Relevant bibliographies by topics / 3D seismic reflection data

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic '3D seismic reflection data'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "3D seismic reflection data"

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Cao, S., B. L. N. Kennett, and B. R. Goleby. "A 3D isochronal modelling technique and its applications." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989205.

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Reflection seismic datasets are obtained in both the exploration of oil and mineral resources and the probing of the deep crust and the upper mantle. To interpret the datasets, considerable effort has been spent on the understanding of seismic wave propagation phenomena by simulating seismic wave propagations in some a priori physical models. A rather simple and efficient modelling technique has been developed to study elastic wave reflections with full inclusion of diffractions.This modelling technique employs an integral representation of reflections from a surface or a scatterer. High frequency asymptotic approximations are used for the propagation between the seismic source or receiver and a surface or a scatterer. At a scatterer, first order scattering is assumed. At a surface, reflection and transmission effects are estimated using the assumption of a locally plane interface and plane incident wave. With these approximations, the reflected seismograms are calculated by convolving the time derivative of a source function with a model weight function for a particular source-receiver pair. The weight function at a particular time is evaluated by a line integral along a contour of equal total travel time from source to receiver via the scattering surface (an isochron). The kernel of this integral at a reflecting point is the local reflection coefficient which which represents the effects of the amplitude of material parameter contrasts at the reflecting point, the angles between the incoming and outgoing waves and the local surface normal and the local speed of advance of the isochron on the surface, and the geometrical spreading factors from the source and receiver to the reflecting point.This modelling technique is used to investigate the validity of some of the interpretations of a deep crustal reflection profile collected in central Australia. The modelling results confirm that even with a relatively short (4 km) field spread it would be possible to pick up the reflected energy from faults with dips of about 40�. The largest fault, the Redbank Zone, has significant displacement of the crust-mantle boundary and within the fault zone, it is conceivable to have considerable variability in physical properties.The deep seismic section shows this boundary as a thick (0.5s) band of complex reflections and diffractions at the reflection time appropriate to the crust-mantle transition. Two possible structures for the crust-mantle boundary were investigated, one where the crustal faults have displaced this interface and created a 'block-faulted' geometry and the other where the crustal faults are listric near the boundary and appear to sole out on the crust-mantle interface, giving rise to an undulation of the Moho. The modelling results (Figure 1) for an undulating boundary show a band of reflections which strongly resemble the observed seismic reflection data.
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Bakulin, Andrey, Ilya Silvestrov, Maxim Dmitriev, et al. "Nonlinear beamforming for enhancement of 3D prestack land seismic data." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 3 (2020): V283—V296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0341.1.

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We have developed nonlinear beamforming (NLBF), a method for enhancing modern 3D prestack seismic data acquired onshore with small field arrays or single sensors in which weak reflected signals are buried beneath the strong scattered noise induced by a complex near surface. The method is based on the ideas of multidimensional stacking techniques, such as the common-reflection-surface stack and multifocusing, but it is designed specifically to improve the prestack signal-to-noise ratio of modern 3D land seismic data. Essentially, NLBF searches for coherent local events in the prestack data and then performs beamforming along the estimated surfaces. Comparing different gathers that can be extracted from modern 3D data acquired with orthogonal acquisition geometries, we determine that the cross-spread domain (CSD) is typically the most convenient and efficient. Conventional noise removal applied to modern data from small arrays or single sensors does not adequately reveal the underlying reflection signal. Instead, NLBF supplements these conventional tools and performs final aggregation of weak and still broken reflection signals, where the strength is controlled by the summation aperture. We have developed the details of the NLBF algorithm in CSD and determined the capabilities of the method on real 3D land data with the focus on enhancing reflections and early arrivals. We expect NLBF to help streamline seismic processing of modern high-channel-count and single-sensor data, leading to improved images as well as better prestack data for estimation of reservoir properties.
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KÖSTER, KLAUS, and MICHAEL SPANN. "UNSUPERVISED SEGMENTATION OF 3D AND 2D SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 13, no. 05 (1999): 643–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001499000380.

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An unsupervised method to extract 2D and 3D inner earth structures from seismic reflection measurements is described. The application is a typical texture segmentation problem, which can be split up into a feature extraction stage and a segmentation stage. As a texture feature, the locally emergent frequency is estimated by a Gabor filter bank. The instantaneous frequency (IF) has already been successfully used for seismic trace analysis21 and will be compared with the results of the filter bank. The second stage of the algorithm involves a region-growing method to compute the final object structure. The extremely flexible segmentation scheme is appropriate for application to 2D and 3D images of arbitrary vectorial dimension. The merging decision is based on the mutual inlier ratio of two adjacent regions. This ratio is computed by robust regression techniques19 to avoid noise artifacts. A mutual inlier ratio discrimination function to recognize identical Gaussian distributions, guaranteeing a 97.5% certainty, is derived. This method is compared with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and results of the application in a segmentation algorithm are shown. The segmentation stage is also tested with different benchmark data sets from other computer vision problems to demonstrate its general flexibility.
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Kaiser, A. E., H. Horstmeyer, A. G. Green, F. M. Campbell, R. M. Langridge, and A. F. McClymont. "Detailed images of the shallow Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand, determined from narrow-azimuth 3D seismic reflection data." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 1 (2011): B19—B32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3515920.

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Previous high-resolution seismic reflection investigations of active faults have been based on 2D profiles. Unfortunately, 2D data may be contaminated by out-of-the-plane reflections and diffractions that may be difficult to identify and eliminate. Although full 3D seismic reflection methods allow out-of-the-plane events to be recognized and provide superior resolution to 2D methods, they are only rarely applied in environmental and engineering studies because of high costs. A narrow-azimuth 3D acquisition and processing strategy is introduced to produce a high-resolution seismic reflection volume centered on the Alpine Fault Zone (New Zealand). The shallow 3D images reveal late Quaternary deformation structures associated with this major transpressional plate-boundary fault. The relatively inexpensive narrow-azimuth 3D acquisition pattern consisting of inline source and receiver lines was easily implemented in the field to provide 2- by [Formula: see text] CMP coverage over an approximately 500- by [Formula: see text] area.The narrow-azimuth acquisition strategy was well suited for resolving complex structures within the fault zone. Challenges in processing the data were amplified by the effects of strong velocity heterogeneity in the near surface and the presence of complex dipping, diffracted, and truncated events. A carefully tailored processing scheme including surface-consistent deconvolution, refraction static corrections, noise reduction, dip moveout (DMO) corrections, and 3D depth migration greatly improved the appearance of the final stacks. The 3D images reveal strong reflections from the faulted and folded late Pleistocene erosional basement surface. A steeply dipping planar main (dominant) fault strand can be inferred from the geometry and truncations of the overlying postglacial sediments. The 3D images reveal that the average apparent vertical displacement [Formula: see text] of the basement surface across the dominant fault strand at this location is somewhat less than that estimated from a pilot 2D seismic reflection profile, suggesting that the provisional dip-slip rate based on the 2D data is a maximum.
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Faggetter, Michael J., Mark E. Vardy, Justin K. Dix, Jonathan M. Bull, and Timothy J. Henstock. "Time-lapse imaging using 3D ultra-high-frequency marine seismic reflection data." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 2 (2020): P13—P25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0258.1.

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Time-lapse (4D) seismic imaging is now widely used as a tool to map and interpret changes in deep reservoirs as well as investigate dynamic, shallow hydrological processes in the near surface. However, there are very few examples of time-lapse analysis using ultra-high-frequency (UHF; kHz range) marine seismic reflection data. Exacting requirements for navigation can be prohibitive for acquiring coherent, true-3D volumes. Variable environmental noise can also lead to poor amplitude repeatability and make it difficult to identify differences that are related to real physical changes. Overcoming these challenges opens up a range of potential applications for monitoring the subsurface at decimetric resolution, including geohazards, geologic structures, as well as the bed-level and subsurface response to anthropogenic activities. Navigation postprocessing was incorporated to improve the acquisition and processing workflow for the 3D Chirp subbottom profiler and provide stable, centimeter-level absolute positioning, resulting in well-matched 3D data and mitigating 4D noise for data stacked into [Formula: see text] common-midpoint bins. Within an example 4D data set acquired on the south coast of the UK, interpretable differences are recorded within a shallow gas blanket. Reflections from the top and bottom of a gas pocket are imaged at low tide, whereas at high tide only the upper reflection is imaged. This case study demonstrates the viability of time-lapse UHF 3D seismic reflection for quantitative mapping of decimeter-scale changes within the shallow marine subsurface.
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Bugge, Aina Juell, Jan Erik Lie, Andreas K. Evensen, Espen H. Nilsen, Odd Kolbjørnsen, and Jan Inge Faleide. "Data-driven identification of stratigraphic units in 3D seismic data using hierarchical density-based clustering." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 5 (2020): IM15—IM26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0413.1.

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Seismic sequences are stratigraphic units of relatively conformable seismic reflections. These units are intervals of similar sedimentation conditions, governed by sediment supply and relative sea level, and they are key elements in understanding the evolution of sedimentary basins. Conventional seismic sequence analyses typically rely on human interpretation; consequently, they are time-consuming. We have developed a new data-driven method to identify first-order stratigraphic units based on the assumption that the seismic units honor a layer-cake earth model, with layers that can be discriminated by the differences in seismic reflection properties, such as amplitude, continuity, and density. To identify stratigraphic units in a seismic volume, we compute feature vectors that describe the distribution of amplitudes, texture, and two-way traveltime for small seismic subvolumes. Here, the seismic texture is described with a novel texture descriptor that quantifies a simplified 3D local binary pattern around each pixel in the seismic volume. The feature vectors are preprocessed and clustered using a hierarchical density-based cluster algorithm in which each cluster is assumed to represent one stratigraphic unit. Field examples from the Barents Sea and the North Sea demonstrate that the proposed data-driven method can identify major 3D stratigraphic units without the need for manual interpretation, labeling, or prior geologic knowledge.
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Miller, Brian E., Steven D. Sloan, Georgios P. Tsoflias, and Don W. Steeples. "The 3D Autojuggie: automating acquisition of 3D near-surface seismic reflection data." Near Surface Geophysics 15, no. 1 (2016): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2016035.

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Kukkonen, I. T., S. Heinonen, P. Heikkinen, and P. Sorjonen-Ward. "Delineating ophiolite-derived host rocks of massive sulfide Cu-Co-Zn deposits with 2D high-resolution seismic reflection data in Outokumpu, Finland." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (2012): WC213—WC222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0029.1.

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Seismic reflection data was applied to a study of the upper crustal structures in the Outokumpu mining and exploration area in eastern Finland. The Cu-Co-Zn sulfide ore deposits of the Outokumpu area are hosted by Palaeoproterozoic ophiolite-derived altered ultrabasic rocks (serpentinite, skarn rock, and quartz rock) and black schist within turbiditic mica schist. Mining in the Outokumpu area has produced a total of 36 Mt of ore from three historical and one active mine. Seismic data comprises 2D vibroseis data surveyed along a network of local roads. The seismic sections provide a comprehensive 3D view of the reflective structures. Acoustic rock properties from downhole logging and synthetic seismograms indicate that the strongly reflective packages shown in the seismic data can be identified as the host-rock environments of the deposits. Reflectors show excellent continuity along the structural grain of the ore belt, which allows correlating reflectors with surface geology, magnetic map, and drilling sections into a broad 3D model of the ore belt. Massive ores have acoustic properties that make them directly detectable with seismic reflection methods assuming the deposit size is sufficient for applied seismic wavelengths. The seismic data revealed numerous interesting high-amplitude reflectors within the interpreted host-rock suites potentially coinciding with sulfides.
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Dehghannejad, Mahdieh, Alireza Malehmir, Christopher Juhlin, and Pietari Skyttä. "3D constraints and finite-difference modeling of massive sulfide deposits: The Kristineberg seismic lines revisited, northern Sweden." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (2012): WC69—WC79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0466.1.

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The Kristineberg mining area in the western part of the Skellefte ore district is the largest base metal producer in northern Sweden and currently the subject of extensive geophysical and geologic studies aimed at constructing 3D geologic models. Seismic reflection data form the backbone of the geologic modeling in the study area. A geologic cross section close to the Kristineberg mine was used to generate synthetic seismic data using acoustic and elastic finite-difference algorithms to provide further insight about the nature of reflections and processing challenges when attempting to image the steeply dipping structures within the study area. Synthetic data suggest processing artifacts manifested themselves in the final 2D images as steeply dipping events that could be confused with reflections. Fewer artifacts are observed when the data are processed using prestack time migration. Prestack time migration also was performed on high-resolution seismic data recently collected near the Kristineberg mine and helped to image a high-amplitude, gently dipping reflection occurring stratigraphically above the extension of the deepest Kristineberg deposit. Swath 3D processing was applied to two crossing seismic lines, west of the Kristineberg mine, to provide information on the 3D geometry of an apparently flat-lying reflection observed in both of the profiles. The processing indicated that the reflection dips about 30° to the southwest and is generated at the contact between metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks, the upper part of the latter unit being the most typical stratigraphic level for the massive sulfide deposits in the Skellefte district.
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Bellwald, Benjamin, and Sverre Planke. "Shear margin moraine, mass transport deposits and soft beds revealed by high-resolution P-Cable three-dimensional seismic data in the Hoop area, Barents Sea." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 477, no. 1 (2018): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp477.29.

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AbstractHigh-resolution seismic data are powerful tools that can help the offshore industries to better understand the nature of the shallow subsurface and plan the development of vulnerable infrastructure. Submarine mass movements and shallow gas are among the most significant geohazards in petroleum prospecting areas. A variety of high-resolution geophysical datasets collected in the Barents Sea have significantly improved our knowledge of the shallow subsurface in recent decades. Here we use a c. 200 km2 high-resolution P-Cable 3D seismic cube from the Hoop area, SW Barents Sea, to study a 20–65 m thick glacial package between the seabed and the Upper Regional Unconformity (URU) horizons. Intra-glacial reflections, not visible in conventional seismic reflection data, are well imaged. These reflections have been mapped in detail to better understand the glacial deposits and to assess their impact on seabed installations. A shear margin moraine, mass transport deposits and thin soft beds are examples of distinct units only resolvable in the P-Cable 3D seismic data. The top of the shear margin moraine is characterized by a positive amplitude reflection incised by glacial ploughmarks. Sedimentary slide wedges and shear bands are characteristic sedimentary features of the moraine. A soft reflection locally draping the URU is interpreted as a coarser grained turbidite bed related to slope failure along the moraine. The bed is possibly filled with gas. Alternatively, this negative amplitude reflection represents a thin, soft bed above the URU. This study shows that P-Cable 3D data can be used successfully to identify and map the external and internal structures of ice stream shear margin moraines and that this knowledge is useful for site-survey investigations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "3D seismic reflection data"

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Taikulakov, Yerlan Yengelsbekovich. "Subsurface Structure Of The Central Thrace Basin From 3d Seismic Reflection Data." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612894/index.pdf.

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The Thrace Basin located in northwest Turkey displays attractive prospective traps for hydrocarbon and has received much attention from the petroleum industry. Despite the extensive exploration efforts, there are only few studies which address the fault kinematics and deformation mechanism of the region in connection with structural development. In this study, 3D raw seismic data set collected around Temrez High near Babaeski fault zone will be processed and interpreted along with the available borehole data to reveal the subsurface structure of the region that will contribute towards understanding the Neogene tectonic evolution of the central Thrace basin, origin of the transcurrent tectonics and possible role of the North Anatolian Fault Zone.
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Rodriguez, Tablante Johiris Isabel. "Extracting 3D Information from 2D Crooked Line Seismic Data on Hardrock Environments." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6510.

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<p>Seismic methods have been used in sedimentary environment for almost 80 years. During that time, exploration geophysicists have developed a number of techniques to handle specific aspects of working in sedimentary areas. This is not the case for studies in the hardrock environment, where significantly less time and money have been invested on seismic investigations. Therefore, there is still a need to develop the right techniques appropriate for working in hardrock environments. The research presented here, covers aspects of acquisition, processing and interpretation in hardrock environments. A cost-effective alternative for two-dimensional data acquisition is presented. Acquisition parameters are also discussed and recommendations for future work are given. The main effort of this thesis, however, was to find appropriate processing methods to address some of the different problems present in datasets acquired in the hardrock environment. Comparison of two computer programs for first arrival seismic tomography was performed in order to find the most suitable one for processing crooked line geometries. Three-dimensional pre-stack depth migration was also tested to find a detailed near-surface image. A processing method geared to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio was applied to the dataset with the lowest signal amplitudes to improve the quality of the stack. Finally, cross-dip analysis and corrections were performed on two of the three datasets included in this thesis. Cross-dip analysis was also applied as an interpretation tool to provide the information needed for estimation of the true dip of some of the reflectors related to geological structures. The results presented in this thesis indicate that cross-dip analysis and corrections are one of the most powerful tools for processing and interpretation in the presence of complex geology. Therefore, it is recommended to include this method as a standard step in the processing and interpretation sequence of data acquired in hardrock environments. </p>
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Huang, Fei. "3D Time-lapse Analysis of Seismic Reflection Data to Characterize the Reservoir at the Ketzin CO2 Storage Pilot Site." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301003.

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3D time-lapse seismics, also known as 4D seismics, have great potential for monitoring the migration of CO2 at underground storage sites. This thesis focuses on time-lapse analysis of 3D seismic reflection data acquired at the Ketzin CO2 geological storage site in order to improve understanding of the reservoir and how CO2 migrates within it. Four 3D seismic surveys have been acquired to date at the site, one baseline survey in 2005 prior to injection, two repeat surveys in 2009 and 2012 during the injection period, and one post-injection survey in 2015. To accurately simulate time-lapse seismic signatures in the subsurface, detailed 3D seismic property models for the baseline and repeat surveys were constructed by integrating borehole data and the 3D seismic data. Pseudo-boreholes between and beyond well control were built. A zero-offset convolution seismic modeling approach was used to generate synthetic time-lapse seismograms. This allowed simulations to be performed quickly and limited the introduction of artifacts in the seismic responses. Conventional seismic data have two limitations, uncertainty in detecting the CO2 plume in the reservoir and limited temporal resolution. In order to overcome these limitations, complex spectral decomposition was applied to the 3D time-lapse seismic data. Monochromatic wavelet phase and reflectivity amplitude components were decomposed from the 3D time-lapse seismic data. Wavelet phase anomalies associated with the CO2 plume were observed in the time-lapse data and verified by a series of seismic modeling studies. Tuning frequencies were determined from the balanced amplitude spectra in an attempt to discriminate between pressure effects and CO2 saturation. Quantitative assessment of the reservoir thickness and CO2 mass were performed. Time-lapse analysis on the post-injection survey was carried out and the results showed a consistent tendency with the previous repeat surveys in the CO2 migration, but with a decrease in the size of the amplitude anomaly. No systematic anomalies above the caprock were detected. Analysis of the signal to noise ratio and seismic simulations using the detailed 3D property models were performed to explain the observations. Estimation of the CO2 mass and uncertainties in it were investigated using two different approaches based on different velocity-saturation models.
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Benazzouz, Omar. "New tools for subsurface imaging of 3D seismic node data in hydrocarbon exploration." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16799.

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Doutoramento em Geociências<br>A aquisição de dados sísmicos de reflexão multicanal 3D/4D usando Ocean Bottom NODES de 4 componentes constitui atualmente um sector de importância crescente no mercado da aquisição de dados reflexão sísmica marinha na indústria petrolífera. Este tipo de dados permite obter imagens de sub-superfície de alta qualidade, com baixos níveis de ruído, banda larga, boa iluminação azimutal, offsets longos, elevada resolução e aquisição de tanto ondas P como S. A aquisição de dados é altamente repetitiva e portanto ideal para campanhas 4D. No entanto, existem diferenças significativas na geometria de aquisição e amostragem do campo de ondas relativamente aos métodos convencionais com streamers rebocados à superfície, pelo que é necessário desenvolver de novas ferramentas para o processamento deste tipo de dados. Esta tese investiga três aspectos do processamento de dados de OBSs/NODES ainda não totalmente resolvidos de forma satisfatória: a deriva aleatória dos relógios internos, o posicionamento de precisão dos OBSs e a implementação de algoritmos de migração prestack 3D em profundidade eficientes para obtenção de imagens precisas de subsuperfície. Foram desenvolvidos novos procedimentos para resolver estas situações, que foram aplicados a dados sintéticos e a dados reais. Foi desenvolvido um novo método para detecção e correcção de deriva aleatória dos relógios internos, usando derivadas de ordem elevada. Foi ainda desenvolvido um novo método de posicionamento de precisão de OBSs usando multilateração e foram criadas ferramentas de interpolação/extrapolação dos modelos de velocidades 3D de forma a cobrirem a extensão total área de aquisição. Foram implementados algoritmos robustos de filtragem para preparar o campo de velocidades para o traçado de raios e minimizar os artefactos na migração Krichhoff pre-stack 3D em profundidade. Os resultados obtidos mostram um melhoramento significativo em todas as situações analisadas. Foi desenvolvido o software necessário para o efeito e criadas soluções computacionais eficientes. As soluções computacionais desenvolvidas foram integradas num software standard de processamento de sísmica (SPW) utilizado na indústria, de forma a criar, conjuntamente com as ferramentas já existentes, um workflow de processamento integrado para dados de OBS/NODES, desde a aquisição e controle de qualidade à produção dos volumes sísmicos migrados pre-stack em profundidade.<br>Ocean bottom recording of 3D/4D multichannel seismic reflection data using 4 component Nodes is a recent and growing major segment in the marine seismic acquisition market in the oil and gas industry. These data provide high quality subsurface imaging with low ambient noise levels, broad bandwidth, wide azimuth illumination, long-offset, high resolution, and recordings of both P and S waves. In addition, data acquisition is highly repeatable and therefore ideal for 4D surveys. However, there are significant differences in acquisition geometry and wavefield sampling, compared to the conventional towed streamer data, which require new tools to be developed for data processing. This thesis investigates three key issues in OBS/NODE data processing that have not yet been satisfactorily fully solved: random clock drifts, accurate OBS positioning and efficient 3D pre-stack depth migration algorithms for accurate subsurface imaging. New procedures were developed to tackle these issues and these were tested on synthetic and real datasets. A new method for random clock drift was created using high order derivatives to detect and correct these residual drifts. A new accurate OBS/NODE positioning algorithm, using multilateration was developed. Tools were created for interpolation/extrapolation of 3D velocity functions across the full extent of the acquisition survey, and robust smoothing algorithms were used to prepare the velocity field to be used for ray tracing and prestack 3D Kirchhoff depth migration, so as to minimize migration artifacts. The results obtained show a clear improvement in all situations analyzed. Dedicated software tools were created and computationally efficient solutions were implemented. These were incorporated into an industry standard seismic processing software package (SPW), so as to provide, together with the already existing tools, a fully integrated processing workflow for OBS/NODE data, from data acquisition and quality control, to the production of the final pre-stack depth migrated seismic volumes.
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Correia, Fábio Gonçalves. "Quality control of ultra high resolution seismic data acquisition in real-time." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22007.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Geológica<br>A aquisicção de grandes volumes de dados durante uma campanha sísmica exige, necessariamente, mais tempo para o controlo de qualidade (QC). No entanto, o tempo de QC não pode ser extendido devido a limitações do tempo de operação, tendo de ser feito mais rápido, o que pode comprometer a qualidade. A alternativa, alocar mais pessoas e recursos para QC e melhorar a eficiência, leva a aumentos de custo e à necessidade de maiores embarcações. Além disso, o QC tradicional requer tempo de análise após a aquisição, atrasando a desmobilização da embarcação, aumentando assim os custos da aquisição. A solução proposta passou pelo desenvolvimento de um QC automático em tempo real eficiente, testando a Comparação Espetral e o Atributo Razão Sinal-Ruído - ferramentas desenvolvidas no software SPW, usado para processamento de dados sísmicos. Usando este software foi testada a deteção e identificação de dados de fraca qualidade através das ferramentas de QC automáticas e os seus parâmetros ajustados para incluir pelo menos todos os maus registos encontrados manualmente. Foi também feita a deteção e identificação de vários problemas encontrados durante uma campanha de aquisição, tais como fortes ondulações e respetiva direção, o ruído de esteira provocado pelas hélices da embarcação e consequente Trouser’s Effect e mau funcionamento das fontes ou dos recetores. A deteção antecipada destes problemas pode permitir a sua resolução atempada, não comprometendo a aquisição dos dados. Foram feitos vários relatórios para descrever problemas encontrados durante os testes de versões beta do software SPW e os mesmos reportados à equipa da Parallel Geoscience, que atualizou o software de forma a preencher os requisitos necessários ao bom funcionamento do QC em tempo real. Estas atualizações permitiram o correto mapeamento dos headers dos ficheiros, otimização da velocidade de análise das ferramentas automáticas e correção de erros em processamento dos dados em multi-thread, para evitar atrasos entre o QC em tempo real e a aquisição dos dados, adaptação das ferramentas à leitura de um número variável de assinaturas das fontes, otimização dos limites de memória gráfica e correção de valores anómalos de semelhança espetral. Algumas atualizações foram feitas através da simulação da aquisição de dados na empresa, de forma a efetuar alguns ajustes e posteriormente serem feitos testes numa campanha futura. A parametrização destas ferramentas foi alcançada, assegurando-se assim a correta deteção automática dos vários problemas encontrados durante a campanha de aquisição usada para os testes, o que levará à redução do tempo gasto na fase de QC a bordo e ao aumento da sua eficácia.<br>The acquisition of larger volumes of seismic data during a survey requires, necessarily, more time for quality control (QC). Despite this, QC cannot be extended due operational time constraints and must be done faster, compromising its efficiency and consequently the data quality. The alternative, to allocate more people and resources for QC to improve efficiency, leads to prohibitive higher costs and larger vessel requirements. Therefore, traditional QC methods for large data require extended standby times after data acquisition, before the vessel can be demobilized, increasing the cost of survey. The solution tested here consisted on the development of an efficient Real- Time QC by testing Spectral Comparison and Signal to Noise Ratio Attribute (tools developed for the SPW seismic processing software). The detection and identification of bad data by the automatic QC tools was made and the parameters adapted to include at least all manual QC flags. Also, the detection and identification of common problems during acquisition, such strong wave motion and its direction, strong propeller’s wash, trouser’s effect and malfunction in sources or receivers were carried out. The premature detection of these problems will allow to solve them soon enough to not compromise the data acquisition. Several problem reports from beta tests of SPW were transmitted to the Parallel Geoscience team, to be used as a reference to update the software and fulfil Real-Time QC requirements. These updates brought the correct mapping of data headers in files, optimization of data analysis speed along with multi-thread processing debug, to assure it will be running fast enough to avoid delays between acquisition and Real-Time QC, software design to read a variable number of source signatures, optimization of graphic memory limits and debugging of anomalous spectral semblance values. Some updates resulted from a data acquisition simulation that was set up in the office, to make some adjustments to be later tested on an upcoming survey. The parameterization of these tools was finally achieved, assuring the correct detection of all major issues found during the survey, what will eventually lead to the reduction of time needed for QC stage on board, as also to the improvement of its efficiency.
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Belde, Johannes Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] [Back, Gösta Akademischer Betreuer] Hoffmann, and Sven [Akademischer Betreuer] [Sindern. "Controls on depositional processes on the Australian Northwest Shelf: the Oligocene to recent carbonate succession analyzed on 2D/3D seismic reflection and borehole data / Johannes Belde ; Stefan Back, Gösta Hoffmann, Sven Sindern." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1162499532/34.

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Ecevitoglu, Berkan G. "Velocity and Q from reflection seismic data." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77793.

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This study has resulted in the discovery of an exact method for the theoretical formulation of the effects of intrinsic damping where the attenuation coefficient, a(v), is an arbitrary function of the frequency, v. Absorption-dispersion pairs are computed using numerical Hilbert transformation; approximate analytical expressions that require the selection of arbitrary constants and cutoff frequencies are no longer necessary. For constant Q, the dispersive body wave velocity, p(v), is found to be p(v) = (p(v<sub>N</sub>)/(1+(1/2Q H(-v)/v)) where H denotes numerical Hilbert transformation, p(v) is the phase velocity at the frequency v, and p(v<sub>N</sub>) is the phase velocity at Nyquist. From (1) it is possible to estimate Q in the time domain by measuring the amount of increase, ΔW, of the wavelet breadth after a traveltime, Q=(2Δ𝛕)/(𝝅ΔW) The inverse problem, i.e., the determination of Q and velocity is also investigated using singular value decomposition (SVD). The sparse matrices encountered in the acquisition of conventional reflection seismology data result in a system of linear equations of the form AX = B, with A the design matrix, X the solution vector, and B the data vector. The system of normal equations is AᵀAX = AᵀB where the least-squares estimate of X = X = V(1/S)UᵀB and the SVD of A is A = USVᵀ. A technique to improve the sparsity pattern prior to decomposition is described. From an application of equation (2) using reference reflections from shallower reflectors, crystalline rocks in South Carolina over the depth interval from about 5 km to 10 km yield values of Qin the range Q = 250 - 300. Non-standard recording geometries ( "Q-spreads") and vibroseis recording procedures are suggested to minimize matrix sparseness and increase the usable frequency bandwidth between zero and Nyquist. The direct detection of body wave dispersion by conventional vibroseis techniques may be useful to distinguish between those crustal volumes that are potentially seismogenic and those that are not. Such differences may be due to variations in fracture density and therefore water content in the crust.<br>Ph. D.
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Deighton, M. J. "3D texture analysis in seismic data." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2006. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842764/.

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The use of hydrocarbons is ubiquitous in modern society, from fuel to raw materials. Seismic surveys now routinely produce large, volumetric representations of the Earth's crust. Human interpretation of these surveys plays an important part in locating oil and gas reservoirs, however it is a lengthy and time consuming process. Methods that provide semi-automated aid to the interpreter are highly sought after. In this research, texture is identified as a major cue to interpretation. A local gradient density method is then employed for the first time with seismic data to provide volumetric texture analysis. Extensive experiments are undertaken to determine parameter choices that provide good separation of seismic texture classes according to the Bhattacharya distance. A framework is then proposed to highlight regions of interest in a survey with high confidence based on texture queries by an interpreter. The interpretation task of seismic facies analysis is then considered and its equivalence with segmentation is established. Since the facies units may take a range of orientations within the survey, sensitivity of the analysis to rotation is considered. As a result, new methods based on alternative gradient estimation kernels and data realignment are proposed. The feature based method with alternative kernels is shown to provide the best performance. Achieving high texture label confidence requires large local windows and is in direct conflict with the need for small windows to identify fine detail. It is shown that smaller windows may be employed to achieve finer detail at the expense of label confidence. A probabilistic relaxation scheme is then described that recovers the label confidence whilst constraining texture boundaries to be smooth at the smallest scale. Testing with synthetic data shows reductions in error rate by up to a factor of 2. Experiments with seismic data indicate that more detailed structure can be identified using this approach.
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Lundberg, Emil. "2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Studies over Scandinavian Deformation Zones." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-211215.

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The study of deformation zones is of great geological interest since these zones can separate rocks with different characteristics. The geometry of these structures with depth is important for interpreting the geological history of an area. Paper I to III present 2D reflection seismic data over deformation zones targeting structures in the upper 3-4 km of the crust. These seismic profiles were acquired with a crooked-line recording geometry. 2D seismic processing assumes a straight recording geometry. Most seismic processing tools were developed for sub-horizontally layered structures. However, in the crystalline rocks in Scandinavia more complex structures with contrasting dip directions and folding are common. The crooked-line recording geometries have the benefit of sampling a 3D volume. This broader sampling can be used to gain knowledge about the true geometry of subsurface structures. Correlation with geological maps and other geophysical data along with seismic data modeling can be used to differentiate reflections from faults or fracture zones from other reflectivity, e.g. mafic bodies. Fault and fracture zones may have a large impedance contrast to surrounding rocks, while ductile shear zones usually do not. The ductile shear zones can instead be interpreted based on differing reflectivity patterns between domains and correlations with geology or magnetic maps. Paper IV presents 3D reflection seismic data from a quick-clay landslide site in southern Sweden. The area is located in a deformation zone and structures in unconsolidated sediments may have been influenced by faults in the bedrock. The main target layer is located at only 20 m depth, but good surface conditions during acquisition and careful processing enabled a clear seismic image of this shallow layer to be obtained.The research presented in this thesis provides increased knowledge about subsurface structures in four geologically important areas. The unconventional processing methods used are recommended to future researchers working with data from crooked-line recording geometries in crystalline environments. The imaging of shallow structures at the quick-clay landslide site shows that the 3D reflection seismic method can be used as a complement to other geophysical measurements for shallow landslide site investigations.
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Qian, Zhongping. "Analysis of seismic anisotropy in 3D multi-component seismic data." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3515.

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The importance of seismic anisotropy has been recognized by the oil industry since its first observation in hydrocarbon reservoirs in 1986, and the application of seismic anisotropy to solve geophysical problems has been keenly pursued since then. However, a lot of problems remain, which have limited the applications of the technology. Nowadays, more and more 3D multi-component seismic data with wide-azimuth are becoming available. These have provided more opportunities for the study of seismic anisotropy. My thesis has focused on the study of using seismic anisotropy in 3D multi-component seismic data to characterize subsurface fractures, improve converted wave imaging and detect fluid content in fractured reservoirs, all of which are important for fractured reservoir exploration and monitoring. For the use of seismic anisotropy to characterize subsurface fracture systems, equivalent medium theories have established the link between seismic anisotropy and fracture properties. The numerical modelling in the thesis reveals that the amplitudes and interval travel-time of the radial component of PS converted waves can be used to derive fracture properties through elliptical fitting similar to P-waves. However, sufficient offset coverage is required for either the P- or PS-wave to reveal the features of elliptical variation with azimuth. Compared with numerical modelling, seismic physical modelling provides additional insights into the azimuthal variation of P and PS-wave attributes and their links with fracture properties. Analysis of the seismic physical model data in the thesis shows that the ratio of the offset to the depth of a target layer (offset-depth ratio), is a key parameter controlling the choice of suitable attributes and methods for fracture analysis. Data with a small offset-depth ratio from 0.7 to 1.0 may be more suitable for amplitude analysis; whilst the use of travel time or velocity analysis requires a large offset-depth ratio above 1.0, which can help in reducing the effect of the acquisition footprint and structural imprint on the results. Multi-component seismic data is often heavily contaminated with noise, which will limit its application potential in seismic anisotropy analysis. A new method to reduce noise in 3D multi-component seismic data has been developed and has proved to be very helpful in improving data quality. The method can automatically recognize and eliminate strong noise in 3D converted wave seismic data with little interference to useful reflection signals. Component rotation is normally a routine procedure in 3D multi-component seismic analysis. However, this study shows that incorrect rotations may occur for certain acquisition geometry and can lead to errors in shear-wave splitting analysis. A quality control method has been developed to ensure this procedure is correctly carried out. The presence of seismic anisotropy can affect the quality of seismic imaging, but the study has shown that the magnitude of the effects depends on the data type and target depth. The effects of VTI anisotropy (transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis) on P-wave images are much weaker than those on PS-wave images. Anisotropic effects decrease with depth for the P- and PS-waves. The real data example shows that the overall image quality of PS-waves processed by pre-stack time migration has been improved when VTI anisotropy has been taken into account. The improvements are mainly in the upper part of the section. Monitoring fluid distribution is an important task in producing reservoirs. A synthetic study based on a multi-scale rock-physics model shows that it is possible to use seismic anisotropy to derive viscosity information in a HTI medium (transverse isotropy with a horizontal symmetry axis). The numerical modelling demonstrates the effects of fluid viscosity on medium elastic properties and seismic reflectivity, as well as the possibility of using them to discriminate between oil and water saturation. Analysis of real data reveals that it is hard to use the P-wave to discriminate oil-water saturation. However, characteristic shear-wave splitting behaviour due to pore pressure changes demonstrates the potential for discriminating between oil and water saturation in fractured reservoirs.
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Books on the topic "3D seismic reflection data"

1

Reymond, Benoît. Three-dimensional sequence stratigraphy offshore Louisiana, Gulf of Mexico (West Cameron 3D seismic data). Section des sciences de la terre, Institut de géologie et paléontologie, Université de Lausanne, 1994.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1.

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Marschall, R., ed. Aspects of Seismic Reflection Data Processing. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2087-3.

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Brown, Alistair R. Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data. 2nd ed. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1988.

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Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data. 5th ed. American Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1999.

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Brown, Alistair R. Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1986.

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Brown, Alistair R. Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data. 3rd ed. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1991.

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Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data. 4th ed. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1996.

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Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data. 2nd ed. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1986.

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Seismic signatures and analysis of reflection data in anisotropic media. Pergamon, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "3D seismic reflection data"

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Introduction to Denoising and Data Gap Filling of Seismic Reflection Data." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_1.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Denoising the 3D Seismic Data Using Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_7.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Frequency and Time Domain SSA for 2D Seismic Data Denoising." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_4.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Seismic Data Gap Filling Using the Singular Spectrum Based Analysis." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_8.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Filtering 2D Seismic Data Using the Time Slice Singular Spectral Analysis." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_5.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Robust and Fast Algorithms for Singular Spectral Analysis of Seismic Data." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_6.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Singular Spectrum-Based Filtering to Enhance the Resolution of Seismic Attributes." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_10.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Time and Frequency Domain Eigen Image and Cadzow Noise Filtering of 2D Seismic Data." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_2.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Singular Spectrum vs. Wavelet Based Denoising Schemes in Generalized Inversion Based Seismic Wavelet Estimation." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_9.

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Tiwari, R. K., and R. Rekapalli. "Singular Spectrum Analysis with MATLAB®." In Modern Singular Spectral-Based Denoising and Filtering Techniques for 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19304-1_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "3D seismic reflection data"

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Böhm, G., P. Comelli, G. Madrussani, S. Petersen, G. Rossi, and A. Vesnaver. "3D Reflection tomography and imaging of real seismic data." In 58th EAEG Meeting. EAGE Publications BV, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201408874.

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Di, Haibin, and Dengliang Gao. "Reflection geometry-based strain analysis from 3D seismic data." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2015-5849932.1.

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Harbert, William, Christopher Purcell, and Alan Mur. "Post and pre‐stack seismic reflection data processing of 3D reflection seismic surveys over a CO2injection." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2010. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3513639.

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Jang, Seonghyung, and Taeyoun Kim. "Prestack reverse time migration for 3D marine reflection seismic data." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2014 (ICNAAM-2014). AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4912526.

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Sloan, Steven D., Don W. Steeples, Georgios P. Tsoflias, and Mihan H. McKenna. "Automating the acquisition of 3D near‐surface seismic reflection data." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3255092.

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Bakulin, Andrey, Ilya Silvestrov, Maxim Dmitriev, Dmitry Neklyudov, Maxim Protasov, and Kirill Gadylshin. "Data-domain reflection tomography for initial velocity model building using challenging 3d seismic data." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2019. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2019-3214902.1.

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Huang, F., C. Juhlin, T. Kempka, and B. Norden. "Integration of Reservoir Simulation with 3D Reflection Seismic Time-lapse Data at Ketzin." In 76th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2014. EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20141002.

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Gajek, W., J. Verdon, M. Malinowski, and J. Trojanowski. "Imaging seismic anisotropy in a shale gas reservoir by combining microseismic and 3D surface reflection seismic data." In 79th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2017 - Workshops. EAGE Publications BV, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201701689.

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Bastani, M., S. Luth, A. Malehmir, M. Sadeghi, and P. Marsden. "Constrained 3D Inversion of Airborne Magnetic Data Using Geological and Reflection Seismic Data- Example in Sweden." In NSG2020 3rd Conference on Geophysics for Mineral Exploration and Mining. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202020179.

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Koivisto, E., A. Malehmir, T. Voipio, and C. Wijns. "3D Lithological and Structural Modeling of the Kevitsa 2D and 3D Reflection Seismic Data - A Case Study." In 76th EAGE Conference and Exhibition - Workshops. EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20140502.

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Reports on the topic "3D seismic reflection data"

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Milkereit, B., A. G. Green, P. Morel-à-l'Huissier, M. W. Lee, and W. F. Agena. 1986 Great Lakes seismic reflection survey, migrated data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130458.

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McCarthy, W. M., and Y. Jassim. Reprocessing of legacy seismic-reflection data, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/314687.

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Mosher, D. C., A. LaPierre, S. Bigg, and G. Syhlonyk. Comparison of 3D seismic reflection and multibeam sonar seafloor surface renders in deep water. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/220705.

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Warner, M. R. Modeling of synthetic seismic reflection data: CCSS workshop 1987 - data set V. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/129029.

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Ramirez, Abelardo, Kathleen Dyer, Donald White, Yue Hao, and Xianjin Yang. Model verification: synthetic single pattern simulations using seismic reflection data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1118013.

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Dietrich, J. R., K. C. Coflin, L. S. Lane, J. Dixon, and F A Cook. Interpretation of Deep Seismic Reflection Data, Beaufort Sea, Arctic, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130756.

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Green, A. G. Studies of laterally heterogeneous structures using seismic refraction and reflection data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/129011.

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Vestal, William J., III Searcy, and William P. Seismic Reflection Profiles - Somali Basin Data Report. USNS Wilkes 1977-1979. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226050.

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Todd, B. J., C. F. M. Lewis, H. A J Russell, and M D Pyne. Legacy seismic reflection data from the Great Lakes: recovery and applications. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321093.

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Roberts, B., and E. Adam. Seismic-reflection data from the Sturgeon Lake mining camp, northern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210857.

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