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1
Deighton, M. J. "3D texture analysis in seismic data." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2006. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842764/.
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The use of hydrocarbons is ubiquitous in modern society, from fuel to raw materials. Seismic surveys now routinely produce large, volumetric representations of the Earth's crust. Human interpretation of these surveys plays an important part in locating oil and gas reservoirs, however it is a lengthy and time consuming process. Methods that provide semi-automated aid to the interpreter are highly sought after. In this research, texture is identified as a major cue to interpretation. A local gradient density method is then employed for the first time with seismic data to provide volumetric texture analysis. Extensive experiments are undertaken to determine parameter choices that provide good separation of seismic texture classes according to the Bhattacharya distance. A framework is then proposed to highlight regions of interest in a survey with high confidence based on texture queries by an interpreter. The interpretation task of seismic facies analysis is then considered and its equivalence with segmentation is established. Since the facies units may take a range of orientations within the survey, sensitivity of the analysis to rotation is considered. As a result, new methods based on alternative gradient estimation kernels and data realignment are proposed. The feature based method with alternative kernels is shown to provide the best performance. Achieving high texture label confidence requires large local windows and is in direct conflict with the need for small windows to identify fine detail. It is shown that smaller windows may be employed to achieve finer detail at the expense of label confidence. A probabilistic relaxation scheme is then described that recovers the label confidence whilst constraining texture boundaries to be smooth at the smallest scale. Testing with synthetic data shows reductions in error rate by up to a factor of 2. Experiments with seismic data indicate that more detailed structure can be identified using this approach.
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Qian, Zhongping. "Analysis of seismic anisotropy in 3D multi-component seismic data." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3515.
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The importance of seismic anisotropy has been recognized by the oil industry since its first observation in hydrocarbon reservoirs in 1986, and the application of seismic anisotropy to solve geophysical problems has been keenly pursued since then. However, a lot of problems remain, which have limited the applications of the technology. Nowadays, more and more 3D multi-component seismic data with wide-azimuth are becoming available. These have provided more opportunities for the study of seismic anisotropy. My thesis has focused on the study of using seismic anisotropy in 3D multi-component seismic data to characterize subsurface fractures, improve converted wave imaging and detect fluid content in fractured reservoirs, all of which are important for fractured reservoir exploration and monitoring. For the use of seismic anisotropy to characterize subsurface fracture systems, equivalent medium theories have established the link between seismic anisotropy and fracture properties. The numerical modelling in the thesis reveals that the amplitudes and interval travel-time of the radial component of PS converted waves can be used to derive fracture properties through elliptical fitting similar to P-waves. However, sufficient offset coverage is required for either the P- or PS-wave to reveal the features of elliptical variation with azimuth. Compared with numerical modelling, seismic physical modelling provides additional insights into the azimuthal variation of P and PS-wave attributes and their links with fracture properties. Analysis of the seismic physical model data in the thesis shows that the ratio of the offset to the depth of a target layer (offset-depth ratio), is a key parameter controlling the choice of suitable attributes and methods for fracture analysis. Data with a small offset-depth ratio from 0.7 to 1.0 may be more suitable for amplitude analysis; whilst the use of travel time or velocity analysis requires a large offset-depth ratio above 1.0, which can help in reducing the effect of the acquisition footprint and structural imprint on the results. Multi-component seismic data is often heavily contaminated with noise, which will limit its application potential in seismic anisotropy analysis. A new method to reduce noise in 3D multi-component seismic data has been developed and has proved to be very helpful in improving data quality. The method can automatically recognize and eliminate strong noise in 3D converted wave seismic data with little interference to useful reflection signals. Component rotation is normally a routine procedure in 3D multi-component seismic analysis. However, this study shows that incorrect rotations may occur for certain acquisition geometry and can lead to errors in shear-wave splitting analysis. A quality control method has been developed to ensure this procedure is correctly carried out. The presence of seismic anisotropy can affect the quality of seismic imaging, but the study has shown that the magnitude of the effects depends on the data type and target depth. The effects of VTI anisotropy (transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis) on P-wave images are much weaker than those on PS-wave images. Anisotropic effects decrease with depth for the P- and PS-waves. The real data example shows that the overall image quality of PS-waves processed by pre-stack time migration has been improved when VTI anisotropy has been taken into account. The improvements are mainly in the upper part of the section. Monitoring fluid distribution is an important task in producing reservoirs. A synthetic study based on a multi-scale rock-physics model shows that it is possible to use seismic anisotropy to derive viscosity information in a HTI medium (transverse isotropy with a horizontal symmetry axis). The numerical modelling demonstrates the effects of fluid viscosity on medium elastic properties and seismic reflectivity, as well as the possibility of using them to discriminate between oil and water saturation. Analysis of real data reveals that it is hard to use the P-wave to discriminate oil-water saturation. However, characteristic shear-wave splitting behaviour due to pore pressure changes demonstrates the potential for discriminating between oil and water saturation in fractured reservoirs.
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FERNANDES, RODRIGO COSTA. "REGISTRATION OF 3D SEISMIC TO WELL DATA." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15359@1.
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A confiabilidade dos dados coletados diretamente ao longo do caminho de
poços de petróleo é maior que a confiabilidade de dados sísmicos e, por
isto, os primeiros podem ser utilizados para ajustar o volume de aquisição
sísmica. Este trabalho propõe um ajuste dos volumes de amplitudes sísmicas
através de uma algoritmo de três passos. O primeiro passo é a identificação
de feições comuns através de um algoritmo de reconhecimento de padrões. O
segundo passo consiste em gerar e otimizar uma malha alinhada às feições
de interesse do dado sísmico voluméletrico através de um novo algoritmo
baseado em processamento de imagens e inteligência computacional. E o
terceiro e último passo é a realização de uma deformação volumétrica pontoa-
ponto usando interpolação por funções de base radial para registrar o
volume sísmico aos poços. A dissertação apresenta ainda resultados de
implementações 2D e 3D dos algoritmos propostos de forma a permitir
algumas conclusões e sugestões para trabalhos futuros.Data acquired directly from borehole are more reliable than seismic data, and then, the first can be used to adjust the second. This work proposes the correction of a volume of seismic amplitudes through a three step algorithm. The first step is the identification of common features in both sets using a pattern recognition algorithm. The second step consists of the generation and the optimization of a mesh aligned with the features in the volumetric data using a new algorithm based on image processing and computational intelligence. The last step is the seismic-to-well registration using a point-to-point volumetric deformation achieved by a radial basis function interpolation. The dissertation also presents some results from 2D and 3D implementations allowing conclusions and suggestions for future work.
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MEINICKE, MAURICIO KRECZMARSKY GUIMARAES. "3D OPACITY IN VOLUME RENDERING OF SEISMIC DATA." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=10461@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOEste trabalho propõe uma técnica chamada de Opacidade 3D para visualização volumétrica de dados sísmicos. O grande desafio da visualização volumétrica é definir uma função de transferência multidimensional que melhor se adapte ao dado que se deseja visualizar. Será apresentada uma função de transferência que utiliza três tabelas de cores 1D para compor a uma tabela de cores 3D. O trabalho de Silva[30] sobre opacidade 2D serviu de motivação para o desenvolvimento da técnica de opacidade 3D e ao longo deste trabalho são feitas comparações entre ambos. São apresentados exemplos reproduzindo a opacidade 2D e outros mostrando como a técnica proposta pode auxiliar no estudo de determinados eventos sísmicos.
This work proposes a 3D opacity technique for the volume rendering of seismic data. The greater challenge of volume rendering is to define a multidimensional transfer function better adapted to the data to be visualized. This work presents a transfer function that uses three 1D color tables to compose a 3D color table. The work from Silva[30] about 2D opacity has served as a motivation for the development of the 3D opacity technique and, hence, some comparisons are made between them. Some examples are presented in order to reproduce the 2D opacity technique and to show how the proposed technique can improve the visualization of specific seismic events.
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Al-Yaqoobi, Ahmed Musallam Ali. "Full-waveform inversion to 3D seismic land data." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/10927.
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Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a technique that seeks to find a high-resolution high-fidelity model of the Earth's subsurface that is capable of matching individual seismic waveforms, within an original raw field dataset, trace by trace. The method begins from a best-guess starting model, which is then iteratively improved using a sequence of linearized local inversions to solve a fully non-linear problem. In principle, FWI can be used to recover any physical property that has an influence upon the seismic wavefield, but in practice the technique has been used predominantly to recover P-wave velocity, and this is the route that is followed here. Full-waveform tomographic techniques seek to determine a highly resolved quantitative model of the sub-surface that will ultimately be able to explain the entire seismic wavefield including those phases that conventional processing and migration seek to remove such as refracted arrivals. Although the underlying theory of FWI is well established, its practical application to 3D land data, and especially to seismic data that have been acquired using vibrators, in a form that is effective and robust, is still a subject of intense research. In this study, 2D and 3D FWI techniques have been applied to a vibrator dataset from onshore Oman. Both the raw dataset and the subsurface model cause difficulties for FWI. In particular, the data are noisy, have weak early arrivals, are strongly elastic, and especially are lacking in low-frequency content. The Earth model appears to contain shallow low-velocity layers, and these compromise the use of first-arrival travel-time tomography for the generation of a starting velocity model. The 2D results show good recovery of the shallow part of the velocity models. The results show a low-velocity layer that extends across the velocity model, but lacking in a high-resolution image due to the absence of the third dimension. The seismograms of the final inversion models give a good comparison with the field data and produce a reasonably high correlation coefficient compared to the starting model. An inversion scheme has been developed in this study in which only data from the shorter offsets are initially inverted since these represent the subset of the data that is not cycle skipped. The offset range is then gradually extended as the model improves. The final 3D model contains a strongly developed low-velocity layer in the shallow section. The results from this inversion appear to match p-wave logs from a shallow drill hole, better flatten the gathers, and better stack and migrate the reflection data. The inversion scheme is generic, and should have applications to other similar difficult datasets.
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Wild, Christopher. "The propagation of strike-slip faults using 3D seismic data." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/87446/.
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The application of 3D seismic data to the study of fault evolution has greatly increased our understanding of how normal and thrust faults propagate. Specifically, by combining displacement distribution plots and a thorough analysis of the fault geometry, we can determine: linkage history, restrictions to fault growth, and blind versus emergent propagation. However, these methods have never been applied to strike-slip faults in seismic data due to the difficulty in imaging kinematic indicators or piercing points that quantify displacement. This thesis presents a novel technique that allows for the rapid identification of kinematic indicators in two 3D seismic datasets from the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean, which enables the displacement distribution of strike-slip faults to be analysed beyond what has been accomplished by traditional field-based studies. The high quality of the data also enables the detailed investigation into the 3D geometry of strike-slip faults to be used in conjunction with the displacement data to better understand the upward vertical propagation history. Results indicate that high displacement faults show distinctly different geometries from low displacement faults, and that strain rate and propagation mode may be integral in controlling geometry type. Furthermore, the geometry of the naturally occurring examples presented here, shows distinct differences from analogue studies, and suggests future work should be applied to understanding what controls these discrepancies. The displacement distribution also allowed insight into fault network relationships at the regional scale, in addition to individual faults. In particular, the 3D geometry of conjugate intersections, branching intersections, and tip structures was explored. The results yielded very complex and confounding structural relationships, which suggest that deformation is rarely as simple as 2D interpretations show, and thus may have significant consequences to precious resource extraction.
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FIGUEIREDO, AURELIO MORAES. "MAPPING HORIZONS AND SEISMIC FAULTS FROM 3D SEISMIC DATA USING THE GROWING NEURAL GAS ALGORITHM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11341@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
GRUPO DE TECNOLOGIA DE COMPUTAÇÃO GRÁFICA - PUC-RIO
Neste trabalho apresentamos um algoritmo baseado em agrupamento de dados para o mapeamento automático de horizontes e de falhas sísmicas a partir de dados sísmicos 3D. Apresentamos uma técnica para quantizar o volume sísmico de entrada a partir dos neurônios do grafo resultante do processo de treinamento de uma instância do algoritmo Growing Neural Gas (GNG). No conjunto de amostras de entrada utilizadas pelo GNG, cada amostra representa um voxel do volume de entrada, e retém informações da vizinhança vertical desse voxel. Depois da etapa de treinamento, a partir do grafo gerado pelo GNG um novo volume quantizado é gerado, e nesse volume possíveis ambigüidades e imperfeições existentes no volume de entrada tendem a ser minimizadas. A partir do volume quantizado descrevemos uma nova técnica de extração de horizontes, desenvolvida com o objetivo de que seja possível mapear horizontes na presença de estruturas geológicas complexas, como por exemplo horizontes que possuam porções completamente desconectadas por uma ou mesmo diversas falhas sísmicas. Também iniciamos o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem de mapeamento de falhas sísmicas utilizando informações presentes no volume quantizado. Os resultados obtidos pelo processo de mapeamento de horizontes, testado em volumes diferentes, foram bastante promissores. Além disso, os resultados iniciais obtidos pelo processo de extração de falhas sugerem que a técnica pode vir a ser uma boa alternativa para a tarefa.
In this work we present a clusterization-based method to map seismic horizons and faults from 3D seismic data. We describe a method used to quantize an initial seismic volume using a trained instance of the Growing Neural Gas (GNG) algorithm. To accomplish this task we create a training set where each sample corresponds to an entry volume voxel, retaining its vertical neighboring information. After the training procedure, the resulting graph is used to create a quantized version of the original volume. In this quantized volume both horizons and faults are more evidenced in the data, and we present a method that uses the created volume to map seismic horizons, even when they are completely disconnected by seismic faults. We also present another method that uses the quantized version of the volume to map the seismic faults. The horizon mapping procedure, tested in different volume date, yields good results. The preliminary results presented for the fault mapping procedure also yield good results, but needs further testing.
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Halvorsen, Hanne Sundgot. "Mapping of shallow Tunnel Valleys combining 2D and 3D Seismic Data." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18383.
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In this study 19 tunnel valleys within block 2/4 in the central North Sea basin have been mapped. Furthermore, the possibility for these valleys to act as migration paths for leaked gas has been evaluated. In January 1989 a kick occurred while drilling well 2/4-14 in the area of study, hence the pertinence of evaluating this hypothesis at this locality is evident. The work has been performed using multichannel 2D lines and a conventional 3D seismic survey. The quality of the 2D and 3D data is clearly dissimilar at shallow burial depths, as the 2D data is considered to be high-resolution while the 3D data is low-resolution. However, both data sets have proved to give valuable information on the valley morphology. Great details about the extent and basal morphology have been retrieved from the conventional 3D volume; whereas seismic characteristics of the valley infill have been interpreted from the 2D lines. Tunnel valleys are major, elongated incisions carved into sediments or permeable bedrock during glaciations. They tend to be sinuous in planform, but might also appear as straight valleys. Tunnel valleys often consist of several cut- and fill-structures, both laterally and vertically, and thus form a network of interconnected valleys. This has also been observed in the area of study. No sedimentological logs have been available in the study. Hence, the interpretations of valley fill lithologies are based on the seismic characteristics, and thereby they are quite cautious. The typical fill sequence observed correlates fairly good with similar valleys mapped in the area previously. A lower part of chaotic reflectors, believed to be glaciofluvial sands and gravels, is overlain by sub-horizontal layers of glaciomarine mud. Moreover, velocity pull-up effects are seen in the underburden of some of the valleys. These indicate relatively high velocities of the infill sediments, and hence, it is likely to be clayey tills. Even so, the possibility of gas migration within the tunnel valley system is believed to be conspicuous.
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Sexton, Paul. "3D velocity-depth model building using surface seismic and well data." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4824/.
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The objective of this work was to develop techniques that could be used to rapidly build a three-dimensional velocity-depth model of the subsurface, using the widest possible variety of data available from conventional seismic processing and allowing for moderate structural complexity. The result is a fully implemented inversion methodology that has been applied successfully to a large number of diverse case studies. A model-based inversion technique is presented and shown to be significantly more accurate than the analytical methods of velocity determination that dominate industrial practice. The inversion itself is based around two stages of ray-tracing. The first takes picked interpretations in migrated-time and maps them into depth using a hypothetical interval velocity field; the second checks the validity of this field by simulating fully the kinematics of seismic acquisition and processing as accurately as possible. Inconsistencies between the actual and the modelled data can then be used to update the interval velocity field using a conventional linear scheme. In order to produce a velocity-depth model that ties the wells, the inversion must include anisotropy. Moreover, a strong correlation between anisotropy and lithology is found. Unfortunately, surface seismic and well-tie data are not usually sufficient to uniquely resolve all the anisotropy parameters; however, the degree of non-uniqueness can be measured quantitatively by a resolution matrix which demonstrates that the model parameter trade-offs are highly dependent on the model and the seismic acquisition. The model parameters are further constrained by introducing well seismic traveltimes into the inversion. These introduce a greater range of propagation angles and reduce the non- uniqueness.
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Rodriguez, Tablante Johiris Isabel. "Extracting 3D Information from 2D Crooked Line Seismic Data on Hardrock Environments." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6510.
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Seismic methods have been used in sedimentary environment for almost 80 years. During that time, exploration geophysicists have developed a number of techniques to handle specific aspects of working in sedimentary areas. This is not the case for studies in the hardrock environment, where significantly less time and money have been invested on seismic investigations. Therefore, there is still a need to develop the right techniques appropriate for working in hardrock environments. The research presented here, covers aspects of acquisition, processing and interpretation in hardrock environments. A cost-effective alternative for two-dimensional data acquisition is presented. Acquisition parameters are also discussed and recommendations for future work are given. The main effort of this thesis, however, was to find appropriate processing methods to address some of the different problems present in datasets acquired in the hardrock environment. Comparison of two computer programs for first arrival seismic tomography was performed in order to find the most suitable one for processing crooked line geometries. Three-dimensional pre-stack depth migration was also tested to find a detailed near-surface image. A processing method geared to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio was applied to the dataset with the lowest signal amplitudes to improve the quality of the stack. Finally, cross-dip analysis and corrections were performed on two of the three datasets included in this thesis. Cross-dip analysis was also applied as an interpretation tool to provide the information needed for estimation of the true dip of some of the reflectors related to geological structures. The results presented in this thesis indicate that cross-dip analysis and corrections are one of the most powerful tools for processing and interpretation in the presence of complex geology. Therefore, it is recommended to include this method as a standard step in the processing and interpretation sequence of data acquired in hardrock environments.
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Taikulakov, Yerlan Yengelsbekovich. "Subsurface Structure Of The Central Thrace Basin From 3d Seismic Reflection Data." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612894/index.pdf.
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The Thrace Basin located in northwest Turkey displays attractive prospective traps for hydrocarbon and has received much attention from the petroleum industry. Despite the extensive exploration efforts, there are only few studies which address the fault kinematics and deformation mechanism of the
region in connection with structural development. In this study, 3D raw seismic data set collected around Temrez High near Babaeski fault zone will be processed and interpreted along with the available borehole data to reveal the subsurface structure of the region that will contribute towards understanding the Neogene tectonic evolution of the central Thrace basin, origin of the transcurrent tectonics and possible role of the North Anatolian Fault Zone.
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Qureshi, Jawwad Ashraf. "3D Processing of Seismic Data from the Ketzin CO2 Storage Site, Germany." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-199583.
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The accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere is considered to be the main reason for the global warming effect. The emissions can be reduced substantially by capturing and storing the CO2. The CO2SINK project was Europe’s first onshore project for the geological storage and monitoring of CO2. This project started operation near the town of Ketzin, Germany in the North East German basin in April 2004 and has continued as the CO2MAN project since April 2010. The main focus of the project was to develop the basis for Carbon Capture and Storage techniques by injecting CO2 and monitoring of CO2 in a saline aquifer in order to develop confidence for future geological storage of CO2 in Europe. In September 2004, a pilot seismic survey was performed in order to determine the necessary parameters for the conduction of a later 3D baseline seismic survey[i]. The pilot survey was performed along two perpendicular profiles near to the CO2 injection site. Pseudo 3D and 2D reflection seismic data were acquired. The results from 2D processing of the data contributed to planning of the 3D baseline survey. In this study the pseudo 3D data from the pilot seismic reflection survey is used to perform 3D processing for the first time. A significant part of the study is the correlation of results with the 3D baseline seismic survey and borehole data. All significant horizons, possible faults and traces of remnant gas were identified. Correlation with the 3D baseline, integration with the borehole data and time/depth contour maps showed good agreement with the 3D baseline survey and well log data. Low fold data, acquisition geometry, time shifts and source generated noise produces severe distortion in the data. Due to these limitations it was difficult to obtain good quality images. Careful processing that involved static corrections and more accurate velocity analysis were the key steps for successful imaging. These results were combined with bore-hole information for an integrated interpretation.
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Lamb, Rachel. "Quaternary environments of the central North Sea from basin-wide 3D seismic data." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/quaternary-environments-of-the-central-north-sea-from-basinwide-3d-seismic-data(e7b26bab-8e0f-4403-b4c5-aee201ac6843).html.
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Climate change during the last 2.5 million years is characterised by glacial-interglacial cycles of fluctuating sea level and temperature increasing in magnitude and duration towards the present day. The central North Sea preserves these glacial-interglacial cycles in an expanded sedimentary sequence creating a high resolution palaeo-climatic record. Basin-wide, low-resolution 3D seismic data, covering more than 80,000 km2 of the central North Sea, is combined with high-resolution, broadband 3D seismic, regional 2D seismic and local ultra-high resolution seismic from the Dogger Bank windfarm development zone in order to investigate in full the sedimentary sequence. The evolution of the basin is analysed along with the preserved geomorphological landforms in order to build a framework for the development of the North Sea and its changing palaeo-environments from the inception of the Quaternary (2.58 Ma) until the extensive glacial unconformity formed during the Elsterian (0.48 Ma).At the onset of the Quaternary the structure of the North Sea was that of an elongate marine basin, rapidly infilled from the south by continued progradation of the large clinoformal deposits of the southern North Sea deltaic system. The basin rapidly decreased in extent and depth however it was not until around 1.1 Ma that the broad, shallow shelf of the present day was fully established. A revision of the current seismic stratigraphy is proposed, identifying four new Members within the Aberdeen Ground Formation taking into account the development of the basin through time. Powerful downslope gravity currents dominated the basin during much of the early Quaternary, although a well-established, anti-clockwise tidal gyre acted to gently modify the gravity currents. Iceberg scouring was nearly continual from the onset of the Quaternary until grounded ice sheets began to penetrate into the basin from 1.7 Ma, more than half a million years before any previous estimates. Effects of confluence of the British and Fennoscandian ice sheets are observed from 1.3 Ma. The tunnel valleys of the Dogger Bank represent a continuation of the North Sea tunnel valley network, interacting with both older glaciotectonic thrusting and younger glaciotectonic folded deformation.
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Todorov, Todor I. "Integration of 3C-3D seismic data and well logs for rock property estimation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0015/MQ55246.pdf.
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Benazzouz, Omar. "New tools for subsurface imaging of 3D seismic node data in hydrocarbon exploration." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16799.
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Doutoramento em GeociênciasA aquisição de dados sísmicos de reflexão multicanal 3D/4D usando Ocean Bottom NODES de 4 componentes constitui atualmente um sector de importância crescente no mercado da aquisição de dados reflexão sísmica marinha na indústria petrolífera. Este tipo de dados permite obter imagens de sub-superfície de alta qualidade, com baixos níveis de ruído, banda larga, boa iluminação azimutal, offsets longos, elevada resolução e aquisição de tanto ondas P como S. A aquisição de dados é altamente repetitiva e portanto ideal para campanhas 4D. No entanto, existem diferenças significativas na geometria de aquisição e amostragem do campo de ondas relativamente aos métodos convencionais com streamers rebocados à superfície, pelo que é necessário desenvolver de novas ferramentas para o processamento deste tipo de dados. Esta tese investiga três aspectos do processamento de dados de OBSs/NODES ainda não totalmente resolvidos de forma satisfatória: a deriva aleatória dos relógios internos, o posicionamento de precisão dos OBSs e a implementação de algoritmos de migração prestack 3D em profundidade eficientes para obtenção de imagens precisas de subsuperfície. Foram desenvolvidos novos procedimentos para resolver estas situações, que foram aplicados a dados sintéticos e a dados reais. Foi desenvolvido um novo método para detecção e correcção de deriva aleatória dos relógios internos, usando derivadas de ordem elevada. Foi ainda desenvolvido um novo método de posicionamento de precisão de OBSs usando multilateração e foram criadas ferramentas de interpolação/extrapolação dos modelos de velocidades 3D de forma a cobrirem a extensão total área de aquisição. Foram implementados algoritmos robustos de filtragem para preparar o campo de velocidades para o traçado de raios e minimizar os artefactos na migração Krichhoff pre-stack 3D em profundidade. Os resultados obtidos mostram um melhoramento significativo em todas as situações analisadas. Foi desenvolvido o software necessário para o efeito e criadas soluções computacionais eficientes. As soluções computacionais desenvolvidas foram integradas num software standard de processamento de sísmica (SPW) utilizado na indústria, de forma a criar, conjuntamente com as ferramentas já existentes, um workflow de processamento integrado para dados de OBS/NODES, desde a aquisição e controle de qualidade à produção dos volumes sísmicos migrados pre-stack em profundidade.
Ocean bottom recording of 3D/4D multichannel seismic reflection data using 4 component Nodes is a recent and growing major segment in the marine seismic acquisition market in the oil and gas industry. These data provide high quality subsurface imaging with low ambient noise levels, broad bandwidth, wide azimuth illumination, long-offset, high resolution, and recordings of both P and S waves. In addition, data acquisition is highly repeatable and therefore ideal for 4D surveys. However, there are significant differences in acquisition geometry and wavefield sampling, compared to the conventional towed streamer data, which require new tools to be developed for data processing. This thesis investigates three key issues in OBS/NODE data processing that have not yet been satisfactorily fully solved: random clock drifts, accurate OBS positioning and efficient 3D pre-stack depth migration algorithms for accurate subsurface imaging. New procedures were developed to tackle these issues and these were tested on synthetic and real datasets. A new method for random clock drift was created using high order derivatives to detect and correct these residual drifts. A new accurate OBS/NODE positioning algorithm, using multilateration was developed. Tools were created for interpolation/extrapolation of 3D velocity functions across the full extent of the acquisition survey, and robust smoothing algorithms were used to prepare the velocity field to be used for ray tracing and prestack 3D Kirchhoff depth migration, so as to minimize migration artifacts. The results obtained show a clear improvement in all situations analyzed. Dedicated software tools were created and computationally efficient solutions were implemented. These were incorporated into an industry standard seismic processing software package (SPW), so as to provide, together with the already existing tools, a fully integrated processing workflow for OBS/NODE data, from data acquisition and quality control, to the production of the final pre-stack depth migrated seismic volumes.
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Rowe, Craig A. "A novel 3D transition zone seismic survey, Shoal Point, Port au Port Peninsula, Newfoundland : seismic data processing and interpretation /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,59416.
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Afsar, Fatima. "ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF 2D/3D SEISMIC DATA OVER DHURNAL OIL FIELD, NORTHERN PAKISTAN." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202565.
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The study area, Dhurnal oil field, is located 74 km southwest of Islamabad in the Potwar basin of Pakistan. Discovered in March 1984, the field was developed with four producing wells and three water injection wells. Three main limestone reservoirs of Eocene and Paleocene ages are present in this field. These limestone reservoirs are tectonically fractured and all the production is derived from these fractures. The overlying claystone formation of Miocene age provides vertical and lateral seal to the Paleocene and Permian carbonates. The field started production in May 1984, reaching a maximum rate of 19370 BOPD in November 1989. Currently Dhurnal‐1 (D-1) and Dhurnal‐6 (D-6) wells are producing 135 BOPD and 0.65 MMCF/D gas. The field has depleted after producing over 50 million Bbls of oil and 130 BCF of gas from naturally fractured low energy shelf carbonates of the Eocene, Paleocene and Permian reservoirs. Preliminary geological and geophysical data evaluation of Dhurnal field revealed the presence of an up-dip anticlinal structure between D-1 and D-6 wells, seen on new 2003 reprocessed data. However, this structural impression is not observed on old 1987 processed data. The aim of this research is to compare and evaluate old and new reprocessed data in order to identify possible factors affecting the structural configuration. For this purpose, a detailed interpretation of old and new reprocessed data is carried out and results clearly demonstrate that structural compartmentalization exists in Dhurnal field (based on 2003 data). Therefore, to further analyse the available data sets, processing sequences pertaining to both vintages have been examined. After great effort and detailed investigation, it is concluded that the major parameter giving rise to this data discrepancy is the velocity analysis done with different gridding intervals. The detailed and dense velocity analysis carried out on the data in 2003 was able to image the subtle anticlinal feature, which was missed on the 1987 processed seismic data due to sparse gridding. In addition to this, about 105 sq.km 3D seismic data recently (2009) acquired by Ocean Pakistan Limited (OPL) is also interpreted in this project to gain greater confidence on the results. The 3D geophysical interpretation confirmed the findings and aided in accurately mapping the remaining hydrocarbon potential of Dhurnal field.
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Long, Jonathan James. "Geometry, evolution and scaling of fault relay zones in 3D using detailed observations from outcrops and 3D seismic data." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/872/.
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A new surface attribute was developed during the course of the thesis, which enables fault-related deformation – specifically, the apparent dip of mapped horizons measured in a direction perpendicular to the average strike of a fault array (here termed “fault-normal rotation”, or “FNR”) – to be quantitatively analysed around imaged faults. The new utility can be applied to any 3D surface and was used to analyse centimetre-scale to kilometre-scale fault-arrays, interpreted from laser scan point clouds, digital elevation models, and 3D seismic datasets. In all studied examples, faults are surrounded by volumes of fault-related deformation that have variable widths, and which can consist of faults, fractures and continuous bed rotations (i.e. monoclines). The vertical component of displacement calculated from the areas of fault-related deformation on each horizon act to “fill-in” apparently missing displacements observed in fault throw profiles at fault overlaps. This result shows that complex 3D patterns of fault-related strain commonly develop during the geometrically coherent growth of a single fault-array. However, if the component of continuous deformation was not added to the throw profile, the fault-array could have been misinterpreted as a series of isolated fault segments with coincidental overlaps. The FNR attribute allows the detailed, quantitative analysis of fault linkage geometries. It is shown that overlapping fault tip lines in relay zones can link simultaneously at multiple points, which results in a segmented branch line. Fault linkage in relay zones is shown to control the amount of rotation accommodated by relay ramps on individual horizons, with open relay ramps having accommodated by larger rotations than breached relay ramps in the same relay zone. Displacements are therefore communicated between horizons in order to maintain strain compatibility within the relay zone. This result is used to predict fault linkage in the subsurface, along slip-aligned branch lines, from the along-strike displacement distributions at the earth’s surface. Relay zone aspect ratios (AR; overlap/separation) are documented to follow power-law scaling relationships over nine orders of magnitude with a mean AR of 4.2. Approximately one order of magnitude scatter in both separation and overlap exists at all scales. Up to half of this scatter can be attributed to the spread of measurements recorded from individual relay zones, which relates to the evolution of relay zone geometries as the displacements on the bounding faults increase. Mean relay AR is primarily controlled by the interactions between the stress field, of a nearby fault, and overlapping fault tips, rather than by the host rock lithology. At the Kilve and Lamberton study areas, mean ARs are 8.60 and 8.64 respectively, which are much higher than the global mean, 4.2. Scale-dependent factors, such as mechanical layering and heterogeneities at the fault tips are present at these locations, which modify how faults interact and produce relatively large overlap lengths for a given separation distance. Despite the modification to standard fault interaction models, these high AR relay zones are all geometrically coherent.
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Irnaka, Theodosius Marwan. "3D elastic full waveform inversion for subsurface characterization.Study of a shallow seismic multicomponent field data." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALU004.
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L'inversion de forme d'onde complète (FWI) est une procédure d'ajustement itératif des données entre les données observées et les données synthétiques. Les données synthétiques sont calculées en résolvant une équation d'onde. La FWI vise à reconstruire les informations détaillées des propriétés physiques du sous-sol. La méthode FWI a été développée au cours des dernières décennies, grâce à l'augmentation de la capacité de calcul et au développement de la technologie d'acquisition. La FWI a également été appliquée à à des échelles variées, allant de l'échelle globale, lithosphérique, crustale, jusqu'à la proche surface, c'est à dire quelques mètres de profondeur.Dans ce manuscrit, nous étudions l'inversion d'un jeu de données de source et de récepteur multicomposantes en utilisant un algorithme d'inversion de forme d'onde complète viscoélastique pour une cible sismique peu profonde. La cible est une ligne de tranchée enterrée à environ 1 m de profondeur. Nous présentons le pré-traitement des données, y compris une correction par déconvolution pour compenser les différentes conditions de couplage de la source et du récepteur pendant l'acquisition, ainsi qu'un procédé d'inversion en plusieurs étape pour la reconstruction des vitesses des ondes P et S. Notre mise en œuvre est basée sur une modélisation viscoélastique utilisant une discrétisation par éléments spectraux pour rendre compte avec précision de la complexité de la propagation des ondes dans cette région peu profonde. Nous illustrons la stabilité de l'inversion en partant de différents modèles initiaux, soit basés sur l'analyse des courbes de dispersion, soit des modèles homogènes cohérents avec les premières arrivées. Nous obtenons des résultats similaires dans les deux cas. Nous illustrons également l'importance de la prise en compte de l'atténuation en comparant les résultats élastiques et viscoélastiques. Les résultats 3D permettent de localiser précisément la ligne de tranchée en termes d'interprétation. Ils montrent également une autre structure de ligne de tranchée, dans une direction formant un angle de 45 degrés avec la direction de la ligne de tranchée ciblée. Cette nouvelle structure avait été précédemment interprétée comme un artefact dans les anciens résultats d'inversion 2D. L'interprétation archéologique de cette nouvelle structure est actuellement en discussion.Nous réalisons également trois expériences différentes pour comprendre l'effet des données à composantes multiples sur la FWI. La première expérience est une analyse de sensibilité de plusieurs paquets d'ondes (onde P, onde S et onde de surface) sur un modèle 3D simple basé sur une direction cartésienne de la source et du récepteur. La seconde expérience est une inversion élastique 3D basée sur des données synthétiques (utilisant la source de direction cartésienne) et de champ (utilisant la source Galperin) avec diverses combinaisons de composants. Seize combinaisons de composantes sont analysées pour chaque cas. Dans la troisième expérience, nous effectuons la décimation de l'acquisition sur la base de la deuxième expérience. Nous démontrons un avantage significatif des données multicomposantes FWI grâce à ces expériences. Dans une échelle sismique peu profonde, les inversions avec les composantes horizontales donnent une meilleure reconstruction en profondeur. En se basant sur la décimation de l'acquisition, l'inversion utilisant des données sismiques 9C fortement décimées produit des résultats similaires à l'inversion utilisant des données sismiques 1C sur l'acquisition complèteFull Waveform Inversion (FWI) is an iterative data fitting procedure between the observed data and the synthetic data. The synthetic data is calculated by solving the wave equation. FWI aims at reconstructing the detailed information of the subsurface physical properties. FWI has been rapidly developed in the past decades, thanks to the increase of the computational capability and the development of the acquisition technology. FWI also has been applied in a broad scales including the global, lithospheric, crustal, and near surface scale.In this manuscript, we investigate the inversion of a multicomponent source and receiver near-surface field dataset using a viscoelastic full waveform inversion algorithm for a shallow seismic target. The target is a trench line buried at approximately 1 m depth. We present the pre-processing of the data, including a matching filter correction to compensate for different source and receiver coupling conditions during the acquisition, as well as a dedicated multi-step workflow for the reconstruction of both P-wave and S-wave velocities. Our implementation is based on viscoelastic modeling using a spectral element discretization to accurately account for the wave propagation's complexity in this shallow region. We illustrate the inversion stability by starting from different initial models, either based on dispersion curve analysis or homogeneous models consistent with first arrivals. We recover similar results in both cases. We also illustrate the importance of taking into account the attenuation by comparing elastic and viscoelastic results. The 3D results make it possible to recover and locate precisely the trench line in terms of interpretation. They also exhibit another trench line structure, in a direction forming an angle at 45 degrees with the direction of the targeted trench line. This new structure had been previously interpreted as an artifact in former 2D inversion results. The archaeological interpretation of this new structure is still a matter of discussion.We also perform three different experiments to study the effect of multicomponent data on this FWI application. The first experiment is a sensitivity kernel analysis of several wave packets (P-wave, S-wave, and surface wave) on a simple 3D model based on a Cartesian based direction of source and receiver. The second experiment is 3D elastic inversion based on synthetic (using cartesian direction's source) and field data (using Galperin source) with various component combinations. Sixteen component combinations are analyzed for each case. In the third experiment, we perform the acquisition's decimation based on the second experiment. We demonstrate a significant benefit of multicomponent data FWI in terms of model and data misfit through those experiments. In a shallow seismic scale, the inversions with the horizontal components give a better depth reconstruction. Based on the acquisition's decimation, inversion using heavily decimated 9C seismic data still produce similar results compared to the inversion using 1C seismic of a dense acquisition
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Nangoo, Tenice Peaches. "Seismic full-waveform inversion of 3D field data : from the near surface to the reservoir." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18898.
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The theory of FWI is well-established. However its practical application to 3D seismic datasets is still a subject of intense research. This technique has shown spectacular results in quantitatively extracting P-wave velocities in the shallow near surface at depths of less than 1 km, using wide-angle OBC datasets. This study deals with establishing a robust methodology for the application of FWI that can be routinely applied to analogous field datasets, both in the shallow near surface and at deeper reservoir depths. A practical strategy for anisotropic 3D acoustic FWI was developed and implemented. The stratergy is tested on a series of 3D datasets: (1) a synthetic Marmousi dataset, (2) an OBC field data and (3) a streamer data. A 3D synthetic Marmousi data is used to compare FWI implementations in both the time domain and the frequency domain. In both domains, it was possible to recover an almost ‘perfect’ model with complete data coverage, no noise, and few iterations. Both approaches were useful and competitive, and ideally both should be available within a comprehensive suite of inversion tools. The anisotropic time-domain FWI strategy was successfully implemented to complex OBC field data set with long offsets, full-azimuthal coverage and low frequencies. The FWI quantitatively recovered p-wave velocities in the shallow near surface, at intermediate depths where the sediments are gas bearing, and at deeper reservoir depths. The velocities are indeed realistic and are consistent with an independent reflection PSDM volume, well data and pressure data. The synthetic FWI data better match the field data, with the phase residuals between the two datasets significantly reduced to low values. The gathers are flatter and the depth-migrated images are more resolved and focused. The strategy was also successfully implemented to complex streamer field data set with short offsets, narrow-azimuthal coverage and reduced signal at the low frequencies. The FWI quantitatively recovered P-wave velocities down to depths of 750 m. A complex series of high and low velocity channels are recovered. These are consistent with an independent reflection PSTM volume. The synthetic FWI data better match the field data, with the phase residuals between the two datasets significantly reduced to low values. The depth-migrated images are more resolved and focused in the shallow section.
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Gafeira, Gonçalves Joana. "Submarine mass movement processes on the North Sea Fan as interpreted from the 3D seismic data." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4714.
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This research has been focused on the characterisation and analysis of the deposits of large-scale mass movement events that shaped the North Sea Fan since the Mid-Pleistocene. Located at the mouth of the cross-shelf trough Norwegian Channel, the North Sea Fan is one of the largest through-mouth fans in the glaciated european margin with an area of approximately 142,000 km2. Submarine mass movement processed have occurred intermittenrly throughout the Quarternary history of the North Sea Fan, related to recurrent climate-related episodes of growth and retreat of the ice sheets. These processes can transport large amounts of sediment from the upper shelf up to the abyssal basins, playing an important role on the evolution of continental margins and can also reporesnet major geological hazards. This thesis uses mainly 3D seismic data to investigate the external geometry and internal structure of large-scale mass movement deposits. The high spatial resolution provided by the 3D seismic data has allowed a detailed geomorpholocial analysis of these deposits, This study involved the interpretation of the seismic data and the detailed pickling of key reflectors followed by tge extraction of both horizon and window-based seismic attributes. Digital elevation models of the key reflectors and their seismic attribute maps were then transferred to a geographical information system (GIS) where they were interactively interpreted using spatial analysis tools and the full visualisation potential of the software. The outcomes of this study highlight the importance of detailed horizon pickling and interactice interpretation followed by spatial analysis and visualisation in GIS environment. The identification of acoustic patterns within deposits that are normally described from 2D seismic as chaotic or acoustically transparent emphasizes the potential of detailed analysis of 3D seismic data. It gives an example of how this type of data can provide new insights into the mechanisms and processes associated with mass movements. In particular, amplitude and RMS amplitude maps provide remarkable detailed information of internal deformation structures whereas slope, shaded-relief and thickness maps allowed detailed characterisation of the external geometry. Various types of kinematic indicators can be recognized within the mass movement deposits through combined seismic analysis and detaield morphological mapping.
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Huang, Fei. "3D Time-lapse Analysis of Seismic Reflection Data to Characterize the Reservoir at the Ketzin CO2 Storage Pilot Site." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301003.
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3D time-lapse seismics, also known as 4D seismics, have great potential for monitoring the migration of CO2 at underground storage sites. This thesis focuses on time-lapse analysis of 3D seismic reflection data acquired at the Ketzin CO2 geological storage site in order to improve understanding of the reservoir and how CO2 migrates within it. Four 3D seismic surveys have been acquired to date at the site, one baseline survey in 2005 prior to injection, two repeat surveys in 2009 and 2012 during the injection period, and one post-injection survey in 2015. To accurately simulate time-lapse seismic signatures in the subsurface, detailed 3D seismic property models for the baseline and repeat surveys were constructed by integrating borehole data and the 3D seismic data. Pseudo-boreholes between and beyond well control were built. A zero-offset convolution seismic modeling approach was used to generate synthetic time-lapse seismograms. This allowed simulations to be performed quickly and limited the introduction of artifacts in the seismic responses. Conventional seismic data have two limitations, uncertainty in detecting the CO2 plume in the reservoir and limited temporal resolution. In order to overcome these limitations, complex spectral decomposition was applied to the 3D time-lapse seismic data. Monochromatic wavelet phase and reflectivity amplitude components were decomposed from the 3D time-lapse seismic data. Wavelet phase anomalies associated with the CO2 plume were observed in the time-lapse data and verified by a series of seismic modeling studies. Tuning frequencies were determined from the balanced amplitude spectra in an attempt to discriminate between pressure effects and CO2 saturation. Quantitative assessment of the reservoir thickness and CO2 mass were performed. Time-lapse analysis on the post-injection survey was carried out and the results showed a consistent tendency with the previous repeat surveys in the CO2 migration, but with a decrease in the size of the amplitude anomaly. No systematic anomalies above the caprock were detected. Analysis of the signal to noise ratio and seismic simulations using the detailed 3D property models were performed to explain the observations. Estimation of the CO2 mass and uncertainties in it were investigated using two different approaches based on different velocity-saturation models.
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Manton, Ben. "The mechanics of sill propagation and associated venting, investigated using 3D seismic data from offshore Norway." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/75498/.
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This thesis reports on over 27 sills and 213 associated vents. The sills and vents were investigated using 3D seismic data, in a ~1000 km2 area, offshore Norway between the Møre and Vøring Basins (the Edvarda survey). A wide range of sill geometries are observed which are interpreted to be the result of five different processes acting on the sills. Three of these processes relate to how the host deforms. If sill intrusion causes deformation of the seafloor, creating folds, or the sills interact with folds created by neighbouring sills, sills are found to cross bedding (transgress) abruptly. Alternatively, if deformation is interpreted to be local, then continuously increasing Young’s Modulus with depth is interpreted to result in sills which transgress continuously upwards, akin to smooth ‘bowls’. At shallow depths the host is interpreted to fluidise, leading to limited transgression or in some cases multiple bowls. The seismic amplitude responses of shallow sills include flow related features such as channels and lobes. The other two processes interpreted to affect sill propagation stem from structures in the host: abrupt changes in lithology and pre-existing faults. Multiple sills are found to terminate, and in some cases form, at sand rich units in the otherwise mudstone dominated host. Additionally, some sills are interpreted to have intruded into a host with pre-existing polygonal faults, which led to angular sill geometries. Vents are found to occur directly above sills, often along the margins of sills, but in some cases over sill interiors, especially where the sills are locally shallower. Additionally, a cluster of 98, relatively small vents occur above the shallowest sill. Differential compaction and slumping are found to affect some larger vent morphologies. Overall, vent size is found to closely follow a power-law such that smaller vents are significantly more numerous than larger vents.
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Toteva, Tatiana D. "Semblance based imaging of scatterers with an application in identifying near-surface heterogeneities." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11469.
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Three small-scale seismic experiments were conducted with the objective of identifying shallow scatterers that are principally fractures. The experiment targeted the upper 100m of the Earths subsurface. The analysis consisted of three steps. In the first step, we acquired data from three seismic arrays, at two different field sites. In the second step, the seismic records were processed using semblance analysis. The semblance coefficient for scattered waves was calculated as a function of their arrival time, apparent velocity, and azimuth. This information was the input for the third step the 3-D imaging algorithm. Scatterers in a homogeneous media were imaged along ellipses with dimensions defined by the true velocity of propagation and the time of arrival. The depth was defined from the ratio of true to apparent velocity. The three-dimensional images from an outcrop field site outline a zone of contact between granite and amphibolite-biotite gneiss. This contact zone is most likely controlled by a combination of fractures, joints and differential weathering. The semblance imaging technique failed to locate a subhorizontal fracture within the bedrock of a site with a soil cover. These results suggest that the technique can be successfully applied to a medium that can be approximated with homogeneous velocity structure. For more complex environments, the algorithm must be modified. First, ray tracing must be incorporated in the algorithm to find the exact locations of the near-surface heterogeneities. Second, geophones and source should be applied to the bedrock to avoid the attenuation from the soil overburden.
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Correia, Fábio Gonçalves. "Quality control of ultra high resolution seismic data acquisition in real-time." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22007.
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Mestrado em Engenharia GeológicaA aquisicção de grandes volumes de dados durante uma campanha sísmica exige, necessariamente, mais tempo para o controlo de qualidade (QC). No entanto, o tempo de QC não pode ser extendido devido a limitações do tempo de operação, tendo de ser feito mais rápido, o que pode comprometer a qualidade. A alternativa, alocar mais pessoas e recursos para QC e melhorar a eficiência, leva a aumentos de custo e à necessidade de maiores embarcações. Além disso, o QC tradicional requer tempo de análise após a aquisição, atrasando a desmobilização da embarcação, aumentando assim os custos da aquisição. A solução proposta passou pelo desenvolvimento de um QC automático em tempo real eficiente, testando a Comparação Espetral e o Atributo Razão Sinal-Ruído - ferramentas desenvolvidas no software SPW, usado para processamento de dados sísmicos. Usando este software foi testada a deteção e identificação de dados de fraca qualidade através das ferramentas de QC automáticas e os seus parâmetros ajustados para incluir pelo menos todos os maus registos encontrados manualmente. Foi também feita a deteção e identificação de vários problemas encontrados durante uma campanha de aquisição, tais como fortes ondulações e respetiva direção, o ruído de esteira provocado pelas hélices da embarcação e consequente Trouser’s Effect e mau funcionamento das fontes ou dos recetores. A deteção antecipada destes problemas pode permitir a sua resolução atempada, não comprometendo a aquisição dos dados. Foram feitos vários relatórios para descrever problemas encontrados durante os testes de versões beta do software SPW e os mesmos reportados à equipa da Parallel Geoscience, que atualizou o software de forma a preencher os requisitos necessários ao bom funcionamento do QC em tempo real. Estas atualizações permitiram o correto mapeamento dos headers dos ficheiros, otimização da velocidade de análise das ferramentas automáticas e correção de erros em processamento dos dados em multi-thread, para evitar atrasos entre o QC em tempo real e a aquisição dos dados, adaptação das ferramentas à leitura de um número variável de assinaturas das fontes, otimização dos limites de memória gráfica e correção de valores anómalos de semelhança espetral. Algumas atualizações foram feitas através da simulação da aquisição de dados na empresa, de forma a efetuar alguns ajustes e posteriormente serem feitos testes numa campanha futura. A parametrização destas ferramentas foi alcançada, assegurando-se assim a correta deteção automática dos vários problemas encontrados durante a campanha de aquisição usada para os testes, o que levará à redução do tempo gasto na fase de QC a bordo e ao aumento da sua eficácia.
The acquisition of larger volumes of seismic data during a survey requires, necessarily, more time for quality control (QC). Despite this, QC cannot be extended due operational time constraints and must be done faster, compromising its efficiency and consequently the data quality. The alternative, to allocate more people and resources for QC to improve efficiency, leads to prohibitive higher costs and larger vessel requirements. Therefore, traditional QC methods for large data require extended standby times after data acquisition, before the vessel can be demobilized, increasing the cost of survey. The solution tested here consisted on the development of an efficient Real- Time QC by testing Spectral Comparison and Signal to Noise Ratio Attribute (tools developed for the SPW seismic processing software). The detection and identification of bad data by the automatic QC tools was made and the parameters adapted to include at least all manual QC flags. Also, the detection and identification of common problems during acquisition, such strong wave motion and its direction, strong propeller’s wash, trouser’s effect and malfunction in sources or receivers were carried out. The premature detection of these problems will allow to solve them soon enough to not compromise the data acquisition. Several problem reports from beta tests of SPW were transmitted to the Parallel Geoscience team, to be used as a reference to update the software and fulfil Real-Time QC requirements. These updates brought the correct mapping of data headers in files, optimization of data analysis speed along with multi-thread processing debug, to assure it will be running fast enough to avoid delays between acquisition and Real-Time QC, software design to read a variable number of source signatures, optimization of graphic memory limits and debugging of anomalous spectral semblance values. Some updates resulted from a data acquisition simulation that was set up in the office, to make some adjustments to be later tested on an upcoming survey. The parameterization of these tools was finally achieved, assuring the correct detection of all major issues found during the survey, what will eventually lead to the reduction of time needed for QC stage on board, as also to the improvement of its efficiency.
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Singh, Paritosh. "Processing, inversion, and interpretation of 9C-3D seismic data for characterizing the Morrow A sandstone, Postle Field, Oklahoma." Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3559234.
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Detection of Morrow A sandstones is a major problem in the exploration of new fields and the characterization of existing fields because they are very thin and laterally discontinuous. The present research shows the advantages of S-wave data in detecting and characterizing the Morrow A sandstone. Full-waveform modeling is done to understand the sandstone signature in P-, PS- and S-wave gathers. The sandstone shows a distinct high-amplitude event in pure S-wave reflections as compared to the weaker P- and PS-wave events. Modeling also helps in understanding the effect of changing sandstone thickness, interbed multiples (generated by shallow high-velocity anhydrite layers) and sidelobe interference effect (due to Morrow shale) at the Morrow A level.
Multicomponent data need proper care while processing, especially the S-wave data which are aected by the near-surface complexity. Cross-spread geometry and 3D FK filtering are effective in removing the low-velocity noise trends. The S-wave data obtained after stripping the S-wave splitting in the overburden show improvement for imaging and reservoir property determination. Individual P- and S-wave attributes as well as their combinations have been analyzed to predict the A sandstone thickness. A multi-attribute map and collocated cokriging procedure is used to derive the seismic-guided isopach of the A sandstone.
Postle Field is undergoing CO2 flooding and it is important to understand the characteristics of the reservoir for successful flood management. Density can play an important role in finding and monitoring high-quality reservoirs, and to predict reservoir porosity. prestack P- and S-wave AVO inversion and joint P- and S-wave inversion provide density estimates along with the P- and S-impedance for better characterization of the Morrow A sandstone. The research provides a detailed multicomponent processing, inversion and interpretation work flow for reservoir characterization, which can be used for exploration in other parts of the world as well.
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Hawie, Nicolas. "Architecture, geodynamic evolution and sedimentary filling of the levant basin : a 3D quantitative approach based on seismic data." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990235.
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Sedimentological and biostratigraphic investigations onshore Lebanon coupled with 2D offshore reflection seismic data allowed proposing a new Mesozoic-Present tectono-stratigraphic framework for the northern Levant Margin and Basin. The seismic interpretation supported by in-depth facies analysis permitted to depict the potential depositional environments offshore Lebanon as no well has yet been drilled. The Levant region has been affected by successive geodynamic events that modified the architecture of its margin and basin from a Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic rift into a Late Cretaceous subduction followed by collision and Miocene-Present strike slip motion. The interplay between major geodynamic events as well as sea level fluctuations impacted on the sedimentary infill of the basin. During Jurassic and Cretaceous, the Levant Margin is dominated by the aggradation of a carbonate platform while deepwater mixed-systems prevailed in the basin during the Oligo-Miocene, three major sedimentary pathways are expected to drive important quantities of clastic material into the Levant Basin: (1) canyons along the Levant Margin, (2) the Latakia region (coastlal Syria) and (3) the Nile Deep sea cone. Regional drainage system analysis was performed to estimate the contribution of the different sediment sources to the infill of the basin. A numerical stratigraphic forward model, Dionisos, was used to test the Middle-Late Miocene source-to-sink scenarios permitting to better assess the plausibility of the expected sedimentary volumes for each source through a comparison with actual drainage systems
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Castro, Scarlet A. "A probabilistic approach to jointly integrate 3D/4D seismic, production data and geological information for building reservoir models /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Heldreich, Georgina. "A quantitative analysis of the fluvio-deltaic Mungaroo Formation : better-defining architectural elements from 3D seismic and well data." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-quantitative-analysis-of-the-fluviodeltaic-mungaroo-formation-betterdefining-architectural-elements-from-3d-seismic-and-well-data(866e245b-ba19-455d-924c-6d20af3dd700).html.
Full textAbstract:
Upper to lower delta plain fluvial sand bodies, sealed by delta plain mudstones, form important hydrocarbon reservoir targets. Modelling complex geobodies in the subsurface is challenging, with a significant degree of uncertainty on dimensions, distribution and connectivity. Studies of modern and ancient paralic systems have produced a myriad of nomenclature and hierarchy schemes for classifying fluvial architectural elements; often lacking clearly-defined terminology. These are largely based on outcrop data where lateral and vertical relationships of bounding scour surfaces can be assessed in detail. Many of these key defining criteria are difficult to recognise or cannot be obtained from typical 3D seismic reflection data at reservoir depths greater than or equal to 2 km subsurface. This research provides a detailed statistical analysis of the Triassic fluvio-deltaic Mungaroo Formation on the North West Shelf of Australia, which is one of the most important gas plays in the world. A multidisciplinary approach addresses the challenge of characterising the reservoir by utilising an integrated dataset of 830 m of conventional core, wireline logs from 21 wells (penetrating up to 1.4 km of the upper Mungaroo Fm) and a 3D seismic volume covering approximately 10,000 km2. Using seismic attribute analysis and frequency decomposition, constrained by well and core data, the planform geobody geometries and dimensions of a variety of architectural elements at different scales of observation are extracted. The results produce a statistically significant geobody database comprising over 27,000 measurements made from more than 6,000 sample points. Three classes of geobodies are identified and interpreted to represent fluvial channel belts and channel belt complexes of varying scales. Fluvial geobody dimensions and geomorphology vary spatially and temporally and the inferred controls on reservoir distribution and architecture are discussed. Results document periods of regression and transgression, interpreted in relation to potential allocyclic and autocyclic controls on the evolution of the depositional system. Statistical analysis of width-to-thickness dimensions and key metrics, such as sinuosity, provided a well-constrained and valuable dataset that augments, and has been compared to, existing published datasets. Uncertainty in interpretation caused by data resolution is addressed; something recognised in many other studies of paralic systems. Given the data distribution, type and resolution, geobodies have possible interpretations as either incised valleys or amalgamated channel belts, with implications for developing predictive models of the system. This study offers the first published, statistically significant dataset for the Mungaroo Formation. It builds upon previous regional work, offering a detailed analysis of this continental scale paralic system and provides insight into the controls and mechanisms that influenced its spatial and temporal evolution. Focusing on improved understanding of geobody distribution and origin, the statistical parameters generated provide a robust dataset that can be used for 3D static reservoir models of analogue systems. Thus, helping to constrain potential geobody dimensions and reduce the uncertainties associated with modelling.
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Reif, Christine. "New techniques for analyzing long-period seismic data to determine 3D thermal and compositional structure of the Earth's mantle /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3185925.
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Cindi, Brian Msizi. "3-D Seismic structural interpretation : insights to thrust faulting and paleo-stress field distribution in the deep offshore Orange Basin, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5548.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScThe Orange Basin provides exceptional 3-D structures of folds and faults generated during soft-sediment slumping and deformation which is progressive in nature. 3-D seismic and structural evaluation techniques have been used to understand the geometric architecture of the gravity collapse structures. The location of the seismic surveyed area is approximately 370 km northwest of the Port of Saldanha. The interpretation of gravitational tectonics indicate significant amount of deformation that is not accounted for in the imaged thrust belt structure. The Study area covers 8200 square kilometre (km²) of the total 130 000 km² area of the Orange Basin offshore South Africa. The south parts of the Study area are largely featureless towards the shelf area. The north has chaotic seismic facies as the result of an increase in thrust faults in seismic facies 2. Episodic gravitational collapse system of the Orange Basin margin characterizes the late Cretaceous post-rift evolution. This Study area shows that implications of stress field and thrust faulting to the thickness change by gravity collapse systems are not only the result of geological processes such as rapid sedimentation, margin uplift and subsidence, but also could have occurred as the result of the possible meteorite impact. These processes caused gravitational potential energy contrast and created gravity collapse features that are observed between 3000-4500ms TWT intervals in the seismic data.
Shell Exploration & Production Company
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Maystrenko, Yuriy. "Evolution and structure of the Glueckstadt Graben by use of borehole data, seismic lines and 3D structural modelling, NW Germany." Potsdam : GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, 2005. http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/bib/pub/str0514/0514.htm.
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Kardell, Dominik Alexander, and Dominik Alexander Kardell. "Volume Estimation of Rift-Related Magmatic Features using Seismic Interpretation and 3D Inversion of Gravity Data on the Guinea Plateau, West Africa." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621182.
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The two end-member concept of mantle plume-driven versus far field stress-driven continental rifting anticipates high volumes of magma emplaced close to the rift-initiating plume, whereas relatively low magmatic volumes are predicted at large distances from the plume where the rifting is thought to be driven by far field stresses. We test this concept at the Guinea Plateau, which represents the last area of separation between Africa and South America, by investigating for rift-related volumes of magmatism using borehole, 3D seismic, and gravity data to run structural 3D inversions in two different data areas. Despite our interpretation of igneous rocks spanning large areas of continental shelf covered by the available seismic surveys, the calculated volumes in the Guinea Plateau barely match the magmatic volumes of other magma-poor margins and thus endorse the aforementioned concept. While the volcanic units on the shelf seem to be characterized more dominantly by horizontally deposited extrusive volcanic flows distributed over larger areas, numerous paleo-seamounts pierce complexly deformed pre and syn-rift sedimentary units on the slope. As non-uniqueness is an omnipresent issue when using potential field data to model geologic features, our method faced some challenges in the areas exhibiting complicated geology. In this situation less rigid constraints were applied in the modeling process. The misfit issues were successfully addressed by filtering the frequency content of the gravity data according to the depth of the investigated geology. In this work, we classify and compare our volume estimates for rift-related magmatism between the Guinea Fracture Zone (FZ) and the Saint Paul's FZ while presenting the refinements applied to our modeling technique.
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Mejias, Mariela. "A Geological Interpretation of 3D Seismic Data of a Salt Structure and Subsalt Horizons in the Mississippi Canyon Subdivision of the Gulf of Mexico." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/438.
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The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) represents a challenge for exploration and production. Most of the sediments coming from North America has bypassed the shelf margin into Deep Water. In an Attempt to attack this challenge this thesis pretends to break the GOM's false bottom, mainly comprised by diverse salt structures and growth fault families. In this attempt, geological and geophysical data are integrated to find clues to potential hydrocarbons indicator (PHI) that could be of Reservoir Quality (RQ). 3D Pre stack depth migrated data comprised of Mississippi Canyon blocks, were interpreted: Top and base of salt, leading to the identification of a PHI represented by a consistent Amplitude Anomaly (AA) below and towards a salt structure. This AA may be of RQ and feasibility evaluation for further decisions may be taken. Following the structural sequences that Govern central GOM during Oligocene through out Miocene was important to support the results.
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Maystrenko, Yuriy [Verfasser]. "Evolution and structure of the Glueckstadt Graben by use of borehole data, seismic lines and 3D structural modelling, NW Germany / Yuriy Maystrenko." Potsdam : Geoforschungszentrum, 2005. http://d-nb.info/976792699/34.
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Hennenfent, Gilles, and Felix J. Herrmann. "Sparseness-constrained data continuation with frames: Applications to missing traces and aliased signals in 2/3-D." Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/524.
Full textAbstract:
We present a robust iterative sparseness-constrained interpolation algorithm using 2/3D curvelet frames and Fourier-like transforms that exploits continuity along reflectors in seismic data. By choosing generic transforms, we circumvent the necessity to make parametric assumptions (e.g. through linear/parabolic Radon or demigration) regarding the shape of events in seismic data. Simulation and real data examples for data with moderately sized gaps demonstrate that our algorithm provides interpolated traces that accurately reproduce the wavelet shape as well as the AVO behavior. Our method also shows good results for de-aliasing judged by the behavior of the (f-k)-spectrum before and after regularization.
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Goy, Cristina. "Displacement Data Processing and FEM Model Calibration of a 3D-Printed Groin Vault Subjected to Shaking-Table Tests." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20061/.
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The present thesis is part of the wide work required by the SEBESMOVA3D (SEeismic BEhavior of Scaled MOdels of groin VAults made by 3D printers) project whose first motivation is the preservation of the cultural heritage in case of seismic events.
Therefore, the main topic of the thesis is the analysis of the seismic response of scaled models of groin vaults, made of plastic 3D printed bricks filled with mortar, and subjected to shaking table tests performed at the EQUALS laboratory of the University of Bristol. The work has been developed on two parallel binaries: the processing of the displacement data acquired in situ and the calibration of a FEM model.
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Hokanson, William H. "Identifying Complex Fluvial Sandstone Reservoirs Using Core, Well Log, and 3D Seismic Data: Cretaceous Cedar Mountain and Dakota Formations, Southern Uinta Basin, Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2597.
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The Cedar Mountain and Dakota Formations are significant gas producers in the southern Uinta Basin of Utah. To date, however, predicting the stratigraphic distribution and lateral extent of potential gas-bearing channel sandstone reservoirs in these fluvial units has proven difficult due to their complex architecture, and the limited spacing of wells in the region. A new strategy to correlate the Cedar Mountain and Dakota Formations has been developed using core, well-log, and 3D seismic data. The detailed stratigraphy and sedimentology of the interval were interpreted using descriptions of a near continuous core of the Dakota Formation from the study area. The gamma-ray and density-porosity log signatures of interpreted mud-dominated overbank, coal-bearing overbank, and channel sandstone intervals from the cored well were used to identify the same lithologies in nearby wells and correlate similar stratal packages across the study area. Data from three 3D seismic surveys covering approximately 140 mi2 (225 km2) of the study area were utilized to generate spectral decomposition, waveform classification, and percent less-than-threshold attributes of the Dakota-Cedar Mountain interval. These individual attributes were combined to create a composite attribute that was merged with interpreted lithological data from the well-log correlations. The overall process resulted in a high-resolution correlation of the Dakota-Cedar Mountain interval that permitted the identification and mapping of fluvial-channel reservoir fairways and channel belts throughout the study area. In the future, the strategy employed in this study may result in improved well-success rates in the southern Uinta Basin and assist in more detailed reconstructions of the Cedar Mountain and Dakota Formation depositional systems.
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Moraes, Dione Cherpinsky. "Interpolação e regularização de dados sismicos usando a transformada de Radon linear (tau-up) 2D e 3D." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265528.
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Orientadores: Rodrigo de Souza Portugal, Carlos Alves da Cunha FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T03:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_DioneCherpinsky_M.pdf: 4463877 bytes, checksum: 6418a90fbf3389f9233ef9eb721da563 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Resumo: Os levantamentos sísmicos são parametrizados para que os dados sejam adquiridos segundo uma malha regular. Tal regularidade quase nunca é possível, pois durante a aquisição dos dados ocorrem obstáculos operacionais como cidades, estradas, plataformas e áreas de preservação ambiental, dentre muitos outros. Em dados marítimos sempre ocorre outro tipo de irregularidade, que é a deriva do cabo de hidrofones devido a correntes oceânicas. Tenta-se então regularizar esses dados no início do processamento sísmico, para que processos cruciais como análise de velocidades e migração tenham melhores desempenhos. Neste trabalho, a interpolação e regularização dos dados são feitas com auxílio da transformada T - p. Os algoritmos desenvolvidos utilizam a técnica do empilhamento oblíquo. Para os casos 2D e 3D, os parâmetros ideais são discutidos para que o dado retome do domínio T - P com a menor quantidade de artefatos possível. A regularização dos dados é realizada quando há deriva de cabos de hidrofones. A forma e a amplitude do sinal são preservadas quando realizam-se as transformadas T - P direta e invesa. Para o caso 2D, também são estudadas a interpolação de dados e a regularização quando ocorre um longo trecho sem informação sísmica.
Abstract: Seismic surveys are designed on the purpose that all samples collected during the seismic experiment fall on a specific regular grid. Nevertheless, this data regularity is almost impossible to achieve due to different obstacles during seismic acquisition such as constructions (cities, pipelines or other facilities), roads, platforms, preservation areas and so on. A very important non-cultural irregularity which occurs during marine seismic surveys and shall be part of our main concern is hydrophone cable drift caused by ocean currents (cable feathering). These irregularities shall be treated in the first steps of seismic data processing and data regularization can be the right tool to be used. Regularization may improve the overall performance of important steps in seismic processing like velocity analysis and migration. Data interpolation and regularization are performed using the T - P transform, with slant stack 2D and 3D algorithms. We discuss different issues in 2D and 3D data regularization using T - p transforms such as ideal parameterization to avoid artifacts and the 2D experiments related to interpolation and regularization of gaps in seismic information and cable feathering. Requirements for amplitude and phase preservation when the pair of T - P transforms is performed are also discussed.
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Marsh, Nicola A. "The influences of crustal extension, salt tectonics and gravity-driven deformation on the structural evolution of the Halten Terrace, offshore mid-Norway : new sights from 3D seismic data and fault analysis." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1933/.
Full textAbstract:
Normal fault zones play a fundamental role in the development of sedimentary basins and in the migration and trapping of hydrocarbons. The idealised geometry of an isolated post-sedimentary normal fault (Barnett, 1987, Walsh & Watterson, 1989) existing conceptual models that describe the process of fault growth and linkage in brittle systems (Childs et al, 1995; Cartwright et al, 1996; Childs et al, 1995, 1996b; Huggins et al, 1995), where fault planes composed of many overstepping segments are linked by areas of complex deformation called relay ramps, are generally accepted. Relay zones can trap significant volumes of hydrocarbon or act as leakage points, thus understanding the style of fault linkage, which strongly influences the location of hydrocarbon tops and reservoir compartmentalisation, is vital for any petroleum system.
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Belde, Johannes Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] [Back, Gösta Akademischer Betreuer] Hoffmann, and Sven [Akademischer Betreuer] [Sindern. "Controls on depositional processes on the Australian Northwest Shelf: the Oligocene to recent carbonate succession analyzed on 2D/3D seismic reflection and borehole data / Johannes Belde ; Stefan Back, Gösta Hoffmann, Sven Sindern." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1162499532/34.
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Lin, Sheng-Lung, and 林聖龍. "Pseudo-3D Seismic data Processing and Application in Southern Okinawa Trough." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x5j5f7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
海洋研究所
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According 2D seismic acquisitive equipment to produce 3D seismic image by streamer feathering, dense 2D seismic survey and precise GPS system which setting on the tail buoy at the end of seismic cable. The Southern Okinawa Trough (SOT) is the back arc basin behind the Ryukyu subduction zone, which is the youngest rifting region with highly geothermal activities. The highly geothermal value may suggest the strong hydrothermal circulation in this area. Hydrothermal mineral deposits consist of rare earth elements are formed in situ through hydrothermal alternation. For further understanding, the 3D seismic image play an important role in geophysical investigation, which could picture a reality of geological structures distributed underground. The 3D seismic data used in this research was collected unpredictably during the cruise where there was a strong Kuroshio Current passing through the east site of Taiwan. The strong current affected the seismic cable, causing seismic cable feathering. The seismic cable feathering induce incorrect seismic data. To fix this flaw, data acquisition pattern during the cruise needed to be changed from original survey. Under the premise that the original seismic data convert into dense 2D seismic lines with the interval around 340 meter, GPS data of seismic traces should be calculated. With such kind of improvement, the flaw in 2D seismic data processing become an advantage in 3D seismic data processing. 3D seismic image processed with the steps in this research, could show a distinct seismic image to reveal igneous intrusion and normal faults development in the rifting region of SOT. The normal faults which cut through the igneous intrusion may be a pathway of fluid migration. After the processing steps that applied in my research, high quality 3D seismic images could be processed by only 2D seismic acquisitive equipment.
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Hager, Christine Robin. "Seismic interpretation of Pennsylvanian Atokan strata using 3D seismic inversion data, Wilburton Gas Field, Arkoma Basin, Southeastern Oklahoma." 2009. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/Hager_okstate_0664M_10296.pdf.
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van, Heteren S., J. A. C. Meekes, M. A. J. Bakker, Vincent L. Gaffney, Simon Fitch, B. R. Gearey, and B. F. Paap. "Reconstructing North Sea palaeolandscapes from 3D and high-density 2D seismic data: An overview." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10898.
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NoThe North Sea subsurface shows the marks of long-term tectonic subsidence. Much of it contains a thick record of glacial and interglacial deposits and landscapes, formed during multiple glacial cycles and the associated regressions and transgressions during the past two million years. At times of lower sea level than today, areas that are presently submerged were fertile lowlands more favourable for hunting and gathering than the surrounding upland. These drowned lowlands are not captured by traditional 1:250,000 geological maps of the North Sea subsurface because the underlying seismic and core data are commonly too widely spaced to achieve this. Palaeolandscape mapping requires identification of building blocks with spatial scales in the order of 1 km or less. As high-density 2D and high-quality 3D seismics are becoming available for an increasing part of the North Sea, glacial and interglacial palaeolandscapes can be reconstructed for more and more areas. An overview of published palaeolandscape reconstructions shows that shallow time slices through 3D data provide map views that are very suitable for the identification of landscape elements. For optimal results, each time slice needs to be validated and ground-truthed with 2D seismics and with descriptions and analyses of cores and borehole samples. Interpretations should be made by teams of geoscientists with a sufficiently broad range of expertise to recognise and classify even subtle or unfamiliar patterns and features. The resulting reconstructions will provide a context and an environmental setting for Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic societies and finds.
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Voroňáková, Jana. "Komplexní seismické atributy a jejich aplikace na data z Mistlbašské kry." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332411.
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The purpose of this diploma thesis is to apply complex seismic attributes on 3D seismic data from Mistelbach block area and trying to figure out whether they are useful by seismic interpretation process. The geology of Vienna basin and the characteristics of Complex seismic attributes will be discussed. The thesis also includes analysis of the Lednice 11 gas reservoir and a new potential hydrocarbon reservoir identification, both using complex seismic attributes.
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Fitch, Simon, and Vincent L. Gaffney. "The application of extensive 3D Seismic Reflection Data for the exploration of extensive inundated Palaeolandscapes." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15544.
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Al-Waily, Mustafa Badieh. "Depth-registration of 9-component 3-dimensional seismic data in Stephens County, Oklahoma." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/25745.
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Multicomponent seismic imaging techniques improve geological interpretation by providing crucial information about subsurface characteristics. These techniques deliver different images of the same subsurface using multiple waveforms. Compressional (P) and shear (S) waves respond to lithology and fluid variations differently, providing independent measurements of rock and fluid properties. Joint interpretation of multicomponent images requires P-wave and S-wave events to be aligned in depth. The process of identifying P and S events from the same reflector is called depth-registration. The purpose of this investigation is to illustrate procedures for depth-registering P and S seismic data when the most fundamental information needed for depth-registration – reliable velocity data – are not available. This work will focus on the depth-registration of a 9-component 3-dimensional seismic dataset targeting the Sycamore formation in Stephens County, Oklahoma. The survey area – 16 square miles – is located in Sho-Vel-Tum oilfield. Processed P-P, SV-SV, and SH-SH wave data are available for post-stack analysis. However, the SV-data volume will not be interpreted because of its inferior data-quality compared to the SH-data volume. Velocity data are essential in most depth-registration techniques: they can be used to convert the seismic data from the time domain to the depth domain. However, velocity data are not available within the boundaries of the 9C/3D seismic survey. The data are located in a complex area that is folded and faulted in the northwest part of the Ardmore basin, between the eastern Arbuckle Mountains and the western Wichita Mountains. Large hydrocarbon volumes are produced from stratigraphic traps, fault closures, anticlines, and combination traps. Sho-Vel-Tum was ranked 31st in terms of proved oil reserves among U.S. oil fields by a 2009 survey. I will interpret different depth-registered horizons on the P-wave and S-wave seismic data volumes. Then, I will present several methods to verify the accuracy of event-registration. Seven depth-registered horizons are mapped through the P-P and SH-SH seismic data. These horizons show the structural complexity that imposes serious challenges on well drilling within the Sho-Vel-Tum oil field. Interval Vp/Vs – a seismic attribute often used as lithological indicator – was mapped to constrain horizon picking and to characterize lateral stratigraphic variations.text
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Yang, Xiujun. "Simulation of Seismic Real and Virtual Data Using the 3d Finite-difference Technique and Representation Theorem." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2974.
Full textAbstract:
Seismic modeling is a technique for simulating wave propagation through the
subsurface. For a given geological model, seismic modeling allows us to generate
snapshots of wave propagation and synthetic data. In my dissertation, for real seismic
events I have chosen to implement the finite-difference modeling technique. When
adequate discretization in space and time is possible, the finite-difference technique is
by far one of the most accurate tools for simulating elastic-wave propagation through
complex geological models.
In recent years, a significant amount of work has been done in our group using
2D finite-difference modeling. For complex salt structures which exploration and pro-
duction industries meet today, 2D finite-difference modeling is not sufficient to study
subsalt imaging or the demultiple of subsalt models. That is why I have developed a
3D finite-difference modeling code.
One of the key challenges that I have met in developing the 3D finite-difference
code is to adapt the absorbing boundary conditions. Absorbing boundary conditions
are needed to describe the infinite geological models by limited computing domain.
I have validated the 3D finite-difference code by comparing its results with analytic
solutions. I have used 3D finite-difference program to generate data corresponding
to 3D complex model which describes salt and subsalt structures of Gulf of Mexico.
The resulting data include reflections, diffractions and other scattering phenomena.
I have also used finite-difference program in anisotropic context to show that we can effectively predict shear-wave splitting and triplication in the data.
There are new sets of events that are not directly recorded in seismic data, they
have been called virtual events. These events are turning to be as important as real
events in modern data processing. Therefore we also have to learn how to model them.
Unfortunately, they cannot yet be modeled directly from finite-difference. Here I will
describe how to model these events by using cross correlation type representation
theorem. As illustration of how important of virtual events for seismic data process-
ing, I also described an internal multiple attenuation technique which utilized virtual
events.
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Castillo, María Verónica. "Structural analysis of Cenozoic fault systems using 3D seismic data in the Southern Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela /." 2001. http://www.lib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3036164.
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Admasu, Fitsum [Verfasser]. "A stochastic method for automated matching of horizons across a fault in 3D seismic data / von Fitsum Admasu." 2008. http://d-nb.info/989084086/34.
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