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Journal articles on the topic '3D head'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

KOVÁČ, Ondrej, and Ján MIHALÍK. "LOSSLESS ENCODING OF 3D HUMAN HEAD MODEL TEXTURES." Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15546/aeei-2015-0024.

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2

Kiński, Wojciech, Krzysztof Nalepa, and Wojciech Miąskowski. "Analysis of thermal 3D printer head." Mechanik, no. 7 (July 2016): 726–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2016.7.144.

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3

Surman, Phil, Sally Day, Xianzi Liu, Joshua Benjamin, Hakan Urey, and Kaan Aksit. "Head tracked retroreflecting 3D display." Journal of the Society for Information Display 23, no. 2 (February 2015): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsid.295.

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4

Song, Eungyeol, Jaesung Choi, Taejae Jeon, and Sangyoun Lee. "3D Head Modeling using Depth Sensor." Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery 2, no. 1 (June 10, 2015): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18204/jissis.2015.2.1.013.

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5

Zhang, Ye, and Chandra Kambhamettu. "3D head tracking under partial occlusion." Pattern Recognition 35, no. 7 (July 2002): 1545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3203(01)00140-6.

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6

Will, Kipling, and Ian Steplowski. "A 3D printed Malaise trap head." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 92, no. 2 (April 2016): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3956/2016-92.2.86.

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7

LU, Xuelong, and Yuzuru SAKAI. "606 3D Human Head Crash Simulation." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2009.22 (2009): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2009.22.516.

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8

He, Huayun, Guiqing Li, Zehao Ye, Aihua Mao, Chuhua Xian, and Yongwei Nie. "Data-driven 3D human head reconstruction." Computers & Graphics 80 (May 2019): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2019.03.008.

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9

Ye, Kang-Hyun, and Hae-Woon Choi. "Laser Head Design and Heat Transfer Analysis for 3D Patterning." Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 15, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2016.15.4.046.

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10

Wu, Long, Kit-Lun Yick, Joanne Yip, and Sun-Pui Ng. "Numerical simulation of foam cup molding process for mold head design." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (August 7, 2017): 504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-08-2016-0103.

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Purpose One of the crucial steps in the molded bra production is the process of developing the mold head. The purpose of this paper is to determine the final cups style and size. Compared with traditional development process of the mold head, less time-consuming and a more quantitative method is needed for the design and modification of the mold head. Design/methodology/approach A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model for the simulation of large compressive deformation was built in this paper to research the foam bra cup molding process. Since the head cones have more representative than the mold heads, the male and female head cones were used in the simulation. All of the solid shapes are modeled by using 3D Solid 164 elements as well as an automatic surface-to-surface contact between head cones. Findings Simulation of the foam cup molding process is conducted by inputting different properties of the foam material and stress-strain curves under different molding temperatures. Research limitations/implications In order to simulate the laminated foam moulding process, heat transfer through a layered textile assembly can be studied by using the thermo-mechanical coupled FE model. Practical implications According to the different foam performance parameters under different temperatures along with different head cone shapes, distribution and variation in the stress field can be obtained as well as the ultimate capacity of foam materials. Social implications A computer-aided parametric design system for the mold heads provides an effective solution to improving the development process of mold heads. Originality/value The distribution and variation in the stress fields can be analyzed through simulation, providing a reference for the mold head design.

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Fukumura, Katsunori, Osamu Fujita, Kazuhiro Oogami, Akira Asazu, Yoshito Suginobu, Masayasu Takeuchi, and Isamu Narabayashi. "Evaluation of head 3D-MRI No.1 : Technique of 3D creation." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 52, no. 10 (1996): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001353811.

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12

Lee, Brian, Brian R. Chen, Beverly B. Chen, James Y. Lu, and Steven L. Giannotta. "Recording stereoscopic 3D neurosurgery with a head-mounted 3D camera system." British Journal of Neurosurgery 29, no. 3 (January 24, 2015): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2014.997664.

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13

Leipner, Anja, Zuzana Obertová, Martin Wermuth, Michael Thali, Thomas Ottiker, and Till Sieberth. "3D mug shot—3D head models from photogrammetry for forensic identification." Forensic Science International 300 (July 2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.015.

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Cevidanes, Lucia, Ana E. F. Oliveira, Alexandre Motta, Ceib Phillips, Brandon Burke, and Donald Tyndall. "Head Orientation in CBCT-generated Cephalograms." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/090208-460.1.

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Abstract Objective: To determine the reliability of obtaining two-dimensional cephalometric measurements using two virtual head orientations from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) models. Materials and Methods: CBCT scans of 12 patients (6 class II and 6 class III) were randomly selected from a pool of 159 patients. An orthodontist, a dental radiologist, and a third-year dental student independently oriented CBCT three-dimensional (3D) renderings in either visual natural head position (simulated NHP) or 3D intracranial reference planes (3D IRP). Each observer created and digitized four CBCT-generated lateral cephalograms per patient, two using simulated NHP and two using 3D IRP at intervals of at least 3 days. Mixed-effects analysis of variance was used to calculate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and to test the difference between the orientations for each measure. Results: ICC indicated good reliability both within each head orientation and between orientations. Of the 50 measurements, the reliability coefficients were ≥0.9 for 45 measurements obtained with 3D IRP orientation and 36 measurements with simulated NHP. The difference in mean values of the two orientations exceeded 2 mm or 2° for 14 (28%) of the measurements. Conclusions: The reliability of both virtual head orientations was acceptable, although the percentage of measurements with ICC >0.9 was greater for 3D IRP. This may reflect the ease of using the guide planes to position the head in the 3D IRP during the simulation process.

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15

Choi, Sukwon, and Daijin Kim. "Robust head tracking using 3D ellipsoidal head model in particle filter." Pattern Recognition 41, no. 9 (September 2008): 2901–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2008.02.002.

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Koyasu, Takehiko, Toshiyuki Amano, and Yukio Sato. "3D head model generation using full-face head shape measurement system." Systems and Computers in Japan 38, no. 13 (2007): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.20377.

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17

Coni, Philippe, Jean Luc BARDON, and Xavier servantie. "A 3D Full Windshield Head Up Display." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 10, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-2156.

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Kato, Tsukasa, Koosuke Hattori, Takuya Nomura, Ryo Taguchi, Masahiro Hoguro, and Taizo Umezaki. "3D-Measuring for Head Shape Covering Hair." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 131, no. 12 (2011): 2082–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.131.2082.

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19

Brar, Rajwinder Singh, Phil Surman, Ian Sexton, Richard Bates, Wing Kai Lee, Klaus Hopf, Frank Neumann, Sally E. Day, and Eero Willman. "Laser-Based Head-Tracked 3D Display Research." Journal of Display Technology 6, no. 10 (October 2010): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jdt.2010.2044367.

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20

Luximon, Yan, Roger Ball, and Lorraine Justice. "The 3D Chinese head and face modeling." Computer-Aided Design 44, no. 1 (January 2012): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2011.01.011.

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21

Bartikian, M., A. Ferreira, A. Gonçalves-Ferreira, and L. L. Neto. "3D printing anatomical models of head bones." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 41, no. 10 (December 13, 2018): 1205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-2148-4.

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22

Lampaert, Silvio, Lieven De Wilde, and Alexander Van Tongel. "Radial Head Fractures: Quantitative 3D-CT Analysis." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 30, no. 7 (July 2021): e464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2021.03.116.

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23

Negrau, D. C., G. Grebenisan, T. Vesselenyi, D. M. Anton, and C. I. Indre. "Modeling and building a 3D print head." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1169, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1169/1/012028.

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24

Shoja Ghiass, Reza, Ognjen Arandjelovć, and Denis Laurendeau. "Highly Accurate and Fully Automatic 3D Head Pose Estimation and Eye Gaze Estimation Using RGB-D Sensors and 3D Morphable Models." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 4280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124280.

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This work addresses the problem of automatic head pose estimation and its application in 3D gaze estimation using low quality RGB-D sensors without any subject cooperation or manual intervention. The previous works on 3D head pose estimation using RGB-D sensors require either an offline step for supervised learning or 3D head model construction, which may require manual intervention or subject cooperation for complete head model reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a 3D pose estimator based on low quality depth data, which is not limited by any of the aforementioned steps. Instead, the proposed technique relies on modeling the subject’s face in 3D rather than the complete head, which, in turn, relaxes all of the constraints in the previous works. The proposed method is robust, highly accurate and fully automatic. Moreover, it does not need any offline step. Unlike some of the previous works, the method only uses depth data for pose estimation. The experimental results on the Biwi head pose database confirm the efficiency of our algorithm in handling large pose variations and partial occlusion. We also evaluated the performance of our algorithm on IDIAP database for 3D head pose and eye gaze estimation.

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Lin, Sheng-Kai, Rong-Chin Lo, and Ren-Guey Lee. "AUTOMATIC CO-REGISTRATION OF MEG AND 3D DIGITIZATION USING 3D GENERALIZED HOUGH TRANSFORM." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 32, no. 03 (June 2020): 2050019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237220500192.

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In this study, we propose a new automatic co-registration method for the coordinate systems of magnetoencephalography (MEG) data and third dimension digitizer (3D DIG) data of a head using the 3D generalized Hough transform (GHT) during image processing. The technique is important for the research of brain functionalities; it can be done automatically, and quickly combines data from functional brain mapping tools like MEG and DIG, etc. MEG is a measurement instrument used to noninvasively analyze the physiological activity of neurons with high temporal resolution, but it lacks the head-shape of subjects and head with respect to the MEG sensors. 3D DIG can record head- shape, facial features, and anatomical markers in a 3D coordinate system in real time. Thus, combining the two modalities is beneficial in correlating the obtained brain data with physiological activity. According to much of the research, the GHT is useful for recognizing or locating two 2D images. However, the GHT algorithm can be extended to the 3D GHT to automatically co-register the 3D data. In this study, we use the 3D GHT to co-register three subject datasets with MEG and 3D DIG data, and evaluate the average distance errors between the proposed method and the MEG160 system. Some of the experimental results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed 3D GHT accurately and efficiently.

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Steele, John R., Daniel J. Cunningham, and Samuel B. Adams. "Comparison of Custom 3D Printed Spherical Implants vs Femoral Head Allografts for Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodeses." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 2473011419S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00407.

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Category: Ankle Arthritis, Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis is a common treatment option for hindfoot arthritis, deformity correction and salvage of failed total ankle replacement. However, union can be difficult to achieve in patients with bulk bone defects. Femoral head allograft is commonly used in the setting of TTC fusion with severe bone loss, but recent studies have reported concerns of arthrodesis rates of 50% or worse and graft collapse in these patients. Retrograde intramedullary nail placement through custom 3D spherical implants is a novel option for these patients. The purpose of this study was to compare fusion rates, graft resorption and complication rates between patients undergoing TTC fusion with 3D sphere implants versus femoral head allografts. Methods: All patients who underwent TTC arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail along with a 3D spherical implant or femoral head allograft by the senior author at a single institution from 2013 to 2017 and who had at least one year of follow-up were included in this study. There were 7 patients who received a femoral head allograft and 8 patients who received a 3D printed sphere. Baseline patient and operative characteristics were collected and compared between the 3D sphere and femoral head allograft groups. The rate of successful fusion of the tibia, calcaneus and talar neck to the 3D sphere or femoral head allograft, as determined by radiographs and CT scan, as well as graft resorption and complications were compared between the groups. Results: The rates of union of the tibia (87.5% vs 71.4%), calcaneus (87.5% vs 71.4%), and talar neck (100% vs 42.9%) were higher in the 3D sphere group than in the femoral head allograft group. The rate of union of the talar neck was significantly higher to the 3D sphere implant than to the femoral head allograft (p=0.016). The number of patients achieving successful fusion of all three articulations was higher in the 3D sphere group (75%) than the femoral head allograft group (42.9%), although not statistically significant (p=0.22). The rate of graft resorption was significantly higher in the femoral head allograft group (57.1%) than the 3D sphere group (0%, p=0.016).There were no differences between the groups in terms of complications. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that the use of a custom 3D-printed sphere implant is safe in patients with severe bone loss undergoing TTC arthrodesis with a retrograde intramedullary nail. The rate of successful fusion of all three tibial, calcaneal and talar neck articulations was higher to the 3D sphere than to the femoral head allograft, although not statistically significant. Union of the talar neck was significantly higher to the 3D sphere implants than it was to the femoral head allograft. Subsidence was significantly higher with the femoral head allograft than the 3D sphere.

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Yu, Yu, Kenneth Alberto Funes Mora, and Jean-Marc Odobez. "HeadFusion: 360 Head Pose Tracking Combining 3D Morphable Model and 3D Reconstruction." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2018.2841403.

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Devarakonda, Surendra Balaji, Pallavi Bulusu, Marwan Al-rjoub, Amit Bhattacharya, and Rupak Kumar Banerjee. "Influence of external head cooling on the head, core body and blood temperatures using 3D whole-body model." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 2491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2017-0442.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of external head cooling on alleviating the heat stress in the human body by analyzing the temperatures of the core body (Tc), blood (Tblood) and head (Th) during exercise conditions using 3D whole body model. Design/methodology/approach Computational study is conducted to comprehend the influence of external head cooling on Tc, Tblood and Th. The Pennes bioheat and energy balance equations formulated for the whole-body model are solved concurrently to obtain Tc, Tblood and Th for external head cooling values from 33 to 233 W/m2. Increased external head cooling of 404 W/m2 is used to compare the numerical and experimental Th data. Findings Significant reductions of 0.21°C and 0.38°C are observed in Th with external head cooling of 233 and 404 W/m2, respectively. However, for external head cooling of 233 W/m2, lesser reductions of 0.03°C and 0.06°C are found in Tc and Tblood, respectively. Computational results for external head cooling of 404 W/m2 show a difference of 15 per cent in Th compared to experimental values from literature. Originality/value The development of stress because of heat generated within human body is major concern for athletes exercising at high intensities. This study provides an insight into the effectiveness of external head cooling in regulating the head and body temperatures during exercise conditions.

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Rębosz-Kurdek, Anna, Wacław Gierulski, and Artur Szmidt. "The innovative 3D printer head. Part 1. Concept." Mechanik 91, no. 7 (July 9, 2018): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.7.77.

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The article presents the concept of 3D printer head equipped with a mixing system and a gas shield system. The solution has the protection of intellectual property rights in the form of application of the invention in the Polish Patent Office. Currently used solutions and innovativeness of the head according to the invention were discussed. Constructional solutions of individual components of the head including a description of their operation were presented. The concept is the basis for research on the construction of a prototype of this head and verification of the effectiveness of its operation and functionality in laboratory conditions.

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Likus, Wirginia, Konstantinos Nechoritis, Aleksandra Różycka-Nechoritis, Renata Wilk, Andrzej Hudecki, Wojciech Gaweł, Katarzyna Przytuła-Kandzia, and Jarosław Markowski. "Use of 3D printing in head and neck surgery." Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis 74 (July 17, 2020): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.18794/aams/114163.

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Obecnie druk 3D w medycynie oznacza nie tylko protezy czy implanty, ale także modelowanie medyczne i planowanie chirurgiczne. Przyszłością będzie druk 3D połączony z bioinżynierią tkankową (bioprinting). Rusztowania wykonane w technologii 3D zawierające żywe komórki są krokiem do tworzenia tkanek i narządów. Druk trójwymiarowy w chirurgii uważany jest obecnie za przyszłość medycyny rekonstrukcyjnej i regeneracyjnej, a z dokonań na tym polu korzysta także chirurgia głowy i szyi. W prezentowanym artykule opiszemy niektóre możliwości, jakie daje druk 3D w aspekcie edukacji, szkoleń oraz drukowanych protez na potrzeby chirurgii głowy i szyi.

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Stefaniak, Jakub, A. M. Kubicka, A. Wawrzyniak, L. Romanowski, and P. Lubiatowski. "Reliability of humeral head measurements performed using two- and three-dimensional computed tomography in patients with shoulder instability." International Orthopaedics 44, no. 10 (July 26, 2020): 2049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-020-04710-x.

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Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to compare two measurement methods of humeral head defects in patients with shoulder instability. Intra- and inter-observer reliability of humeral head parameters were performed with the use of 2D and 3D computed tomography. Methods The study group was composed of one hundred humeral heads measured with the use of preoperative 2D and 3D computed tomography by three independent observers (two experienced and one inexperienced). All observers repeated measurements after 1 week. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the minimal detectable change with 95% confidence (MDC95%) were used for statistical analysis of diagnostic agreement. Results For 3D inter-observer reliability, ICC values were “excellent” for all parameters and MDC95% values were “excellent” or “reasonable.” All intra-observer ICC and MDC95% values for 3D were “excellent” for experienced and inexperienced observers. For 2D-CT, ICC values were usually “good” or “moderate” with MDC95% values higher than 10 or 30%. Conclusions Three-dimensional CT measurements are more reliable than 2D for humeral head and Hill-Sachs lesion assessment. This study showed that 2D measurements, even performed by experienced observers (orthopaedic surgeons), are burdened with errors. The 3D reconstruction decreased the risk of error by eliminating inaccuracy in setting the plane of the measurements.

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Liu, Leyuan, Zeran Ke, Jiao Huo, and Jingying Chen. "Head Pose Estimation through Keypoints Matching between Reconstructed 3D Face Model and 2D Image." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 1841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051841.

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Mainstream methods treat head pose estimation as a supervised classification/regression problem, whose performance heavily depends on the accuracy of ground-truth labels of training data. However, it is rather difficult to obtain accurate head pose labels in practice, due to the lack of effective equipment and reasonable approaches for head pose labeling. In this paper, we propose a method which does not need to be trained with head pose labels, but matches the keypoints between a reconstructed 3D face model and the 2D input image, for head pose estimation. The proposed head pose estimation method consists of two components: the 3D face reconstruction and the 3D–2D matching keypoints. At the 3D face reconstruction phase, a personalized 3D face model is reconstructed from the input head image using convolutional neural networks, which are jointly optimized by an asymmetric Euclidean loss and a keypoint loss. At the 3D–2D keypoints matching phase, an iterative optimization algorithm is proposed to match the keypoints between the reconstructed 3D face model and the 2D input image efficiently under the constraint of perspective transformation. The proposed method is extensively evaluated on five widely used head pose estimation datasets, including Pointing’04, BIWI, AFLW2000, Multi-PIE, and Pandora. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves excellent cross-dataset performance and surpasses most of the existing state-of-the-art approaches, with average MAEs of 4.78∘ on Pointing’04, 6.83∘ on BIWI, 7.05∘ on AFLW2000, 5.47∘ on Multi-PIE, and 5.06∘ on Pandora, although the model of the proposed method is not trained on any of these five datasets.

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Burkhardt, W., S. Ifflaender, A. Koch, and M. Rudiger. "1080 3D Digital Capture of Head Growth in Neonates - Correlation of Head Circumference and Head Volume." Archives of Disease in Childhood 97, Suppl 2 (October 1, 2012): A310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-302724.1080.

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34

Feng, Lu, Quan Fu, Xiang Long, and Zhuang Zhi Wu. "Keypoint Recognition for 3D Head Model Using Geometry Image." Applied Mechanics and Materials 654 (October 2014): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.654.287.

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This paper presents a novel and efficient 3D head model keypoint recognition framework based on the geometry image. Based on conformal mapping and diffusion scale space, our method can utilize the SIFT method to extract and describe the keypoint of 3D head model. We use this framework to identify the keypoint of the human head. The experiments shows the robust and efficiency of our method.

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Italiano, Gianpiero, Anna Maltagliati, Valentina Mantegazza, Laura Fusini, Maria Elisabetta Mancini, Alessio Gasperetti, Denise Brusoni, et al. "Multimodality Approach for Endovascular Left Atrial Appendage Closure: Head-To-Head Comparison among 2D and 3D Echocardiography, Angiography, and Computer Tomography." Diagnostics 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10121103.

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Background: Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) requires accurate pre- and intraprocedural measurements, and multimodality imaging is an essential tool for guiding the procedure. Two-dimensional (2D TOE) and three-dimensional (3D TOE) transoesophageal echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography (CCT), and conventional cardiac angiography (CCA) are commonly used to evaluate left atrial appendage (LAA) size. However, standardized approaches in measurement methods by different imaging modalities are lacking. The aims of the study were to evaluate the LAA dimension and morphology in patients undergoing LAAC and to compare data obtained by different imaging modalities: 2D and 3D TOE, CCT, and CCA. Methods: A total of 200 patients (mean age 70 ± 8 years, 128 males) were examined by different imaging techniques (161 2D TOE, 103 3D TOE, 98 CCT, and 200 CCA). Patients underwent preoperative CCT and intraoperative 2D and 3D TOE and CCA. Results: A significant correlation was found among all measurements obtained by different modalities. In particular, 3D TOE and CCT measurements were highly correlated with an excellent agreement for the landing zone (LZ) dimensions (LZ diameter: r = 0.87; LAA depth: r = 0.91, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Head-to-head comparison among imaging techniques (2D and 3D TOE, CCT, and CCA) showed a good correlation among LZ diameter measurements obtained by different imaging modalities, which is a parameter of paramount importance for the choice of the LAAC device size. LZ diameters and area by 3D TOE had the best correlation with CCT.

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Bauer, Herbert, Claus Lamm, Stefan Holzreiter, Igor Holländer, Ulrich Leodolter, and Michael Leodolter. "Measurement of 3D electrode coordinates by means of a 3D photogrammetric head digitizer." NeuroImage 11, no. 5 (May 2000): S461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(00)91392-2.

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37

Lulich, Steven M. "Registration and fusion of 3D head-neck MRI and 3D/4D tongue ultrasound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5068345.

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38

McHanwell, S. "3D head and neck anatomy for dentistry (DVD)." British Dental Journal 206, no. 10 (May 2009): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.429.

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Ford, Helen D., and Ralph P. Tatam. "Passive OCT probe head for 3D duct inspection." Measurement Science and Technology 24, no. 9 (July 24, 2013): 094001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/094001.

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Usabiaga, Jorge, George Bebis, Ali Erol, Mircea Nicolescu, and Monica Nicolescu. "RECOGNIZING SIMPLE HUMAN ACTIONS USING 3D HEAD MOVEMENT." Computational Intelligence 23, no. 4 (December 12, 2007): 484–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.2007.00317.x.

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Sigal, Ian A., John G. Flanagan, Inka Tertinegg, and C. Ross Ethier. "3D morphometry of the human optic nerve head." Experimental Eye Research 90, no. 1 (January 2010): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2009.09.013.

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Viéville, Thierry, Emmanuelle Clergue, Reyes Enciso, and Hervé Mathieu. "Experimenting with 3D vision on a robotic head." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 14, no. 1 (February 1995): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(94)00019-x.

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Surman, Phil, Sally Day, Bonny Boby, Hao Chen, Hakan Urey, and Kaan Aksit. "Paper No 15.2: Head-Tracked Retroreflecting 3D Display." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 44 (September 2013): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.73.

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Wollens, K., K. T. Laser, R. Dalla-Pozza, J. Breuer, and U. Herberg. "Real-Time 3D Echocardiography in Pediatric Cardiology: Head-to-Head Comparison of 3D Quantification Software (QLab and TomTec) and CMRI." Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon 65, S 02 (February 2, 2017): S111—S142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1599021.

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Nagamoto, Yukitaka, Takahiro Ishii, Motoki Iwasaki, Hironobu Sakaura, Hisao Moritomo, Takahito Fujimori, Masafumi Kashii, Tsuyoshi Murase, Hideki Yoshikawa, and Kazuomi Sugamoto. "Three-dimensional motion of the uncovertebral joint during head rotation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 17, no. 4 (October 2012): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.6.spine111104.

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Object The uncovertebral joints are peculiar but clinically important anatomical structures of the cervical vertebrae. In the aged or degenerative cervical spine, osteophytes arising from an uncovertebral joint can cause cervical radiculopathy, often necessitating decompression surgery. Although these joints are believed to bear some relationship to head rotation, how the uncovertebral joints work during head rotation remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to elucidate 3D motion of the uncovertebral joints during head rotation. Methods Study participants were 10 healthy volunteers who underwent 3D MRI of the cervical spine in 11 positions during head rotation: neutral (0°) and 15° increments to maximal head rotation on each side (left and right). Relative motions of the cervical spine were calculated by automatically superimposing a segmented 3D MR image of the vertebra in the neutral position over images of each position using the volume registration method. The 3D intervertebral motions of all 10 volunteers were standardized, and the 3D motion of uncovertebral joints was visualized on animations using data for the standardized motion. Inferred contact areas of uncovertebral joints were also calculated using a proximity mapping technique. Results The 3D animation of uncovertebral joints during head rotation showed that the joints alternate between contact and separation. Inferred contact areas of uncovertebral joints were situated directly lateral at the middle cervical spine and dorsolateral at the lower cervical spine. With increasing angle of rotation, inferred contact areas increased in the middle cervical spine, whereas areas in the lower cervical spine slightly decreased. Conclusions In this study, the 3D motions of uncovertebral joints during head rotation were depicted precisely for the first time.

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Page, Hector J. I., Jonathan J. Wilson, and Kate J. Jeffery. "A dual-axis rotation rule for updating the head direction cell reference frame during movement in three dimensions." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00501.2017.

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In the mammalian brain, allocentric (Earth-referenced) head direction, called azimuth, is encoded by head direction (HD) cells, which fire according to the facing direction of the animal’s head. On a horizontal surface, rotations of the head around the dorsoventral (D-V) axis, called yaw, correspond to changes in azimuth and elicit appropriate updating of the HD “compass” signal to enable large-scale navigation. However, if the animal moves through three-dimensional (3D) space then there is no longer a simple relationship between yaw rotations and azimuth changes, and so processing of 3D rotations is needed. Construction of a global 3D compass would require complex integration of 3D rotations, and also a large neuronal population, most neurons of which would be silent most of the time since animals rarely sample all available 3D orientations. We propose that, instead, the HD system treats the 3D space as a set of interrelated 2D surfaces. It could do this by updating activity according to both yaw rotations around the D-V axis and rotations of the D-V axis around the gravity-defined vertical axis. We present preliminary data to suggest that this rule operates when rats move between walls of opposing orientations. This dual-axis rule, which we show is straightforward to implement using the classic one-dimensional “attractor” architecture, allows consistent representation of azimuth even in volumetric space and thus may be a general feature of mammalian directional computations even for animals that swim or fly.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Maintaining a sense of direction is complicated when moving in three-dimensional (3D) space. Head direction cells, which update the direction sense based on head rotations, may accommodate 3D movement by processing both rotations of the head around the axis of the animal’s body and rotations of the head/body around gravity. With modeling we show that this dual-axis rule works in principle, and we present preliminary data to support its operation in rats.

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Xiao, Peiying, Zhimin Yuan, Hwee Kuan Lee, and Guoxiao Guo. "Ring head and single pole head recording performance on 3D random SOMA media." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 303, no. 2 (August 2006): e29-e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.01.088.

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Parioti, Evgenia, Stavros Pitoglou, Arianna Filntisi, Athanasios Anastasiou, Ourania Petropoulou, and Dimitris Dionisios Koutsouris. "The Added Value of 3D Imaging and 3D Printing in Head and Neck Surgeries." International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare 10, no. 3 (July 2021): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrqeh.2021070105.

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3D imaging and 3D printing are two methods that have been proven very useful in medicine. The objective of 3D medical imaging is to recreate the static and functional anatomy of the inner body. The development of computational systems for image processing and multidimensional monitoring of medical data is important for diagnosis and treatment planning. The technique of 3D printing has enabled the materialization of anatomical models and surgical splints using medical imaging data. The methods of 3D imaging and 3D printing have been utilized in various medical fields such as neuroimaging, neurosurgery, dentistry, otolaryngology and facial plastic surgery. This review aims to evaluate the use of 3D imaging and 3D printing techniques in head and neck surgery and concludes that these technologies have revolutionized medicine. However, improvements in healthcare systems and further research still have to be made to establish their use in everyday medical practices.

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HONG, PENGYU, ZHEN WEN, and THOMAS S. HUANG. "iFACE: A 3D SYNTHETIC TALKING FACE." International Journal of Image and Graphics 01, no. 01 (January 2001): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467801000037.

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We present the iFACE system, a visual speech synthesizer that provides a form of virtual face-to-face communication. The system provides an interactive tool for the user to customize a graphic head model for the virtual agent of a person based on his/her range data. The texture is mapped onto the customized model to achieve a realistic appearance. Face animations are produced by using text stream or speech stream to drive the model. A set of basic facial shapes and head action is manually built and used to synthesize expressive visual speech based on rules.

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Najib Hamdan, Mohd, and Ahmad Zamzuri Mohamad Ali. "User Satisfaction of Non-Realistic Three-Dimensional Talking-Head Animation Courseware (3D-NR)." International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning 5, no. 1 (2015): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijeeee.2015.5.1.23-30.

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