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Journal articles on the topic '3D relief model'
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1
Galushkin, Alexander Alexeevich, Sofia Lvovna Gonobobleva, Vadim Alexandrovich Parfenov, and Anton Alexandrovich Zhuravlev. "Application of 3D Scanning for Documentation and Creation of Physical Copies of Estampages." Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 40, no. 1 (2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/res-2018-0010.
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Abstract This article discusses the creation of a 3D archive and physical copies of paper reliefs (estamages). A matrix of the estampage is fabricated by the combined use of 3D scanning technology and additive technologies which can then be used for the documentation and conservation of the original estampage. In order to digitize the relief, an optical 3D scanner based on structured light was used and the processing of the 3D model is discussed in detail. Scanning data is uploaded into the microprocessor of a 3D laser printer using stereolithography technology which then creates a conservation matrix. The accuracy of relief reproduction is assessed by comparing its 3D model with 3D models of replicas obtained with the help of 3D printers. The experimental research showed that it is possible to create 3D archives and reproduction of reliefs. This approach is fundamentally new in the practice of museums and archives.
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Zhang, Yu‐Wei, Wenping Wang, Yanzhao Chen, Hui Liu, Zhongping Ji, and Caiming Zhang. "From 2.5D Bas‐relief to 3D Portrait Model." Computer Graphics Forum 39, no. 6 (2020): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14016.
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Gachenko, Andrey, and Alexei Hmelnov. "Problems, methods and technologies of combined 3D model construction for underwater and above-water relief." E3S Web of Conferences 149 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014902002.
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In the article we describe the methods for construction of underwater 3D relief (bathymetry) and combining it with the corresponding ground relief (terrain) when the bathymetry information is of much lower quality than that of terrain. We have developed an algorithm for combining the low quality underwater relief with the higher quality ground relief using Delaunay triangulations. The resulting combined 3D model of relief has no noticeable artifacts and can be used to solve various hydrological tasks, such as computation of the HPP reservoir water level in dependence to the water discharges of the hydroelectric power plant. We have tested the technology for building combined relief 3D model in several scientific projects intended to estimate the changes in the coastline under various water flow scenarios in the basins of Angara River and Lake Baikal.
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Celms, Armands, Vivita Pukite, Ilona Reke, and Jolanta Luksa. "Possibilities of use of remote sensing technology in survey process in the territory of Pils island in Jelgava." Baltic Surveying 9 (December 5, 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.balticsurveying.2018.014.
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In the study, creation of 3D surface relief model in Jelgava, for southern part of the Castle Island is depicted. Information about remote sensing, its historical development, as well as directions of remote sensing, development of photogrammetry and laser scanning is summarized and analysed. Principles of work and methods of photogrammetry and laser scanning. Information about creation of surface relief model from planning of unmanned aircraft, data capture and alignment to the end product – surface relief model. Application of evaluation of data obtained. The purpose of the study – to create 3D surface relief model in Jelgava, for the southern part of the Castle Island. Tasks of the study – to consider development and improvement of photogrammetry and its processes, as well as development of laser scanning and principles of its work; to research, analyse and describe technological processes of laser scanning; to create 3D surface relief model in Jelgava, for the southern part of the Castle Island; to perform comparison of surface models obtained and describe application of laser scanning. Preparation of surface relief model is time-consuming process, which includes flight planning and preparation of end-product. End-products obtained in data processing of laser scanning have very broad usage in many sectors related to geodesy and construction.
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Murtala, Sheriff, Ye-Chan Choi, and Kang-Sun Choi. "A Machine Learning Method Based on 3D Local Surface Representation for Recognizing the Inscriptions on Ancient Stele." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (2021): 5758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125758.
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It is challenging to extract reliefs from ancient steles due to their rough surfaces which contain relief-like noise such as dents and scratches. In this paper, we propose a method to segment relief region from 3D scanned ancient stele by exploiting local surface characteristics. For each surface point, four points that are apart from the reference point along the direction of the principal curvatures of the point are identified. The spin images of the reference point and the four relative points are concatenated to provide additional local surface information of the reference point. A random forest model is trained with the local surface features and thereafter, used to classify 3D surface point as relief or non-relief. To effectively distinguish relief from the degraded surface region containing relief-like noise, the model is trained using three-class labels consisting of relief, background, and degraded surface region. The initial three-class result obtained from the model is refined using the k-nearest neighbors algorithm, and finally, the degraded region is re-labeled to background region. Experimental results show that the proposed method performed better than the state-of-the-art, SVM-based method with a margin of 0.68%, 3.53%, 2.25%, and 2.36%, in accuracy, precision, F1 score, and SIRI, respectively. When compared with the height- and curvature-based methods, the proposed method outperforms these existing methods with an accuracy, precision, F1 score, and SIRI of over 4%, 20%, 11%, and 12%, respectively.
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MASLAKOV, EVGENY ALEXANDROVICH, and MAXIM ANDREEVICH POPOV. "RECREATIONOFA 3D-MODEL OF THE RELIEF OF THE ALBAZIN OSTROG." Messenger AmSU, no. 95 (2021): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/jasu.95.11.
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Andrey, Gachenko, and Khmelnov Alexey. "Technology of 3d relief modelling based on Delaunay triangulation algorithms." E3S Web of Conferences 75 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197503002.
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This paper represents the algorithm of superimposing underwater relief and land relief basing on heterogeneous initial data with the use of Delaunay triangulation. As a result of superimposition a qualitative 3D relief model has been created. This model can be used in generating forecasts of reservoir shoreline alterations related to hydroelectric power plant flushing. The described technology has been approbated in various practical tasks and has shown its efficiency.
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Elshina, Tatyana E., Irina P. Kokorina, and Alexander V. Sysoev. "CREATING A 3D MODEL OF A MOUNTAIN RELIEF FOR GEOINFORMATION SUPPORT OF TOURISM." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1 (May 21, 2021): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-1-162-168.
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The paper considers the issues of creating a 3D model of mountain terrain for geoinformation support of tourism in the Russian Federation on the example of the territory of the Republic of Ingushetia. The classification of types of tourism and objects of natural and cultural heritage in the Republic of Ingushetia is carried out. As a result of the analysis of tourist and administrative sites, as well as web-services of the republics of the Caucasus, a conclusion is made about their insufficient geoinformation support. The possibilities of using 3D models of mountain terrain on web maps for tourism purposes are presented. A digital model of the mountainous terrain of the Republic of Ingushetia with animation of the natural environment has been created. A 3D scene has been developed that conveys the main terrain shapes and the location of objects on the ground. The resulting model can be used to develop routes in different directions, to ensure both organized and independent tourism.
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Župan, Robert, and Stanislav Frangeš. "Automatic Procedural 3d Modelling of Buildings." Tehnički glasnik 12, no. 3 (2018): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20180713143638.
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The problem of modelling, especially of large-scale virtual urban environments such as city areas is today very challenging for cartographers. Cities are difficult to model in detail because of their often complex geometries. This paper describes the applied and tested new procedures for the development of a test three-dimensional urban area model using the Esri CityEngine software, which is based on procedural modelling. This process involves three steps. The first step is to collect the available data, as well as the Digital Model Relief data. The second step is to create a Computer Generated Architecture (CGA) file that contains a set of rules used by the software for an automatic generation of the model. The third step is to create and visualize 3D models in the CityEngine software because it can be programmed, for example, according to the rules of cartographic visualization. The Level of Detail (LOD) 2 was reconstructed. Several potential uses of such 3D visualization are also described.
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Abdumuminov, B. O. "CREATION OF 3D MODEL OF PLACE RELIEF BASED ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND GIS." Экономика и социум, no. 6-1 (2021): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46566/2225-1545_2021_1_85_15.
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Hutchinson, Harry. "Relief for Weary Bones." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 06 (1999): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-jun-3.
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Research using engineering tools is making new options possible in the study and preservation of ancient finds. According to the manager of Dinosaur Hall at the Smithsonian Institution, the plan is to keep the original fossil bones off the floor, in a collection available for study by scholars, and to replace the skeleton with a replica created by methods that will include 3D modeling and rapid prototyping. Computer animations will help recreate the way the animal stood. The optical scanner analyzes an object in a series of small areas, or patches, which must be assembled to create the overall picture. In order to set up the later alignment of the scans, an engineer mapped a digital outline of the Triceratops. Restorers are expected to use the conserved Triceratops bones as patterns for molds, but when parts are missing or mismatched, mirror images will fill in. Paleobiologists will also use the scale model, along with Virtual Surfaces' animations, to study possible reconstructions of the dinosaur's stance.
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Chakravarthi, Vishnubhotla, and Narasimman Sundararajan. "3D gravity inversion of basement relief — A depth-dependent density approach." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 2 (2007): I23—I32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2431634.
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We present a 3D gravity inversion technique, based on the Marquardt algorithm, to analyze gravity anomalies attributable to basement interfaces above which the density contrast varies continuously with depth. The salient feature of this inversion is that the initial depth of the basement is not a required input. The proposed inversion simultaneously estimates the depth of the basement interface and the regional gravity background. Applicability and efficacy of the inversion is demonstrated with a synthetic model of a density interface. We analyze the synthetic gravity anomalies (1) solely because of the structure, (2) in the presence of a regional gravity background, and (3) in the presence of both random noise and regional gravity background. The inverted structure remains more or less the same, regardless of whether the regional background is simulated with a second-degree polynomial or a bilinear equation. The depth of the structure and estimated regional background deviate only modestly from the assumed ones in the presence of random noise and regional background. The analyses of two sets of real field data, one over the Chintalpudi subbasin, India, and another over the Pannonian basin, eastern Austria, yield geologically plausible models with the estimated depths that compare well with drilling data.
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Sahayaraj, R. Anto, Sowmya Ramanan, Raghavan Subramanyan, and Kotturathu Mammen Cherian. "3D Printing to Model Surgical Repair of Complex Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries." World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 10, no. 3 (2017): 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135117704655.
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We report the use of three-dimensional (3D) modeling to plan surgery for physiologic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries with pulmonary atresia, dextrocardia, and complex intra cardiac anatomy. Based on measurements made from the 3D printed model of the actual patient’s anatomy, we anticipated using a composite valved conduit (Dacron tube graft, decellularized bovine jugular vein, and aortic homograft) to establish left ventricle-to-pulmonary artery continuity with relief of stenosis involving the pulmonary artery confluence and bilateral branch pulmonary arteries.
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Nesbit, Paul, and Christopher Hugenholtz. "Enhancing UAV–SfM 3D Model Accuracy in High-Relief Landscapes by Incorporating Oblique Images." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (2019): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030239.
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Complex landscapes with high topographic relief and intricate geometry present challenges for complete and accurate mapping of both lateral (x, y) and vertical (z) detail without deformation. Although small uninhabited/unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) paired with structure-from-motion (SfM) image processing has recently emerged as a popular solution for a range of mapping applications, common image acquisition and processing strategies can result in surface deformation along steep slopes within complex terrain. Incorporation of oblique (off-nadir) images into the UAV–SfM workflow has been shown to reduce systematic errors within resulting models, but there has been no consensus or documentation substantiating use of particular imaging angles. To address these limitations, we examined UAV–SfM models produced from image sets collected with various imaging angles (0–35°) within a high-relief ‘badland’ landscape and compared resulting surfaces with a reference dataset from a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). More than 150 UAV–SfM scenarios were quantitatively evaluated to assess the effects of camera tilt angle, overlap, and imaging configuration on the precision and accuracy of the reconstructed terrain. Results indicate that imaging angle has a profound impact on accuracy and precision for data acquisition with a single camera angle in topographically complex scenes. Results also confirm previous findings that supplementing nadir image blocks with oblique images in the UAV–SfM workflow consistently improves spatial accuracy and precision and reduces data gaps and systematic errors in the final point cloud. Subtle differences among various oblique camera angles and imaging patterns suggest that higher overlap and higher oblique camera angles (20–35°) increased precision and accuracy by nearly 50% relative to nadir-only image blocks. We conclude by presenting four recommendations for incorporating oblique images and adapting flight parameters to enhance 3D mapping applications with UAV–SfM in high-relief terrain.
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Jin, Shoufeng, Yang Chen, Jiajie Yin, et al. "Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Fleece Fabric Surface for Thickness Evaluation." Electronics 9, no. 9 (2020): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091346.
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Aiming at solving the problem of manually measuring the fabric surface thickness, this paper proposes a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method based on the tangential two-dimensional (2D) sequence images. Firstly, the characteristic region of the fabric surface is extracted. Secondly, the image is splitting based on the maximum between-class variance method. Thirdly, the splitting image is processed by the morphological method. Fourthly, the canny operator is used to obtain the edge detection for calculating the edge contour coordinate. Finally, the surf function is used to reconstruct the 3D model of the fabric surface. To evaluate the performance of the proposed 3D model, the thickness and relief degree of the fabric surface are used, and the comparison between the proposed method and the manual measurement is carried out. The results demonstrate that, under a reasonable relief degree condition, the proposed method is more effective to evaluate the thickness of the fabric surface and the estimated thickness is more accurate than the manually measured one.
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Malecha, Ziemowit (M), Maciej Chorowski, and Jarosław Poliński. "Numerical study of emergency cold helium relief into tunnel using a simplified 3D model." Cryogenics 57 (October 2013): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2013.07.006.
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Wabiński, Jakub, and Marta Kuźma. "The visualization of a mountain using 3D printing." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 66, no. 3 (2017): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5390.
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Flat studies showing terrain (e.g. in form of maps) do not fully reflect its nature. Planning or design projects are definitely better represented in three-dimensional space. Previously used “sand tables”, especially popular in military applications, are expensive and uncomfortable to use due to their large size. In addition, they are modifiable only to a small extent and do not provide such accuracy as traditional maps. With the development of modern model relief techniques, a spectrum of the possibilities for development of customized spatial models (defined as models of the surrounding reality, mapped in the appropriate scale in three dimensions), has increased. The aim of this article is to present the possibilities of using 3D printing for the visualization of a mountain. Based on the digital terrain model (DTM), a model of a part of the Tatra Mountains was developed. It was established by DTM data processing and printing on a 3D printer using the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology. This article describes the principles for developing such a model and the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed solution. Keywords: cartography, digital terrain model, sand table, FDM technology
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Elshina, Tatyana E., Irina P. Kokorina, and Alexander V. Sysoev. "BUILDING AND USING A 3D MODEL OF A MOUNTAINOUS LANDFORM FOR GEOINFORMATIONAL SUPPORT OF TOURISM." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 26, no. 5 (2021): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2021-26-5-108-118.
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The article deals with the creation and use of a 3D model of mountain terrain for geoinformation support of tourism in the Russian Federation on the example of the territory of the Republic of In-gushetia. The aim of the work is to develop and apply a digital 3D model of mountain terrain for use in creating an interactive tourist map on web services, as well as tourist and administrative sites of the republics of the Caucasus. Methods of geoinformational mapping, terrain modeling, cartographic research method and modern software were used: 3D Spatial Analysts, WorldMachine, Unity 3D. The classification of tourism types and objects of natural and cultural heritage in the Republic of Ingushetia is carried out. As a result of the analysis of tourist and administrative sites, as well as web-services of the republics of the Caucasus, a conclusion is made about their insufficient geoinformation support. The possibilities of using 3D models of mountain terrain on web maps for tourism purposes are pre-sented. A digital model of mountainous landform in the Republic of Ingushetia is created. A 3D scene, which shows basic relief forms and objects’ location is developed.
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Воробьев, A. A., Yu A. Makedonova, A. O. Solov'ev, et al. "Accurate Measurement of Surface Areas of Anatomical Structures Including Areas with an Irregular Relief: a Modern Solution to the Problem." Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 9, no. 4 (2021): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-4-90-95.
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Relevance. The currently available methods for measuring anatomical areas with irregular relief do not claim to be accurate and easy to use.The aim of the study was to develop a method for measuring the surface area of an anatomical region (substructure) with an irregular relief.Material and methods. There was developed an option to measure the surface area of an anatomical region (substructure) with a complex relief in patients with pathology of the maxillofacial region and perineum using realistic 3D modeling.Results. The principle of the developed method is that, firstly, it is necessary to determine the patient's "zone of interest", where it is planned to measure the surface area; after that, digital photographs of the defined area are taken to obtain a sufficient number of images from the maximum number of available angles using a template with predefined dimensions for scaling. Then the obtained photographs are processed in the program for the 3D model reconstruction, and a realistic 3D model that correctly repeats the relief of the "zone of interest" and guarantees measurements of the surface area taking into account all its individual features is obtained. The method has been tested in obstetrics and gynecology, dentistry, maxillofacial surgery.Conclusion. This technique has been proved to be simple, accessible, fast, highly accurate in measuring the area of anatomical regions with complex relief. At the same time, the investigated object does not need fixation and prolonged immobility. A digital optical device is used contactless, the fact being significant in situations where it is necessary to comply with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis.
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Sukhinov, A. I., V. V. Sidoryakina, and S. V. Protsenko. "Coastal wave processes numerical modeling for large valley-type reservoirs." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 3 (2021): 032051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/3/032051.
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Abstract The problem of modeling sediment transport and wave processes of large valley-type reservoir under non-stationary conditions of the hydrological cycle active phase (spring-autumn period) is considered. Coupled 2D sediment transport model and 3D wave hydrodynamics was considered to describe these processes, which uses the Navier-Stokes equations. The wave hydrodynamics model is applied to large reservoir of the valley type, such as Tsimlyansky reservoir. Detailed numerical experiments were performed taking into account the real coastline geometry and the bottom relief of the Tsimlyansk reservoir southwestern part. The developed complex of models and programs allows to predict reshaping the bottom relief and coastline under various hydrometeorological conditions. The results of modeling can be in demand when planning water management activities in valley-type reservoirs.
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Suwardhi, Deni, Muhammad Mukhlisin, Dendy Darmawan, Shafarina Wahyu Trisyanti, Brahmantara Brahmantara, and Yudi Suhartono. "Survey dan Pemodelan 3D (Tiga Dimensi) untuk Dokumentasi Digital Candi Borobudur." Jurnal Konservasi Cagar Budaya 10, no. 2 (2016): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33374/jurnalkonservasicagarbudaya.v10i2.150.
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Candi Borobudur merupakan salah satu warisan budaya masa lampau yang sudah ditetapkan oleh UNESCO sebagai Warisan Dunia. Upaya pelestarian Candi Borobudur sebagai salah satu Warisan Dunia (World Heritage) terus dilakukan oleh para pelestari, salah satunya adalah dengan melakukan perekaman secara digital dalam bentuk model 3D (tiga dimensi). Data - data yang disampaikan dalam kajian ini merupakan hasil survey yang terdiri dari (i) survey pemotretan udara menggunakan WUNA (wahana udara nir-awak), (ii) survey pemotretan terestris, (iii) survey terestris menggunakan sensor aktif laser scanner, dan (iv) survey GPS (Global Positioning System) teliti. Kamera yang digunakan dalam pemotretan udara maupun terestris adalah kamera digital format kecil non-metrik yang mempunyai karakteristik parameter orientasi dalam, seperti panjang fokus dan distorsi lensa, yang tidak stabil, sedangkan untuk pemotretan bagian candi yang sulit diambil dari udara seperti patung, relief dan stupa, digunakan teknik foto terestris rentang dekat yang mempunyai prinsip sama dengan teknik foto udara. Salah satu tantangan dalam pengolahan data hasil kajian ini adalah bagaimana teknik Fotogrametri Digital memungkinkan penggabungan keseluruhan foto yang diambil dengan data hasil survey GPS teliti sebagai titik kontrol dan memberi koordinat global pada model 3D yang dihasilkan. Penggabungan tersebut mempunyai tujuan untuk menghasilkan model 3D dengan ragam tingkat kedetilan (Multilevel of Detail). Beberapa objek dengan tingkat kedetilan tinggi, seperti patung, relief dan stupa, dibandingkan dengan model yang dihasilkan dari sensor aktif laser scanner. Setelah untuk analisis lebih lanjut. Kerangka kerja internasional untuk pemodelan kota 3D khususnya obyek Warisan.
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Chistyakov, A., E. Protsenko, V. Sidoryakina, and S. Protsenko. "Mathematical modeling of 3D current flows for narrow shallow water bodies of complicated forms." E3S Web of Conferences 224 (2020): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022402008.
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This article is devoted to the modeling of three-dimensional currents for narrow shallow water systems like Kerch straight. Model, which is presented in this article, is based on previously constructed 3D discrete model which has used cell filling function and rectangular uniform grids. The effect of rising free surface function has been detected in narrowest part of straight in numerical modelling. The proposed discrete models remain stable at depth differences tens of times, which is an important factor for coastal systems. Also this approach may be applied for wave evolution prediction in narrow straits of complicated bottom relief and coastal line.
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Lee, Dae Geon, Young Ha Shin, and Dong-Cheon Lee. "Land Cover Classification Using SegNet with Slope, Aspect, and Multidirectional Shaded Relief Images Derived from Digital Surface Model." Journal of Sensors 2020 (September 12, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8825509.
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Most object detection, recognition, and classification are performed using optical imagery. Images are unable to fully represent the real-world due to the limited range of the visible light spectrum reflected light from the surfaces of the objects. In this regard, physical and geometrical information from other data sources would compensate for the limitation of the optical imagery and bring a synergistic effect for training deep learning (DL) models. In this paper, we propose to classify terrain features using convolutional neural network (CNN) based SegNet model by utilizing 3D geospatial data including infrared (IR) orthoimages, digital surface model (DSM), and derived information. The slope, aspect, and shaded relief images (SRIs) were derived from the DSM and were used as training data for the DL model. The experiments were carried out using the Vaihingen and Potsdam dataset provided by the German Society for Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation (DGPF) through the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS). The dataset includes IR orthoimages, DSM, airborne LiDAR data, and label data. The motivation of utilizing 3D data and derived information for training the DL model is that real-world objects are 3D features. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach of utilizing and integrating various informative feature data could improve the performance of the DL for semantic segmentation. In particular, the accuracy of building classification is higher compared with other natural objects because derived information could provide geometric characteristics. Intersection-of-union (IoU) of the buildings for the test data and the new unseen data with combining all derived data were 84.90% and 52.45%, respectively.
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Fissore, F., A. Guarnieri, and A. Vettore. "DIGITAL MODEL OFWALLS OF PADUA LOWRELIEF." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W8 (November 13, 2017): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w8-95-2017.
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Photogrammetry has been widely used in the recent years in a number of applications, e.g. cultural heritage, surveying buildings and infrastructures. Despite nowadays its use is quite common, most of the used photogrammetric softwares are commercial. This paper aims at comparing the use of a free Matlab tool that is being developed at the University of Padova mostly for educational purposes with that of a commercial (and widely used) software (Agisoft PhotoScan). Despite the above mentioned free Matlab tool is designed to work for airborne photogrammetric, in this work it is used in a slightly different case: the 3D reconstruction of a low relief of the walls of Padova, which is on the fac¸ade of the church Santa Maria del Giglio, Venice, Italy.
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Wang, Yi, Xiao-Wei Guo, Dong Liu, et al. "A 3D Numerical Study of Supersonic Steam Dumping Process of the Pressurizer Relief Tank." Energies 12, no. 12 (2019): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122276.
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Simulating the steam dumping process of a pressurized relief tank is a challenging engineering problem, due to the massive computing resource requirements and its complex physical models. This study gave a comprehensive 3D numerical study for the transient dumping process from the PRT (Pressurizer Relief Tank) to the room containing the tank. The physical model, geometry design and meshing strategy, along with the numerical techniques, have been described in detail. Through parallel simulations based on the open source CFD toolbox OpenFOAM, numerical results for the temperature, pressure, and the velocity distribution are presented. The results show that the maximum velocity throughout the whole domain is 967 m/s over Mach 2 and the maximum pressure on the roof of the room is 2.8 atm. It could provide the guidance information for the safety design of the reactor coolant system. Additionally, comparison cases between OpenFOAM and CFX are tested, and it turns out that OpenFOAM could produce comparable accuracy with commercial CFD software and scale to much more computing cores in parallel simulations.
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Wang, Yu, and Yun Yi Wu. "Study on Numerical Simulation of Gas Explosion inside Compression Compartment of Gas Filling Station." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.531.
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For the compression compartment safety design in gas filling station, hazards of gas explosion inside compression compartment should be assessed, and explosion energy as well as influence factors should be determined. In this paper, numerical simulation was adopted to build 3D model of compression compartment and simulate gas explosion pressure and flame propagation behavior under different ignition point location, open-pressure and weight of relief panels. The results show that the ignition point location relative to the location of the vent opening and relief panel’s characteristics is very important for gas explosion inside compression compartment. The nearer the ignition point location is away from the venting opening location, the smaller the caused explosion pressure will be. For the relief panel, explosion pressure is proportional with the open-pressure and the weight of relief panel. Besides the rational distribution of ignition source and the adoption of relief panel with less unit weight and relief pressure, the crushing material damage and secondary hazard of flame should also be noticed in order to mitigate the hazard of gas explosion.
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Cooke, K., R. Kieser, and R. D. Stanley. "Acoustic observation and assessment of fish in high-relief habitats." ICES Journal of Marine Science 60, no. 3 (2003): 658–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-3139(03)00052-3.
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Abstract Acoustics present an alternative sampling strategy in areas characterized by steep slopes and rugged terrain where fishing is impractical. However, when the interference between echoes from fish targets and boundaries is severe, acoustic observations require careful interpretation of the echo returns. This article outlines a method of generating a representative 3D model of the bottom topography that can assist in near-boundary fish discrimination. Images provide greater insight to echo source and highlight some of the difficulties associated with classifying acoustic sign. The results emphasize the importance of good survey design aimed at minimizing side-lobe interference and reducing acoustic-shadow zones.
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Gorte, B., and C. van der Sande. "Reducing false alarm rates during change detection by modeling relief, shade and shadow of multi-temporal imagery." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-4 (April 23, 2014): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-4-65-2014.
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Change detection on the basis of multi-temporal imagery may lead to false alarms when the image has changed, whereas the scene has not. Geometric image differerences in an unchanged scene may be due to relief displacement, caused by diferent camera positions. Radiometric differences may be caused by changes in illumimation and shadow between the images, caused by a different position of the sun. The effects may be predicted, and after that compensated, if a 3d model of the scene is available. The paper presents an integrated approach to prediction of and compensation for relief displacement, shading and shadow.
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Bridle, Ralph. "Sand curve facelift: Empirical to polynomial model and the effect on the tomogram." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 3 (2017): U37—U48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0175.1.
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An empirical thickness versus time relationship sand curve has been established in the Rub’ al-Khali desert and verified by a theoretical curve from the direct measurements of sand. The empirical sand curve has variable success in other areas of Saudi Arabia. We established a theoretical sand curve model to determine the single-way time in dry sand. Tomographic modeling of a higher resolution 3D seismic survey contributes more data to refine the relationship. Polynomial curves were used in the calculation of near-surface static corrections to improve the solution for low-relief structures.
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Kumar, K., A. Labetski, H. Ledoux, and J. Stoter. "AN IMPROVED LOD FRAMEWORK FOR THE TERRAINS IN 3D CITY MODELS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W8 (September 23, 2019): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w8-75-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings, bridges, tunnels, and to some extent for roads, there is no clear definition of LODs for terrain/relief, vegetation, land use, water bodies, and generic city objects in CityGML. In addition, extensive research has been done to refine the LOD concept of CityGML for buildings but little is known on requirements and possibilities to model city object types as terrain at different LODs. To address this gap, we focus in this paper on the terrain of a 3D city model and propose a framework for modelling terrains at different LODs in CityGML. As a proof of concept of our framework, we implemented a software prototype to generate terrain models with other city features integrated (e.g. buildings) at different LODs in CityGML.</p>
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Stupariu, Mihai Sorin, Ileana Georgeta Pàtru-Stupariu, and Roxana Cuculici. "Geometric approaches to computing 3D-landscape metrics." Landscape Online 24 (October 22, 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201024.
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The relationships between patterns and processes lie at the core of modern landscape ecology. These dependences can be quantified by using indices related to the patch-corridor-matrix model. This model conceptualizes landscapes as planar mosaics consisting of discrete patches. On the other hand, relief variability is a key factor for many ecological processes, and therefore these processes can be better modeled by integrating information concerning the third dimension of landscapes. This can be done by generating a triangle mesh which approximates the original terrain. The aim of this methodological paper is to introduce two new constructions of triangulations which replace a digital elevation model. These approximation methods are compared with the method which was already used in the computation of 3D-landscape metrics (firstly for parameterized surfaces and secondly for two landscape mosaics). The statistical analysis shows that all three methods are of almost equal sensitivity in reflecting the relationship between terrain ruggedness and the patches areas and perimeters. In particular, either of the methods can be used for approximating the real values of these basic metrics. However, the two methods introduced in this paper have the advantage of yielding continuous approximations of the terrain, and this fact could be useful for further developments.
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Vinković, Adam, Robert Župan, Stanislav Frangeš, and Damir Medak. "Combining multiple shaded reliefs with hypsometric colouring and digital orthophotos using free and open-source software." Proceedings of the ICA 4 (December 3, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-4-111-2021.
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Abstract. In this paper we combined layers created from several terrain rendering techniques, namely a shaded relief rendered in the free and open-source 3D computer graphics software Blender, a hillshade created in the free and opensource Geographic Information System (GIS) software QGIS, a hypsometric coloured Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and a draped digital orthophoto. Following a recent trend in the cartographic community towards using Blender, we tried to improve the standard relief visualization in common GIS software by blending it with a shaded relief rendered in Blender. Using different QGIS blending modes and opacity values we achieved different graphic visualizations. To compare and evaluate the suitability of different rendering techniques we chose national park Risnjak located in Croatia because of its specific and diverse terrain landforms. After comparing different input layers and parameter sets, we selected the blending combination which is best suited for visualizing terrain characteristics of all Croatian national parks. The result is a shaded relief created for every national park which is combined from a shaded relief rendered in Blender, a hillshade created in QGIS, a hypsometric coloured DEM and a draped digital orthophoto.
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Macher, H., P. Grussenmeyer, T. Landes, G. Halin, C. Chevrier, and O. Huyghe. "PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECORDING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF TOWN SCALE MODELS – THE CASE OF THE PLAN-RELIEF OF STRASBOURG." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 21, 2017): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-489-2017.
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The French collection of Plan-Reliefs, scale models of fortified towns, constitutes a precious testimony of the history of France. The aim of the URBANIA project is the valorisation and the diffusion of this Heritage through the creation of virtual models. The town scale model of Strasbourg at 1/600 currently exhibited in the Historical Museum of Strasbourg was selected as a case study. In this paper, the photogrammetric recording of this scale model is first presented. The acquisition protocol as well as the data post-processing are detailed. Then, the modelling of the city and more specially building blocks is investigated. Based on point clouds of the scale model, the extraction of roof elements is considered. It deals first with the segmentation of the point cloud into building blocks. Then, for each block, points belonging to roofs are identified and the extraction of chimney point clouds as well as roof ridges and roof planes is performed. Finally, the 3D parametric modelling of the building blocks is studied by considering roof polygons and polylines describing chimneys as input. In a future works section, the semantically enrichment and the potential usage scenarios of the scale model are envisaged.
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Verhoeven, G. J. "COMPUTER GRAPHICS MEETS IMAGE FUSION: THE POWER OF TEXTURE BAKING TO SIMULTANEOUSLY VISUALISE 3D SURFACE FEATURES AND COLOUR." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W2 (August 17, 2017): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w2-295-2017.
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Since a few years, structure-from-motion and multi-view stereo pipelines have become omnipresent in the cultural heritage domain. The fact that such Image-Based Modelling (IBM) approaches are capable of providing a photo-realistic texture along the threedimensional (3D) digital surface geometry is often considered a unique selling point, certainly for those cases that aim for a visually pleasing result. However, this texture can very often also obscure the underlying geometrical details of the surface, making it very hard to assess the morphological features of the digitised artefact or scene. Instead of constantly switching between the textured and untextured version of the 3D surface model, this paper presents a new method to generate a morphology-enhanced colour texture for the 3D polymesh. The presented approach tries to overcome this switching between objects visualisations by fusing the original colour texture data with a specific depiction of the surface normals. Whether applied to the original 3D surface model or a lowresolution derivative, this newly generated texture does not solely convey the colours in a proper way but also enhances the smalland large-scale spatial and morphological features that are hard or impossible to perceive in the original textured model. In addition, the technique is very useful for low-end 3D viewers, since no additional memory and computing capacity are needed to convey relief details properly. Apart from simple visualisation purposes, the textured 3D models are now also better suited for on-surface interpretative mapping and the generation of line drawings.
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Chenaux, A., M. Murphy, S. Pavia, et al. "A REVIEW OF 3D GIS FOR USE IN CREATING VIRTUAL HISTORIC DUBLIN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-249-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper illustrates how BIM integration with GIS is approached as part of the workflow in creating Virtual Historic Dublin. A design for a WEB based interactive 3D model of historic buildings and centres in Dublin City (Virtual Historic Dublin City) paralleling smart city initiates is now under construction and led by the National Monuments at the Office of Public Works in Ireland. The aim is to facilitate the conservation and maintenance of historic infrastructure and fabric and the dissemination of knowledge for education and cultural tourism using an extensive Historic Building Information Model. Remote sensing data is now processed with greater ease to create 3D intelligent models in Historic BIM. While the use of remote sensing, HBIM and game engine platforms are the main applications used at present, 3D GIS has potential to form part of the workflow for developing the Virtual Historic City. 2D GIS is now being replaced by 3D spatial data allowing more complex analysis to be carried out, 3D GIS can define and depict buildings, urban rural centres in relation to their geometry topological, semantic and visualisation properties. The addition of semantic attributes allows complex analysis and 3D spatial queries for modelling city and urban elements. This analysis includes fabric and structural elements of buildings, relief, vegetation, transportation, water bodies, city furniture and land use.</p>
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Filgueiras Pereira, Tiago, and Sérgio Adriano Moura Oliveira. "The effectiveness of spectral decomposition-based layer thickness estimation: A seismic physical modeling example." Interpretation 8, no. 3 (2020): T625—T637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0236.1.
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We have constructed a channel complex model at a scale of 1:10,000 by stacking 3D-printed polylactide layers with negative relief meandering channels. This model was subjected to an ultrasonic common-offset acquisition in a water tank (with the water filling the channels), and the result was treated as a zero-offset 3D acoustic reflection seismogram, receiving a deterministic deconvolution and a poststack migration as data treatment. We then developed an algorithm to yield volumes of estimated two-way time layer thickness from multiple-frequency volumes obtained through the short-time Fourier transform. The estimated thicknesses were compared with the measurements of the physical model obtained through X-ray computed tomography. Despite the strong signal attenuation and imaging issues, the results were rather satisfactory, increasing the confidence in using spectral decomposition for quantitative seismic analysis.
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Agarwala, Ranjeet, Carlos J. Anciano, Joshua Stevens, Robert Allen Chin, and Preston Sparks. "3D printing for chest wall reconstructive surgery." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 7 (2020): 1217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2018-0299.
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Purpose The purpose of the paper was to present a specific case study of how 3D printing was introduced in the chest wall construction process of a specific patient with unique medical condition. A life-size 3D model of the patient’s chest wall was 3D printed for pre-surgical planning. The intent was to eliminate the need for operative exposure to map the pathological area. The model was used for preoperative visualization and formation of a 1-mm thick titanium plate implant, which was placed in the patient during chest wall reconstructive surgery. The purpose of the surgery was to relive debilitating chronic pain due to right scapular entrapment. Design/methodology/approach The patient was born with a twisted spine. Over time, it progressed to severe and debilitating scoliosis, which required the use of a thoracic brace. Computerized tomography (CT) data were converted to a 3D printed model. The model was used to size and form a 1-mm thick titanium plate implant. It was also used to determine the ideal location for placement of the plate during thoracotomy preoperatively. Findings The surgery, aided by the model, was successful and resulted in a significantly smaller incision. The techniques reduced invasiveness and enabled the doctors to conduct the procedure efficiently and decreased surgery time. The patient experienced relief of the chronic debilitating pain and no longer need the thoracic brace. Originality/value The 3D model facilitated pre-operative planning and modeling of the implant. It also enabled accurate incision locations of the thoracotomy site and placement of the implant. Although chest wall reconstruction surgeries have been undertaken, this paper documents a specific case study of chest wall construction fora specific patient with unique pathological conditions.
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Chernyshev, Sergey, Igor Rubtsov, and Elena Elmanova. "Innovative technologies in brick masonry restoration of architectural monuments." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819304007.
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The facade walls of ancient Russian landmark buildings built of brick or natural stone, are generally flat, have a complex relief created in order to obtain an effect of light and shade in side lighting. In the restoration, reconstruction, as well as new construction in retro style, this relief should be reproduced. The report describes the “flat” relief of the 19th century’s landmark building – the church in the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow. The surface was scanned with Trimble S6 electronic tacheometer with subsequent processing by 3D Reshaper Survey Bundle program and mathematical description of digital data using the theory of random functions. It was established that the wall surface can be modeled by a nonstationary random function with two harmonics. To realize a model in the masonry of the restored or reconstructed wall, the basic technology was proposed, which embraced techniques of researching, designing and reproducing the surface of an uneven facade wall.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Sediment thickness in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea compared with topography and geophysical settings by GMT." Ovidius University Annals of Constanta - Series Civil Engineering 22, no. 1 (2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ouacsce-2020-0002.
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Abstract The study presents an analysis of the sediment thickness compared with bathymetric and geophysical settings in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean. It uses a combination of the high-resolution data: topographic GEBCO, satellite and marine gravity anomalies, EGM2008 geoid and GlobSed to visualize the correlation between relief, gravity and trends in continent-ocean sediment transport. The results include thematic maps and 3D model showing increased sediment thickness in the Bengal Fan (8,0 to 8,2 km) in NE direction with maximum in Ganges Fan (16,2 km), and southward decrease in the Andaman Sea from Irrawaddy river mouth (6-7 km) to the Strait of Malacca (1-2 km). All maps and 3D model have been plotted by Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) cartographic scripting toolset version 6.0.0.
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Chen, Hui Xian, Gong Chu, Meng Pei Wu, and Hui Jun Yang. "Research on Geometric Modeling Method of Finishing Milling Cutter with Fir-Slot." Key Engineering Materials 589-590 (October 2013): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.589-590.438.
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Because of the influence of tool geometry, when the fine slotting cutter is cutting, the cutting condition at every point of the type line cutting edge varies, which will lead to uneven loading on the whole cutting edge. Finally, partial earlier failure of the cutter would be initiated. To solve this problem, this paper presented a cutting simulation of the slotting cutter with zero rake angle, which could draw the variation law of cutting force at different locations on the type line. On the basis of micro-elemental milling force model, this paper established mathematical models of different sections along the turning axis of cutting tool, in which the relief angle changed to adapt to the variation of cutting force. The variation law of relief angle could be found by utilizing liner regression analysis. Then the 3D model of tool could be reconstructed. According to cutting experiment analysis of the reconstructed model, the distribution of cutting force at every point of the cutting edge tended to be reasonable, and the rationality of the optimal model was proved. This will offer a new idea to improve the level of slotting cutter design as well as a reference of complex forming cutter design that was completed by using the modern design method.
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Belashev, Boris, Lyubov Bakunovich, Nikolai Sharov, and Michail Nilov. "Seismic Density Model of the White Sea’s Crust." Geosciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10120492.
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Study of the deep structure of the White Sea region is relevant to active geodynamics, manifestations of kimberlite magmatism, and the prospects of oil and gas searches. The aim of this work was to model the velocity and density structure of the earth’s crust in the White Sea region. Modelling was carried out using the known data of instrumental observations and the software complex “Integro”. With the help of 2D models based on deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles and a digital map of the anomalous gravity field, the density structures of local areas of the region’s crust were refined. A 3D density model was built. Within the framework of this model, the positions of the density layers were determined. The relief of the Mohorovichich (Moho or M) discontinuity reflects the anomalies of the gravity field. Depression of the Moho boundary in the bottleneck of the White Sea indicates the vertical structure of the earth’s crust associated with manifestations of kimberlite magmatism.
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Krauss, T., P. d'Angelo, G. Kuschk, J. Tian, and T. Partovi. "3D-information fusion from very high resolution satellite sensors." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-651-2015.
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In this paper we show the pre-processing and potential for environmental applications of very high resolution (VHR) satellite stereo imagery like these from WorldView-2 or Pl´eiades with ground sampling distances (GSD) of half a metre to a metre. To process such data first a dense digital surface model (DSM) has to be generated. Afterwards from this a digital terrain model (DTM) representing the ground and a so called normalized digital elevation model (nDEM) representing off-ground objects are derived. Combining these elevation based data with a spectral classification allows detection and extraction of objects from the satellite scenes. Beside the object extraction also the DSM and DTM can directly be used for simulation and monitoring of environmental issues. Examples are the simulation of floodings, building-volume and people estimation, simulation of noise from roads, wave-propagation for cellphones, wind and light for estimating renewable energy sources, 3D change detection, earthquake preparedness and crisis relief, urban development and sprawl of informal settlements and much more. Also outside of urban areas volume information brings literally a new dimension to earth oberservation tasks like the volume estimations of forests and illegal logging, volume of (illegal) open pit mining activities, estimation of flooding or tsunami risks, dike planning, etc. In this paper we present the preprocessing from the original level-1 satellite data to digital surface models (DSMs), corresponding VHR ortho images and derived digital terrain models (DTMs). From these components we present how a monitoring and decision fusion based 3D change detection can be realized by using different acquisitions. The results are analyzed and assessed to derive quality parameters for the presented method. Finally the usability of 3D information fusion from VHR satellite imagery is discussed and evaluated.
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Βαφείδης, Α., H. Hamdan, Ν. Ανδρονικίδης, et al. "CONTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL TOMOGRAPH AND SEISMIC REFRACTION IN SITE SELECTION FOR A DAM AT KOUNTOURA, CHANIA." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 3 (2004): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16464.
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This paper presents the results from a geophysical survey conducted at Kountoura vergion, Chania. The aim of this survey was to estimate the thickness of the geological formations in the area where a dam is going to be constructed. Electrical tomography and seismic refraction were utilized in order to indicate the location of four drill holes. VLF, well logging and drill hole sampling were carried out. A 3D model was constructed indicating the relief of the underlying neogene marls covered by recent deposits and neogene conglomerates whose thickness ranges from 2-30m. This model does not show any major faults, which may affect the construction of the dam. The relief of the neogene marls is mainly affected by the paleorelief of the phyllite-quartzites and the underlying carbonates. One of the wells shows the weathered layer of phylite-quartzites at depth less than 20 m. This survey shows that the geophysical method give useful information regarding the site selection for the dam at Kountoura.
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Suesut, T., S. Gulphanich, and K. Roonprasang. "3D Metallic Surface Acquisition for Inspection and Reading Character." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.394.
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This paper presents a real-time implementation of 3D acquisition for reading text and inspection the metallic surface based on light sectioning. A measurement is achieved with a standard low cost CMOS camera. Surface defects are modeled as deviations in the local relief from a smooth approximation of the surface. Discrete orthogonal bases are used to generate a smoothed global model of the surface structure. Modified discrete Tchebychev polynomials are used as orthogonal basis functions to perform least square approximations of the geometry. QR decomposition is used to obtain a unitary basis, minimizing the numerical effort when modeling surfaces. The result of test measurements on copper sheets in a production environment is presented to demonstrate the surface inspection. Another result is shown the readable character on the textured metallic surface after the proposed processing. A prototype system of the laser scanning instrument can be implemented in a production line as well.
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Zahia, Sofia, Begonya Garcia-Zapirain, and Adel Elmaghraby. "Integrating 3D Model Representation for an Accurate Non-Invasive Assessment of Pressure Injuries with Deep Learning." Sensors 20, no. 10 (2020): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102933.
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Pressure injuries represent a major concern in many nations. These wounds result from prolonged pressure on the skin, which mainly occur among elderly and disabled patients. If retrieving quantitative information using invasive methods is the most used method, it causes significant pain and discomfort to the patients and may also increase the risk of infections. Hence, developing non-intrusive methods for the assessment of pressure injuries would represent a highly useful tool for caregivers and a relief for patients. Traditional methods rely on findings retrieved solely from 2D images. Thus, bypassing the 3D information deriving from the deep and irregular shape of this type of wounds leads to biased measurements. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end system which uses a single 2D image and a 3D mesh of the pressure injury, acquired using the Structure Sensor, and outputs all the necessary findings such as: external segmentation of the wound as well as its real-world measurements (depth, area, volume, major axis and minor axis). More specifically, a first block composed of a Mask RCNN model uses the 2D image to output the segmentation of the external boundaries of the wound. Then, a second block matches the 2D and 3D views to segment the wound in the 3D mesh using the segmentation output and generates the aforementioned real-world measurements. Experimental results showed that the proposed framework can not only output refined segmentation with 87% precision, but also retrieves reliable measurements, which can be used for medical assessment and healing evaluation of pressure injuries.
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Trubina, L. K., and O. N. Nikolaeva. "On practice of integrated environmental mapping of urban areas taking into account pollution dissemination." Geodesy and Cartography 960, no. 6 (2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2020-960-6-20-28.
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The high level of environment pollution is specific to urbanized territories. The efficient solution of city ecological problems requires considering urban environment as a dynamic system and taking its development over time and space into account. This can be achieved through a complex analysis of time and space dynamics of pollutants in accordance with natural conditions and city infrastructure. The study determines an approach to the environmental assessment of the urbanized territory based on geoinformation analysis and 3D cartographic modelling time and space dynamics of pollutants spreading in the urban environment. The approach to assessing it, taking into account the patterns of pollution dissemination is substantiated. The logical sequence of integrating heterogeneous environmental data for pollution distribution modelling is offered. The digital relief and terrain models of Novosibirsk city are formed. The environmental database of Novosibirsk city is developed. The city area zoning by composite index regarding environmental risk is given. A 3D model of pollution dissemination is developed.
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Kalacska, Margaret, Oliver Lucanus, J. Pablo Arroyo-Mora, et al. "Accuracy of 3D Landscape Reconstruction without Ground Control Points Using Different UAS Platforms." Drones 4, no. 2 (2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4020013.
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The rapid increase of low-cost consumer-grade to enterprise-level unmanned aerial systems (UASs) has resulted in the exponential use of these systems in many applications. Structure from motion with multiview stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry is now the baseline for the development of orthoimages and 3D surfaces (e.g., digital elevation models). The horizontal and vertical positional accuracies (x, y and z) of these products in general, rely heavily on the use of ground control points (GCPs). However, for many applications, the use of GCPs is not possible. Here we tested 14 UASs to assess the positional and within-model accuracy of SfM-MVS reconstructions of low-relief landscapes without GCPs ranging from consumer to enterprise-grade vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) platforms. We found that high positional accuracy is not necessarily related to the platform cost or grade, rather the most important aspect is the use of post-processing kinetic (PPK) or real-time kinetic (RTK) solutions for geotagging the photographs. SfM-MVS products generated from UAS with onboard geotagging, regardless of grade, results in greater positional accuracies and lower within-model errors. We conclude that where repeatability and adherence to a high level of accuracy are needed, only RTK and PPK systems should be used without GCPs.
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El Saer, A., C. Stentoumis, I. Kalisperakis, and P. Nomikou. "DEVELOPING A STRATEGY FOR PRECISE 3D MODELLING OF LARGE-SCALE SCENES FOR VR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2020 (August 25, 2020): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-567-2020.
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Abstract. In this work, we present a methodology for precise 3D modelling and multi-source geospatial data blending for the purposes of Virtual Reality immersive and interactive experiences. We evaluate it on the volcanic island of Santorini due to its formidable geological terrain and the interest it poses for scientific and touristic purposes. The methodology developed here consists of three main steps. Initially, bathymetric and SRTM data are scaled down to match the smallest resolution of our dataset (LIDAR). Afterwards, the resulted elevations are combined based on the slope of the relief, while considering a buffer area to enforce a smoother terrain. As a final step, the orthophotos are combined with the estimated Digital Terrain Model, via applying a nearest neighbour matching schema leading to the final terrain background. In addition to this, both onshore and offshore points-of-interest were modelled via image-based 3D reconstruction and added to the virtual scene. The overall geospatial data that need to be visualized in applications demanding photo-textured hyper-realistic models pose a significant challenge. The 3D models are treated via a mesh optimization workflow, suitable for efficient and fast visualization in virtual reality engines, through mesh simplification, physically based rendering texture maps baking, and level-of-details.
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Bindzárová Gergeľová, Marcela, Žofia Kuzevičová, Slavomír Labant, et al. "Evaluation of Selected Sub-Elements of Spatial Data Quality on 3D Flood Event Modeling: Case Study of Prešov City, Slovakia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030820.
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Weather-related disasters represent a major threat to the sustainable development of society. This study focuses directly on the assessment of the state of spatial information quality for the needs of hydrodynamic modeling. Based on the selected procedures and methods designed for the collection and processing of spatial information, the aim of this study was to assess their qualitative level of suitability for 3D flood event modeling in accordance with the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) Directive. In the evaluation process we entered geodetic measurements and the digital relief model 3.5 (DMR 3.5) available for the territory of the Slovak Republic. The result of this study is an assessment of the qualitative analysis on three levels: (i) main channel and surrounding topography data from geodetic measurements; (ii) digital relief model; and (iii) hydrodynamic/hydraulic modeling. The qualitative aspect of the input data shows the sensitivity of a given model to changes in the input data quality condition. The average spatial error in the determination of a point’s position was calculated as 0.017 m of all measured points along a watercourse and its slope foot and slope edge. Although the declared accuracy of DMR 3.5 is assumed to be ±2.50 m, in some of the sections in the selected area there were differences in elevation up to 4.79 m. For this reason, we needed a combination of DMR 3.5 and geodetic measurements to refine the input model for the process of hydrodynamic modeling. The quality of the hydrological data for the monitored N annual flow levels was of fourth-class reliability for the selected area.
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Liu, Wei, Lai Shui Zhou, and Lu Ling An. "3-Axis NC Rough Tool-Path Generation from Discrete Data Points of Reliefs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 43 (December 2010): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.43.484.
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This paper presents an algorithm through which 3-axis NC rough tool-paths can be directly generated from discrete data points. Based on Inverse Tool Offset (ITO) method, the algorithm generates direction-parallel (DP) tool paths for relief point clouds. The algorithm includes four steps: dividing data points into 3D cell grids; constructing inverse tool model and calculating the grids intersecting the surface of inverse tool; obtaining the grids containing cutter location points; calculating tool paths. The experiment results indicate that the algorithm of the rough tool paths is efficient.