Journal articles: '3D standards'

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Daly, Leonard, and Don Brutzman. "X3D: Extensible 3D Graphics Standard [Standards in a Nutshell]." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 24, no. 99 (2007): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2007.4317479.

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Daly, Leonard, and Don Brutzman. "X3D: Extensible 3D Graphics Standard [Standards in a Nutshell]." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 24, no. 6 (November 2007): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2007.905889.

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Wang, Jiangning, Jing Ren, Tianyu Xi, Siqin Ge, and Liqiang Ji. "Specifications and Standards for Insect 3D Data." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (May 21, 2018): e26561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26561.

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With the continuous development of imaging technology, the amount of insect 3D data is increasing, but research on data management is still virtually non-existent. This paper will discuss the specifications and standards relevant to the process of insect 3D data acquisition, processing and analysis. The collection of 3D data of insects includes specimen collection, sample preparation, image scanning specifications and 3D model specification. The specimen collection information uses existing biodiversity information standards such as Darwin Core. However, the 3D scanning process contains unique specifications for specimen preparation, depending on the scanning equipment, to achieve the best imaging results. Data processing of 3D images includes 3D reconstruction, tagging morphological structures (such as muscle and skeleton), and 3D model building. There are different algorithms in the 3D reconstruction process, but the processing results generally follow DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) standards. There is no available standard for marking morphological structures, because this process is currently executed by individual researchers who create operational specifications according to their own needs. 3D models have specific file specifications, such as object files (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront_.obj_file) and 3D max format (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.3ds), which are widely used at present. There are only some simple tools for analysis of three-dimensional data and there are no specific standards or specifications in Audubon Core (https://terms.tdwg.org/wiki/Audubon_Core), the TDWG standard for biodiversity-related multi-media. There are very few 3D databases of animals at this time. Most of insect 3D data are created by individual entomologists and are not even stored in databases. Specifications for the management of insect 3D data need to be established step-by-step. Based on our attempt to construct a database of 3D insect data, we preliminarily discuss the necessary specifications.

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Rübenach, Ingo M. "Standards für die additive Fertigung." VDI-Z 161, no. 11 (2019): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0042-1766-2019-11-24.

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Die Herstellung selbst komplexer Bauteile mittels 3D-Druck verbreitet sich rasch im industriellen Alltag. Die neuen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sind für viele Branchen attraktiv. Doch im Unterschied zur konventionellen Fertigung existieren derzeit nur begrenzte Standards, die Qualität und Sicherheit garantieren. Bestehende Normen lassen sich nur selten übernehmen, da im 3D-Druck andere technische Parameter vorherrschen.

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Alkan, M., and H. G. Sürmeneli. "INVESTIGATING FOR 3D TURKEY CADASTRE WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-109-2019.

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Abstract. Nowadays, a very active research area is the 3D cadastre concept. In relation, 3D Cadastre is an essential component used in a land management system which is to manage and represent layered rights digitally, restrictions, responsibilities (legal models), buildings, public services and corresponding physical models (above or below the floor surface in 3D). The 3D Cadastre has a lot of capable of collecting, storing, organising, querying, analysing and visualising very intricate details within specific standards for all over the worlds. Besides, now in Turkey, 3D cadastre is to be designing and developing with academic studies. The cadastral concept was developed for the 3D Cadastral in the early 2000s from studies related to the world countries. The first workshop was held in 2001; the second workshop was held in 2011 and 2012 in the third. Temporarily, many theoretical and practical developments have emerged in these workshops. However, no 3D cadastre is currently being performed anywhere in the world (Oosterom et al., 2011). There are several reasons why successful implementation of 3D cadastre is legal, institutional and technical. These reasons can be listed as the necessary legal documents, missing data models, lack of technology and data format deficiencies. The 3D cadastre scope should be defined as ideal in legal and institutional systems for all of the cadastral systems. While waiting for these formalities, the development of a data model for 3D cadastre is a useful method to clarify the scope of 3D cadastre. A 3D cadastral data model is the most important for the introduction of standards (INSPIRE, OGC, LADM) and a common language within the user communities of the Land Administration. In this context, some countries (Netherlands, Australia) have developed cadastral data models (ePlan, Legal Property Object Model, LADM, 3D Cadastral Data Model) to improve their cadastral systems. Although cadastral data models differ between countries, 2D is based on the basic building block of a land parcel. The existing cadastral data models were developed based on the definition of a 2D land parcel for many countries. Besides land tenure recording system with related 2D cadastral systems also. In line with the developed models, Netherlands, Australia, Croatia and Israel improved their existing cadastral systems and carried out studies in the scope of 3D cadastre. In Turkey, the 3D cadastre scope is still working for an academic site. In this study, the first section comprises of the investigation for 3D cadastral systems. Turkey studies and cadastral systems will be discussed in section 2. The scope and principles of 3D cadastre are discussed for Turkey with section 3. Moreover, the obstacles to the implementation of 3D cadastre and international standards developed within the scope of 3D cadastre are discussed and also data models developed for Turkey cadastral system with related international standards (Land Administration Domain Model, INSPIRE and ISO) in section 4. Also, finally, discussion and results were assessed in this paper.

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Lee, Mingeun, and Myeong Won Lee. "3D Data Interface Standards for Implementing 3D Virtual Reality Application Services." Society for Standards Certification and Safety 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34139/jscs.2019.9.1.11.

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Alkan, Mehmet, and Hicret Gursoy Surmeneli. "3D cadastral standard definition and development using international standards for Turkey cadastral system." Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation 7, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9733/jgg.2020r0005.e.

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Kalogianni, E., E. Dimopoulou, W. Quak, and P. Van Oosterom. "LADM AND INTERLIS AS A PERFECT MATCH FOR 3D CADASTRE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W7 (October 23, 2017): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w7-23-2017.

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Standardization in land administration domain has been expanded to 3D and even 4D representations, adopting a multipurpose character, in order to become the foundation of a sustainable and smart economic development. At the moment, although the potential benefits of 3D Cadastre is argued to be enormous and there are plenty of standards related to 3D Cadastre while others enhancing the role of 3D Cities, there is no complete solution for 3D Cadastre. That being so, the last years, there has been a rapid increase in the integration, harmonization and implementation support of such standards. In this context, the integration of 3D legal spaces with 3D physical objects is gaining ground, as the (invisible) legal boundaries do not always match with the physical counterparts, leading to obscure situations. LADM, the International Standard for land administration, was proved to be one of the best candidates to unambiguously represent 3D Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities. On the other side, spatial data models and virtual city models manage 3D urban structures without focusing on legal aspects. Many researchers have explored integrations between those aspects giving promising results. In this direction, apart from international standards, also national standards have been developed to enable the communication between land information systems. One of the most representatives is INTERLIS, a Swiss standard, a precise, standardized Object Relational modelling language on the conceptual level, which allows for automated quality control. Thus, in this paper the focus is given on how INTERLIS and LADM complement each other in the actual implementation of land administration systems. Main challenges among others in the context of this research include: 1. extensible hierarchical and versioned code lists in INTERLIS models, 2. formally define LADM constraints in INTERLIS, 3. discuss 3D geometry types and 4. introduce a holistic LADM/INTERLIS approach for country profiles.

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Stoter, Jantien, Hugo Ledoux, Marcel Reuvers, Linda van den Brink, Rick Klooster, Paul Janssen, Jakob Beetz, Friso Penninga, and George Vosselman. "Establishing and implementing a national 3D Standard in The NetherlandsEntwicklung und Implementierung eines nationalen 3D Standards in den Niederlanden." Photogrammetrie - Fernerkundung - Geoinformation 2013, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1432-8364/2013/0184.

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Sani, Mohammed Jawaluddeen, Ivin Amri Musliman, and Alias Abdul Rahman. "IFC AND CITYGML SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATION FOR 3D GIS." Journal of Information System and Technology Management 6, no. 24 (December 1, 2021): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jistm.624030.

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Building information modelling (BIM) and geographical information systems (GIS) domains immensely contribute to a digital representation of architectural and environmental bodies respectively. BIM is endorsed in order to enhance the Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry process to save time, cost and speed up the project, and more so, to minimise the frequent requests of information by the stakeholders within the industry. On the other hand, the Geographic Information System (GIS) has been increasingly used to generate detailed 3D data, geolocation and spatial analysis. Both BIM and GIS provide 3D data for the development of 3D city models, digital twin, smart city, AEC etc. However, there are significant diverse between the two in terms of their characteristics, scope of interest and focus that makes it difficult to easily be achieved. The amalgamation of the two worlds provides a clear picture of a built environment based on data (geometry and semantics) integration, which reinforces the enhancement of the three-dimensional (3D) applications in general into the digital world. This paper presents a methodology that semantically integrates the two worlds through their standards that is the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) which is an open standard, selected because it is the typical free standard to exchange data in the BIM world and City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) is the most leading 3D city model standard in 3D GIS. This is carried out by performing a semantic mapping between the two standards, converting the encoding that the two standards use from STEP in IFC(BIM) to XML in CityGML (3D GIS), by providing a basic implementation created using Python to combine the above tasks.

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Prieto, Iñaki, José Luis Izkara, and Aitziber Egusquiza. "Architectural heritage 3D and semantic information visualization based on open standards." Virtual Archaeology Review 4, no. 9 (November 5, 2013): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4250.

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Georeferenced 3D models represent an increasingly accepted solution for storing and displaying information at urban scale. CityGML, as standard data model for the representation, storage and exchange of 3D city models, represent a very attractive solution which combines 3D geometric and semantic information in a single data model. In this paper we present an approach to visualize semantic and 3D information of historical centers using open standards. Also, three client applications are presented targeting different agents with different needs with the characteristic that all the information is got from an unique extended CityGML data model.

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Würstle, P., R. Padsala, T. Santhanavanich, and V. Coors. "VIABILITY TESTING OF GAME ENGINE USAGE FOR VISUALIZATION OF 3D GEOSPATIAL DATA WITH OGC STANDARDS." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences X-4/W2-2022 (October 14, 2022): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-4-w2-2022-281-2022.

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Abstract. Urban digital twins have become an essential factor for cities and communities to visualize, simulate and analyze data. The conventional geospatial standards work great with online platforms such as CesiumJS or ArcGIS API for JavaScript. However, their usage in different platforms such as game engines has not been well established yet. Game engines provide an interesting application case because they offer a different approach to visualizing large city models and provide a high graphical fidelity.This paper aims to answer how the existing standards, such as the API standards GeoVolumes and SensorThings, as well as the 3D model standards 3D Tiles and Esri Indexed 3D Scene Layer (I3S), can interact with game engines. For this purpose, three use-cases were selected and have been used to build applications. These focus on using sensor data in AR and different city development scenarios in a digital environment.This study shows that different geospatial standard formats such as 3D Tiles, I3S, and GL Transmission Format (glTF) can be used in game engines, either directly or over a GeoVolumes Server. Their implementation makes it possible to use the advantages of game engines with real-world datasets.

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Hildebrandt, Dieter, and Jürgen Döllner. "Service-oriented, standards-based 3D geovisualization: Potential and challenges." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 34, no. 6 (November 2010): 484–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2010.05.003.

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Šala, Martin, Vid S. Šelih, and Johannes T. van Elteren. "Gelatin gels as multi-element calibration standards in LA-ICP-MS bioimaging: fabrication of homogeneous standards and microhomogeneity testing." Analyst 142, no. 18 (2017): 3356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7an01361b.

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Janečka, Karel. "Standardization supporting future smart cities – a case of BIM/GIS and 3D cadastre." GeoScape 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geosc-2019-0010.

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Abstract The aim of the paper is to give an overview of selected ongoing ISO standardization activities in the domain of geographic information dealing with BIM/GIS and 3D cadastre. The presented international standards have also a close relation to the activities (e.g. 3D spatial planning) from which the smart cities could benefit. In particular, in this paper the ISO 19152 Geographic information – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard and ISO 19166 Geographic information – BIM to GIS conceptual mapping (B2GM) standard (still under development) are emphasized. Both mentioned standards are also strongly interrelated with each other. The ISO 19152 standard supports the smart registration of real estates by providing a conceptual schema incorporating 3D parcels, i.e. the 3D cadastre. 3D cadastre can provide the accurate, authoritative and unambiguous foundation for understanding the urban form. The second version of the ISO 19152 is also going to be extended to manage the spatial planning information. This enables 3D spatial planning in connection with the legal information, which is all together of big importance for building the smart cities. Furthermore, the ISO 19166 standard is going to provide a conceptual framework for transformation of BIM into GIS (at various level of details) and vice versa. This enables a wider use of existing detailed and semantically rich 3D digital BIM data in building of the 3D cadastre and smart cities GIS projects. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • There are currently two running projects within International Organization for Standardization (ISO) from which the smart city should benefit – the international standard ISO 19166 BIM2GIS and ISO TR 23262 GIS (geospatial) / BIM interoperability. • There is an existing international standard ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) supporting the creation of the 3D cadastre. • The second version of the international standard ISO 19152, which is now under development, will bring a support for spatial planning and also the examples of technical encodings of LADM in BIM/IFC and CityGML.

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Sekar, Muthu Parkkavi, Harshavardhan Budharaju, Allen Zennifer, Swaminathan Sethuraman, Niki Vermeulen, Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi, and Deepak M. Kalaskar. "Current standards and ethical landscape of engineered tissues—3D bioprinting perspective." Journal of Tissue Engineering 12 (January 2021): 204173142110276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20417314211027677.

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Tissue engineering is an evolving multi-disciplinary field with cutting-edge technologies and innovative scientific perceptions that promise functional regeneration of damaged tissues/organs. Tissue engineered medical products (TEMPs) are biomaterial-cell products or a cell-drug combination which is injected, implanted or topically applied in the course of a therapeutic or diagnostic procedure. Current tissue engineering strategies aim at 3D printing/bioprinting that uses cells and polymers to construct living tissues/organs in a layer-by-layer fashion with high 3D precision. However, unlike conventional drugs or therapeutics, TEMPs and 3D bioprinted tissues are novel therapeutics and need different regulatory protocols for clinical trials and commercialization processes. Therefore, it is essential to understand the complexity of raw materials, cellular components, and manufacturing procedures to establish standards that can help to translate these products from bench to bedside. These complexities are reflected in the regulations and standards that are globally in practice to prevent any compromise or undue risks to patients. This review comprehensively describes the current legislations, standards for TEMPs with a special emphasis on 3D bioprinted tissues. Based on these overviews, challenges in the clinical translation of TEMPs & 3D bioprinted tissues/organs along with their ethical concerns and future perspectives are discussed.

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Liang, Ji Sheng, Xi Hong Zhou, Bo Li, Fu Hua Shang, and Wang Hui. "ADL 3D Character Animation Design Table Research and Application." Advanced Materials Research 548 (July 2012): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.797.

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3D character animation has into every aspect of our lives, How to raise the efficiency of development is still current domestic and international research one of the hot issues. This paper, based on the rehabilitation medicine ADL standard, Puts forward 3d characters ADL action based action split standards,According to the software engineering layered development and atom model thought, Design realize the ADL 3d character animation design table, Applied to the simulation training construction of action of oil field development, Effectively improve the oil workers 3d action role construction the efficiency of the development.

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Kuroczynski, Piotr. "Virtual Research Environment for digital 3D reconstructions – Standards, thresholds and prospects." Studies in Digital Heritage 1, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 456–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23330.

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Since the 1990s the application of the digital 3D reconstruction and computer-based visualisation of culturalheritage increased. The virtual reconstruction and 3D visualisation revealed a new “glittering” research space forobject-oriented disciplines such as archaeology, art history and architecture. Nevertheless the academicsconcerned with the uprising technology recognised early the lack of documentation standards in the 3Dprojects leading to the loss of information, findings and the fusion of knowledge behind the digital 3Drepresentation. Based on the methodological fundamentals of the digital 3D reconstruction the potentials andchallenges in the light of emerging Semantic Web and Web3D technologies will be introduced. The presentationsubscribes a scientific methodology and a collaborative web-based research environment followed by crucialfeatures for this kind of projects. As the groundwork a human- and machine-readable “language of objects” andthe implementation of this semantic patterns for spatial research purposes on destroyed and/or never realisedtangible cultural heritage will be discussed. Using examples from the practice the presentation explains therequirements of the Semantic Web (Linked Data), the role of controlled vocabularies, the architecture of the VREand the impact of a customised integration of interactive 3D models within the WebGL technology. Thepresentation intends to showcase the state-of-the-art on the way to a digital research infrastructure. The focuslies on the introduction of scholarly approved and sustainable digital 3D reconstruction, complaint withrecognised documentation standards and following the Linked Data requirements.

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Al Kalbani, K., and A. Abdul Rahman. "INTEGRATION BETWEEN SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE SPATIAL OBJECTS FOR DEVELOPING OMAN 3D SDI BASED ON THE CITYGML STANDARD." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-79-2019.

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Abstract. The paper investigates the capability to integrate the surface and subsurface 3D spatial objects data structure within the 3D spatial data infrastructure (3D SDI) based on the CityGML standards. In fact, a number of countries around the world have started applying the 3D city models for their planning and infrastructure management. While others are still working toward 3D SDI by using CityGML standards. Moreover, most of these initiatives focus on the surface spatial objects with less interest to model subsurface spatial objects. However, dealing with 3D SDI requires both surface and subsurface spatial objects with clear consideration on the issues and challenges in terms of the data structure. On the other hand, the study has used geospatial tools and databases such as FME, PostgreSQL-PostGIS, and 3D City Database to generate the 3D model and to test the capability for integrating the surface and subsurface 3D spatial objects data structure within the 3D SDI. This paper concludes by describing a framework that aims to integrate surface and subsurface 3D geospatial objects data structure in Oman SDI. The authors believe that there are possible solutions based on CityGML standards for surface and subsurface 3D spatial objects. Moreover, solving the issues in data structure can establish a better vision and open new avenues for the 3D SDI.

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McConnell, Tom J. "Adapting to the New Indiana Science Standards: A 3D Lesson Planning Template." Hoosier Science Teacher 45, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/thst.v45i2.34836.

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The new Indiana Science and Computer Science Standards (IDOE, 2022) have created a lot of questions among teachers about what “three-dimensional” teaching is, and how to implement the new standards. The 2022 standards are very closely aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Lead States, 2013), with standards presented using the same terminology focusing on phenomena, Practices, Disciplinary Core Ideas and Crosscutting Concepts. While this may feel new, the NGSS was published in 2013, and some features of the national standards were incorporated in the 2016 standards. In this article, the author draws from previous experience writing science learning materials

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Gupta, Priya, Victor Akelo, O. Yaw Addo, Kasthuri Sivalogan, Richard Oliech, Dickson Gethi, Beth Tippett Barr, Dianna Blau, and Parminder Suchdev. "Using 3D Imaging Technology to Accurately Collect Postmortem Anthropometric Measurements in Children Under 5 Years of Age." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_041.

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Abstract Objectives The Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Network (CHAMPS) aims to identify causes of under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan African and South Asian surveillance sites. To address challenges in postmortem nutritional assessment, we evaluated anthropometry training and 3D imaging in the CHAMPS Kenya site. Methods Staff were trained using World Health Organization (WHO) recommended standard anthropometry equipment as well as 3D imaging to collect postmortem measurements. Following the training, 76 cases were measured in duplicate using standard anthropometry and 3D imaging and were compared to 75 pre-intervention cases. Outcomes included data quality metrics [standard deviations (SD), digit preference, % biologically implausible values (BIV, Length-for-age z-score (LAZ) BIV = ± 6 SD), measurement reliability (technical errors of measurement, TEM), and accuracy (correlation coefficients and Bland Altman plots of standard vs. 3D scan measurements). We used both WHO growth standard and internal standardization to produce sex and age-specific LAZ. Results Standard anthropometry data quality improved as indicated by digit preference (all measures rounded to 0.0 or 0.5 pre-intervention vs. no preference post-intervention). When using the WHO growth standards, we observed increases between pre- and post-training LAZ SD (2.55 vs. 2.92) and % BIV (5.33 vs. 15.13). Internal standardization eliminated the % BIV, with pre-intervention LAZ ranging from-1.78 to 2.27, and post intervention LAZ: −2.27 to 2.04, falling within the WHO ranges for biologically plausible values (−6 SD < LAZ < 6 SD). Reliability of length measurements post-intervention was high as indicated by low relative TEM of 0.53%. Accuracy of 3D imaging was high (R = 0.99) comparing post-training vs. 3D imaging for length; however, examination of Bland Altman plots revealed that on average 3D scans overestimated length by 3.87 centimeters. Conclusions Training on standard anthropometry improved data quality. 3D imaging may be an accurate alternative to standard anthropometry, but adjustment of the technology is needed to avoid overestimation of length. Future research on the appropriate use of reference standards to define malnutrition in this severely ill population is needed. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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McNair, Randell. "Informing Standards: evolving the business case for maintaining complex process facility digital twins." Muma Business Review 6 (2022): 053–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/5049.

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An industry standards organization sponsors a project to design a standard and document a means to assess the practical and economic benefits of 3D model maintenance throughout the complex process facility lifecycle. This article chronicles the elaborated action design research (eADR) approach used to evaluate the design and implementation stages of this project, reflecting on this ongoing effort to deploy a standard for management of 3D models. These 3D design models are a foundational element of the virtual representation or ‘digital twin’ of physical assets. The researcher evaluates the project artifacts created to date, focusing on the business case for the standard with various use cases where value can be derived from investment in maintaining the model beyond the design stage of capital facility development and its impact on total cost of ownership. Included in the analysis is an outline of key artifacts created as part of the researcher’s intervention and how they were created as well as a summary of the project’s artifacts and the use cases they support. Initial results of the project team’s analysis reveal how firms can reduce total cost of ownership while improving the performance and reliability of complex process facilities by maintaining the 3D design models and using them throughout the facility lifecycle.

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Pfouga, Alain, and Josip Stjepandić. "Leveraging 3D geometric knowledge in the product lifecycle based on industrial standards." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 5, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2017.11.002.

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Abstract With their practical introduction by the 1970s, virtual product data have emerged to a primary technical source of intelligence in manufacturing. Modern organization have since then deployed and continuously improved strategies, methods and tools to feed the individual needs of their business domains, multidisciplinary teams, and supply chain, mastering the growing complexity of virtual product development. As far as product data are concerned, data exchange, 3D visualization, and communication are crucial processes for reusing manufacturing intelligence across lifecycle stages. Research and industry have developed several CAD interoperability, and visualization formats to uphold these product development strategies. Most of them, however, have not yet provided sufficient integration capabilities required for current digital transformation needs, mainly due to their lack of versatility in the multi-domains of the product lifecycle and primary focus on individual product descriptions. This paper analyses the methods and tools used in virtual product development to leverage 3D CAD data in the entire life cycle based on industrial standards. It presents a set of versatile concepts for mastering exchange, aware and unaware visualization and collaboration from single technical packages fit purposely for various domains and disciplines. It introduces a 3D master document utilizing PDF techniques, which fulfills requirements for electronic discovery and enables multi-domain collaboration and long-term data retention for the digital enterprise. Highlights With their practical introduction by the 1970s, virtual product data have emerged to a primary technical source of intelligence in manufacturing. Modern organization have since then deployed and continuously improved strategies, methods and tools to feed the individual needs of their business domains, multidisciplinary teams, and supply chain, mastering the growing complexity of virtual product development. As far as product data are concerned, data exchange, 3D visualization, and communication are crucial processes for reusing manufacturing intelligence across lifecycle stages. Research and industry have developed several CAD interoperability, and visualization formats to uphold these product development strategies. Most of them, however, have not yet provided sufficient integration capabilities required for current digital transformation needs, mainly due to their lack of versatility in the multi-domains of the product lifecycle and primary focus on individual product descriptions. This paper analyses the methods and tools used in virtual product development to leverage 3D CAD data in the entire life cycle. It presents a set of versatile concepts for mastering exchange, aware and unaware visualization and collaboration from single technical packages fit purposely for various domains and disciplines. It introduces a 3D master document utilizing PDF techniques, which fulfills requirements for electronic discovery and enables multi-domain collaboration and long-term data retention for the digital enterprise. 3D interoperability makes an important contribution to engineering collaboration. Several formats made to that end successively deal with challenges of their time. Some of these such as STEP are highly verbose formats, which gradually encapsulate all information necessary to define a product, its manufacture, and lifecycle support. Others are focusing best on lightweight visualization use cases and endure better with increasing size and complexity of data. Traditional formats like STEP and JT, though, are not capable of supporting the publishing activity in even broader fashion. New tendencies therefore are aiming at strengthening these individual formats through combination with complementary standards or by using document-based approaches. Unlike STEP or JT, 3D PDF can serve multiple purposes and leverages 3D data downstream throughout the product lifecycle to create, distribute and manage ubiquitous, highly consumable, role-specific rich renditions. Based on its container structure, 3D PDF is a fundamentally different approach from traditional experience established in product development – it is an exceptionally proficient contextual aggregation of multi-domain and multi-disciplinary product data. The manufacturing community should embrace it as an addition and great improvement to current engineering collaboration standards. All engineering components required for its descriptions are meanwhile published international standards. The productive use of 3D PDF for sure requires a change in the current mode of operation, be it simply because the traditional CAD model promptly demands new technical descriptions. More perspectives, which have not been primary focus of this approach need to be addressed in order to implement the 3D digital master concept of this paper in the industry. For the complete process to work properly, the actual workflows of today's business organizations must succeed a readiness check involving enhanced technical documentation capabilities of the authoring (CAx) applications based on 3D, PLM, and manufacturing workflows as well as new ways for engineering data communication with supply chain partners in the digital enterprise.

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Ali, Mostafa, and Yasser Mohamed. "A Framework for Visualizing Heterogeneous Construction Data Using Semantic Web Standards." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (September 16, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8370931.

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3D Visualization provides a mean for communicating different construction activities to diverse audiences. The scope, level of detail, and time resolution of the 3D visualization process are determined based on the targeted audiences. Developing the 3D visualization requires obtaining and merging heterogeneous data from different sources (such as BIM model and CPM schedule). The data merging process is usually carried out on ad hoc basis for a specific visualization case which limits the reusability of the process. This paper discusses a framework for automatic merging of heterogeneous data to create a visualization. The paper describes developing an ontology which captures concepts related to the visualization process. Then, heterogeneous data sources that are commonly used in construction are fed into the ontology which can be queried to produce different visualization scenarios. The potential of this approach has been demonstrated by providing multiple visualization scenarios that cover different audiences, levels of detail, and time resolutions.

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Dhoska, Klodian, Toomas Kübarsepp, Altin Dorri, and Agus Pramono. "Metrological Overview for Coordinate Measuring Machines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 771 (July 2015): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.771.195.

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In manufacturing system, 3D Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) are widely used for inspection services where the product should be subjected to the verification of design specifications. It is usually necessary to know the accuracy of 3D CMM equipment during the verification process of the product quality in mass production. To insure and increase the accuracy of 3D CMM the international series standards ISO 10360 are used. This paper presents the importance of the establishment of traceability to international standards as a key role for the reliability of 3D CMM measurement results.

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Song, J., L. Ma, E. Whitenton, and T. Vorburger. "2D and 3D Surface Texture Comparisons Using Autocorrelation Functions." Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (October 2005): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.437.

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Autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions are proposed for 2D and 3D surface texture comparisons. At the maximum correlation point of the two correlated surface textures, there is a peak shown at the cross-correlation curve. It is proposed to generate a difference function at the maximum correlation point for evaluation of the difference between the two compared surface textures. Based on this method, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) bullet signature measurement system is developed for the bullet signature measurements of NIST standard bullets.

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Zou, William. "Developing End-to-End Standards for 3D TV to the Home." SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 119, no. 7 (October 2010): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j17311.

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Estrela, Vania Vieira, Maria Aparecida de Jesus, Jenice Aroma, Kumudha Raimond, Sandro R. Fernandes, Nikolaos Andreopoulos, Edwiges G. H. Grata, Andrey Terziev, Ricardo Tadeu Lopes, and Anand Deshpande. "Motion Estimation Role in the Context of 3D Video." International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management 12, no. 3 (July 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmdem.291556.

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The 3D end-to-end video system (i.e., 3D acquisition, processing, streaming, error concealment, virtual/augmented reality handling, content retrieval, rendering, and displaying) still needs improvements. This paper scrutinizes the Motion Compensation/Motion Estimation (MCME)impact in the 3D Video (3DV) from the end-to-end users' point of view deeply. The concepts of Motion Vectors (MVs) and disparities are very close, and they help to ameliorate all the stages of the end-to-end 3DV system. The High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) video codec standard is taken into consideration to evaluate the emergent trend towards computational treatment throughout the Cloud whenever possible. The tight bond between movement and depth affects 3D information recovery from these cues, and optimize the performance of algorithms and standards from several parts of the 3D system. Still, 3DV lacks support for engaging interactive 3DV services. Better bit allocation strategies also ameliorate all 3D pipeline stages while being attentive to Cloud-based deployments for 3D streaming.

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Kuzmanić, Ivica, Igor Vujović, Zlatan Kulenović, and Miro Petković. "Introduction Of 3D Printing Into Marine Electrical Engineering Education – A Case Study." Pedagogika-Pedagogy 93, no. 6s (August 31, 2021): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/ped21-6s.23int.

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The research on 3D printing aboard ships is already under way. The private sector and the navy are both experimenting with its usage. This type of education is however missing in mariner education (e.g. Electrotechnical Officer) and in International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) alike. Various authors have proposed that 3D printing should be included in the STCW standard courses. This paper describes an example of introduction of 3D printing into marine electrical engineering education at the Faculty of Maritime Studies in Split. The class is mandatory for this study. This is performed through “learning by doing” technique.

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Salheb, N., K. Arroyo Ohori, and J. Stoter. "AUTOMATIC CONVERSION OF CITYGML TO IFC." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-4/W1-2020 (September 3, 2020): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-4-w1-2020-127-2020.

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Abstract. The trend of increased usage of both BIM and 3D GIS and the similarity between the two has led to an increase in the overlap between them. A key application of such overlap is providing geospatial context data for BIM models through importing 3D GIS-data to BIM software to help in different design-related issues. However, this is currently difficult because of the lack of support in BIM software for the formats and data models of 3D Geo-information. This paper deals with this issue by developing and implementing a methodology to convert the common open 3D city model data model into the most common open BIM data format, namely CityGML (Gröger et al., 2012) to IFC (buildingsmart, 2019b). For the aim of this study, the two standards are divided into 5 comparable subparts: Semantics, Geometry, Geographical coordinates, Topology, and Encoding. The characteristics of each of these subparts are studied and a conversion method is proposed for each of them from the former standard to the latter. This is done by performing a semantic and geometrical mapping between the two standards, converting the georeferencing from global to local, converting the encoding that the two standards use from XML to STEP, and deciding which topological relations are to be retained. A prototype implementation has been created using Python to combine the above tasks. The work presented in this paper can provide a foundation for future work in converting CityGML to IFC. It provides an insight into the relationship between the two standards and a methodology for the conversion from one to the other, and the process of developing software to perform such conversion. This is done in a way that can be extended for future specific needs.

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Priest, Dean B., Ronald G. Smith, Christin Carlisle, and Rebecca Mays. "Delving Deeper: The Diver Problem: The Surfer Problem in 3D." Mathematics Teacher 106, no. 9 (May 2013): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacher.106.9.0710.

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Mathematics is not a “handbag of tricks” but rather a discipline of inquiry and creativity, as Nabb (2010-11) notes, and he has shared his methods and excitement for the inquiry approach. By engaging calculus students in a search for examples of infinite series that meet certain conditions, or arguments that such series do not exist, Nabb appropriately aligns his teaching with the Standards for Mathematical Practice found in the Common Core State Standards (CCSSI 2010). In particular, three Standards for Mathematical Practice come to mind: (a) “make sense of problems and persevere in solving them”; (b) “reason abstractly and quantitatively”; and (c) “model with mathematics” (CCSSI 2010, pp. 6-8).

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Demin, Alexey, Tian Rui Zhang, Hong Sheng Geng, Xin Li, and Wan Shan Wang. "Research on Motion Simulation for Robot Based on WebGL." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.704.

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With a growing popularity of web applications, new technology can be adopted to create a 3D application for robotics simulation without plug-ins or third party components based on HTML5 and WebGL. By the use of 3D modeling software Remo3D, the three-dimensionally geometric model of robots links is built up. The standard COLLADA is used as a file format for storing the scene graph structure of robot model. The application uses open standards and can be run in any modern browser on PC or any smart device without installation.

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Ates Aydar, S., J. Stoter, H. Ledoux, E. Demir Ozbek, and T. Yomralioglu. "ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL 3D GEO-DATA MODEL FOR BUILDING DATA COMPLIANT TO CITYGML: CASE OF TURKEY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 7, 2016): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b2-79-2016.

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This paper presents the generation of the 3D national building geo-data model of Turkey, which is compatible with the international OGC CityGML Encoding Standard. We prepare an ADE named CityGML-TRKBIS.BI that is produced by extending existing thematic modules of CityGML according to TRKBIS needs. All thematic data groups in TRKBIS geo-data model have been remodelled in order to generate the national large scale 3D geo-data model for Turkey. Specific attention has been paid to data groups that have different class structure according to related CityGML data themes such as building data model. Current 2D geo-information model for building data theme of Turkey (TRKBIS.BI) was established based on INSPIRE specifications for building (Core 2D and Extended 2D profiles), ISO/TC 211 standards and OGC web services. New version of TRKBIS.BI which is established according to semantic and geometric rules of CityGML will represent 2D-2.5D and 3D objects. After a short overview on generic approach, this paper describes extending CityGML building data theme according to TRKBIS.BI through several steps. First, building models of both standards were compared according to their data structure, classes and attributes. Second, CityGML building model was extended with respect to TRKBIS needs and CityGML-TRKBIS Building ADE was established in UML. This study provides new insights into 3D applications in Turkey. The generated 3D geo-data model for building thematic class will be used as a common exchange format that meets 2D, 2.5D and 3D implementation needs at national level.

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Ates Aydar, S., J. Stoter, H. Ledoux, E. Demir Ozbek, and T. Yomralioglu. "ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL 3D GEO-DATA MODEL FOR BUILDING DATA COMPLIANT TO CITYGML: CASE OF TURKEY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B2 (June 7, 2016): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b2-79-2016.

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This paper presents the generation of the 3D national building geo-data model of Turkey, which is compatible with the international OGC CityGML Encoding Standard. We prepare an ADE named CityGML-TRKBIS.BI that is produced by extending existing thematic modules of CityGML according to TRKBIS needs. All thematic data groups in TRKBIS geo-data model have been remodelled in order to generate the national large scale 3D geo-data model for Turkey. Specific attention has been paid to data groups that have different class structure according to related CityGML data themes such as building data model. Current 2D geo-information model for building data theme of Turkey (TRKBIS.BI) was established based on INSPIRE specifications for building (Core 2D and Extended 2D profiles), ISO/TC 211 standards and OGC web services. New version of TRKBIS.BI which is established according to semantic and geometric rules of CityGML will represent 2D-2.5D and 3D objects. After a short overview on generic approach, this paper describes extending CityGML building data theme according to TRKBIS.BI through several steps. First, building models of both standards were compared according to their data structure, classes and attributes. Second, CityGML building model was extended with respect to TRKBIS needs and CityGML-TRKBIS Building ADE was established in UML. This study provides new insights into 3D applications in Turkey. The generated 3D geo-data model for building thematic class will be used as a common exchange format that meets 2D, 2.5D and 3D implementation needs at national level.

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Guler, D., and T. Yomralioglu. "THE ROLE OF OPEN STANDARDS IN DIGITAL BUILDING PERMITTING, 3D REGISTRATION OF CONDOMINIUM, AND UPDATE OF 3D CITY MODELS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W1-2022 (August 5, 2022): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w1-2022-167-2022.

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Abstract. Digitalization is being adopted in many public services to increase the efficiencies of the required operations. Regarding this, there is an important interest in digitalizing the current building permit procedures since most of the buildings are designed digitally and as three-dimensional (3D). In addition, several countries are making an effort to realize the transition from two-dimensional (2D) cadastre to 3D cadastre. This is because 2D delineation of the legal rights may remain incapable to reflect the reality with respect to property ownership in multipartite buildings. The 3D city models should also be kept updated to effectively manage the occasions (e.g., natural disasters) and services (e.g., waterworks) in the living areas. In this sense, the open data standards (e.g., CityGML and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)) have a vital role to enable interoperability between different domains such as Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) and Land Administration (LA). In this context, this paper aims to show the current situation and opportunities on how to efficaciously benefit from open data standards for three significant issues. The issues can be listed as, 1) digitalizing the building permit procedures, 2) registering the condominium as 3D, and 3) updating the 3D city models. The examination in the paper concerns the cases for Turkey.

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Ingensand, J., S. Lecorney, N. Blanc, M. Besse, J. Taylor, and D. Rappo. "AN OPEN API FOR 3D-GEOREFERENCED HISTORICAL PICTURES." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W1-2022 (August 5, 2022): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w1-2022-217-2022.

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Abstract. In this article we describe the possibilities and opportunities of the utilization of 3D georeferenced historical images in different contexts. In the frame of an ongoing research project that aims at establishing a national infrastructure for georeferenced pictures, we have created an open API that allows researchers and developers to access and interact with an existing database containing 200’000 3D-georeferenced images. In this database images have been georeferenced by volunteers in 3D using monoplotting. The new API allows for instance to extract the 3D geolocation of images and their footprints as well as to upload new images. It is as far as possible based on existing standards in the fields of archive management, 3D image standards and web-services. This work is of interest for researchers who want to utilize and analyze 3D georeferenced historical imagery and for people who want to establish open API’s to give access to data that is relevant for research.

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Zheng, Chen, Shang Wei Liu, and Shu Jun Zhang. "Three-Dimensional CAD Graphics and Virtual Reality File Conversion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 2550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.2550.

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Using VRML virtual reality modeling language standard steel structure CAD graphics switch into a text file. Making the complex 3D graphics information expressed in VRML environment. Make CAD graphics and VRML file according to the respective standards can use inverse. Drawings transformed into each other to create a practical and effective method.

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Fabris, D. M., P. Brambilla, C. Conese, M. M. Maspes, R. Sala, and M. Tarabini. "METROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF OPTICAL 3D COORDINATE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS – COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE HARDWARE DESIGNS AS PER ISO 10360." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-2/W2-2022 (December 8, 2022): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-2-w2-2022-39-2022.

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Abstract. This research focuses on the characterization of the metrology of Optical 3D Coordinate Measurement Systems (O3DCMS). The focus is set on the identification and execution of the procedure indicated by the currently active technical standards related to industrial O3DCMS, for their metrological assessment, objective comparison, and performance tracking. This work leads to the implementation of an ad hoc software for the execution of the standard tests by the ISO 10360-13 standard. The implemented software application is employed in a real-case scenario for evaluating the performances of an industrial 3D scanner based on structured light. The specific hardware components to be assessed are two light sources of the active stereoscopic vision system, named Digital Light Projectors (DLP). The case study applies the procedures and metrics indicated by the active standards to objectively compare two alternative hardware design of the system under test. This results in the identification of the most performing hardware configuration, allowing the selection of the best system design, basing on objective metrological parameters.

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Mao, Peng Jun, Fu Zhang, and Guo Ying Zhang. "Data Exchange Method between ADAMS, CATIA and Solid Works Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 143-144 (December 2011): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.143-144.422.

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Three kinds of data transmission standards of IGES, parasolid and STEP on the SolidWorks and ADAMS software were contrasted to get the Parasolid for the most suitable software standards. CATIA 3D software has powerful function of modeling, but ADAMS has poor function of modeling. It has built the four feet completion institutions of 3D modeling by CATIA, then through among the middle media of SolidWorks software format to conversion and import CATIA 3D entity modeling into ADAMS/View environment to make up for the problem of insufficient ADAMS modeling ability. This paper focused on the discussion of data exchange process among ADAMS, CATIA and SolidWorks software.

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Duda, Sven, Sascha Hartig, Karola Hagner, Lisa Meyer, Paula Wessling Intriago, Tobias Meyer, and Heinrich Wessling. "Potential risks of a widespread use of 3D printing for the manufacturing of face masks during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic." Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine 4, no. 3 (September 2020): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/3dp-2020-0014.

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Background: In 2020, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic caused serious concerns about the availability of face masks. This paper studies the technical feasibility of user-specific face mask production by 3D printing and the effectiveness of these masks. Material & methods: Six different face mask designs were produced by 3D printing and tested by subjective experimenter evaluation and using a respirator fit testing kit. Results were compared with the requirements as given for standard protective face masks. Results: None of the printed masks came anywhere near the required standards for personal protective gear. Conclusion: In spite of their euphoric presentation in the press, none of the currently advertised 3D printed mask designs are suitable as reliable personal protective equipment.

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Icasio-Hernández, O., Y. I. Curiel-Razo, C. C. Almaraz-Cabral, S. R. Rojas-Ramirez, and J. J. González-Barbosa. "MEASUREMENT ERROR WITH DIFFERENT COMPUTER VISION TECHNIQUES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 12, 2017): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-227-2017.

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The goal of this work is to offer a comparative of measurement error for different computer vision techniques for 3D reconstruction and allow a metrological discrimination based on our evaluation results. The present work implements four 3D reconstruction techniques: passive stereoscopy, active stereoscopy, shape from contour and fringe profilometry to find the measurement error and its uncertainty using different gauges. We measured several dimensional and geometric known standards. We compared the results for the techniques, average errors, standard deviations, and uncertainties obtaining a guide to identify the tolerances that each technique can achieve and choose the best.

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Kumermanis, Maris, and Janis Rudzitis. "Precision Assessment of Surface Coating Roughness Height 3D Parameter St." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.155.

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One of the main surface coating quality indexes of details of mechatronic systems is surface roughness. And the surface roughness is described by surface roughness parameters. Nowadays characterization of surface roughness using three-dimension (3D) methods and parameters become more and more important. This type of surface quality characterization, unlike the two-dimension (2D) methods, provide a more complete view on the surface qualities, since the surface roughness is viewed as a spatial object. Within the last ten years intensive work is being carried out on the development of 3D roughness standards, therefore it is necessary to agree on a unified approach in the assessment of surface roughness 3D parameters. To make possible application of the ISO/DIS 25178 standard being developed one needs information on the determination of 3D surface roughness parameter precision, such as number of measurements, dimensions of measurement areas and their disposition on the measured surface.

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O'Keeffe, Shawn E. "OpenBIM Framework for a Collaborative Historic Preservation System." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 5, no. 4 (October 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2016100101.

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The authors have developed a novel system framework for a historic preservation system utilising open standards and open source tools. The framework enables the integration of open standard 3D models and GIS in a virtual environment (VE). It also allows the storage and harvesting of data via an open source web-based central repository. The framework is designed for bi-directional interoperability when utilised for monument tracking, preservation, conservation, re-excavation, etc. To date, no such system framework exists for the development and management of historic monuments using open standards e57 for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data, the industry foundation classes (IFC) for 3D semantic rich models, and CityGML for integrating IFC and GIS in a VE. The web-based VE is accessed from the BimServer and envisaged for monitoring monument erosion, movement, and damage to monuments by human activity or nature, collaboration between different industry actors to share knowledge, experience, and expertise globally, etc.

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Prieto, Iñaki, Aitziber Egusquiza, Francisco Javier Delgado, and Rubén Martínez. "CityGML como modelo de datos para la representación, intercambio y visualización de información sobre el patrimonio arquitectónico." Virtual Archaeology Review 3, no. 5 (May 13, 2012): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2012.4504.

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Cultural heritage documentation has become a recent priority for institutions and organizations in charge of its management and conservation. One approach could be the use of international standards such as CityGML data model applied to the representation of 3D and semantic information about cultural heritage objects. This paper introduces the methodology currently followed in the ADISPA project which basically consists of three steps: generate, store and use the information modeled in CityGML. Besides, this paper analyses the existing standards and tools in order to share, reuse and exchange the information represented by CityGML data model between several applications for 3D modeling, annotation and 3D visualization.

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Preka, D., and A. Doulamis. "3D BUILDING MODELING IN LOD2 USING THE CITYGML STANDARD." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W2 (October 5, 2016): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w2-11-2016.

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Over the last decade, scientific research has been increasingly focused on the third dimension in all fields and especially in sciences related to geographic information, the visualization of natural phenomena and the visualization of the complex urban reality. The field of 3D visualization has achieved rapid development and dynamic progress, especially in urban applications, while the technical restrictions on the use of 3D information tend to subside due to advancements in technology. A variety of 3D modeling techniques and standards has already been developed, as they gain more traction in a wide range of applications. Such a modern standard is the CityGML, which is open and allows for sharing and exchanging of 3D city models. Within the scope of this study, key issues for the 3D modeling of spatial objects and cities are considered and specifically the key elements and abilities of CityGML standard, which is used in order to produce a 3D model of 14 buildings that constitute a block at the municipality of Kaisariani, Athens, in Level of Detail 2 (LoD2), as well as the corresponding relational database. The proposed tool is based upon the 3DCityDB package in tandem with a geospatial database (PostgreSQL w/ PostGIS 2.0 extension). The latter allows for execution of complex queries regarding the spatial distribution of data. The system is implemented in order to facilitate a real-life scenario in a suburb of Athens.

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Seeling, Patrick, and Martin Reisslein. "Video Traffic Characteristics of Modern Encoding Standards: H.264/AVC with SVC and MVC Extensions and H.265/HEVC." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/189481.

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Video encoding for multimedia services over communication networks has significantly advanced in recent years with the development of the highly efficient and flexible H.264/AVC video coding standard and its SVC extension. The emerging H.265/HEVC video coding standard as well as 3D video coding further advance video coding for multimedia communications. This paper first gives an overview of these new video coding standards and then examines their implications for multimedia communications by studying the traffic characteristics of long videos encoded with the new coding standards. We review video coding advances from MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 Part 2 to H.264/AVC and its SVC and MVC extensions as well as H.265/HEVC. For single-layer (nonscalable) video, we compare H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC in terms of video traffic and statistical multiplexing characteristics. Our study is the first to examine the H.265/HEVC traffic variability for long videos. We also illustrate the video traffic characteristics and statistical multiplexing of scalable video encoded with the SVC extension of H.264/AVC as well as 3D video encoded with the MVC extension of H.264/AVC.

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Shojaei, D., H. Olfat, M. Briffa, and A. Rajabifard. "3D DIGITAL CADASTRE JOURNEY IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W5 (October 23, 2017): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w5-117-2017.

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Land development processes today have an increasing demand to access three-dimensional (3D) spatial information. Complex land development may need to have a 3D model and require some functions which are only possible using 3D data. Accordingly, the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM), as a national body in Australia provides leadership, coordination and standards for surveying, mapping and national datasets has developed the Cadastre 2034 strategy in 2014. This strategy has a vision to develop a cadastral system that enables people to readily and confidently identify the location and extent of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities related to land and real property. In 2014, the land authority in the state of Victoria, Australia, namely Land Use Victoria (LUV), has entered the challenging area of designing and implementing a 3D digital cadastre focused on providing more efficient and effective services to the land and property industry. LUV has been following the ICSM 2034 strategy which requires developing various policies, standards, infrastructures, and tools. Over the past three years, LUV has mainly focused on investigating the technical aspect of a 3D digital cadastre. This paper provides an overview of the 3D digital cadastre investigation progress in Victoria and discusses the challenges that the team faced during this journey. It also addresses the future path to develop an integrated 3D digital cadastre in Victoria.

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Shegay, I. N. "3D MODELING AND 3D PRINTING IN EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW GENERATION OF FSES." Informatics in school, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32517/2221-1993-2020-19-1-16-25.

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The new Federal State Educational Standards of General Education pay special attention for extracurricular activities of schoolchildren. The article substantiates the possibility and expediency of using 3D modeling and 3D printing technologies to increase the effectiveness of extracurricular project activity of schoolchildren; offers an approach to training using the technology of computer 3D modeling; considers the relationship of teaching methods and the use of 3D modeling technology in the framework of extracurricular project activities of students.

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Koukofikis, A., and V. Coors. "VISUAL ANALYTICS WEB PLATFORM FOR DETECTING HIGH WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS BY EMPLOYING OGC STANDARDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-4/W1-2020 (September 3, 2020): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-4-w1-2020-71-2020.

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Abstract. We propose a server-client web architecture identifying areas with high wind energy potential by employing 3D technologies and OGC standards. The assessment of a whole city or sub-regions will be supported by integrating Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with historical wind sensor readings. The results, in 3D space, of such analysis could be used for locating installation points of small-scale vertical axis wind turbines in an urban area.

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Petronijević, Marija, Nenad Višnjevac, Nataša Praščević, and Branislav Bajat. "The Extension of IFC For Supporting 3D Cadastre LADM Geometry." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050297.

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The growth of densely populated urban areas has caused traditional cadastral registration systems to face many difficulties in representing complex and multilevel property situations on 2D maps. These challenges, combined with the rapid development of 3D technologies, have forced the research and progress of 3D cadastre systems. The aim of this study is to investigate how a Building Information Model (BIM) can be used as a data source for the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) based 3D cadastre system, and how that process can be improved. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format and the LADM-based model were selected because both are international open standards that have a significant impact in their own domain. The data sample for the 3D cadastre system was extracted from a BIM model. The paper proposes an IFC format extension which makes it possible to define 3D geometry according to the LADM standard. In order to demonstrate this extension, the West 65 residential and business complex, Belgrade, was selected as a case study. The IFC format extension presented here is a step towards data harmonization between BIM in the IFC format and 3D cadastre systems; it should provide more suitable data in the current IFC schema and enable easy data flow between BIM projects and 3D cadastral data.

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Journal articles on the topic '3D standards'

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