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Ramsay, Robert. "A Hardware Based 3D Room Scanner." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1240.
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This thesis describes a project to create a hardware based 3D interior scanner. This was based on a previous project that created a scanner optimised for interior conditions, using structured light triangulation. The original project referred to as the Mark-I scanner, performed its control and processing on a PC and the primary goal of this project was to re-implement this system using hardware, making the scanner more portable and simpler to use. The Mark-I system required a specialised camera which had an unusually high noise associated with it, so a secondary goal was to investigate whether this camera could be replaced with a superior model or this noise corrected. A Mark-II scanner system was created using FPGA processing and control implemented in the VHDL language. This read from a CMOS camera, controlled the system's motor and laser, generated 3D points and communicated with users. A suitable camera was not found and the Mark-I scanners camera was found to have been damaged and become unusable, so a simulation environment was constructed that simulated the operation of the scanner, created 3D images for it to process, and tested its results. Chapter 1 of this thesis outlines the goals of this pro ject and describes the Mark-I system. Chapter 2 describes the theory and properties of the Mark-I system, and chapter 3 describes the work undertaken to replace the scanner's sensor. Chapter 4 describes the system created to interface to CMOS sensors, and chapter 5 outlines the theory involved in calculating 3D points using structured light triangulation. The final hardware scanner, and the simulation system used to test it, are then described in chapter 6.
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Liu, Junjie. "3D laser scanner development and analysis." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/b3a1beca-3d92-48bc-945e-2e50b3e7755a.
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This PhD project is a collaboration between Smart Light Devices, Ltd. in Aberdeen and Aberystwyth University on the development of such 3D laser scanners with an ultimate aim to inspect the underwater oil and gas pipes or structure. At the end of this project, a workable and full functional 3D laser scanner is to be developed. This PhD project puts a particular emphasis on the engineering and implementation of the scanner according to real applications’ requirements. Our 3D laser scanner is based on the principle of triangulation and its high accuracy over a short range scanning. Accurate 3D data can be obtained from a triangle between the scanner, camera lens, laser source, and the object being scanned. Once the distance between the scanner camera lens and laser source (stereo baseline) is known and the laser projection angle can be measured by the goniometer, all the X, Y,Z coordinates of the object surface can be obtained through trigonometry. This 3D laser scanner development involves a lot of issues and tasks including image noise removal, laser peak detection, corner detection, camera calibration and 3D reconstruction. These issues and tasks have been addressed, analysed and improved during the PhD period. Firstly, the Sparse Code Shrinkage (SCS) image de-noise is implemented, since it is one of the most suitable de-noising methods for our laser images with dark background and white laser stripe. Secondly, there are already plenty of methods for corner and laser peak detection, it is necessary to compare and evaluate which is the most suitable for our 3D laser scanner. Thus, comparative studies are carried out and their results are presented in this thesis. Thirdly, our scanner is based on laser triangulation, in this case, laser projection angle α and baseline distance D from the centre of the camera lens to laser source plays a crucial role in 3D reconstruction. However, these two parameters are hard to measure directly, and there are no particular tools designed for this purpose. Thus, a new approach is proposed in this thesis to estimate them which combines camera calibration results with the precise linear stage. Fourthly, it is very expensive to customize an accurate positional pattern for camera calibration, due to budget limit, this pattern is printed by a printer or even painted on a paper or white board which is inaccurate and contains errors in absolute distance and location. An iterative camera calibration method is proposed. It can compensate up to 10% error and the calibration parameters remain stable. Finally, in the underwater applications, the light travel angle is changed from water to air which makes the normal calibration method less accurate. Hence, a new approach is proposed to compensate between the estimate and real distance in 3D reconstruction with normal calibration parameters. Experimental results show the proposed methods reduce the distance error in 3D down to ±0.2mm underwater. Overall, the developed scanning systems have been successfully applied in several real scanning and 3D modelling projects such as mooring chain, underwater pipeline surface and reducer. Positive feedback has been received from these projects, the scanning results satisfy the resolution and accuracy requirements.
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Cocon, Matteo. "Scanner 3D con proiettore e videocamera." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3145/.
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In questa dissertazione viene descritto un sistema sviluppato per ottenere una rappresentazione a tre dimensioni in real time di una superficie. Il sistema si avvale di alcune tecniche di ottimizza- zione e di trattamento dell’immagine e sfrutta dispositivi comuni e di facile reperibilita`: una videocamera e un proiettore.
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Matabosch, Geronès Carles. "Hand-held 3D-scanner for large surface registration." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7742.
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L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és l'estudi de les diferents tècniques per alinear vistes tridimensionals. Aquest estudi ens ha permès detectar els principals problemes de les tècniques existents, aprotant una solució novedosa i contribuint resolent algunes de les mancances detectades especialment en l'alineament de vistes a temps real. Per tal d'adquirir les esmentades vistes, s'ha dissenyat un sensor 3D manual que ens permet fer adquisicions tridimensionals amb total llibertat de moviments. Així mateix, s'han estudiat les tècniques de minimització global per tal de reduir els efectes de la propagació de l'error.The goal of this thesis is to study the different techniques used to register 3D acquisitions. This study detects the main drawbacks of the existing techniques, presents a new classification and provides significant solutions of some perceived shortcomings, especially in 3D real time registration. A 3D hand-held sensor has been designed to acquire these views without any motion restriction and global minimization techniques have been studied to decrease the error propagation effects.
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Zhang, Xiang S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Design of a single element 3D ultrasound scanner." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100306.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 90-92).
Over the past decade, substantial effort has been directed toward developing ultrasonic systems for medical imaging. With advances in computational power, previously theorized scanning methods such as ultrasound tomography can now be realized. This thesis presents the design, error analysis, and initial image reconstructions from a single element 3D ultrasound tomography system. The system enables volumetric pulse echo or transmission imaging of distal limbs, for applications including: improving prosthetic fittings, monitoring bone density, and characterizing muscle health. The system is designed as a flexible mechanical platform for iterative development of algorithms targeting imaging of soft tissue with bone. The mechanical system independently controls movement of two single element ultrasound transducers in a cylindrical water tank. Each transducer can independently circle about the center of the tank as well as move vertically in depth. High resolution positioning feedback (~1[mu]m) and control enables flexible positioning of the transmitter and the receiver around the cylindrical tank; exchangeable transducers enable algorithm testing with varying transducer frequencies and beam geometries. High speed data acquisition (DAQ) through a dedicated National Instrument PXI setup streams digitized data directly to the host PC. System positioning error has been quantified and is within limits for the desired imaging modality. Imaging of various objects including: calibration objects, phantoms, bone, animal tissue, and human forearm are presented accordingly.
by Xiang Zhang.
S.M.
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Preuksakarn, Chakkrit. "Reconstructing plant architecture from 3D laser scanner data." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20116/document.
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Les modèles virtuels de plantes sont visuellement de plus en plus réalistes dans les applications infographiques. Cependant, dans le contexte de la biologie et l'agronomie, l'acquisition de modèles précis de plantes réelles reste un problème majeur pour la construction de modèles quantitatifs du développement des plantes.Récemment, des scanners laser 3D permettent d'acquérir des images 3D avec pour chaque pixel une profondeur correspondant à la distance entre le scanner et la surface de l'objet visé. Cependant, une plante est généralement un ensemble important de petites surfaces sur lesquelles les méthodes classiques de reconstruction échouent. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une méthode pour reconstruire des modèles virtuels de plantes à partir de scans laser. Mesurer des plantes avec un scanner laser produit des données avec différents niveaux de précision. Les scans sont généralement denses sur la surface des branches principales mais recouvrent avec peu de points les branches fines. Le cœur de notre méthode est de créer itérativement un squelette de la structure de la plante en fonction de la densité locale de points. Pour cela, une méthode localement adaptative a été développée qui combine une phase de contraction et un algorithme de suivi de points.Nous présentons également une procédure d'évaluation quantitative pour comparer nos reconstructions avec des structures reconstruites par des experts de plantes réelles. Pour cela, nous explorons d'abord l'utilisation d'une distance d'édition entre arborescence. Finalement, nous formalisons la comparaison sous forme d'un problème d'assignation pour trouver le meilleur appariement entre deux structures et quantifier leurs différencesIn the last decade, very realistic rendering of plant architectures have been produced in computer graphics applications. However, in the context of biology and agronomy, acquisition of accurate models of real plants is still a tedious task and a major bottleneck for the construction of quantitative models of plant development. Recently, 3D laser scanners made it possible to acquire 3D images on which each pixel has an associate depth corresponding to the distance between the scanner and the pinpointed surface of the object. Standard geometrical reconstructions fail on plants structures as they usually contain a complex set of discontinuous or branching surfaces distributed in space with varying orientations. In this thesis, we present a method for reconstructing virtual models of plants from laser scanning of real-world vegetation. Measuring plants with laser scanners produces data with different levels of precision. Points set are usually dense on the surface of the main branches, but only sparsely cover thin branches. The core of our method is to iteratively create the skeletal structure of the plant according to local density of point set. This is achieved thanks to a method that locally adapts to the levels of precision of the data by combining a contraction phase and a local point tracking algorithm. In addition, we present a quantitative evaluation procedure to compare our reconstructions against expertised structures of real plants. For this, we first explore the use of an edit distance between tree graphs. Alternatively, we formalize the comparison as an assignment problem to find the best matching between the two structures and quantify their differences
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Moberg, Johan. "3d scanner : Accuracy, performance and challenges with a low cost 3d scanning platform." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226668.
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3d scanning of objects and the surroundings have many practical uses. During the last decade reduced cost and increased performance has made them more accessible to larger consumer groups. The price point is still however high, where popular scanners are in the price range 30,000 USD-50,000 USD. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the accuracy and limitations of time-of-flight laser scanners and compare them to the results acquired with a low cost platform constructed with consumer grade parts. For validation purposes the constructed 3d scanner will be put through several tests to measure its accuracy and ability to create realistic representations of its environment.The constructed demonstrator produced significantly less accurate results and scanning time was much longer compared to a popular competitor. This was mainly due to the cheaper laser sensor and not the mechanical construction itself. There are however many applications where higher accuracy is not essential and with some modifications, a low cost solution could have many potential use cases, especially since it only costs 1% of the compared product.3d skanning av föremål och omgivningen har många praktiska användningsområden. Under det senaste årtiondet har sjunkande priser och nya tekniker möjliggjort att större grupper fått tillgång till tekniken. Utrustningen är dock fortfarande relativt kostsam, populära skanners kostar mellan 300 000 - 500 000 kr. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utvärdera och granska noggranheten hos 3d skanning baserat på time-of-flight teknologi och jämföra resultatet med en billig platform baserad på konsumentprodukter. För att utvärdera processen konstrueras en 3d skanner som sedan genomgår flertalet tester i syfte att undersöka noggrannheten och förmågan att skapa en verklighetstrogen modell.Den konstruerade 3d skannern hade betydligt lägre noggrannhet och skanningen tog längre tid jämfört med en populär produkt på marknaden. Detta beror i huvudsak på den billigare lasersensorn och inte på den mekaniska konstruktionen. Däremot finns det många användningsområden där väldigt hög noggranhet inte är nödvändig. Med vissa förändringar skulle lågkostnadsplattformen kunna ha många användningsområden, i synnerhet då den bara kostar 1% av den jämförda produkten.
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Batista, Denise Silva. "Avaliação Comparativa dos Scanners 3D Artec MHT e Cyberware WBX para aplicações em Antropometria e Ergonomia." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6923.
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A partir das dimensões dos indivíduos pode-se definir dimensionamentos adequados para os produtos e postos de trabalho, proporcionando segurança e conforto aos usuários. Com o avanço da tecnologia de digitalização de imagens (escaneamento) 3D, é possível tirar algumas medidas de maneira mais rápida e com a redução da presença do entrevistado durante o processo. No entanto, faltam estudos que avaliem estas tecnologias no Brasil, sendo necessária a realização de uma comparação das tecnologias e das respectivas precisões para que seu uso em pesquisas. Com o objetivo de oferecer métodos comparativos para escolha dos marcadores e equipamentos a serem utilizados em uma pesquisa antropométrica tridimensional da população brasileira, no presente estudo estão comparadas duas tecnologias de escaneamento: o sistema a laser WBX da empresa norte americana Cyberware e o sistema MHT da empresa russa Artec Group. O método para avaliação da precisão dimensional dos dados advindos desses equipamentos de digitalização de imagens 3D teve cinco etapas: Estudo dos processos de escaneamento; Escaneamento dos marcadores de pontos anatômicos; Escaneamento utilizando um corpo de prova cilíndrico; Escaneamento de um manequim; Escaneamento de um voluntário que teve seus pontos anatômicos marcados para a retirada de medidas. Foi feita uma comparação entre as medidas retiradas manualmente, por meio de antropômetro e virtualmente, com o auxílio do software de modelagem tridimensional Rhinoceros. Em relação aos resultados obtidos na avaliação do manequim e do voluntário, concluiu-se que a magnitude do erro absoluto é semelhante para ambos os scanners, e permanece constante independentemente das dimensões sob análise. As principais diferenças são em relação às funcionalidades dos equipamentos.Only from the dimensions of individuals it is possible to define appropriate sizing for products and workplaces, providing security and comfort to users. With the evolution of 3D digital imaging technology (3D scanning), it is possible to take some measurements faster and reduce the need of the interviewee during the process. However, there are few studies that evaluate these technologies in Brazil. It is necessary to compare these equipments in order to know their precision so they can be used in researches. In order to choose anatomical markers and equipments, this study compares two different equipments: Cyberware WBX laser scanner and Artec Group MHT white light scanner. The method for assessing the dimensional accuracy of the data obtained from those scanning 3D imaging equipment had five steps: Study of the scanning processes; Scanning using a cylindrical object; Scanning a mannequin; Scanning a volunteer who had his anatomical points marked for taking measurements. The comparison was made between the measurements taken manually with an anthropometer and virtually using the 3D modeling software Rhinoceros. Based on results obtained in the evaluation of the mannequin and volunteer, it was concluded that the absolute error is similar for both scanners and remains constant regardless of the size under consideration. The main differences are the features of each equipment.
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Manikhi, Omid, and Behnam Adlkhast. "A 3D OBJECT SCANNER : An approach using Microsoft Kinect." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-24418.
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In this thesis report, an approach to use Microsoft Kinect to scan an object and providea 3D model for further processing has been proposed. The additional requiredhardware to rotate the object and fully expose it to the sensor, the drivers and SDKsused and the implemented software are discussed. It is explained how the acquireddata is stored and an efficient storage and mapping method requiring no specialhardware and memory is introduced. The solution proposed circumvents the PointCloud registration task based on the fact that the transformation from one frame tothe next is known with extremely high precision. Next, a method to merge theacquired 3D data from all over the object into a single noise-free model is proposedusing Spherical Transformation and a few experiments and their results aredemonstrated and discussed.
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Azim, Asma. "3D Perception of Outdoor and Dynamic Environment using Laser Scanner." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENM070/document.
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Depuis des décennies, les chercheurs essaient de développer des systèmes intelligents pour les véhicules modernes, afin de rendre la conduite plus sûre et plus confortable. Ces systèmes peuvent conduire automatiquement le véhicule ou assister un conducteur en le prévenant et en l'assistant en cas de situations dangereuses. Contrairement aux conducteurs, ces systèmes n'ont pas de contraintes physiques ou psychologiques et font preuve d'une grande robustesse dans des conditions extrêmes. Un composant clé de ces systèmes est la fiabilité de la perception de l'environnement. Pour cela, les capteurs lasers sont très populaires et largement utilisés. Les capteurs laser 2D classiques ont des limites qui sont souvent compensées par l'ajout d'autres capteurs complémentaires comme des caméras ou des radars. Les avancées récentes dans le domaine des capteurs, telles que les capteurs laser 3D qui perçoivent l'environnement avec une grande résolution spatiale, ont montré qu'ils étaient une solution intéressante afin d'éviter l'utilisation de plusieurs capteurs. Bien qu'il y ait des méthodes bien connues pour la perception avec des capteurs laser 2D, les approches qui utilisent des capteurs lasers 3D sont relativement rares dans la littérature. De plus, la plupart d'entre elles utilisent plusieurs capteurs et réduisent le problème de la 3ème dimension en projetant les données 3D sur un plan et utilisent les méthodes classiques de perception 2D. Au contraire de ces approches, ce travail résout le problème en utilisant uniquement un capteur laser 3D et en utilisant les informations spatiales fournies par ce capteur. Notre première contribution est une extension des méthodes génériques de cartographie 3D fondée sur des grilles d'occupations optimisées pour résoudre le problème de cartographie et de localisation simultanée (SLAM en anglais). En utilisant des grilles d'occupations 3D, nous définissons une carte d'élévation pour la segmentation des données laser correspondant au sol. Pour corriger les erreurs de positionnement, nous utilisons une méthode incrémentale d'alignement des données laser. Le résultat forme la base pour le reste de notre travail qui constitue nos contributions les plus significatives. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous focalisons sur la détection et le suivi des objets mobiles (DATMO en anglais). La deuxième contribution de ce travail est une méthode pour distinguer les objets dynamiques des objets statiques. L'approche proposée utilise une détection fondée sur le mouvement et sur des techniques de regroupement pour identifier les objets mobiles à partir de la grille d'occupations 3D. La méthode n'utilise pas de modèles spécifiques d'objets et permet donc la détection de tout type d'objets mobiles. Enfin, la troisième contribution est une méthode nouvelle pour classer les objets mobiles fondée sur une technique d'apprentissage supervisée. La contribution finale est une méthode pour suivre les objets mobiles en utilisant l'algorithme de Viterbi pour associer les nouvelles observations avec les objets présents dans l'environnement, Dans la troisième partie, l'approche propose est testée sur des jeux de données acquis à partir d'un capteur laser 3D monté sur le toit d'un véhicule qui se déplace dans différents types d'environnement incluant des environnements urbains, des autoroutes et des zones piétonnes. Les résultats obtenus montrent l'intérêt du système intelligent proposé pour la cartographie et la localisation simultanée ainsi que la détection et le suivi d'objets mobiles en environnement extérieur et dynamique en utilisant un capteur laser 3DWith an anticipation to make driving experience safer and more convenient, over the decades, researchers have tried to develop intelligent systems for modern vehicles. The intended systems can either drive automatically or monitor a human driver and assist him in navigation by warning in case of a developing dangerous situation. Contrary to the human drivers, these systems are not constrained by many physical and psychological limitations and therefore prove more robust in extreme conditions. A key component of an intelligent vehicle system is the reliable perception of the environment. Laser range finders have been popular sensors which are widely used in this context. The classical 2D laser scanners have some limitations which are often compensated by the addition of other complementary sensors including cameras and radars. The recent advent of new sensors, such as 3D laser scanners which perceive the environment at a high spatial resolution, has proven to be an interesting addition to the arena. Although there are well-known methods for perception using 2D laser scanners, approaches using a 3D range scanner are relatively rare in literature. Most of those which exist either address the problem partially or augment the system with many other sensors. Surprisingly, many of those rely on reducing the dimensionality of the problem by projecting 3D data to 2D and using the well-established methods for 2D perception. In contrast to these approaches, this work addresses the problem of vehicle perception using a single 3D laser scanner. First contribution of this research is made by the extension of a generic 3D mapping framework based on an optimized occupancy grid representation to solve the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). Using the 3D occupancy grid, we introduce a variance-based elevation map for the segmentation of range measurements corresponding to the ground. To correct the vehicle location from odometry, we use a grid-based incremental scan matching method. The resulting SLAM framework forms a basis for rest of the contributions which constitute the major achievement of this work. After obtaining a good vehicle localization and a reliable map with ground segmentation, we focus on the detection and tracking of moving objects (DATMO). The second contribution of this thesis is the method for discriminating between the dynamic objects and the static environment. The presented approach uses motion-based detection and density-based clustering for segmenting the moving objects from 3D occupancy grid. It does not use object specific models but enables detecting arbitrary traffic participants. Third contribution is an innovative method for layered classification of the detected objects based on supervised learning technique which makes it easier to estimate their position with time. Final contribution is a method for tracking the detected objects by using Viterbi algorithm to associate the new observations with the existing objects in the environment. The proposed framework is verified with the datasets acquired from a laser scanner mounted on top of a vehicle moving in different environments including urban, highway and pedestrian-zone scenarios. The promising results thus obtained show the applicability of the proposed system for simultaneous localization and mapping with detection, classification and tracking of moving objects in dynamic outdoor environments using a single 3D laser scanner
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Michetti, Jérôme. "Segmentation endodontique sur des images scanner 3D : méthodes et validation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30186.
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Dans les cabinets dentaires, la dévitalisation des dents est un traitement réalisé quotidiennement (6 millions de traitement par an en France). Une bonne connaissance de l'anatomie canalaire (intérieur de la dent ou endodonte) est un pré requis indispensable au succès d'un traitement endodontique. Pour faire face aux nombreuses variations anatomiques qui viennent compliquer cette thérapeutique, les chirurgiens-dentistes ne disposent essentiellement que de la radiographie intra-buccale deux dimensions (2D) laquelle ne permet pas la complète compréhension de cette anatomie 3D. Distorsion, compression de l'anatomie et superposition des structures avoisinantes perturbent la qualité de l'image n'autorisant pas une évaluation qualitative et quantitative précise de cette anatomie. Les appareils de tomographie volumique à faisceau conique (TVFC) présents dans les cabinets dentaires pourraient constituer une alternative en fournissant de petites reconstructions 3D de structures dento-maxillofaciales. Mais l'évaluation de la précision diagnostique des TVFC dentaires sur l'anatomie canalaire est nécessaire afin de pouvoir justifier leur indication pour les traitements endodontiques. En effet, le développement d'une méthode de segmentation endodontique sur des images de TVFC n'est pas aisée du fait de la finesse de cette anatomie canalaire par rapport à la résolution du système d'imagerie, de la qualité d'image et de la difficulté à valider les résultats obtenus. Afin d'aider la thérapeutique endodontique, les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse ont pour but de fournir des outils informatiques et des méthodes utiles à l'obtention d'une évaluation quantitative du réseau canalaire radiculaire. Après une présentation de l'anatomie endodontique et des principes du traitement canalaire, nous avons décrits les caractéristiques techniques des appareils de tomographie volumique à faisceau conique et les outils existants pour évaluer de manière quantitative cette anatomie sur des images issues de micro-scanners haute-résolution dédiés à la recherche. Nous avons ensuite proposé une méthode pour évaluer les résultats de segmentation endodontique en TVFC par comparaison avec les données micro-scanners. Afin de valider cette méthode et d'évaluer la faisabilité de segmenter l'endodonte en TVFC, nous avons testé un seuillage local adaptatif développé pour répondre à notre problématique sur des dents extraites. Pour permettre la validation des résultats de segmentation sur des images de qualité clinique (dégradée par les structures anatomiques autour des dents dans et hors champ de vue), nous avons élaboré et validé un fantôme parodontal réalisé autour de dents extraites et permettant de préserver la comparaison avec la vérité terrain fournie par les micro-scanners. En fin de thèse, nous avons évoqué les perspectives basées sur l'apprentissage profond et les premières études réalisées pour compenser la réduction de la qualité d'image afin de pouvoir tester et valider la segmentation endodontique en condition cliniqueIn dental offices, endodontic or root canal treatments are daily performed (over 6 million treatments per year in France). A good knowledge of the root canal anatomy (inside of the tooth or pulp) is an indispensable prerequisite for ensuring the success of root canal treatment. To understand and overpass common morphological variations which are potential source of failures during the treatment, two-dimensional (2D) intra buccal radiography can help dental surgeons. However, distortion, anatomical compression and neighboring anatomical structures superposition reduce image quality and do not allow an accurate qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the root canal anatomy. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) available in dental offices might be an alternative by providing 3D reconstructions of dento-maxillofacial structures. But the evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of dental CBCT devices in identifying root canal anatomy is necessary to justify their indication in endodontic treatment. Indeed, root canal segmentation on (CBCT) images is difficult because of the noise level, resolution limitations, and to the difficulty to validate results. To help dental surgeons in root canal treatment, this thesis aims at providing image processing methods in order to develop segmentation and visualization methods of the inside of the teeth. To begin with, we have introduced the root canal morphology, the different rules of the root canal treatment and described technical specifications of CBCT devices. We also investigated existing techniques and methods to explore quantitatively root canal anatomy on high resolution microcomputed tomography (µCT) images. Afterwards, we proposed a method to evaluate CBCT endodontic segmentation results by comparing with equivalent µCT data. To validate this method and to test endodontic segmentation on CBCT images, we developed a local adaptive thresholding and evaluated results on extracted teeth. To ensure validation on image quality similar to in vivo condition (quality reduced by anatomical structures in and out of the field of view), we designed and validated a periodontal phantom which are made around extracted teeth and allowing to preserve comparison with the ground truth providing by the µCT. At the end of the thesis, we evocated our perspectives based on deep learning and our first results to compensate image quality reduction in order to test endodontic segmentation in clinical condition
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Lacerda, Michel Alves. "Aprimoramento do método de estimação de gordura corporal em um Scanner 3D antropométrico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-17112016-113936/.
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Este trabalho apresenta o estudo realizado no aprimoramento de um método de estimação de gordura corpórea por meio de um Scanner antropométrico ALLBODYSCAN 3D® (São Carlos, SP, 2012) que constrói imagens 3D do corpo humano. Procedimentos computacionais de análise de modelo corporal gerado pelo scanner, têm sido desenvolvidos na USP. Este estudo considerou medições em voluntários de vários grupos de interesse, de forma que a estimação de gordura pudesse ter abrangência satisfatória e com poucos fatores de erro, aprimorando a técnica. A pesquisa envolveu aspectos de gênero, etnia e idade de cada um dos voluntários. Os resultados foram comparados com estimações obtidas por Bioimpedância e por Adipometria e apresentaram alta correlação. O Scanner antropométrico apresentou suas medições com certas vantagens, comparado a outras técnicas, principalmente em relação à simplificação de procedimentos com o paciente para se obter medições confiáveis.The present paper shows the research done in the improvement of a method to estimate the body fat mass using an anthropometric Scanner AllBodyScan3D® (São Carlos, SP, 2012) that builds up 3D images from the human body. Computational procedures for body composition analysis have been developed at USP. The present study has considered measurements in different groups of volunteers, in a way that it can lead to satisfactory coverage, with relatively low error, improving the approach. The research has considered gender, ethnics and age of each volunteer. The results were compared to estimations from Bioimpedance and Adipometry and they presented high correlation. The anthropometric Scanner has shown some advantages in comparison to other techniques, mainly due to its simplified procedures imposed on patients for obtaining reliable measures.
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Weise, Thibaut. "Real-time 3D scanning." Konstanz Hartung-Gorre, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000182894/04.
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Gauthier, Silvère. "Reconstruction d’un modèle géométrique à partir d’un maillage 3D issu d’un scanner surfacique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS018/document.
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La rétro-ingénierie consiste à reconstruire un modèle paramétrique à partir d'un nuage de points ou d'un maillage 3D représentant un objet, afin d'en déterminer le processus de conception ou de fabrication. Ce modèle correspond à une combinaison de primitives géométriques (cylindres, plans, sphères...) dont on cherche à estimer les paramètres à partir des données 3D. La rétro-ingénierie est très utilisée dans l'industrie de pièces manufacturées pour l'analyse métrologique, le contrôle non destructif ou la compréhension d'un procédé de fabrication.Cette thèse, menée en collaboration avec la société C4W, s'intéresse à l'extraction de primitives géométriques à partir d'un maillage 3D issu de la numérisation d'un objet manufacturé. La particularité de ces maillages est qu'ils contiennent de nombreuses imprécisions par rapport au plan CAO initial, engendrées à la fois par la fabrication de l'objet et par sa numérisation.Nous nous sommes d'abord intéressés à l'amélioration des techniques existantes afin d'extraire des primitives robustes aux imprécisions des données. Nous avons en particulier exploré plusieurs approches telles que la segmentation préalable du maillage, la caractérisation de la forme à l'aide des courbures et l'approximation d'une primitive par régression ou optimisation sur les points du maillage.Le second axe de cette thèse consiste à embellir le modèle paramétrique reconstruit, c'est-à-dire à régulariser les paramètres des primitives afin qu'elles respectent des relations géométriques telles que le parallélisme ou la concentricité. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à différents aspects de la conception CAO induisant ces relations. Ainsi, nous cherchons à détecter automatiquement des éléments de références (repère, plans ou droites d'appuis) ayant permis de modéliser la pièce originale. Ces derniers servent alors de références absolues pour un embellissement global des primitives.Le troisième axe de recherche concerne la reconnaissance de motifs particuliers à partir de l'ensemble des primitives. Nous nous sommes ainsi intéressés aux entités d'usinage et aux répétitions de géométrie, fréquemment construites lors de la conception d'une pièce manufacturée. Cette seconde analyse de l'objet, plus fonctionnelle, permet de déduire de nouvelles informations liées à la fabrication d'une pièceA reverse engineering process allows to reconstruct a parametric model from a 3D point cloud or a 3D mesh of an object. The main objective is to retrieve information about the original modeling or fabrication process. The reconstructed model corresponds to a combination of geometric primitives (cylinders, planes, spheres...). These primitives are defined by parameters which are estimated from the 3D input data. Reverse engineering is mainly used in industry, for example in metrology analysis, non-destructive inspection or functional analysis.This thesis, in collaboration with the C4W company, concerns the extraction of geometric primitives from a digitized 3D mesh which represents a manufactured part. This type of mesh often contains many inaccuracies unlike the original CAD model. These inaccuracies can come from both fabrication and digitization processes.First, we try to improve existing techniques to extract robust primitives. Thus, we explore some approaches such as mesh segmentation, shape caracterization based on discrete curvatures and primitive fitting using regression and optimization techniques.The second research axis of this thesis concerns a process called "beautification", which tries to regularize the primitive parameters with respect to geometric relations such as parallelism or concentricity. To do that, we propose an analysis of the primitives, related to standard CAD modeling rules. So, we automatically detect reference elements (coordinate system, planes or lines). In order to guide the model reconstruction, we use these references to regularize the primitives globally.The third research axis concerns the pattern recognition from a set of primitives. So, we search for mechanical features (counterbore, pocket...) and repetitions (linear, circular...), which are often used in CAD modeling of manufactured part. This second analysis, more functionnal, allows to deduce more information related to the modeling and fabrication processes
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Gonçales, Rodrigo. "Dispositivo de varredura laser 3D terrestre e suas aplicações na engenharia, com ênfase em túneis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3138/tde-10082007-173531/.
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Novas tecnologias estão sendo desenvolvidas constantemente para coletar informações de superfícies ou de sólidos para diversas finalidades. Alguns métodos clássicos, como a Topografia e a Fotogrametria terrestre, com o passar dos anos, tiveram uma grande evolução. Na Fotogrametria terrestre todo o processo está sendo feito em meio digital. Na topografia, as estações totais automatizaram a medição de ângulos e distâncias. Essa evolução tecnológica fez com que os levantamentos se tornassem cada vez mais rápidos e precisos, aumentando a produtividade. O mais recente nessa evolução é o levantamento através do sistema de varredura a laser (Laser Scanner) 3D. São muitas as aplicações dessa tecnologia, dentre as quais pode-se citar: túneis, levantamento do como construído (as-built), mineração (principalmente subterrânea), arqueologia, levantamento de monumentos para restauração, refinarias e instalações industriais e outras, caracterizadas pela grande complexidade dos elementos envolvidos. A presente dissertação apresenta os conceitos envolvidos em todos os processos, desde a coleta de dados até o produto final. Desenvolve uma metodologia de uso que possa ser útil em diversas áreas, mostra uma aplicação completa na área de túneis, complementada por uma visão geral da área de plantas industriais e procura apresentar testes para quantificar a precisão que se obtém por essa tecnologia.New technologies are constantly being developed in order to collect information of surfaces or solids for diverse purposes. Some classic methods such as topography and terrestrial photogrammetry have had a great evolution in the past. For example, all the processes of the terrestrial photogrammetry are made in digital way and the Total Stations have automated the measurements of angles and distances. This technical evolution made the surveying faster and accurate, increasing the productivity. However this evolution does not stop for there; in other words, the last technology in the area of topography is the surveying with the system known as Laser Scanner 3D. The Laser Scanner technology 3D has a lot of applications such as: tunnel, as-built, mining (mainly in the underground); archaeology (for restore monuments), refineries, industrial installations, etc., characterized by the great complexity of the involved elements. This work presents concepts involved in all the processes, since from data collection to the final product. It develops a methodology of use that can be applied in several areas, with emphasis in tunnels surveying area and presents some tests to quantization the accuracy.
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Střižík, Jakub. "Vizualizace dat z 3D laserového skeneru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220141.
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Master thesis deals with the creation of the data visualization measured by 3D laser scanner using the Point Cloud method. Measured data were parameterized after loading for use in programming environment of Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 and in platform XNA. Individual data points forms the center of defined cubes which are displayed and create a scene where is possible to move through a user input in the form of a keyboard or mouse. Created algorithms were analyzed to determine the total running speed of the program, the individual as well as critical sections. The algorithms were optimized to a higher running speed of the program on the basis of analyzed data. Optimization was focused on the selection of retrieved data and on the method of their saving within the program environment. The next optimization process was based on the using of the other method for displaying of measured data points. Individual data points were displayed in form of square 2D texture replacing the cube. This square is rotating according to move of observer. Designed algorithm optimization leads to faster running of the program.
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Haugwitz, Carsten. "Datenqualität in Rapid Prototyping Prozessen." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-215260.
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Inhalt Die Technologien des Rapid Prototypings erreichen eine immer größer werdende Marktdurchdringung und erweitern die Möglichkeiten von Ingenieuren und Spezialisten angrenzender Fachbereiche. Je nach Datenursprung werden Schnittstellen wie Step oder STL genutzt oder es sind Zwischenschritte erforderlich, um die Daten aus 3D Scannern oder bildgebenden Quellen (CT; MRT) weiter zu verarbeiten. Dabei gibt es Fehler und Ungenauigkeiten in der Datenkette, die analysiert hier werden sollen. Aus den Kenntnissen über die Fehler sollen Methoden aufgezeigt werden, um die Datenqualität zu erhöhen, die Datenmengen zu verringern und die Prozesse zu stabilisierenData quality rapid prototyping processes The rapid prototyping technologies achieve a bigger market penetration and expand the capabilities of engineers and specialists fields. Depending on the data source interfaces such as Step or STL are used or there are intermediate steps required to process the data from 3D scanners or imaging sources such as CT, MRI or X-ray on. There are errors and inaccuracies in the data flow, which have to be analyzed. Methods are from the knowledge of the errors are pointed out, which will enable to increase the data quality and to make the process more stable
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Guerra, Luca. "Un metodo multilivello per la semplificazione di mesh poligonali da scanner 3D." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3763/.
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L'algoritmo di semplificazione proposto in questa tesi agisce in modo iterativo su due livelli, in una prima fase alla mesh viene applicato un operatore di smoothing e alla mesh così elaborata viene poi applicata la decimazione.
L'alternanza di questi due operatori permette di avere mesh semplificate che mantengono però una qualità maggiore rispetto al risultato che si avrebbe invece applicando solo la decimazione. A partire da una mesh ad alta risoluzione, ad ogni iterazione viene quindi creata una mesh con una risoluzione inferiore fino all'ultima iterazione che produce la mesh coarse (a bassa risoluzione) desiderata. Si viene quindi a creare una struttura di semplificazione multilivello, utile in molte applicazioni di computer graphics.
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Cacciari, Pedro Pazzoto. "Estudo de um túnel em maciço rochoso fraturado por investigação geológico-geotécnica e análises pelo método dos elementos distintos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-26082015-153054/.
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O comportamento geomecânico de túneis em rocha é fortemente influenciado pelas estruturas geológicas (descontinuidades) presentes no maciço. Do ponto de vista geométrico, estas estruturas são caracterizadas por parâmetros que descrevem suas orientações, frequências e comprimentos. Estes parâmetros, na maioria dos casos, são determinados em campanhas de campo, com bússola geológica e trena. Entretanto, limitações de tempo e acesso dificultam a execução destes trabalhos, impossibilitando a obtenção de números elevados de dados, que possibilitam análises estatísticas mais complexas. Para superar estas dificuldades, no presente estudo, o mapeamento das descontinuidades foi realizado em imagens do túnel Monte Seco, pertencente a Estrada de Ferro Vitória Minas (EFVM), obtidas por scanner a laser 3D. Neste mapeamento, tanto a orientação, quanto a posição e o comprimento dos traços das descontinuidades foram determinados com boa precisão, possibilitando a verificação da distribuição da intensidade de fraturamento de diferentes trechos, ao longo do túnel. Utilizando estes trechos diferenciados pela intensidade de fraturamento, foram elaboradas análises estatísticas mais complexas e adequadas (por janelas de amostragem e linhas de varredura) para determinação da orientação, comprimento médio dos traços e espaçamentos médios das famílias de descontinuidades. Com os parâmetros geométricos das descontinuidades, o modelo probabilístico de blocos rígidos foi construído, utilizando o software 3DEC. Assim, os parâmetros mecânicos das descontinuidades foram estimados utilizando correlações empíricas (a partir de descrições do maciço rochoso realizadas em mapeamentos geológicos por dentro do túnel), além de alguns ensaios de campo e laboratório. As análises com este modelo foram executadas para verificação da queda de blocos, e comparadas com as seções atuais do túnel. Os resultados indicaram que diferentes critérios de ruptura devem ser utilizados para diferentes tipos de descontinuidades (fraturas e foliação), e evidenciaram a importância de estimativas mais coerentes de parâmetros geométricos das descontinuidades nos resultados finais das análises.The geomechanical behaviour of rock tunnels is strongly influenced by geological structures in the rock mass. Rock discontinuities are geometrically characterized by parameters that describes their orientations, frequency and lengths. In most cases, these parameters are determined in field inspections, using geological compass and measuring tapes. However, timeframes and access limitation hinder this procedure, making it impossible to obtain large amount of data that allow complex statistical analysis. To overcome these difficulties, here the discontinuity mapping was performed using images of the Monte Seco tunnel, obtained by 3D terrestrial laser scanning. In this case, the orientation, position and trace length of each discontinuity was determined with precision, allowing the verification of the fracture intensity distribution in different parts of the tunnel. Using these parts (differentiated by its fracture intensities), statistical analyses were performed, using sampling windows and scanlines, in order to determine the orientation mean trace length and spacing of discontinuity sets. Once the geometrical parameters of discontinuity sets were determined, a probabilistic model of rigid blocks was generated, using the 3DEC software. Thus, the mechanical parameters of discontinuity sets were estimated by empirical correlations (performed using descriptions of the rock mass obtained during geological inspections in the tunnel), and some laboratory and field tests. The analyses with this model were performed to verify the instability of blocks (block falls), and compared with actual cross sections of the tunnel. The results indicate that different failure criteria must be used for different discontinuity types (fractures and foliation), and revealed the importance of consistent estimated of geometrical parameters of discontinuity sets.
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Hu, Anmin. "Analysis of body movement and its effects on cyberware 3D whole body scanner." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1175805416.
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Olsson, Karin, and Therese Persson. "Shape from Silhouette Scanner." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1348.
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The availability of digital models of real 3D objects is becoming more and more important in many different applications (e-commerce, virtual visits etc). Very often the objects to be represented cannot be modeled by means of the classical 3D modeling tools because of the geometrical complexity or color texture. In these cases, devices for the automatic acquisition of the shape and the color of the objects (3D scanners or range scanners) have to be used.
The scanner presented in this work, a Shape from silhouette scanner, is very cheap (it is based on the use of a simple digital camera and a turntable) and easy to use. While maintaining the camera on a tripod and the object on the turntable, the user acquires images with different rotation angles of the table. The fusion of all the acquired views enables the production of a digital 3D representation of the object.
Existing Shape from silhouette scanners operate in an indirect way. They subdivide the object definition space in a regular 3D grid and verify that a voxel belongs to the object by verifying that its 2D projection falls inside the silhouette of the corresponding image. Our scanner adopts a direct method: by using a new 3D representation scheme and algorithm, the Marching Intersections data structure, we can directly intersect all the 3D volumes obtained by the silhouettes extracted from the images.
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Pandarum, Krishnavellie. "Size prediction for plus-size women's intimate apparel using a 3D body scanner." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1153.
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Garment “fitting” from tailor-made to ready-to-wear clothing, has evolved over time. Ready to-wear and standardized sizes appeared in the middle 19th century. Today garment fitting is one of the most important criteria in the consumer buying decision making process. This is particularly so with “body hugging” garments, such as intimate apparel; or the bra that moulds the form of the wearer to produce “smooth” outer garment silhouettes. The South African bra retailer and manufacturers sizing charts are generally based upon body dimension data collected using traditional anthropometric methods. Professional measurers are not able to capture the hidden areas of the breast such as the inframmatory fold line, the volume, shape and contour of the breast using tape measures, calipers and other measuring devices. Traditional anthropometry also does not have the ability to systemically observe the bottom line of the breast base and extract accurate data on breast volume which are key factors in designing underwire bras and in the pattern making of the bra cup panels. Exploratory retail and consumer studies have indicated that consumers, notably plus size women, experience considerable problems and dissatisfaction with poorly fitting bras. There is therefore clearly a need in South Africa to conduct a 3D anthropometric study, focusing especially on the plus-sized women’s bra market segment, as there is very little or limited studies, to date, conduct for this market segment of the population. This pilot study collected 3D torso body measurement data from a convenient sample of 176 plus sized women, recruited from Playtex (Pty) Ltd. situated in Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. The study evaluates the 3D breast volume measurement data extraction process, using an expert system developed by [TC]2 integrated into the propriety NX12-3D full body scanner software and that taken using the traditional dress-makers tape-measure. The objective is to establish the relationship between the 3D torso and breast volume data measurement output as extracted by the expert system when compared to the South African bra manufacturers sizing chart, for use in pattern making for bra cup panel designs and in the designing of underwire bras for large breasted or plus size women. The results contained in this dissertation cannot be extrapolated to the larger population of South Africa and is limited to the 176 plus size women selected by Body Mass Index; recruited from KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
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Boyanapally, Deepthi. "MERGING OF FINGERPRINT SCANS OBTAINED FROM MULTIPLE CAMERAS IN 3D FINGERPRINT SCANNER SYSTEM." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/510.
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Fingerprints are the most accurate and widely used biometrics for human identification due to their uniqueness, rapid and easy means of acquisition. Contact based techniques of fingerprint acquisition like traditional ink and live scan methods are not user friendly, reduce capture area and cause deformation of fingerprint features. Also, improper skin conditions and worn friction ridges lead to poor quality fingerprints. A non-contact, high resolution, high speed scanning system has been developed to acquire a 3D scan of a finger using structured light illumination technique. The 3D scanner system consists of three cameras and a projector, with each camera producing a 3D scan of the finger. By merging the 3D scans obtained from the three cameras a nail to nail fingerprint scan is obtained. However, the scans from the cameras do not merge perfectly. The main objective of this thesis is to calibrate the system well such that 3D scans obtained from the three cameras merge or align automatically. This error in merging is reduced by compensating for radial distortion present in the projector of the scanner system. The error in merging after radial distortion correction is then measured using the projector coordinates of the scanner system.
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Ukida, Hiroyuki. "Shape-from-shading analysis for reconstructing 3D object shape using an image scanner." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/59293.
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Bouraoui, Bessem. "Segmentation automatique de l’arbre coronarien à partir d’images angiographiques 3D+T de scanner." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6171.
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Pour un diagnostic médical fiable, la nécessité d’une description précise et correcte de l’état d’une structure anatomique est de plus en plus indispensable. Les progrès en acquisition d'images en tomographie par rayons X permettent maintenant, en routine clinique, d'obtenir plusieurs images 3D du cœur en une apnée de quelques cycles cardiaques. L'analyse et la visualisation de cette séquence cardiaque (3D+t) permettront au cardiologue d'interpréter plus facilement cette suite d'images. Le but de cette thèse est de segmenter les différentes structures vasculaires présentes dans cette images de cœur 4D (3D+t) obtenue en tomographie par rayons X. La série temporelle de la séquence cardiaque est composée d'environ une dizaine d'images 3D. Comme première étape on privilégiera la segmentation des artères coronaires, dont la présence d’une anomalie forme la cause principale d’un infarctus engendrant dans 80% des cas une mort subite. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous aurons recours à diverses méthodes et techniques en morphologie mathématique (croissance de régions, squelettisation, transformée en tout ou rien en niveaux de gris, etc. ), tout en intégrant des informations anatomiques des structures cardiaques afin d'automatiser entièrement le processus de segmentation. Différentes étapes pour la segmentation des artères coronaires ont été réalisées : réduction de la zone de recherches par détection du coeur en entier, automatisation de la détection des germes des artères coronaires coronaires par détection de l'aorte, et détection des artères coronaires par croissance de régionThe objective of this thesis is to segment automatically the coronary arteries in images of scanner X. The images do not comprise only the heart, but also all the trunk of the body. A first stage consisted in removing any other structure than the heart in the image. An extraction of the aorta appeared necessary to us, then a localization of the germs of the coronary arteries will be carried out on the wall of this aorta. Once these germs are detected, an application of region growth is carried out, with a criterion of acceptance based on the Hit-ot-Miss transform. We based ourselves on a mathematical morphology operator, the Hit-ot-Miss transform. We combined his extension to the gray levels, with the blur alternative, which made our contribution to mathematical morphology. This work contributes to the evolution and the development of the vascular segmentation on two plans. In pratical terms of the contribution, three fully automatic algorithms were worked out, a first one to segment the heart, a second one to segment the aorta, and a third one for the segmentation of the coronary arteries. These algorithms have encouraging results, validated by an expert in cardiology, with 90% of correct results, the 10% remainders correspond to images of bad quality. In terms of methodology, this work allowed to integrate an new approach of segmentation, consisting in guiding the tools for image treatment by a priori knowledge, like her anatomical knowledge
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Douros, I. "Calculating the curvature shape characteristics of the human body from 3D scanner data." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446738/.
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In the recent years, there have been significant advances in the development and manufacturing of 3D scanners capable of capturing detailed (external) images of whole human bodies. Such hardware offers the opportunity to collect information that could be used to describe, interpret and analyse the shape of the human body for a variety of applications where shape information plays a vital role (e.g. apparel sizing and customisation; medical research in fields such as nutrition, obesity/anorexia and perceptive psychology; ergonomics for vehicle and furniture design). However, the representations delivered by such hardware typically consist of unstructured or partially structured point clouds, whereas it would be desirable to have models that allow shape-related information to be more immediately accessible. This thesis describes a method of extracting the differential geometry properties of the body surface from unorganized point cloud datasets. In effect, this is a way of constructing curvature maps that allows the detection on the surface of features that are deformable (such as ridges) rather than reformable under certain transformations. Such features could subsequently be used to interpret the topology of a human body and to enable classification according to its shape, rather than its size (as is currently the standard practice for many of the applications concemed). The background, motivation and significance of this research are presented in chapter one. Chapter two is a literature review describing the previous and current attempts to model 3D objects in general and human bodies in particular, as well as the mathematical and technical issues associated with the modelling. Chapter three presents an overview of: the methodology employed throughout the research; the assumptions regarding the data to be processed; and the strategy for evaluating the results for each stage of the methodology. Chapter four describes an algorithm (and some variations) for approximating the local surface geometry around a given point of the input data set by means of a least-squares minimization. The output of such an algorithm is a surface patch described in an analytic (implicit) form. This is necessary for the next step described below. The case is made for using implicit surfaces rather than more popular 3D surface representations such as parametric forms or height functions. Chapter five describes the processing needed for calculating curvature-related characteristics for each point of the input surface. This utilises the implicit surface patches generated by the algorithm described in the previous chapter, and enables the construction of a "curvature map" of the original surface, which incorporates rich information such as the principal curvatures, shape indices and curvature directions. Chapter six describes a family of algorithms for calculating features such as ridges and umbilic points on the surface from the curvature map, in a manner that bypasses the problem of separating a vector field (i.e. the principal curvature directions) across the entire surface of an object. An alternative approach, using the focal surface information, is also considered briefly in comparison. The concluding chapter summarises the results from all steps of the processing and evaluates them in relation to the requirements set in chapter one. Directions for further research are also proposed.
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Egenäs, Carl, and Axel Sacilotto. "3D Scanner : Scanning small objects and recreating them visually as a mesh in a computer." Thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296160.
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The purpose of this project was to construct a 3D scanner capable of scanning smaller objects and visualize them in a computer with satisfying accuracy. The goal was then to generate an STL file able to be 3D printed in an attempt at reverse engineering. Components, materials and tools were provided by KTH to the best of their ability and abudget of 1000 SEK was given to purchase components not available at KTH. The scanner was designed using Solid Edge and utilizes two stepper motors to scan objects. One motor is used to rotate a platform that the object is placed upon and the second stepper motor is used to move an elevator on which a distance sensor is mounted. By keeping track of the elevator’s height in conjunction with the rotation of the object, the distance measured by the sensor can be converted into a point in a Cartesian coordinate system. Several different methods were tested in order to see how results varied. Firstly, the density of scanned points was increased, meaning that the sensor returned values more often as the stepper motor was rotating. Secondly, multiple measurements were made for a single point to determine an average distance and in that way reduce noise and uncertainty. Placing a single laser sensor perpendicular to the object rotating plate proved to be the optimal arrangement in terms of accuracy with the limited budget provided for this project. The scans are very time consuming which makes it important to decide whether to prioritize speed or accuracy.Syftet med detta projekt var att konstruera en 3D-scanner kapabel att scanna mindre objekt och visualisera dem i en dator med tillfredsställande resultat. Målet var sedan att generera en STL-fil som går att skriva ut i 3D-skrivare för att försöka använda sig av reverse engineering. Komponenter, material och verktyg försågs av KTH så gott det gick och en budget på 1000 kr var tillgänglig för att inhandla komponenter som inte fanns på KTH. Skannern designades med hjälp av Solid Edge och använder sig av två stegmotorer för att skanna object. En motor användes för att rotera den plattform som objektet placerades på och den andra stegmotorn användes för att flytta en hiss varpå en avståndssensor monterades. Genom att hålla koll på hissens höjd i kombination med rotationen av objektet kan avståndet som sensorn uppmäter konvertera still en punkt i det kartesiska koordinatsystemet. Ett flertal metoder testades för att undersöka hur resultaten varierade. För det första ökades densiteten av skannade punkter, det vill säga sensorn returnerade värden oftare än stegmotorn roterade. För det andra genomfördes ett flertal mätningar för varje enskild punkt för att bestämma ett medelavstånd och på så sätt minimera brus och osäkerhet. Att placera en enstaka lasersensor vinkelrätt mot objektroterande plattan visade sig vara det optimala arrangemanget för noggrannhet med den begränsade budgeten för det här projektet. Inskanningarna är väldigt tidskrävande vilket gör det viktigt att bestämma sig för att prioritera snabbhet eller noggrannhet.
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Paprsek, Adam. "Konstrukce 3D skeneru pro výukové účely." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-376988.
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The aim of the submitted semestral project is research of 3D scanning object methods. The 3D scans utilization and types of these scans have been mentioned in the first chapter. The scanners are grouped into two basic methods – contact and contactless. The second chapter is dedicated to 3D model measurement principles, which are described in detail in four sub-chapters. In the following chapter is described design with complete realization 3D scanner with the implementation of the application for its controlling. Last part of the thesis concerns the 3D model editing and method evaluating.
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Balduzzi, Mathilde. "Plant canopy modeling from Terrestrial LiDAR System distance and intensity data." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20203.
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Le défi de cette thèse est de reconstruire la géométrie 3D de la végétation à partir des données de distance et d'intensité fournies par un scanner de type LiDAR. Une méthode de « shape-from-shading » par propagation est développée pour être combinée avec une méthode de fusion de données type filtre de Kalman pour la reconstruction optimale des surfaces foliaires.-Introduction-L'analyse des données LiDAR nous permet de dire que la qualité du nuage de point est variable en fonction de la configuration de la mesure : lorsque le LiDAR mesure le bord d'une surface ou une surface fortement inclinée, il intègre dans sa mesure une partie de l'arrière plan. Ces configurations de mesures produisent des points aberrants. On retrouve souvent ce type de configuration pour la mesure de feuillages puisque ces derniers ont des géométries fragmentées et variables. Les scans sont en général de mauvaise qualité et la quantité d'objets présents dans le scan rend la suppression manuelle des points aberrants fastidieuse. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthodologie permettant d'intégrer les données d'intensité LiDAR aux distances pour corriger automatiquement ces points aberrants. -Shape-From-Shading-Le principe du Shape-From-Shading (SFS) est de retrouver les valeurs de distance à partir des intensités d'un objet pris en photo. La caméra (capteur LiDAR) et la source de lumière (laser LiDAR) ont la même direction et sont placés à l'infini relativement à la surface, ce qui rend l'effet de la distance sur l'intensité négligeable et l'hypothèse d'une caméra orthographique valide. En outre, la relation entre angle d'incidence lumière/surface et intensité est connue. Par la nature des données LiDAR, nous pourrons choisir la meilleure donnée entre distance et intensité à utiliser pour la reconstruction des surfaces foliaires. Nous mettons en place un algorithme de SFS par propagation le long des régions iso-intenses pour pouvoir intégrer la correction de la distance grâce à l'intensité via un filtre de type Kalman. -Design mathématique de la méthode-Les morceaux de surface correspondant aux régions iso-intenses sont des morceaux de surfaces dites d'égales pentes, ou de tas de sable. Nous allons utiliser ce type de surface pour reconstruire la géométrie 3D correspondant aux images d'intensité.Nous démontrons qu'à partir de la connaissance de la 3D d'un bord d'une région iso-intense, nous pouvons retrouver des surfaces paramétriques correspondant à la région iso-intense qui correspondent aux surfaces de tas de sable. L'initialisation de la région iso-intense initiale (graine de propagation) se fait grâce aux données de distance LiDAR. Les lignes de plus grandes pentes de ces surfaces sont générées. Par propagation de ces lignes (et donc génération du morceau de la surface en tas de sable), nous déterminons l'autre bord de la région iso-intense. Puis, par itération, nous propagerons la reconstruction de la surface. -Filtre de Kalman-Nous pouvons considérer cette propagation des lignes de plus grande pente comme étant le calcul d'une trajectoire sur la surface à reconstruire. Dans le cadre de notre étude, la donnée de distance est toujours disponible (données du scanner 3D). Ainsi il est possible de choisir, lors de la propagation, quelle donnée (distance ou intensité) utiliser pour la reconstruction. Ceci peut être fait notamment grâce à une fusion de type Kalman. -Algorithme-Pour procéder à la reconstruction par propagation, il est nécessaire d'hiérarchiser les domaines iso-intenses de l'image. Une fois que les graines de propagation sont repérées, elles sont initialisées avec l'image des distances. Enfin, pour chacun des nœuds de la hiérarchie (représentant un domaine iso-intense), la reconstruction d'un tas de sable est faite. C'est lors de cette dernière étape qu'une fusion de type Kalman peut être introduiteThe challenge of this thesis is reconstruct the 3D geometry of vegetation from distance and intensity data provided by a 3D scanner LiDAR. A method of “Shape-From-Shading” by propagation is developed to be combined with a fusion method of type “Kalman” to get an optimal reconstruction of the leaves. -Introduction-The LiDAR data analysis shows that the point cloud quality is variable. This quality depends upon the measurement set up. When the LiDAR laser beam reaches the edge of a surface (or a steeply inclined surface), it also integrate background measurement. Those set up produce outliers. This kind of set up is common for foliage measurement as foliages have in general fragmented and complex shape. LiDAR data are of bad quality and the quantity of leaves in a scan makes the correction of outliers fastidious. This thesis goal is to develop a methodology to allow us to integrate the LiDAR intensity data to the distance to make an automatic correction of those outliers. -Shape-from-shading-The Shape-from-shading principle is to reconstruct the distance values from intensities of a photographed object. The camera (LiDAR sensor) and the light source (LiDAR laser) have the same direction and are placed at infinity relatively to the surface. This makes the distance effect on intensity negligible and the hypothesis of an orthographic camera valid. In addition, the relationship between the incident angle light beam and intensity is known. Thanks to the LiDAR data analysis, we are able to choose the best data between distance and intensity in the scope of leaves reconstruction. An algorithm of propagation SFS along iso-intense regions is developed. This type of algorithm allows us to integrate a fusion method of type Kalman. -Mathematical design of the method-The patches of the surface corresponding to the iso-intense regions are patches of surfaces called the constant slope surfaces, or sand-pile surfaces. We are going to use those surfaces to rebuild the 3D geometry corresponding to the scanned surfaces. We show that from the knowledge of the 3d of an iso-intensity region, we can construct those sand-pile surfaces. The initialization of the first iso-intense regions contour (propagation seeds) is done with the 3D LiDAR data. The greatest slope lines of those surfaces are generated. Thanks to the propagation of those lines (and thus of the corresponding sand-pile surface), we build the other contour of the iso-intense region. Then, we propagate the reconstruction iteratively. -Kalman filter-We can consider this propagation as being the computation of a trajectory on the reconstructed surface. In our study framework, the distance data is always available (3D scanner data). It is thus possible to choose which data (intensity vs distance) is the best to reconstruct the object surface. This can be done with a fusion of type Kalman filter. -Algorithm-To proceed a reconstruction by propagation, it is necessary to order the iso-intensity regions. Once the propagation seeds are found, they are initialized with the distances provided by the LiDAR. For each nodes of the hierarchy (corresponding to an iso-intensity region), the sand-pile surface reconstruction is done. -Manuscript-The thesis manuscript gathers five chapters. First, we give a short description of the LiDAR technology and an overview of the traditional 3D surface reconstruction from point cloud. Then we make a state-of-art of the shape-from –shading methods. LiDAR intensity is studied in a third chapter to define the strategy of distance effect correction and to set up the incidence angle vs intensity relationship. A fourth chapter gives the principal results of this thesis. It gathers the theoretical approach of the SFS algorithm developed in this thesis. We will provide its description and results when applied to synthetic images. Finally, a last chapter introduces results of leaves reconstruction
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Mosleh-Shirazi, Mohammad Amin. "A combined 3D megavoltage CT scanner and portal imager for treatment verification in radiotherapy." Thesis, Institute of Cancer Research (University Of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267840.
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Kratochvíla, Michael. "Korekce barev 3D scanneru a 3D tiskárny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401952.
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This thesis deals with color correction of a chain that starts with the 3D Artec MHT scanner, and ends with the 3D printers (CJP – Color Jet Printing technology). In principle, it is necessary to control the color interpretation of the entire chain from the scanning of real models to the 3D print model. With color properties and their color shade, including color textures. The principle of model surface scanning using a 3D scanner is in the same principle as photo camera which scans using a conventional CMOS chip. For this reason, color palettes were scanned using the photo camera and the resulting digital data were analyzed by the Darktable software. This analysis consisted of comparing the scanned color shades of the surface with the spectrofotometer measured data. The main goal of this method was to achieve color precision in the digital data during their acquirement, adjustment and interpretation. Then the same principle was applied to the data acquired by the 3D scanner to create an ICC profile of the 3D scanner. Because the 3D printer (CJP – Color Jet Printing) uses the same principle as the 2D printer, the 2D printing device calibration principle was used again to calibrate it. There have been defined procedures that adjust the color shade to the spectrophotometrically correct shades of the resulting print on a 3D printer. Color swatches were also printed for print quality verification. It has been found that with photo camera, which was used for objective measurement in the L*a*b* coordinates of independent space, any color setting and their adjustment is very sensitive to even small imprecisions. It has been found that it is not easy to obtain accurate colors within the Detla E
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Avallone, Giulia. "Misure della morfologia e della funzionalita del piede tramite scanner plantare 3D e pedana baropodometrica." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9769/.
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Il piede, con la sua complessa struttura anatomica, permette la stabilità e la deambulazione e per questo risulta fondamentale studiarne l’anatomia, la morfologia e la biomeccanica. La Pedana Baropodometrica è uno strumento che misura le pressioni plantari e permette di stimare alcuni parametri morfologici e funzionali del piede in modo veloce e relativamente economico. Lo Scanner Plantare 3D permette di acquisire in tempi brevi la geometria del piede creandone un modello tridimensionale digitale. Queste qualità hanno agevolato la diffusione di questi strumenti nella produzione di ortesi plantari su misura e, dato il crescente interesse del mercato verso le tematiche di customizzazione, alla loro commercializzazione su larga scala. Per ammortizzare i costi, tuttavia, questi strumenti sono spesso basati su tecnologie low-cost.
Lo scopo dello studio svolto in questa tesi è quello di determinare la bontà e l’accuratezza di alcuni parametri morfologici e funzionali del piede acquisiti con una pedana baropodometrica resistiva a basso costo. Questi valori sono stati rapportati con misurazione dirette e con dati raccolti dall’elaborazione dell’immagine ricavata con uno scanner plantare 3D. In particolare sono state valutate misure di lunghezza e larghezza del piede, dell’arch index definito come il rapporto tra l’area del mesopiede e l’area totale del piede meno le dita, dell’angolo di progressione del passo e del CPEI, un parametro che indica la variazione della traiettoria del centro di massa.
In conclusione la pedana baropodometrica, pur non essendo precisa nel determinare la distribuzione delle pressioni massime, si è dimostrata sufficientemente accurata nella stima delle dimensioni del piede, delle aree di appoggio e di alcune caratteristiche funzionali del piede.
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Serra, Christian. "Realizzazione di uno Scanner 3D Controllato da un Rapberry Pi con un Plugin di OctoPrint." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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L'obiettivo che si pone questa tesi di progetto è la realizzazione di uno Scanner 3D e lo sviluppo del plugin "FreeLSS for OctoPrint" per controllarlo attraverso un Raspberry Pi.
Il primo punto focale è il low-cost: la struttura dello scanner 3D sarà stampata in 3D tramite la stampante Anet A8 utilizzando i design open-source di Atlas3D, un progetto di crowd-funding per costruire uno Scanner 3D.
L'elettronica sarà in parte riciclata ed in parte acquistata.
Il secondo focus sarà l'aspetto Open-Source: il plugin verrà distribuito su Github con licenza AGPL v3.0 ed estenderà OctoPrint, un software per Raspberry Pi che permette di controllare stampanti 3D da remoto.
Il plugin permetterà di interfacciarsi, direttamente da OctoPrint, con FreeLSS, un altro programma open-source per Raspberry Pi che controlla lo Scanner estraendo modelli 3D utilizzando un piano girevole, una camera e dei laser linea.
La motivazione per questo progetto nasce dalla necessità di riprodurre e sostituire parti rotte e/o consumate in ambito domestico.
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Rahel, Rahel. "Mesure de champs de déplacements 3D à l'aide d'un scanner laser couplé à une caméra." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS033.
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Jacquemart, Yves. "Intérêt du scanner 3D et de l'IRM dans l'exploration pré-opératoire des traumatismes du rachis." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25281.
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BOCCHIALINI, ERIC. "Evaluation de la performance du scanner helicoidal et du morphometre 3d dans les stenoses carotidiennes." Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN1M114.
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Chromý, Adam. "3D skenování pomocí proximitního planárního skeneru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220134.
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Tato práce popisuje konstrukci skenovacího systému pro tvorbu trojrozměrných modelů. Kombinace laserového scanneru a robotického manipulátoru tvoří velice flexibilní zařízení schopné snímat jak velké, tak malé a detailní objekty. Zařízení nachází uplatnění v mnoha aplikacích, zejména v lékařství, kde přináší řadu nesporných výhod proti stávajícím systémům. Práce popisuje mechanickou konstrukci zařízení, funkční principy a jeho kalibrační proceduru. Součástí práce je i software pro vizualizaci naměřených dat a jejich zpracování do podoby modelů se stínovaným povrchem. Výsledkem práce je funkční zařízení a rozsáhlý obslužný software.
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Janoušek, Pavel. "Modernizace 3D měřicího přístroje." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230151.
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The theme of this thesis is solving modernization of 3D measuring instrument. The modernization was necessary for implementation of new activities. Based on customer’s requirements, a new Incoming Inspection for the new projects was established. Another reason for modernization is development of new products. These new products require the most modernized measuring technology. There are presented 4 variants of solution.
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Pinzón, Pérez Nelson Javier. "Sensorialidad en instrumentos musicales prehispánicos de la cultura Tumaco del suroccidente colombiano." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2017. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3233.
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Organização Interamericana de Direitos Humanos - OEAA interpretação antropológica de instrumentos musicais e do fato cultural que fornece sua fabricação e uso, é relevante para a compreensão da música em sua dimensão simbólica, estética e sensorial. A criação de um instrumento sonoro, permite mostra a importância harmônica e melódica, que produz o instrumento musical, além de estabelecer o contato entre a comunidade pré-hispânica e a paisagem sonora o qual é percebido pelos sentidos. A música na cultura Tumaco, constitue a mostra de um grande grupo das técnicas oleiras para a fabricação de instrumentos musicais, se vislumbrando uma criação útil e simbólica para aqueles artefatos em as sociedades navegantes do Litoral Pacífico Colombiano entre o 300 A.C 300 D.C. Finalmente se escolheram um 23 peças, entre instrumentos e representações musicais, ampliando o âmbito ilustrativo dos artefatos, mostrando o corpo geral externo do instrumento musical; adicionalmente se fizeram provas sonoras de 9 instrumentos musicais, em ótimo estado de conservação, considerando uma percepção visual e sonora contemporânea da sonoridade préhispânica.
La interpretación antropológica de instrumentos musicales y del hecho cultural que propicia su fabricación y uso, es pertinente para la comprensión de la música en su dimensión simbólica, estética y sensorial. La creación de un instrumento sonoro, permite evidenciar la importancia armónica y melódica que produce el instrumento musical, además de establecer el contacto entre la comunidad prehispánica y el entorno sonoro el cual percibe mediante los sentidos. La música en la cultura Tumaco, constituye la evidencia de un gran manejo de las técnicas alfareras para la fabricación de instrumentos musicales, vislumbrándose una creación productiva y simbólica para este tipo de artefactos en sociedades navegantes del Litoral Pacífico Colombiano entre el 300 A.C – 300 D.C. Finalmente se seleccionaron un número de piezas ubicadas en el Museo del oro de Bogotá, de las cuales se realizaron tomas 3D, con scanner Eva Artec 3D de 24 piezas entre instrumentos y representaciones musicales, ampliado el ámbito ilustrativo de las piezas, mostrando el cuerpo general externo de la pieza musical; adicionalmente, se efectuaron pruebas sonoras de 9 instrumentos musicales, en excelente estado de conservación, considerando una perspectiva visual y sonora contemporánea de la sonoridad prehispánica.
Anthropological interpretation of musical instruments and the cultural facts promote their manufacture and use, it's relevant for understand musical, symbolic, aesthetic and sensory dimension. The creation of a sonourus instrument, allow highlight the importance of melodic and harmonic production of musical instrument, on top show the contact between the Pre-Hispanic population and sonourus environment that is perceived by the senses. Music on the Tumaco culture, constitutes evidence of a great technical pottery for the manufacture of musical instruments, glimpse a create production and symbolic for this type of artifacts on the Colombian Pacific coast on sailing communities between 300 BC - 300 AC. Finally was chosen a number of pieces in the Museo del Oro of Bogota of which were took 3D captures with scanner Eva Artec 3D, testing on 24 pieces between instruments and musical representations, broading the illustrative field of the pieces, showing the general body of music artifact. Additionally, it's does tests 9 musical instruments, in excellent conditions, consider a contemporary sound and visual perspective of Pre-Hispanic sound.
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Bevilacqua, Maurizio. "Novel models and methods for structured light 3D Scanners." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/289.
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2010 - 2011The work made during the PhD course in Information Engineering, was focused on the possibility to find out novel techniques for the quick calibration of a cheap 3D Scanner. It is based on a simple camera and a commercial projector, in order to develop low-cost devices with high reliability capable of acquiring large areas quickly. Many systems based on this configuration exist, those devices have benefits and disadvantages. They can acquire objects with large surface in a few seconds and with an adequate accuracy. On the other hand, they need a lengthy calibration and they are very sensitive to the noise due to the flicker of the light source. Considering these problems, I tried to find new robust calibration techniques in order to reduce the sensitivity to noise, and, in this way, to have high-performance low-cost 3D scanners with short-time calibration and reconfiguration. There are many calibration techniques available for these systems. First, it is necessary to calibrate the camera and then the overall system for projecting analog encoded patterns, typically sinusoidal or digital, such as Gray codes. These techniques are very time-consuming because they require a prior camera calibration phase separate from the calibration of the whole system and also disturbing factors are introduced by the ambient light noise. Indeed, a lot of projection patterns, used to map the calibration volume, are required to be projected. In order to achieve our goal, different types of structured light scanner have been studied and implemented, according to the schemes proposed in literature. For example, there exist scanners based on sinusoidal patterns and others based on digital patterns, which also allowed the implementation in real time mode. On these systems classical techniques of calibration were implemented and performance were evaluated ad a compromise between time and accuracy of the system. Classical calibration involves the acquisition of phase maps in the volume calibration following a pre-calibration of the camera. At the beginning, an algorithm that allows calibration through the acquisition of only two views has been implemented, including camera calibration, modeled by pin-hole model, in the calibration algorithm. To do this, we have assumed a geometric model for the projector which has been verified by the evaluation of experimental data. The projector is then modeled as a second camera, also using the pin-hole model, and we proceeded with the calibration of camera-projector pair as a pair of stereo cameras, using a DLT calibration. Thanks to the acquisition of two views of the target volume in the calibration, it is possible to extract the parameters of the two devices through which the projected pattern can be generated, and the acquisition by the camera can be done, eliminating the problem of noise due to ambient light. This system is a good compromise between the reduction in calibration time, which passed from half an hour to a couple of minutes, with a reduction in term of uncertainty in order of one percentage point of calibration volumes that was chosen of a depth of 10 centimeters… [edited by author]
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Suchý, Lukáš. "Otočný stolek k 3D skeneru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413239.
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This master thesis deals with the 3D scanning. This thesis explain methods of reversal engineering with a special aim for technical disciplines. Also some examples are being given. Next part deals with the 3D scanning technology and focuses on separation of scanners to a different groups and associated technology. Basically the scanning methods are separable to destructive and non-destructive groups. An images are obtained by 3D scan, its problematics and z-axis acquisition follow in next part of the thesis. Afterwards some key parameters suitable for selection of scanning systems are selected. A scanner "David SLS2" and its basic parameters, manipulation, service and calibrating process is being described. Last part deals with function and construction of rotating table used together with the 3D scanner David SLS2.
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Wessel, Elin. "Evaluation of astructured-light 3D-scanner for respiratory gating in PET/CT in a clinical setting." Thesis, KTH, Medicinteknik och hälsosystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233323.
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In this study a structured light prototype device was evaluated for the possible use as a respiratory gating device in PET/CT. The device functions by measuring the movement in the vertical direction of the obtained 3D-surface of the chest and abdomen with the breathing.The aim of the thesis was to evaluate if and in what way a respiratory signal could be measured for patients undergoing a PET/CT examination. The system was verified against a second gating device, Sentinel by C-RAD, for 15 healthy test-persons. A high Pearson correlation coefficient between the two systems was measured indicating a similar performance in the measurement of the respiratory phase, while there were some differences in the measurement of the mean peak-to-peak amplitude between the systems. 42 patients were examined with the device at Akademiska Sjukhuset in order to test if it were possible to measure a respiration signal from the patients in the PET/CT. An useful respiratory signal was obtained for 41 patients. The size of the FOV is large enough to cover two bed-positions in the PET/CT to be respiratory gated. The prototype device has the potential to be used as a respiratory gating device with the possible benefits of having a fully contact-less system. However, improvements of the 3D-surface quality has to be made in order to ensure a constant position of the respiratory gating point, as well as further testing about the ability to measure the amplitude accurate.I denna studie utvärderades en prototyp av en optisk gating-utrustning som använder sig av strukturerat mätljus för att mäta hur en 3D-yta av bröstet och buken av patienten rör sig vertikalt med andningen. Målet med examensarbetet var att utvärdera om och på vilket sätt en andningssignal kunde mätas för patienter som genomgår en PET/CT undersökning. Prototypen verifierades i tester där den jämfördes mot en annan redan existerande produkt för andningsgating, Sentinel från C-RAD där 15 friska testpersoner var med. Resultatet av testerna var en hög Pearson korrelationskoefficient mellan de två systemen vilket tyder på likvärdig översättning av testpersonernas andningsfas, medan det var skillnader i medelamplituden mellan mätningarna. 42 patienter undersöktes i en klinisk studie med prototyputrustningen på Akademiska Sjukhuset för att testa om det gick att mäta en andningssignal på patienterna när de genomgick en PET/CT undersökning. En användbar andningssignal gick att få fram för 41 av patienterna. Storleken på FOV var stor nog för att täcka de två säng positionerna som ska gateas. Prototypen har potential att användas som en andningsgating utrustning i PET/CT med de potentiella fördelarna att vara ett system helt utan patientkontakt. För att kunna använda systemet måste det däremot utföra förbättringar på kvaliteten på 3D-ytorna för att kunna säkerställa att punkten på ytan för gatingen kan hållas konstant. Dessutom behöver det ske mer utredningar kring utrustningens prestanda för att mäta amplituden.
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Kočí, Martin. "Laserový proximitní skener - mechanika." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217752.
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This thesis deals with possibility use ordinary optical distance sensor as a 3D laser proximity scanner. The thesis is aimed at design mechanical part of scanner for shifting laser beam in two axes. In the scanner is applied indirect shifting of the beam by a mirror. Next is described test control circuit, which has a controlling of direction of beam shifting and data acquisition for task. The control circuit is based on microcontroller ATmega48 with controlling program. On the end of thesis are shown results of measuring reached with designed scanner.
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Kresta, Vojtěch. "Návrh samosvorného diferenciálu závodního automobilu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229132.
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The thesis concentrates on the design of limited slip differential of the racing car. It describes the method of designing the model of space for differential, using the 3D ATOS scanner and Pro/ENGINEER software environment. The next part of the thesis illustrates the process of designing the model of mass-produced open differential. The main attention is paid to the design of both versions of clutch limited slip differential and also to the analysis of problematic issues of each analyzed component. Further on, there is a stress analysis of some selected parts: pressure ring, differential case and their comparison before and after their optimization.
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Koukal, Pavel. "Zaměření specifických prvků v areálu Admas." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390211.
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The diploma thesis consists of two fundamental parts. The first part is focused on scanning a section of the Admas area by a terrestrial laser scanner. This section describes the introduction to laser scanning, necessary utilities and software, fieldwork, the process from the registration of a point cloud, through point cloud processing to its connection into the S-JTSK. The second part of the thesis is mostly focused on execution of the digital model of the relief from the acquired data. It also deals with the two methods of creating a cross-sectional drawing of the area - one is based on the digital model of the relief and the other on data obtained by the polar method. The outcome of the thesis is to assess the accuracy of the topographical model, based on the comparison with the polar method.
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China, Rodrigo Teiske. "Plataforma de aquisição e método de análise corporal por varredura tridimensional." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.
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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Mario Alexandre GazziroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, 2017.
Devido à disseminação de novas tecnologias de varredura (ou escaneamento) 3D, há agora a possibilidade de se realizar uma análise corporal a partir de um modelo tridimensional do paciente. Este trabalho visa criar uma plataforma de avaliação corporal semiautomática para medição de ângulos e distâncias de pontos anatômicos do corpo, juntamente com aplicações que somente informações 3D podem agregar, como a medição do volume do corpo e perímetros de seções corporais, criando-se assim um equipamento completo conhecido como scanner 3D multifuncional. Este equipamento foi construído utilizando 2 sensores Microsoft Kinect aliados à biblioteca de reconstrução ReconstructMe, uma plataforma giratória e um microcontrolador Arduino, criando uma plataforma de escaneamento e software de uso fácil e intuitivo. A plataforma desenvolvida foi utilizada em testes de análise postural de um manequim segundo o protocolo SAPO de avaliação e comparada ao software SAPO. O método de aquisição de modelos tridimensionais foi totalmente automatizado e se mostrou confiável, desde que o usuário permaneça parado durante o processo. O software para avaliações corporais, nomeado AllBodyScan3D, conseguiu reproduzir os métodos propostos e realizar uma avaliação postural de forma ainda não vista em outros trabalhos. A comparação de resultados de avaliação postural do software proposto com o software SAPO mostrou boa correspondência entre os métodos.
Due to the spread of new 3D scanning technologies, there is now the possibility of performing a body analysis from a three-dimensional model of the patient. This work aims to create a semiautomatic body evaluation platform for measuring angles and distances of anatomical points of the body, together with applications that only 3D information can aggregate, such as the measurement of body volume and perimeters of body sections, thus creating a complete equipment known as multifunctional 3D scanner. This equipment was built using 2 Microsoft Kinect sensors together with the ReconstructMe reconstruction library, a turntable and an Arduino microcontroller, creating a scanning platform and an intuitive and easy-to-use software. The developed platform was used in postural analysis tests of a mannequin following the SAPO evaluation protocol and compared to the SAPO software. The method of acquisition of three-dimensional models was fully automated and proved to be reliable, provided that the user remains still during the process. The body evaluation software, named AllBodyScan3D, was able to reproduce the proposed methods and perform a postural evaluation in ways not yet seen in other works. The comparison of postural evaluation results of the proposed software with the SAPO software showed a good match between the methods.
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Vecchiarino, Gennaro. "Potenzialità dei sistemi a scansione 3D per i rilievi ad altissima risoluzione nel campo dei Beni Culturali." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4402/.
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Jouonzo-Dah, Henriette. "Etude de l’architecture maxillo-faciale en imagerie scanner 3D : paramètres linéaires, angulaires et volumiques ; normalité, dysmorphies, compensations." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30213.
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Le but de ce travail est d’étudier l’architecture maxillo-faciale et ses dysmorphies, en analyse céphalométrique 3D sur images scanner CT, et grâce aux logiciels de la Gamme Cépha®. Premièrement, les volumes des maxillaires et des cavités aériennes de la face de 95 personnes, sont mesurés par sélection sur les coupes axiales. Le maxillaire peut être modélisé par deux structures polyédriques. Les volumes moyens sont de : 54,3 cm3 pour la mandibule; 30,64 cm3 pour le maxillaire; 29,50 cm3 pour le sinus maxillaire; 17,62 cm3 pour la cavité nasale; 8,45 cm3 pour le sinus ethmoïdal; 7,24 cm3 pour le sinus frontal; 59,52 cm3 pour le modèle à 9 points; 10,57 cm3 pour le modèle à 6 points. Des corrélations significatives existent entre ces différents volumes. Ensuite, des paramètres de céphalométrie 3D à 14 points sont définis et déterminés à trois niveaux et dans les trois sens de l’espace pour ce même échantillon. Une analyse statistique comparative permet de sélectionner les plus pertinents de l’architecture maxillo-faciale, et de préciser la notion de compensation progressive des dysmorphies faciales. Dans le sens antéropostérieur: un décalage squelettique maxillo-mandibulaire appelle des compensations linéaires mandibulaires et surtout maxillaires. Dans le sens vertical, la position de la base mandibulaire surtout détermine la position verticale linéaire et angulaire des deux arcades. La variation de ces volumes est rapprochée des dysmorphies faciales et des paramètres céphalométriques 2D et 3D. Ceci révèle des liens entre les volumes et les paramètres surtout antéropostérieurs et verticaux, confirmant ainsi la prévalence de ces deux sens dans l’établissement des dimensions faciales. La classe III occlusale est liée surtout à la position et à la longueur mandibulaire, et non à son volume, tandis que la classe II,1 est associée à un volume de sinus maxillaire augmenté. L’hyperdivergence faciale est corrélée à une diminution des volumes maxillaire et mandibulaireThe aim of this work is to study the maxillofacial architecture and it’s dimorphisms, by using 3D CT images cephalometric analyse, and Gamme Cepha® imaging softwares. First, the maxillaries and facial air cavities volumes are measured by selection on CT axial slices for 95 persons. The maxillae can be modelled in two polyedriques structures. The mean volumes are: 54. 3 cm3 for the mandible; 30. 64 cm3 for the maxillae; 29. 50 cm3 for the maxillary sinus; 17. 62 cm3 for the nasal cavity; 8. 45 cm3 for the ethmoidal sinus; 7. 24 cm3 for the frontal sinus; 59. 52 cm3 for the 9 points model; 10. 57 cm3 for the 6 points model. Moreover, there are significant correlations between these different volumes. Then, we measure the 3D 14 points cephalometric analyse parameters on 3 levels and in the 3 space directions for the same sample. A statistical comparative analyse allowed us to select the more significant parameters and to specify the facial architectural dysmorphisms progressive compensation idea: In the anteroposterior direction, an architectural discrepancy calls linear maxillary and mandibular compensations. In vertical direction, the mandibular position determines the two arcade linear and angular position. The variation of these facial volumes is compare to the facial dysmorphisms and to the 2D or 3D cephalometric parameters. .
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Bennis, Abdelhamid. "Contribution à la reconstruction 3D de bâtiments à partir de nuage de points de scanner laser terrestre." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0139/document.
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La rénovation et la réhabilitation énergétique du parc de bâtiment est un des grands défis identifiés pour les décennies à venir. Devant cet impératif d'une rénovation d'ampleur du parc construit, les solutions techniques utilisant des ossatures rapportées sont employées de plus en plus fréquemment car elles permettent de combiner performance thermique, renouvellement esthétique et ajouts fonctionnels. Une des difficultés dans l'amélioration et l'automatisation des projets de rénovation est liée à la connaissance de la géométrie du bâti existant. Des plans de l'état existant ne sont pas toujours disponibles, et dans le cas échéant, ne sont pas forcément exacts en raison de modifications apportées au bâti et non documentées ou d'écarts initiaux entre les plans et la réalisation. Après une étude bibliographique des méthodes existantes détaillées dans le chapitre 1. Les travaux menés dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre le CRITT Bois et le CRAN ont permis de développer une méthode automatique de reconstruction 3D du modèle de bâtiments à partir de nuages de points obtenus par scanner LASER terrestre. La méthode proposée se décompose en trois phases principales. La première phase détaillée dans le deuxième chapitre, consiste à segmenter le nuage de points en plusieurs plans représentants les façades du bâtiment. L'exploitation de la colorimétrie durant la phase de segmentation du nuage de points permet une réduction importante de la complexité de l'algorithme de segmentation géométrique. L'approche consiste à effectuer dans un premier temps une classification préalable du nuage de points en se basant sur les informations colorimétriques de chaque point. Puis, dans un second temps, il s'agit d'effectuer une segmentation géométrique du nuage de points en utilisant un algorithme de segmentation robuste (RANSAC). Le chapitre 3 présente la deuxième phase qui consiste à modéliser le pas d'échantillonnage de la surface à partir duquel on définit le seuil d'extraction des points de contours. Le but étant d'améliorer la fiabilité d'extraction des points de contours, ainsi que l'approximation de l'erreur sur le modèle. Le chapitre 4 détaille les principales étapes de la reconstruction d'un modèle filaire. Dans un premier temps les régions définies par les points de contours sont classées en Régions d'Irrégularités (RI), Régions d'Eléments Architecturaux (REA) comme les fenêtres et Régions de Façade (RF) représentées par les contours extérieurs de la façade. La deuxième étape consiste à modéliser les différentes régions, par un maillage de Delaunay pour les RI, et des polyèdres pour les RF et REA. La dernière étape calcule une approximation de l'erreur sur le modèle. Les tests de fiabilité de la méthode ont été réalisés sur des chantiers réels conduits par des industriels de la construction et de la rénovation. Il en ressort que la qualité de la reconstruction 3D reste fortement dépendante des facteurs d'acquisition ainsi que de la surface numérisée. L'approximation de l'erreur de modélisation permet ainsi de prévoir à l'avance les erreurs sur le modèle CAOThe renovation and the improvement of the energy efficiency of existing housing stock is one of big challenges identified for coming decades. In front of this imperative, timber based elements for building renovation are more and more used due to their substantial improvement of the building insulation, aesthetic renewal and functional additions. However, this technology faces some difficulties, one of them is the improvement of the renovation projects automation, which is bound to the knowledge of the existing built geometry. The plans representing the existing state of the building are not always available, and if so, they may be not exact, because the modifications made on the building are usually undocumented. After a literature review of existing methods which are detailed the first chapter. The work within the framework of cooperation between the CRITTBois and CRAN have allowed to develop an automatic method for 3D building CAD model reconstruction from point clouds acquired by a terrestrial LASER scanner. The proposed method is composed of three main phases. The first one detailed in the second chapter, consists in segmenting the point cloud into planar patches representing the building facades. To decrease the segmentation algorithm complexity, the colorimetric information is also considered. The approach consists in making a colorimetric classification of the point cloud in a first step, then a geometrical segmentation of the point cloud using a robust segmentation algorithm (RANSAC). The third chapter presents the second phase of our approach consists in surface sampling steps modeling and boundary point extraction. Here, we consider a local threshold defined according to the approximated surface sampling steps. The aim of considering local threshold is to improve the reliability of the boundary point extraction algorithm and approximating the CAD model error. The last chapter presents the main three steps of the boundary model reconstruction method. The first step consists in classifying the regions defined by their boundary points into three types of regions: Irregularity Region (IR), Architectural Element Region (AER) as windows, and Facades Regions (FR) which represent the building facades defined by their outer boundaries. The second step consists in modeling these regions considering a Delaunay triangulation for the IR and a polyhedral model for the AER and the FR. The third step consists in making an approximation of the error in the model. The method reliability tests were conducted on real projects; they were performed by industrial construction and renovation professionals. The tests show that the quality of the 3D reconstruction remains strongly dependent to the acquisition factors and the scanned surface properties. Also, the approximation of the modeling error can predict in advance the errors on the CAD model
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Kroupa, Ondřej. "Digitální model reliéfu v areálu Admas." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390213.
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The goal of this thesis is to scan part of the complex research center AdMaS using terrestrial laser scanner, from obtained data draw up a 3D terrain model and compare the height accuracy with conventional terrestrial measurement. The thesis is focused to software, which allow processing of point clouds and prepare the 3D model. The output of this work is the 3D terrain model and two transverse profiles for vertical comparison of two measurement methods.