Journal articles: '3D multi-material printing'

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Ambrosi, Adriano, Richard D. Webster, and Martin Pumera. "Electrochemically driven multi-material 3D-printing." Applied Materials Today 18 (March 2020): 100530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100530.

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MARUO, Shoji. "Progress in multi-material 3D printing." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2020 (2020): F01206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2020.f01206.

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Le Ferrand, Hortense. "Multi-material 3D printing produces expandable microlattices." MRS Bulletin 43, no. 9 (September 2018): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2018.220.

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Tam, Joyce, and Ozlem Yasar. "Multi Material 3D Scaffold Printing with Maskless Photolithography." MRS Advances 2, no. 24 (2017): 1303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.21.

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ABSTRACTIn today’s technology, organ transplantation is found very challenging as it is not easy to find the right donor organ in a short period of time. In the last several decades, tissue engineering was rapidly developed to be used as an alternative approach to the organ transplantation. Tissue engineering aims to regenerate the tissues and also organs to help patients who waits for the organ transplantation. Recent research showed that in order to regenerate the tissues, cells must be seeded onto the 3D artificial laboratory fabricated matrices called scaffolds. If cells show healthy growth within the scaffolds, they can be implanted to the injured tissue to do the regeneration. One of the biggest limitation that reduces the success rate of tissue regeneration is the fabrication of accurate thick 3D scaffolds. In this research “maskless photolithography” was used to fabricate the scaffolds. Experiment setup consist of digital micro-mirror devices (DMD) (Texas Instruments, DLi4120), optical lens sets, UV light source (DYMAX, BlueWave 200) and PEGDA which is a liquid form photo-curable solution. In this method, scaffolds are fabricated in layer-by-layer fashion to control the interior architecture of the scaffolds. Working principles of the maskless photolithography is, first layer shape is designed with AutoCAD and the designed image is uploaded to the DMD as a bitmap file. DMD consists of hundreds of tiny micro-mirrors. When the UV light is turned on and irradiated the DMD, depending on the micro-mirrors’ angles, UV light is selectively reflected to the low percentage Polyethylene (glycol) Diacrylate (PEGDA) photo-curable solution. When UV light penetrates into the PEGDA, only the illuminated part is solidified and non-illuminated area still remains in the liquid phase. In this research, scaffolds were fabricated in three layers. First layer and the last layer are solid layers and y-shape open structure was sandwiched between these layers. After the first layer is fabricated with DMD, a “y-shape” structure was fabricated with the 3D printer by using the dissolvable filament. Then, it was placed onto the first solid layer and covered with fresh high percentage PEGDA solution. UV light was reflected to the PEGDA solution and solidified to make the second and third layers. After the scaffold was fabricated, it is dipped into the limonene solution to dissolve the y-shape away. Our results show that thick scaffolds can be fabricated in layer-by-layer fashion with “maskless photolithography”. Since the UV light is stable and does not move onto the PEGDA, entire scaffold can be fabricated in one single UV shot which makes the process faster than the current fabrication techniques.

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Rafiee, Mohammad, Rouhollah D. Farahani, and Daniel Therriault. "Multi‐Material 3D and 4D Printing: A Survey." Advanced Science 7, no. 12 (April 30, 2020): 1902307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902307.

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Khatri, Bilal, Marco Frey, Ahmed Raouf-Fahmy, Marc-Vincent Scharla, and Thomas Hanemann. "Development of a Multi-Material Stereolithography 3D Printing Device." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050532.

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Additive manufacturing, or nowadays more popularly entitled as 3D printing, enables a fast realization of polymer, metal, ceramic or composite devices, which often cannot be fabricated with conventional methods. One critical issue for a continuation of this success story is the generation of multi-material devices. Whilst in fused filament fabrication or 3D InkJet printing, commercial solutions have been realized, in stereolithography only very few attempts have been seen. In this work, a comprehensive approach, covering the construction, material development, software control and multi-material printing is presented for the fabrication of structural details in the micrometer range. The work concludes with a critical evaluation and possible improvements.

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Sodupe-Ortega, Enrique, Andres Sanz-Garcia, Alpha Pernia-Espinoza, and Carmen Escobedo-Lucea. "Accurate Calibration in Multi-Material 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081402.

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Most of the studies in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting have been traditionally based on printing a single bioink. Addressing the complexity of organ and tissue engineering, however, will require combining multiple building and sacrificial biomaterials and several cells types in a single biofabrication session. This is a significant challenge, and, to tackle that, we must focus on the complex relationships between the printing parameters and the print resolution. In this paper, we study the influence of the main parameters driven multi-material 3D bioprinting and we present a method to calibrate these systems and control the print resolution accurately. Firstly, poloxamer hydrogels were extruded using a desktop 3D printer modified to incorporate four microextrusion-based bioprinting (MEBB) printheads. The printed hydrogels provided us the particular range of printing parameters (mainly printing pressure, deposition speed, and nozzle z-offset) to assure the correct calibration of the multi-material 3D bioprinter. Using the printheads, we demonstrated the excellent performance of the calibrated system extruding different fluorescent bioinks. Representative multi-material structures were printed in both poloxamer and cell-laden gelatin-alginate bioinks in a single session corroborating the capabilities of our system and the calibration method. Cell viability was not significantly affected by any of the changes proposed. We conclude that our proposal has enormous potential to help with advancing in the creation of complex 3D constructs and vascular networks for tissue engineering.

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Campelo, S., E. Subashi, Z. Chang, S. G. Meltsner, J. P. Chino, and O. I. Craciunescu. "Multi-material 3D Printing in Brachytherapy– Prototyping Teaching Tools." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 108, no. 3 (November 2020): e437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.2525.

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Emon, Md Omar Faruk, Faez Alkadi, Daryl George Philip, Da-Hye Kim, Kyung-Chang Lee, and Jae-Won Choi. "Multi-material 3D printing of a soft pressure sensor." Additive Manufacturing 28 (August 2019): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.06.001.

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Lamont, Andrew C., Michael A. Restaino, Matthew J. Kim, and Ryan D. Sochol. "A facile multi-material direct laser writing strategy." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 14 (2019): 2340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00398c.

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Park, Jung Whan, Junhee Lee, Yuan-Zhu Xin, and Ki-Seok Byoun. "Development and Utilization of Flexible Multi-material 3D Printing System." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 42, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2018.42.4.399.

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Kutuniva, Kari, Jarmo Mäkikangas, Aappo Mustakangas, Timo Rautio, Jani Kumpula, and Kari Mäntyjärvi. "DFAM Based Multi-Material 3D Printing Using Conductive and Flexible Filaments." Key Engineering Materials 786 (October 2018): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.786.364.

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The focus of this study was to test a low-cost level plastic printer in the multi-material printing application using principles of design for additive manufacturing (DFAM). Two sample structures were designed in the project. One of the main planning principles of the examples was to integrate multiple functions into one part and intelligently utilize a variety of materials and reduce parts count. The most common material used in the experiments was the basic PLA, which is widely used, easy-to-print and economical alternative. As special materials, electrically conductive PLA-based graphene filament and highly flexible polyurethane-based filament was used. The results show that multi-material printing is also possible with lower cost devices and it makes it easier for smart products to be manufactured cost-effectively. It has also been found that multi-material printing can be technically challenging and that further research and experiments in this subject are needed. In the future, the research topic will be even more interesting as equipment and materials will develop. This paper presents detailed printing parameters for all the materials used in the printing tests.

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Goulas, Athanasios, and Ross J. Friel. "3D printing with moondust." Rapid Prototyping Journal 22, no. 6 (October 17, 2016): 864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2015-0022.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the main process parameters of laser melting (LM) type additive manufacturing (AM) on multi-layered structures manufactured from JSC-1A Lunar regolith (Moondust) simulant powder. Design/methodology/approach Laser diffraction technology was used to analyse and confirm the simulant powder material particle sizes and distribution. Geometrical shapes were then manufactured on a Realizer SLM™ 100 using the simulant powder. The laser-processed samples were analysed via scanning electron microscopy to evaluate surface and internal morphologies, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to analyse the chemical composition after processing, and the samples were mechanically investigated via Vickers micro-hardness testing. Findings A combination of process parameters resulting in an energy density value of 1.011 J/mm2 allowed the successful production of components directly from Lunar regolith simulant. An internal relative porosity of 40.8 per cent, material hardness of 670 ± 11 HV and a dimensional accuracy of 99.8 per cent were observed in the fabricated samples. Originality/value This research paper is investigating the novel application of a powder bed fusion AM process category as a potential on-site manufacturing approach for manufacturing structures/components out of Lunar regolith (Moondust). It was shown that this AM process category has the capability to directly manufacture multi-layered parts out of Lunar regolith, which has potential applicability to future moon colonization.

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Li, Vincent Chi-Fung, Xiao Kuang, Craig M. Hamel, Devin Roach, Yulin Deng, and H. Jerry Qi. "Cellulose nanocrystals support material for 3D printing complexly shaped structures via multi-materials-multi-methods printing." Additive Manufacturing 28 (August 2019): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.013.

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Lee, Cheng Pau, Rahul Karyappa, and Michinao Hashimoto. "3D printing of milk-based product." RSC Advances 10, no. 50 (2020): 29821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05035k.

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We developed a method to 3D-print milk-based inks at room temperature by changing the rheological properties. The method is based on direct ink writing (DIW) and permits multi-material printing of 3D edible structures.

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Sears, Nicholas, Prachi Dhavalikar, Michael Whitely, and Elizabeth Cosgriff-Hernandez. "Fabrication of biomimetic bone grafts with multi-material 3D printing." Biofabrication 9, no. 2 (May 22, 2017): 025020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aa7077.

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Shan, Zhong-de, Zhi Guo, Dong Du, and Feng Liu. "Coating process of multi-material composite sand mold 3D printing." China Foundry 14, no. 6 (November 2017): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41230-017-7078-y.

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Mohammed, Mazher Iqbal, Joseph Tatineni, Brenton Cadd, Greg Peart, and Ian Gibson. "Advanced auricular prosthesis development by 3D modelling and multi-material printing." KnE Engineering 2, no. 2 (February 9, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v2i2.593.

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We investigate the use of medical imaging, digital design and 3D printing technologies as a viable means of reproducing a person’s anatomy, with the intension of producing a working, patient specific prosthesis. This approach offers several advantages over traditional techniques, as data capture is non-intrusive, models can be made using quantitative methodologies, design iterations can be digitally stored for future reproduction, and additive manufacturing ensures no loss of quality when converting the digital model into a physical part. We also present a combined model segmentation with multi-material printing approach to increase the colour complexity of the final model. When combined with multi-material printing using elastic materials, our approach provides a comprehensive strategy to accurately realising mimic of both skin pigmentation and the tactile feel of human tissues. Ultimately, we believe our approach provides an innovative strategy for prosthesis production which could have considerable potential for implementation in a clinical setting.

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Mao, Huachao, Wenxuan Jia, Yuen-Shan Leung, Jie Jin, and Yong Chen. "Multi-material stereolithography using curing-on-demand printheads." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 5 (June 2, 2021): 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2020-0104.

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Purpose This paper aims to present a multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) process with a newly developed curing-on-demand method to fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) object with multiple material compositions. Design/methodology/approach Unlike the deposition-on-demand printing method, the proposed curing-on-demand printheads use a digital light processing (DLP) projector to selectively cure a thin layer of liquid photocurable resin and then clean the residual uncured material effectively using a vacuuming and post-curing device. Each printhead can individually fabricate one type of material using digitally controlled mask image patterns. The proposed AM process can accurately deposit multiple materials in each layer by combining multiple curing-on-demand printheads together. Consequently, a three-dimensional object can be fabricated layer-by-layer using the developed curing-on-demand printing method. Findings Effective cleaning of uncured resin is realized with reduced coated resin whose height is in the sub-millimeter level and improved vacuum cleaning performance with the uncleaned resin less than 10 µm thick. Also, fast material swapping is achieved using the compact design of multiple printheads. Originality/value The proposed multi-material stereolithography (SL) process enables 3D printing components using more viscous materials and can achieve desired manufacturing characteristics, including high feature resolution, fast fabrication speed and low machine cost.

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CHENG, Kai, HongBo LAN, ShuTing ZOU, Lei QIAN, and DiChen LI. "Research on active mixing printhead for multi-material and multi-scale 3D printing." SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 47, no. 2 (January 17, 2017): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n092016-00312.

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Kumar, Ranvijay, Rupinder Singh, and Ilenia Farina. "On the 3D printing of recycled ABS, PLA and HIPS thermoplastics for structural applications." PSU Research Review 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prr-07-2018-0018.

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Purpose Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an established process to print structural parts of metals, ceramic and polymers. Further, multi-material 3DP has the potentials to be a milestone in rapid manufacturing (RM), customized design and structural applications. Being compatible as functionally graded materials in a single structural form, multi-material-based 3D printed parts can be applied in structural applications to get the benefit of modified properties. Design/methodology/approach The fused deposition modelling (FDM) is one of the established low cost 3DP techniques which can be used for printing functional/ non-functional prototypes in civil engineering applications. Findings The present study is focused on multi-material printing of primary recycled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) in composite form. Thermal (glass transition temperature and heat capacity) and mechanical properties (break load, break strength, break elongation, percentage elongation at break and Young’s modulus) have been analysed to observe the behaviour of multi-material composites prepared by 3DP. This study also highlights the process parameters optimization of FDM supported with photomicrographs. Originality/value The present study is focused on multi-material printing of primary recycled ABS, PLA and HIPS in composite form.

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Yuan, Chao, Fangfang Wang, Biyun Qi, Zhen Ding, David W. Rosen, and Qi Ge. "3D printing of multi-material composites with tunable shape memory behavior." Materials & Design 193 (August 2020): 108785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108785.

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Yang, Shuai, Hao Tang, Chunmei Feng, Jianping Shi, and Jiquan Yang. "The Research on Multi-Material 3D Vascularized Network Integrated Printing Technology." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030237.

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Three-dimensional bioprinting has emerged as one of the manufacturing approaches that could potentially fabricate vascularized channels, which is helpful to culture tissues in vitro. In this paper, we report a novel approach to fabricate 3D perfusable channels by using the combination of extrusion and inkjet techniques in an integrated manufacture process. To achieve this, firstly we investigate the theoretical model to analyze influencing factors of structural dimensions of the printed parts like the printing speed, pressure, dispensing time, and voltage. In the experiment, photocurable hydrogel was printed to form a self-supporting structure with internal channel grooves. When the desired height of hydrogel was reached, the dual print-head was switched to the piezoelectric nozzle immediately, and the sacrificial material was printed by the changed nozzle on the printed hydrogel layer. Then, the extrusion nozzle was switched to print the next hydrogel layer. Once the printing of the internal construct was finished, hydrogel was extruded to wrap the entire structure, and the construct was immersed in a CaCl2 solution to crosslink. After that, the channel was formed by removing the sacrificial material. This approach can potentially provide a strategy for fabricating 3D vascularized channels and advance the development of culturing thick tissues in vitro.

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Mirzaali, Mohammad J., Mauricio Cruz Saldívar, Alba Herranz de la Nava, Deepthishre Gunashekar, Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki, Eugeni L. Doubrovski, and Amir Abbas Zadpoor. "Multi‐Material 3D Printing of Functionally Graded Hierarchical Soft–Hard Composites." Advanced Engineering Materials 22, no. 7 (February 13, 2020): 1901142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901142.

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Mirzaali, Mohammad J., Mauricio Cruz Saldívar, Alba Herranz de la Nava, Deepthishre Gunashekar, Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki, Eugeni L. Doubrovski, and Amir Abbas Zadpoor. "Multi‐Material 3D Printing of Functionally Graded Hierarchical Soft–Hard Composites." Advanced Engineering Materials 22, no. 7 (July 2020): 2070031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.202070031.

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Polsakiewicz, D., and W. Kollenberg. "Comparison of Silver Sources for Silver/Glass Compounds by Multi-Material 3D-Printing." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, CICMT (September 1, 2015): 000305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-tha31.

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Inkjet printing of conductive silver lines on solid or flexible substrates for the fabrication of electronic components has been reported in a variety of ways over more than the last decade. Numerous publications highlight the importance of the silver source for the feasibility of the process as well as the resulting properties of the printed structures. In previous work [1] we reported the first experimental attempt to realize such conductive silver components inside a structure printed with a custom three dimensional powder printer. Aim of this study was to combine the functionality of directly printed functional elements with the geometrical flexibility of powder-based three-dimensional printing. While functionality in the printed glass/metallic compound is achieved in principle, an inhomogeneous microstructure with differentiated silver and glass areas is observed. In this article the silver source for the printing process is varied in order to achieve a homogeneous compound in desired areas. Three different metallic sources were used, namely a diluted screen-printing paste, a silver nitrate solution and silver particles formed by a previously reported polyol process. Ink were formulated from mentioned silver sources and printed with a glass powder. The fabricated samples are investigated in terms of their microstructure evolution and part functionality. The microstructure evolution is discussed in regard to the selected silver source. Additionally, the thermal treatment of the structures is optimized in order to ensure the optimum microstructure and part functionality. The reported experiments present the further development for a unique and novel method for fabricating glass/metal compounds by powder-based three-dimensional printing, allowing for the expansion of the process into novel applications.

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Robles-Martinez, Pamela, Xiaoyan Xu, Sarah J. Trenfield, Atheer Awad, Alvaro Goyanes, Richard Telford, Abdul W. Basit, and Simon Gaisford. "3D Printing of a Multi-Layered Polypill Containing Six Drugs Using a Novel Stereolithographic Method." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11060274.

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Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has demonstrated great potential for multi-material fabrication because of its capability for printing bespoke and spatially separated material conformations. Such a concept could revolutionise the pharmaceutical industry, enabling the production of personalised, multi-layered drug products on demand. Here, we developed a novel stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing method that, for the first time, can be used to fabricate multi-layer constructs (polypills) with variable drug content and/or shape. Using this technique, six drugs, including paracetamol, caffeine, naproxen, chloramphenicol, prednisolone and aspirin, were printed with different geometries and material compositions. Drug distribution was visualised using Raman microscopy, which showed that whilst separate layers were successfully printed, several of the drugs diffused across the layers depending on their amorphous or crystalline phase. The printed constructs demonstrated excellent physical properties and the different material inclusions enabled distinct drug release profiles of the six actives within dissolution tests. For the first time, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of SLA printing as an innovative platform for multi-drug therapy production, facilitating a new era of personalised polypills.

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Pereira, Tatiana, Sónia Barroso, and Maria M. Gil. "Food Texture Design by 3D Printing: A Review." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020320.

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An important factor in consumers’ acceptability, beyond visual appearance and taste, is food texture. The elderly and people with dysphagia are more likely to present malnourishment due to visually and texturally unappealing food. Three-dimensional Printing is an additive manufacturing technology that can aid the food industry in developing novel and more complex food products and has the potential to produce tailored foods for specific needs. As a technology that builds food products layer by layer, 3D Printing can present a new methodology to design realistic food textures by the precise placement of texturing elements in the food, printing of multi-material products, and design of complex internal structures. This paper intends to review the existing work on 3D food printing and discuss the recent developments concerning food texture design. Advantages and limitations of 3D Printing in the food industry, the material-based printability and model-based texture, and the future trends in 3D Printing, including numerical simulations, incorporation of cooking technology to the printing, and 4D modifications are discussed. Key challenges for the mainstream adoption of 3D Printing are also elaborated on.

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Yap, Pui-Voon, Ming-Yeng Chan, and Seong-Chun Koay. "Preliminary Study on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Multimaterials ABS/PC Parts: Effect of Printing Parameters." Journal of Physical Science 32, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2021.32.2.7.

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This research work highlights the mechanical properties of multi-material by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The specimens for tensile and flexural test have been printed using polycarbonate (PC) material at different combinations of printing parameters. The effects of varied printing speed, infill density and nozzle diameter on the mechanical properties of specimens have been investigated. Multi-material specimens were fabricated with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as the base material and PC as the reinforced material at the optimum printing parameter combination. The specimens were then subjected to mechanical testing to observe their tensile strength, Young’s modulus, percentage elongation, flexural strength and flexural modulus. The outcome of replacing half of ABS with PC to create a multi-material part has been examined. As demonstrated by the results, the optimum combination of printing parameters is 60 mm/s printing speed, 15% infill density and 0.8 mm nozzle diameter. The combination of ABS and PC materials as reinforcing material has improved the tensile strength (by 38.46%), Young’s modulus (by 23.40%), flexural strength (by 23.90%) and flexural modulus (by 37.33%) while reducing the ductility by 14.31% as compared to pure ABS. The results have been supported by data and graphs of the analysed specimens.

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Khare, Varsha, Sanjiv Sonkaria, Gil-Yong Lee, Sung-Hoon Ahn, and Won-Shik Chu. "From 3D to 4D printing – design, material and fabrication for multi-functional multi-materials." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 4, no. 3 (July 2017): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40684-017-0035-9.

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Nguyen, V. H., T. N. Huynh, T. P. Nguyen, and T. T. Tran. "Single and Multi-objective Optimization of Processing Parameters for Fused Deposition Modeling in 3D Printing Technology." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 7542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.1.2020.03.0558.

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This paper presents practice and application of Design of Experiment techniques and Genetic Algorithm in single and multi-objective optimization with low cost, robustness, and high effectiveness through 3D printing case studies. 3D printing brings many benefits for engineering design, product development, and production process. However, it faces many challenges related to parameters control. The wrong parameter setup can result in excessive time, high production cost, waste material, and low-quality printing. This study is conducted to optimize the parameter sets for 3D Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) products. The parameter sets, i.e., layer height, infill percentage, printing temperature, printing speed with different levels are experimented and analyzed to build mathematic models. The objectives are to describe the relationship between the inputs (parameter values) and the outputs (printing quality in term of weight, printing time and tensile strength of products). Single-objective and multi-objective models according to user’s desire are constructed and studied to identify the optimal set, optimal trade-off set of parameters. Besides, an integrated method of response surface methodology and Genetic algorithm to deal with multi-objective optimization is discussed in the paper. 3D printer, testing machines, and quality tools are used for doing experiments, measurement and collecting data. Minitab and Matlab software aid for analysis and decision-making. Proposed solutions for handling multi-objective optimization through 3D Fused Deposition Modelling product printing case study are practical and can extend for other case studies.

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Yao, Yuan, Yichi Zhang, Mohamed Aburaia, and Maximilian Lackner. "3D Printing of Objects with Continuous Spatial Paths by a Multi-Axis Robotic FFF Platform." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114825.

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Conventional Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) equipment can only deposit materials in a single direction, limiting the strength of printed products. Robotic 3D printing provides more degrees of freedom (DOF) to control the material deposition and has become a trend in additive manufacturing. However, there is little discussion on the strength effect of multi-DOF printing. This paper presents an efficient process framework for multi-axis 3D printing based on the robot to improve the strength. A multi-DOF continuous toolpath planning method is designed to promote the printed part’s strength and surface quality. We generate curve layers along the model surfaces and fill Fermat spiral in the layers. The method makes it possible to take full advantage of the multi-axis robot arm to achieve smooth printing on surfaces with high curvature and avoid the staircase effect and collision in the process. To further improve print quality, a control strategy is provided to synchronize the material extrusion and robot arm movement. Experiments show that the tensile strength increases by 22–167% compared with the conventional flat slicing method for curved-surface parts. The surface quality is improved by eliminating the staircase effect. The continuous toolpath planning also supports continuous fiber-reinforced printing without a cutting device. Finally, we compared with other multi-DOF printing, the application scenarios, and limitations are given.

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O'Neil, Glen D., Shakir Ahmed, Kevin Halloran, Jordyn N. Janusz, Alexandra Rodríguez, and Irina M. Terrero Rodríguez. "Single-step fabrication of electrochemical flow cells utilizing multi-material 3D printing." Electrochemistry Communications 99 (February 2019): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.12.006.

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Porter, Michael M., Nakul Ravikumar, Francois Barthelat, and Roberto Martini. "3D-printing and mechanics of bio-inspired articulated and multi-material structures." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 73 (September 2017): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.12.016.

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Li, Yao, and Yan Lou. "Tensile and Bending Strength Improvements in PEEK Parts Using Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Printing Considering Multi-Factor Coupling." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112497.

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Compared with laser-based 3D printing, fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology is simple and safe to operate and has a low cost and high material utilization rate; thus, it is widely used. In order to promote the application of FDM 3D printing, poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) was used as a printing material to explore the effect of multi-factor coupling such as different printing temperatures, printing directions, printing paths, and layer thicknesses on the tensile strength, bending strength, crystallinity, and grain size of FDM printed PEEK parts. The aim was to improve the mechanical properties of the 3D printed PEEK parts and achieve the same performance as the injection molded counterparts. The results show that when the thickness of the printed layer is 0.1 mm and the printing path is 180° horizontally at 525 °C, the tensile strength of the sample reaches 87.34 MPa, and the elongation reaches 38%, which basically exceeds the tensile properties of PEEK printed parts reported in previous studies and is consistent with the tensile properties of PEEK injection molded parts. When the thickness of the printed layer is 0.3 mm, the printing path is 45°, and with vertical printing direction at a printing temperature of 525 °C, the bending strength of the sample reaches 159.2 MPa, which exceeds the bending performance of injection molded parts by 20%. It was also found that the greater the tensile strength of the printed specimen, the more uniform the size of each grain, and the higher the crystallinity of the material. The highest crystallinity exceeded 30%, which reached the crystallinity of injection molded parts.

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Wenger, Raphaël, and Marie-Noëlle Giraud. "3D Printing Applied to Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 2631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122631.

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The broad clinical use of synthetic vascular grafts for vascular diseases is limited by their thrombogenicity and low patency rate, especially for vessels with a diameter inferior to 6 mm. Alternatives such as tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), have gained increasing interest. Among the different manufacturing approaches, 3D bioprinting presents numerous advantages and enables the fabrication of multi-scale, multi-material, and multicellular tissues with heterogeneous and functional intrinsic structures. Extrusion-, inkjet- and light-based 3D printing techniques have been used for the fabrication of TEVG out of hydrogels, cells, and/or solid polymers. This review discusses the state-of-the-art research on the use of 3D printing for TEVG with a focus on the biomaterials and deposition methods.

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Ribeiro, Micaela, Olga Sousa Carneiro, and Alexandre Ferreira da Silva. "Interface geometries in 3D multi-material prints by fused filament fabrication." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2017-0107.

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Purpose An issue when printing multi-material objects is understanding how different materials will perform together, especially because interfaces between them are always created. This paper aims to address this interface from a mechanical perspective and evaluates how it should be designed for a better mechanical performance. Design/methodology/approach Different interface mechanisms were considered, namely, microscopic interfaces that are based on chemical bonding and were represented with a U-shape interface; a macroscopic interface characterized by a mechanical interlocking mechanism, represented by a T-shape interface; and a mesoscopic interface that sits between other interface systems and that was represented by a dovetail shape geometry. All these different interfaces were tested in two different material sets, namely, poly (lactic acid)–poly (lactic acid) and poly (lactic acid)–thermoplastic polyurethane material pairs. These two sets represent high- and low-compatibility materials sets, respectively. Findings The results showed, despite the materials’ compatibility level, multi-material objects will have a better mechanical performance through a macroscopic interface, as it is based on a mechanical interlocking system, of which performance cannot be achieved by a simple face-to-face interface even when considering the same material. Originality/value The paper investigates the importance of interface design in multi-material 3D prints by fused filament fabrication. Especially, for parts intended to be subjected to mechanical efforts, simple face-to-face interfaces are not sufficient and more robust and macroscopic-based interface geometries (based on mechanical interlocking systems) are advised. Moreover, such interfaces do not raise esthetic problems because of their working principle; the 3D printing technology can hide the interface geometries, if required.

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Hwang, So-Ree, and Min-Soo Park. "Property Analysis of Photo-Polymerization-Type 3D-Printed Structures Based on Multi-Composite Materials." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 8545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188545.

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Additive manufacturing, commonly called 3D printing, has been studied extensively because it can be used to fabricate complex structures; however, polymer-based 3D printing has limitations in terms of implementing certain functionalities, so it is limited in the production of conceptual prototypes. As such, polymer-based composites and multi-material 3D printing are being studied as alternatives. In this study, a DLP 3D printer capable of printing multiple composite materials was fabricated using a movable separator and structures with various properties were fabricated by selectively printing two composite materials. After the specimen was fabricated based on the ASTM, the basic mechanical properties of the structure were compared through a 3-point bending test and a ball rebound test. Through this, it was shown that structures with various mechanical properties can be fabricated using the proposed movable-separator-based DLP process. In addition, it was shown that this process can be used to fabricate anisotropic structures, whose properties vary depending on the direction of the force applied to the structure. By fabricating multi-joint grippers with varying levels of flexibility, it was shown that the proposed process can be applied in the fabrication of soft robots as well.

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Kaszyńska, Maria, Szymon Skibicki, and Marcin Hoffmann. "3D Concrete Printing for Sustainable Construction." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 6351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236351.

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Despite the rapid development of 3D printing technology for cement composites, there are still a number of unsolved issues related to extrusion printing. One of them is proper mix design that allows for meeting criteria related to the printing of cementitious materials, such as pumpability, buildability, consistency on the materials, flowability and workability, simultaneously incorporating sustainable development ideas. In the case of mixes for 3D printing, the modification of the composition which increases the overall performance does not always go hand in hand with the reduction of negative environmental impact. The article presents the results of tests of eight mixtures modified with reactive and inert mineral additives designed for 3D printing. The mixes were evaluated in terms of their rheological and mechanical properties as well as environmental impact. Initial test results were verified by printing hollow columns up until collapse. Later, the differences between the compressive strength of standard samples and printed columns were determined. In order to summarize the results, a multi-faceted analysis of the properties of the mixes was carried out, introducing assessment indicators for its individual parameters. The article proves that appropriate material modification of mixes for 3D printing can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment without hindering required 3D printing properties.

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Luo, Jinjie, Haibao Wang, Duquan Zuo, Anping Ji, and Yaowen Liu. "Research on the Application of MWCNTs/PLA Composite Material in the Manufacturing of Conductive Composite Products in 3D Printing." Micromachines 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9120635.

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As an advanced manufacturing technology that has been developed in recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing of macromolecular materials can create complex-shaped components that cannot be realized by traditional processing. However, only a few types of macromolecular materials are suitable for 3D printing: the structure must have a single function, and manufacturing macromolecular functional devices is difficult. In this study, using poly lactic acid (PLA) as a matrix, conductive composites were prepared by adding various contents of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The printability and properties of MWCNT/PLA composites with different MWCNT proportions were studied by using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) processing technology of 3D printing. The experimental results showed that high conductivity can be realized in 3D-printed products with a composite material containing 5% MWCNTs; its conductivity was 0.4 ± 0.2 S/cm, its tensile strength was 78.4 ± 12.4 MPa, and its elongation at break was 94.4% ± 14.3%. It had a good melt flow rate and thermal properties, and it enabled smooth printing, thus meeting all the requirements for the 3D printing of consumables.

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Kim, Taehun, Guk Bae Kim, Hyun Kyung Song, Yoon Soo Kyung, Choung-Soo Kim, and Namkug Kim. "Accuracies of 3D printers with hard and soft materials." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 7 (June 8, 2020): 1227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2019-0236.

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Purpose This study aims to systemically evaluate morphological printing errors between computer-aided design (CAD) and reference models fabricated using two different three-dimensional printing (3DP) technologies with hard and soft materials. Design/methodology/approach The reference models were designed to ensure simpler and more accurate measurements than those obtained from actual kidney simulators. Three reference models, i.e. cube, dumbbell and simplified kidney, were manufactured using photopolymer jetting (PolyJet) with soft and hard materials and multi-jet printing (MJP) with hard materials. Each reference model was repeatably measured five times using digital calipers for each length. These values were compared with those obtained using CAD. Findings The results demonstrate that the cube models with the hard material of MJP and hard and soft materials of PolyJet were smaller (p = 0.022, 0.015 and 0.057, respectively). The dumbbell model with the hard material of MJP was smaller (p = 0.029) and that with the soft material of PolyJet was larger (p = 0.020). However, the dumbbell with the hard material of PolyJet generated low errors (p = 0.065). Finally, the simplified kidney models with the hard material of MJP and soft materials of PolyJet were smaller (p = 0.093 and 0.021) and that with the hard material of PolyJet was opposite to the former models (p = 0.043). Originality/value This study, to the best of authors’ knowledge, is the first to determine the accuracy between CAD and reference models fabricated using two different 3DP technologies with multi-materials. Thus, it serves references for surgical applications as simulators and guides that require accuracy.

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Han, Daehoon, Chen Yang, Nicholas X. Fang, and Howon Lee. "Rapid multi-material 3D printing with projection micro-stereolithography using dynamic fluidic control." Additive Manufacturing 27 (May 2019): 606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.031.

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Graf, Dennis, Judith Jung, and Thomas Hanemann. "Formulation of a Ceramic Ink for 3D Inkjet Printing." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091136.

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Due to its multi-material capabilities, 3D inkjet printing allows for the fabrication of components with functional elements which may significantly reduce the production steps. The potential to print electronics requires jettable polymer-ceramic composites for thermal management. In this study, a respective material was formulated by functionalizing submicron alumina particles by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (MPS) and suspending them in a mixture of the oligourethane Genomer 4247 with two acrylate functionalities and a volatile solvent. Ink jetting tests were performed, as well as thermal conductance and mechanical property measurements. The material met the strict requirements of the printing technology, showing viscosities of around 16 mPa·s as a liquid. After solidification, it exhibited a ceramic content of 50 vol%, with a thermal conductance of 1 W/(m·K). The resulting values reflect the physical possibilities within the frame of the allowed tolerances set by the production method.

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Cheng, Yih-Lin, and Kuan-Chi Huang. "Preparation and Characterization of Color Photocurable Resins for Full-Color Material Jetting Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030650.

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Material jetting (MJ)-type 3D printers have been considered as one of the most versatile types of 3D printers, enabling full-color printing and multi-material printing. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are few academic studies on the development of full-color MJ technologies, and the formulation of commercial resins is confidential and proprietary. In this paper, we give an insight into the preparation of photocurable resins in the primary CMYKW (cyan, magenta, yellow, black, and white) colors that are printable with the multiple piezoelectric heads of our homemade MJ full-color 3D printer. The components comprising the resins, such as the photo-initiator, oligomers, monomers, and crosslinkers, were methodically adjusted and characterized to achieve high-performance MJ printable resins. Subsequently, the prepared resins were colored with the CMYKW colors and their ability of high-quality color appearance in full-color printing was demonstrated.

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Liu, Xiyao, Yongzao Ye, Xin Gao, and Zhanxiang Wang. "3D Printing in Cranioplasty for Giant Cranial Deformity with Multi-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Simulation." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2021.3741.

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This article is based on 3D printing technology, through multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic stimulation to the in-depth study of the application of plastic surgery in patients with giant cranial deformity cranial reduction, first of all, patients with CT scan of the brain, based on CT data for 3D reconstruction, 3D geometric modeling, using 3D printing Prepare multiple skull 1:1 scale, solid models, perform surgical planning and drills, determine the surgical plan (related parameters such as surgical time, cranial cavity volume, frontal plane ratio, anterior-posterior diameter, left-right diameter, head-to-height ratio, etc.), it can increase the patient’s speed and stride, and complete a variety of material tests. The 3D printing group had lower pain VAS scores at 1 h and 24 h after surgery than the traditional data group. The same data observed from different dimensions may yield different results, but also enable people to understand the nature of things more comprehensively and clearly. It was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The postoperative swelling of the 3D printing group was less than that of the customary group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Through 12 months of follow up observation, the power of 3D printing is higher than that of the habitual group, and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). This technology has an important guiding significance in future related treatment technology.

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Vatani, Morteza, and Jae-Won Choi. "Direct-print photopolymerization for 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2015-0172.

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Purpose This work aims to present a guideline for ink development used in extrusion-based direct-write (DW) (also referred to as direct-print [DP]) technique and combine the extrusion with instant photopolymerization to present a solvent-free DP photopolymerization (DPP) method to fill the gap between 3D printing and printing multi-functional 3D structures. Design/methodology/approach A DP process called DPP was developed by integration of a screw-driven micro-dispenser into XYZ translation stages. The process was equipped with direct photopolymerization to facilitate the creation of 3D structures. The required characteristics of inks used in this technique were simulated through dispersion of fumed silica particles into photocurable resins to transform them into viscoelastic inks. The characterization method of these inks and the required level of shear thinning and thixotropic properties is presented. Findings Shear thinning and thixotropic properties are necessary components of the inks used in DPP process and other DP techniques. These properties are desirable to facilitate printing and filament shape retention. Extrusion of viscoelastic inks out of a nozzle generates a filament capable of retaining its geometry. Likewise, instant photopolymerization of the dispensed filaments prevents deformation due to the weight of filaments or accumulated weight of layers. Originality/value The DPP process with material-reforming methods has been shown, where there remain many shortcomings in realizing a DP-based 3D printing process with instant photopolymerization in existing literature, as well as a standard guideline and material requirements. The suggested method can be extended to develop a new commercial 3D printing system and printable inks to create various functional 3D structures including sensors, actuators and electronics, where nanoparticles are involved for their functionalities. Particularly, an original contribution to the determination of a rheological property of an ink is provided.

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Grimmelsmann, Nils, Mirja Kreuziger, Michael Korger, Hubert Meissner, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Adhesion of 3D printed material on textile substrates." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2016-0086.

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Purpose Composites combining two or more different materials with different physical and chemical properties allow for tailoring mechanical and other characteristics of the resulting multi-material system. In relation to fiber-reinforced plastic composites, combinations of textile materials with 3D printed polymers result in different mechanical properties. While the tensile strength of the multi-material system is increased compared to the pure 3D printed material, the elasticity of the polymer layer can be retained to a certain degree, as the textile material is not completely immersed in the polymer. Instead, an interface layer is built in which both materials interpenetrate to a certain degree. The purpose of this study is to investigate the adhesion between both materials at this interface. Design/methodology/approach This paper gives an overview of the parameters affecting the interface layer. It shows that both the printing material and the textile substrate influence the adhesion between both materials due to viscosity during printing, thickness and pore sizes, respectively. While some material combinations build strong form-locking connections, others can easily be delaminated. Findings Depending on both materials, significantly different adhesion values can be found in such 3D printed composites. Practical implications This makes some combinations very well suitable for building composites with novel mechanical properties, while other suffer of insufficient connections. Originality/value For the first time, the dependence of the polymer-textile adhesion force was evaluated according to the distance between both compound partners. It was shown that this value is of crucial interest and must thus be taken into account when producing printed polymer-textile composites.

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Markin, Nerella, Schröfl, Guseynova, and Mechtcherine. "Material Design and Performance Evaluation of Foam Concrete for Digital Fabrication." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 30, 2019): 2433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152433.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing with foam concrete, which is known for its distinct physical and mechanical properties, has not yet been purposefully investigated. The article at hand presents a methodological approach for the mixture design of 3D-printable foam concretes and a systematic investigation of the potential application of this type of material in digital construction. Three different foam concrete compositions with water-to-binder ratios between 0.33–0.36 and densities of 1100 to 1580 kg/m³ in the fresh state were produced with a prefoaming technique using a protein-based foaming agent. Based on the fresh-state tests, including 3D printing as such, an optimum composition was identified, and its compressive and flexural strengths were characterized. The printable foam concrete showed low thermal conductivity and relatively high compressive strengths of above 10 MPa; therefore, it fulfilled the requirements for building materials used for load-bearing wall elements in multi-story houses. Thus, it is suitable for 3D-printing applications, while fulfilling both load-carrying and insulating functions.

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Yap, Yee Ling, Swee Leong Sing, and Wai Yee Yeong. "A review of 3D printing processes and materials for soft robotics." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 8 (June 20, 2020): 1345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2019-0302.

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Purpose Soft robotics is currently a rapidly growing new field of robotics whereby the robots are fundamentally soft and elastically deformable. Fabrication of soft robots is currently challenging and highly time- and labor-intensive. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing of soft materials and multi-materials have become the key to enable direct manufacturing of soft robots with sophisticated designs and functions. Hence, this paper aims to review the current 3D printing processes and materials for soft robotics applications, as well as the potentials of 3D printing technologies on 3D printed soft robotics. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews the polymer 3D printing techniques and materials that have been used for the development of soft robotics. Current challenges to adopting 3D printing for soft robotics are also discussed. Next, the potentials of 3D printing technologies and the future outlooks of 3D printed soft robotics are presented. Findings This paper reviews five different 3D printing techniques and commonly used materials. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique for the soft robotic application are evaluated. The typical designs and geometries used by each technique are also summarized. There is an increasing trend of printing shape memory polymers, as well as multiple materials simultaneously using direct ink writing and material jetting techniques to produce robotics with varying stiffness values that range from intrinsically soft and highly compliant to rigid polymers. Although the recent work is done is still limited to experimentation and prototyping of 3D printed soft robotics, additive manufacturing could ultimately be used for the end-use and production of soft robotics. Originality/value The paper provides the current trend of how 3D printing techniques and materials are used particularly in the soft robotics application. The potentials of 3D printing technology on the soft robotic applications and the future outlooks of 3D printed soft robotics are also presented.

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Afshar, Arash, and Roy Wood. "Development of Weather-Resistant 3D Printed Structures by Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (July 18, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030094.

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Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, has had a big impact on the manufacturing world through its low cost, material recyclability, and fabrication of intricate geometries with a high resolution. Three-dimensionally printed polymer structures in aerospace, marine, construction, and automotive industries are usually intended for service in outdoor environments. During long-term exposures to harsh environmental conditions, the mechanical properties of these structures can be degraded significantly. Developing coating systems for 3D printed parts that protect the structural surface against environmental effects and provide desired surface properties is crucial for the long-term integrity of these structures. In this study, a novel method was presented to create 3D printed structures coated with a weather-resistant material in a single manufacturing operation using multi-material additive manufacturing. One group of specimens was 3D printed from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) material and the other group was printed from ABS and acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA) as a substrate and coating material, respectively. The uncoated ABS specimens suffered significant degradation in the mechanical properties, particularly in the failure strain and toughness, during exposure to UV radiation, moisture, and high temperature. However, the ASA coating preserved the mechanical properties and structural integrity of ABS 3D printed structures in aggressive environments.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D multi-material printing'

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