DEM and related geological knowledge. The method includes: (1) adaptively calculating the attitude of points on the stratigraphic boundaries; (2) inferring and generating the bottom boundary of the model from the attitude data of the boundary points; (3) generating the model interface constrained by Bézier curves based on the bottom boundary; (4) generating the top and bottom surfaces of the stratum; and (5) stitching each surface of the geological body to generate the final dome model. Case studies of the dome in Wulongshan in China and the Richat structure in Mauritania show that this method can build a solid model of the dome based only on geological maps and DEM data, whose morphological features are basically consistent with those embodied in the section view or the model generated by traditional methods.

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Denney, Dennis. "Integrating 3D Geological Data Into a Fluid-Flow Model." Journal of Petroleum Technology 53, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1201-0048-jpt.

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Wang, Changhai, and Biyu Chen. "3D geological grid model based on discrete smooth interpolation." Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering 31, no. 6 (2014): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2014.06600.

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Stolz, Edward, Giovanni Spampinato, and John Davidson. "A statewide 3D geological model for New South Wales." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2019, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22020586.2019.12073222.

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Mahdi, Zahraa, and Ghanim Farman. "3D Geological Model for Zubair Reservoir in Abu-Amood Oil Field." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1B (February 28, 2023): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1b.4ms-2023-2-12.

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The Zubair reservoir in the Abu-Amood field is considered a shaly sand reservoir in the south of Iraq. The geological model is created for identifying the facies, distributing the petrophysical properties and estimating the volume of hydrocarbon in place. When the data processing by Interactive Petrophysics (IP) software is completed and estimated the permeability reservoir by using the hydraulic unit method then, three main steps are applied to build the geological model, begins with creating a structural, facies and property models. five zones the reservoirs were divided (three reservoir units and two cap rocks) depending on the variation of petrophysical properties (porosity and permeability) that results from IP software interpretation. Five wells that penetrate the lower Cretaceous Formation (Zubair reservoir) are used to construct the geological model. ZUB-1 unit considered as the most important zone which have a good petrophysical parameters about 24% for porosity, 800 md permeability, 38% water saturation and 85% net to gross. The initial oil in place is estimated to be about 1.7898*109 STB. Finally, 3D geological model support in improving and estimates the hydrocarbon potentialities in oil field and enhances the production of the field.

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Alvanyan, A. K., and M. V. Ovsyannikov. "USING A 3D MODELLING TO CALCULATE THE VOLUMES OF OVERBURDEN ROCKS AND MINERALS." Вестник Пермского университета. Геология 20, no. 4 (2021): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/psu.geol.20.4.355.

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The volumes of overburden rocks and minerals were calculated based on the 3D model of the deposit, which was created using results of analysis of the geological structure of the deposit, and construction of the topographic surface. A comparative table of the results of calculating the volumes of overburden rocks and minerals was compiled using the method of geological blocks and 3D models

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Shaorui, Sun, Lu Yexu, Xu Yuanyuan, Liu Jin, and Wei Jihong. "Study on Analog Theory of Rock Mass Simulation and Its Engineering Application." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/491069.

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During construction of 3D geological models, it is difficult to determine the uniform between geological model and true model. As a comprehensive index, rock quality designation (RQD) is reliable to assess the rationality of geological models. Unfortunately, The RQD of rockmass is determined completely by the deterministic threshold value and directions of the scan lines presently. To avoid this drawback, the modified method of the RQD value based on the threshold value and 3D space is proposed in this paper. Simultaneously, the analogue-simulation method based on rupture mechanism and classification of discontinuities is proposed. The elliptical discontinuity is considered for general discontinuity, and the special discontinuities, such as bedding, fault, and interlayer are dealt with individually. The accuracy of the 3D model is verified by the modified RQD. The 3D model of the rockmass is analogue simulated through repetitively obtaining data from the interval confidence of geometrical parameters of discontinuities, which are determined by a mass of data derived from field investigation. Besides, the dam base of the Xiangjiaba hydropower station is taken as an example, and the 3D model of the dam base is analog-simulated; its stability is evaluated by DDA method. The safety coefficient of the dam base is obtained by utilizing the overload method.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D geological model'

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