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1
Caldwell, Sean W. "On Traffic Analysis of 4G/LTE Traffic." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1632179249187618.
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Guo, Ningning. "Implementation Aspects of 3GPP TD-LTE." Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20463.
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<p>3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a project of the Third Generation Partnership Project to improve the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) mobile phone standard to cope with future technology evolutions. Two duplex schemes FDD and TDD are investigated in this thesis. Several computational intensive components of the baseband processing for LTE uplink such as synchronization, channel estimation, equalization, soft demapping, turbo decoding is analyzed. Cost analysis is hardware independent so that only computational complexity is considered in this thesis. Hardware dependent discussion for LTE baseband SDR platform is given according the analysis results.</p>
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Sihombing, Anto. "Performance of Repeaters in 3GPP LTE." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48940.
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Repeater communication is one promising candidate solution in future cellular networks because of its ability to increase throughput, data rate and coverage. It is also considered as one candidate technology feature in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) Advanced. Traditionally repeaters have been active continuously and perform blind forwarding without knowing the signal. However the repeater in LTE Advanced is likely to include some advanced functionalities such as frequency selectivity, gain controllability, multi antenna ability, advanced antenna processing, optimum power control algorithm, etc. In this thesis, on-frequency repeaters with frequency selectivity and gain controllability are analyzed and it is shown that the performance of repeater is highly dependent on the environment. It is necessary that the composite path gain (two-hop link) must be better than direct path gain (direct link) and the interference is attenuated in order to use the repeaters. The repeater directional donor antenna can be employed to further improve these two-hop links. And finally the benefit of advanced repeater functionalities is larger for uplink than downlink especially in heavy interference scenario however power limitation is often a bottleneck in uplink.
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Alotaibi, Sultan. "3GPP Long Term Evolution LTE Scheduling." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc490046/.
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Future generation cellular networks are expected to deliver an omnipresent broadband access network for an endlessly increasing number of subscribers. Long term Evolution (LTE) represents a significant milestone towards wireless networks known as 4G cellular networks. A key feature of LTE is the implementation of enhanced Radio Resource Management (RRM) mechanism to improve the system performance. The structure of LTE networks was simplified by diminishing the number of the nodes of the core network. Also, the design of the radio protocol architecture is quite unique. In order to achieve high data rate in LTE, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has selected Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as an appropriate scheme in terms of downlinks. However, the proper scheme for an uplink is the Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Multiple Access due to the peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) constraint. LTE packet scheduling plays a primary role as part of RRM to improve the system’s data rate as well as supporting various QoS requirements of mobile services. The major function of the LTE packet scheduler is to assign Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) to mobile User Equipment (UE). In our work, we formed a proposed packet scheduler algorithm. The proposed scheduler algorithm acts based on the number of UEs attached to the eNodeB. To evaluate the proposed scheduler algorithm, we assumed two different scenarios based on a number of UEs. When the number of UE is lower than the number of PRBs, the UEs with highest Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) will be assigned PRBs. Otherwise, the scheduler will assign PRBs based on a given proportional fairness metric. The eNodeB’s throughput is increased when the proposed algorithm was implemented.
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Capelo, Helder Moitalta. "New mobility solutions in 3GPP networks." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21664.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações<br>As redes moveis tornaram-se ubíquas e a introdução de dispositivos moveis
com capacidade de ligação à Internet e necessidade de grande largura de
banda têm vindo a exigir da rede uma crescente capacidade de resposta, o
que implica grandes investimentos na infraestrutura. Para maximizar o retorno
deste investimento os operadores recorrem a técnicas de gestão da
congestão da rede. Para isso podem recorrer ao Access Network and Discovery
Function (ANDSF) que permite aproveitar o facto de estes dispositivos
possuírem capacidade que se ligarem tanto a redes moveis 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) como a redes Wi-Fi, o que possibilita um balanceamento
do tráfego entre estes dois tipos de acesso.
Esta dissertação aborda a problemática da gestão da congestão na rede
móvel do operador recorrendo ao mecanismo User Plane Congestion Management
(UPCON) recentemente standardizado pelo 3GPP e propõe que ele
seja usado para melhorar o funcionamento do ANDSF. Os resultados obtidos
em ambiente de simulação revelam que esta solução favorece a qualidade de
serviço ao utilizador com um impacto reduzido na infraestrutura do operador<br>Mobile Networks have become ubiquous and the introduction of mobile devices
with internet conection and large bandwidth requirements have been
demanding a growing network capacity which implies large infrestructure investiments.
To maximize the return of this investiment operators use network
congestion management technologies. They can resort to the Access Network
and Discovery Function (ANDSF) which takes advantage of the fact that
these devices have the ability to connect either to 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) networks or to Wi-Fi networks which enables traffic load ballance
between these types of access.
This dissertation approches the issue of congestion management in an operator
mobile network using the 3GPP’s recently standardized User Plane Congestion
Management (UPCON) mechanism and proposes that it should be
used to improve the ANDSF. The results from the simulation reveal that this
solution improves the user experience with minimal impact on the operator
infraestructure.
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Inácio, Rui Manuel Fernandes. "VoIP service performance evaluation over 3GPP networks." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7357.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e de Telecomunicações<br>A gestão de conteúdos orientados ao utilizador tem-se vindo a revelar uma
questão de extrema importância para os operadores, que embora não sejam
os produtores e distribuidores da informação acedida, são no entanto parte
interessada pois em última análise é a sua insignia que deve assegurar o
acesso. Os modelos de negócio desenvolvidos actualmente antevêm a
distribuição destes conteúdos assegurando o cumprimento dos parâmetros de
QoS. Com a evolução da distribuição de serviços sobre as redes IP, seguindo
a tendência da perspectiva “All-over-IP”, os ISPs necessitam cada vez mais de
ter conhecimento acerca da forma como estes serviços e os seus utilizadores
influenciam a utilização dos recursos da rede.
A monitorização de desempenho requer estratégias eficientes e optimizadas
com múltiplas implicações ao nível da segurança/privacidade. Cada serviço
possui características específicas que o podem tornar mais ou menos
resistente a determinadas condições da rede. O objectivo deste trabalho é
relacionar a informação relativa à sessão de um determinado tipo de serviço
baseado em IP, com as condições de desempenho na entrega do serviço por
parte da rede. O desafio é analisar diferentes tipos de informação, por um lado
a informação de sessão foca-se nos eventos gerados durante o seu ciclo de
vida, enquanto a informação de Performance Management (PM) da rede focase
primordialmente no comportamento e capacidade da rede em suportar a
entrega do serviço, a um grande número de assinantes, relevando portanto a
utilização das métricas de QoS.
A proposta deste trabalho é definir uma série de ferramentas como relatórios e
indicadores de desempenho, em que baseado na informação cross-layer, se
possa descrever uniformemente o desempenho do serviço.<br>The management of user oriented contents is becoming of extreme relevance
for network operators, which while not being the producers of the consumed
data, are the ultimate insignia for the assured delivery. The business models
being currently applied envision the assured delivery of multimedia services
with the assurance of Quality of Service. By evolving towards the delivery of
services over IP networks undergoing the “all-over-IP” perspective, the Internet
Service Providers (ISP) needs to be aware of how the behavior of these
services and users influences the network resources usage. Performance
monitoring requires efficient and optimized strategies with multiple implications
at the security/privacy levels. Each service has specific characteristics which
may make it more or less resilient to some network performance issues. The
scope of this work is to relate session information with the underlying network
service delivery performance. The challenge is to analyze different kind of
information, session information focus is event driven tracing the entire lifecycle
of each event and network Performance Management (PM) information
focusing on the behavior and ability of the network to support service delivery
to a large number of subscribers, thus focusing on overall QoS metrics. The
proposal is to define use cases that can be implemented to ease this analysis
while defining general Key Performance Indicators (KPI) based on cross-layer
information, to uniformly describe the service performance.
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Yakan, Hadi. "Security of V2X communications in 3GPP - 5G cellular networks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG077.
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Avec les avancées technologiques apportées par les réseaux 5G, une nouvelle ère de communications de Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) est apparue, offrant des applications nouvelles et avancées en matière de sécurité, d'efficacité et d'autres expériences de conduite dans les systèmes de transport intelligents (ITS). Cependant, les nouvelles fonctionnalités s'accompagnent de nouveaux défis en matière de sécurité, en particulier dans le domaine des communications Vehicle-to-Network (V2N).Cette thèse se concentre sur l'application des systèmes de misbehavior detection dans les communications V2X au sein des réseaux 5G. Tout d'abord, nous présentons un nouveau système de misbehavior detection, intégré au réseau central 5G pour détecter et prévenir les attaques V2X. Ensuite, nous proposons un schéma de collaboration entre les nœuds de détection afin d'améliorer les résultats de la détection dans les réseaux 5G edge. Enfin, nous proposons d'utiliser le Federated Learning pour permettre un entraînement distribué et nous évaluons les performances sur une grande variété d'attaques V2X<br>The introduction of 5G networks has brought significant technical improvements; a new era of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications has emerged, offering new and advanced safety, efficiency, and other driving experience applications in the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). However, with new features come new security challenges, especially in the realm of Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) communications.This thesis focuses on the application of misbehavior detection in V2X communications within 5G networks. First, we introduce a novel misbehavior detection system integrated with 5G core (5GC) network to detect and prevent V2X attacks. Then, we propose a collaboration scheme between detection nodes to improve detection results in 5G edge networks. Last, we leverage Federated Learning to enable distributed training, and we assess the performance on a wide variety of V2X attacks
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John, Charna Tina. "Network-based IP flow mobility support in 3GPPs evolved packet core." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9087.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Mobile data traffic in cellular networks has increased tremendously in the last few years. Due to the costs associated with licensed spectrum, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) are battling to manage these increased traffic growths. Offloading mobile data traffic to alternative low cost access networks like Wi-Fi has been proposed as a candidate solution to enable MNOs to alleviate congestion from the cellular networks. This dissertation investigates an offloading technique called IP flow mobility within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) all-IP mobile core network, the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). IP flow mobility would enable offloading a subset of the mobile user‟s traffic to an alternative access network while allowing the rest of the end-user‟s traffic to be kept in the cellular access; this way, traffic with stringent quality of service requirements like Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) would not experience service disruption or interruption when offloaded. This technique is different from previous offloading techniques where all the end-user‟s traffic is offloaded. IP flow mobility functionality can be realised with either host- or network-based mobility protocols. The recommended IP flow mobility standard of 3GPP is based on the host-based mobility solution, Dual-Stack Mobile IPv6. However, host-based mobility solutions have drawbacks like long handover latencies and produce signaling overhead in the radio access networks, which could be less appealing to MNOs. Network-based mobility solutions, compared to the host-based mobility solutions, have reduced handover latencies with no signaling overhead occurring in the radio access network. Proxy Mobile IPv6 is a networkbased mobility protocol adapted by 3GPP for mobility in the EPC. However, the standardisation of the Proxy Mobile IPv6-based IP flow mobility functionality is still ongoing within 3GPP. A review of related literature and standardisation efforts reveals shortcomings with the Proxy Mobile IPv6 mobility protocol in supporting IP flow mobility. Proxy Mobile IPv6 does not have a mechanism that would ensure session continuity during IP flow handoffs or a mechanism enabling controlling of the forwarding path of a particular IP flow i.e., specifying the access network for the IP flow. The latter mechanism is referred to as IP flow information management and flow-based routing. These mechanisms represent the basis for enabling the IP flow mobility functionality. To address the shortcomings of Proxy Mobile IPv6, this dissertation proposes vi enhancements to the protocol procedures to enable the two mechanisms for IP flow mobility functionality. The proposed enhancements for the session continuity mechanism draw on work in related literature and the proposed enhancements for the IP flow information management and flow-based routing mechanism are based on the concepts used in the Dual- Stack Mobile IPv6 IP flow mobility functionality. Together the two mechanisms allow the end-user to issue requests on what access network a particular IP flow should be routed, and ensure that the IP flows are moved to the particular access network without session discontinuity.
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Mesini, Leonardo. "3GPP 5G Channel and Traffic Model for Industrial IoT Applications." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Nowadays the concepts of ”smart factory” and ”Industry 4.0” are very important because they represent the last industrial revolution, which promises to have a huge impact on human lives and on the production cycles of every industry. The main driver of this revolution is the 5G technology which is able to provide higher performance by means of ultra low latency, very high multi-Gbps peak data rate and massive connectivity.
In light of these considerations, it is vital that appropriate channel models and traffic models for the industrial environment are elaborated. Indeed, the industrial environment is characterised by particular features which are not present in other scenarios, even in the indoor scenario that can seem the most similar.
This thesis focuses on the latest channel model proposed by 3GPP and on the traffic model suggested by 5G-ACIA through a white paper. In order to deploy a flexible industrial environment where all machineries are interconnected, can communicate with each other and can be controlled remotely, it is fundamental to understand how the channel model can be defined and how the traffic generated can be characterised.
The main features of the 3GPP channel model are pointed out, by focusing in particular on the industrial scenario, and the peculiar parameters of the traffic model are highlighted. After that, the two models are applied to the BI-REX pilot line, which represents a peculiar example of new production line where the traditional technologies are integrated with new ones in order to obtain a fully interconnected industrial environment.
The thesis aims at showing how to set the most important parameters of the two models and the most common use cases in an industrial traffic model. It represents a starting point for new works that want to implement these models.
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Khan, Asif Ali. "Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks in 3GPP LTE Advanced and Beyond." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-52764.
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The primary goals of the thesis study were to evaluate the Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) based Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments and identify the impact of CSG LPN cells on various system performance metrics (cell throughput, UE throughput and interference levels etc.) in contrast to the case when Open Access (OA) LPN cells are deployed in the macro cell area. Moreover, we aimed to analyze the system performance (metrics) in the presence of Inter-cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) techniques based on Time Domain Resource Partitioning (TDRP) and Frequency Domain Resource Partitioning (FDRP). As part of the initial objectives, we aimed to characterize the new interference scenarios consequent from the presence of CSG cells and contrast the performance of the system with the case when we have Open Access (OA) LPNs in the system. Furthermore, we simulated cases where the User Equipment (UEs) had the capability to perform Cell-specific Reference Signal Interference Cancellation (CRS-IC) in contrast to the studies where the UEs were not capable of performing CRS-IC. The simulations were performed in a heavily loaded traffic scenario (15Mbps & 10 LPNs per macro cell area) with 20% of the total users clustered around CSG LPNs. It was observed that in the presence of UEs capable of performing CRS-IC, incorporation of the CSG cells brings about 20% increase in the overall macro cell area T.P for DL and about 47% increase in the same for UL. Furthermore, the system capacity (i.e. the no. of UEs supported) was also seen to increase (17% for DL and 15% for UL respectively). However for the same scenario, when the system contained UEs not capable of performing CRS-IC, CSG cells tend to degrade the system capacity (10% degradation), followed by 18% decrease in the overall macro cell area throughput in DL. This is mainly due to high interference (due to CRS transmission) experienced by the un-authorized macro UEs in the DL. With regard to the case when ICIC techniques are employed in the system, we simulate the Almost Blank Sub-frame (ABS) technique with CSG LPN cells muting their transmission in alternate sub-frames and contrast it to the FDRP scenario where the transmission from the LPN cells is limited to 50% of the total bandwidth (with no muting employed). In general it was observed that, in a macro-femto deployment with CSG cells, ICIC techniques do not improve the performance of macro UEs considerably, when compared to the scenario without ICIC schemes in the system (even for the case when there is high UE clustering in the CSG LPNs - 60% UE clustering). However, when TDRP and FDRP ICIC schemes are contrasted with each other, it was observed that the FDRP scheme slightly outperforms the TDRP scheme by providing 12% gain in macro UE T.P in DL, primarily due to the fact that no CRS are transmitted in the part of the bandwidth not used by CSG LPNs.
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Guimarães, David Pfannemüller. "Requisitos de configuração de rede IP para transporte de interfaces 3GPP." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2010. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/8321.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia,
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2010.<br>Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-03T14:10:40Z
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2010_DavidPfannemullerGuimaraes.pdf: 1073292 bytes, checksum: c5f4dd64bc551657500cd1a1df1b76d7 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Daniel Ribeiro(daniel@bce.unb.br) on 2011-06-10T19:58:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
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2010_DavidPfannemullerGuimaraes.pdf: 1073292 bytes, checksum: c5f4dd64bc551657500cd1a1df1b76d7 (MD5)<br>Os serviços de telecomunicações dependem cada vez mais das redes de sinalização. Com o
aprimoramento e desenvolvimento crescente dos serviços, uma única chamada ou sessão
de dados gera uma quantidade cada vez maior de mensagens de sinalização. O transporte da sinalização é feito por redes dedicadas. Inicialmente estas redes foram construídas usando-se meios de transmissão dedicados, através de circuitos comutados. Com o desenvolvimento da tecnologia das redes de pacotes, as redes de sinalização têm
sido construídas sobre estas redes, inicialmente ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) , e atualmente em IP (Internet Protocol). As redes de pacotes, porém, não tem, em sua essência, a mesma garantia de desempenho que era obtida nas redes dedicadas, e foi necessário o desenvolvimento de protocolos específicos, visando garantir os requisitos de qualidade exigidos pelas aplicações dos serviços de telecomunicações. A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar uma forma de garantir a transparência da rede de transporte para as camadas superiores do protocolo, seja pela adoção de topologia de conexão à rede adequada, seja pelo ajuste dos parâmetros do protocolo SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), protocolo esse usado na camada de transporte dos protocolos de sinalização. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>Telecommunications services are increasingly dependent on signaling networks. The
improvement and development of new services, a single call or data session generates a
very huge amount of signaling traffic.
The signaling transport is made by dedicated networks. Initially, these networks were built using dedicated transmission resources, through circuit switched networks. The development of the technology of packet networks drove the signaling networks to be built over these networks, using initially ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), and currently in IP (Internet Protocol). Packet networks, however, doesn't have, the same performance qualities that was obtained on dedicated networks, and it was necessary to develop specific protocols in order to ensure the quality requirements demanded by telecommunications services applications. The purpose of this work is to present a configuration that ensures the transparency of the transmission to the upper layers of the protocol, through the adoption of network connection topology fit, either by adjusting the parameters of the SCTP protocol, that is the protocol used for the layer transport stack in signalling networks.
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Zhang, Liang. "Network Capacity, Coverage Estimation and Frequency Planning of 3GPP Long Term Evolution." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-61273.
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The recent increase of mobile data usage and emergence of new applications such as Online Gaming, mobile TV, Web 2.0, Streaming Contents have greatly motivated the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to work on the Long Term Evolution (LTE). The LTE is the latest standard in the mobile network technology tree. It inherits and develops the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies and is a step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to optimize the capacity and speed of 3G mobile communication networks. In this thesis, the LTE system capacity and coverage are investigated and a model is proposed on the base of the Release 8 of 3GPP LTE standards. After that, the frequency planning of LTE is also studied. The results cover the interference limited coverage calculation, the traffic capacity calculation and radio frequency assignment. The implementation is achieved on the WRAP software platform for the LTE Radio Planning.
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Silva, José Albino Carvalho da. "Proposta 3GPP de indicadores de desempenho de rede - R4 CS Core Network." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/8623.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações<br>O mercado de telecomunicações tem vindo a tornar-se cada vez mais competitivo e agressivo devido à diminuição das margens dos operadores de telecomunicações. Este facto é igualmente relevante no mercado das redes móveis em que este trabalho se foca. A maior parte dos actuais mercados de redes móveis pauta-se por uma consolidação da sua base instalada e por uma optimização dos recursos existentes. Por uma questão de estratégia comercial e técnica (não dependência de um único fornecedor) é frequente os operadores de redes móveis terem mais do que um fornecedor de equipamentos de telecomunicações para a sua rede. Devido a este facto, os problemas das redes com multi-fabricantes agudizou-se o que levou à premente necessidade de se arranjar uma linguagem comum através da qual se consiga ter uma ideia do nível global de desempenho alcançado e dos pontos críticos em que a rede pode melhorar o seu desempenho. É nesta problemática que o presente trabalho se foca.
Neste momento, o 3GPP tem definidos uma quantidade vasta de indicadores de desempenho de rede para a área Circuit Switch (CS) Core Network (CN) mas ainda não tem definidos os seus Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
Tendo como base os indicadores de desempenho 3GPP existentes, esta Dissertação propõe um conjunto de KPIs que possibilitam a análise do desempenho da rede Core Network ao nível da sua parte CS.
Esta Dissertação apresenta as propostas de KPIs para a rede CS, as quais estão divididas em três partes. Numa primeira parte são apresentados os KPIs relativos ao MSC Server (MSS) ao nível da análise de acessibilidade, utilização e mobilidade. Na segunda secção são apresentados os KPIs relativos ao Media Gateway (MGW) ao nível da análise de acessibilidade, integridade e utilização. Finalmente na terceira e última secção apresentam-se os KPIs associados ao HLR.<br>The telecommunications market has become increasingly competitive and aggressive due to the decreasing margins of telecom operators. This fact is also relevant in the mobile networks market in which this Thesis is focused. Most of today's mobile networks is guided by a consolidation of its installed base and by optimizing existing resources. As a matter of business strategy and technique (not dependent on one supplier) it is common for the mobile network operators to have more than one telecommunications equipment supplier. Due to this, the problems of multi-vendor networks has worsened leading to the urgent need to find a common language that everyone speaks and, through which, can get an idea of overall performance level achieved and critical points where the network can improve its performance. This paper is focused on this issue. Currently, 3GPP has defined a wide range of network performance indicators for the Core Network (CN) Circuit Switch (CS) area but, nothing is yet set in what Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) is concerned. The purpose of this Thesis is, based on already existent 3GPP performance indicators, recommend a set of KPIs to enable the CS CN performance analysis. This Thesis present the CS KPI proposals which are divided in three main parts. In the first part, are presented the MSC Server (MSS) KPIs at accessibility analysis, usage and mobility levels. In the second part are presented the Media Gateway (MGW) related KPIs at accessibility analysis, integrity and usage levels. Finally we have the third and last part where the HLR related KPIs are presented.
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Heyman, Jessica. "Intercell Interference Management in an OFDM-based Downlink." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6906.
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<p>Efficient radio resource management is of paramount importance for achieving the high bit rates targeted by the 3GPP for the 3GPP Long-Term Evolution. The radio air interface must be able to provide both high peak bit rates and acceptable cell-edge bit rates. This thesis therefore investigates three methods which try to combine the peak bit rate of a reuse-1 system with the cell-edge bit rate of a reuse-3 system in an OFDM-based downlink. These methods are soft frequency reuse, reuse partitioning and one variation of soft frequency reuse, reuse-1 with prioritization.</p><p>In static simulations with one user per cell and a system load of 100 percent, a Shannon capacity gain of up to 18 percent at the 10th percentile is shown with reuse partitioning compared to a reuse-1 system. This gain comes coupled with a loss of only 5 percent at the median. Soft frequency reuse is also investigated statically and shows a 13 percent gain at the 10th percentile compared to a reuse-1 system. Having a lower 10th percentile gain than reuse partitioning, it also shows a slightly smaller loss of 4 percent at the median and a much smaller loss at the 90th percentile.</p><p>Dynamic simulations with a traffic model and multiple users per cell offer a more realistic scenario and show that the proposed intercell interference management methods do not provide the same throughput gains in the dynamic case at low system loads. If interference is not an issue, interference coordination is still costly in terms of limiting bandwidth and/or decreasing the scheduling gain, but provides no significant interference reduction. At low system loads, reuse-1 is therefore the best scheme although interference coordination might prove necessary to provide edge-user throughput at high loads. For such purposes, soft frequency reuse is shown to be a potential candidate and although not investigated in a dynamic setting, reuse partitioning is believed to have similar performance. The traffic model chosen in this thesis only allows study of low system loads but at these loads, soft frequency reuse performs promisingly close to a reuse-1 system.</p>
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Viamonte, Solé David. "Optimizing IETF multimedia signaling protocols and architectures in 3GPP networks : an evolutionary approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667174.
Full textAbstract:
Signaling in Next Generation IP-based networks heavily relies in the family of multimedia signaling protocols defined by IETF. Two of these signaling protocols are RTSP and SIP, which are text-based, client-server, request-response signaling protocols aimed at enabling multimedia sessions over IP networks. RTSP was conceived to set up streaming sessions from a Content / Streaming Server to a Streaming Client, while SIP was conceived to set up media (e.g.: voice, video, chat, file sharing, …) sessions among users. However, their scope has evolved and expanded over time to cover virtually any type of content and media session.
As mobile networks progressively evolved towards an IP-only (All-IP) concept, particularly in 4G and 5G networks, 3GPP had to select IP-based signaling protocols for core mobile services, as opposed to traditional SS7-based protocols used in the circuit-switched domain in use in 2G and 3G networks. In that context, rather than reinventing the wheel, 3GPP decided to leverage Internet protocols and the work carried on by the IETF. Hence, it was not surprise that when 3GPP defined the so-called Packet-switched Streaming Service (PSS) for real-time continuous media delivery, it selected RTSP as its signaling protocol and, more importantly, SIP was eventually selected as the core signaling protocol for all multimedia core services in the mobile (All-)IP domain. This 3GPP decision to use off-the-shelf IETF-standardized signaling protocols has been a key cornerstone for the future of All-IP fixed / mobile networks convergence and Next Generation Networks (NGN) in general.
In this context, the main goal of our work has been analyzing how such general purpose IP multimedia signaling protocols are deployed and behave over 3GPP mobile networks. Effectively, usage of IP protocols is key to enable cross-vendor interoperability. On the other hand, due to the specific nature of the mobile domain, there are scenarios where it might be possible to leverage some additional “context” to enhance the performance of such protocols in the particular case of mobile networks.
With this idea in mind, the bulk of this thesis work has consisted on analyzing and optimizing the performance of SIP and RTSP multimedia signaling protocols and defining optimized deployment architectures, with particular focus on the 3GPP PSS and the 3GPP Mission Critical Push-to-Talk (MCPTT) service. This work was preceded by a detailed analysis work of the performance of underlying IP, UDP and TCP protocol performance over 3GPP networks, which provided the best baseline for the future work around IP multimedia signaling protocols.
Our contributions include the proposal of new optimizations to enhance multimedia streaming session setup procedures, detailed analysis and optimizations of a SIP-based Presence service and, finally, the definition of new use cases and optimized deployment architectures for the 3GPP MCPTT service. All this work has been published in the form of one book, three papers published in JCR cited International Journals, 5 articles published in International Conferences, one paper published in a National Conference and one awarded patent.
This thesis work provides a detailed description of all contributions plus a comprehensive overview of their context, the guiding principles beneath all contributions, their applicability to different network deployment technologies (from 2.5G to 5G), a detailed overview of the related OMA and 3GPP architectures, services and design principles. Last but not least, the potential evolution of this research work into the 5G domain is also outlined as well.<br>Els mecanismes de Senyalització en xarxes de nova generació es fonamenten en protocols de senyalització definits per IETF. En particular, SIP i RTSP són dos protocols extensibles basats en missatges de text i paradigma petició-resposta. RTSP va ser concebut per a establir sessions de streaming de continguts, mentre SIP va ser creat inicialment per a facilitar l’establiment de sessions multimèdia (veu, vídeo, xat, compartició) entre usuaris. Tot i així, el seu àmbit d’aplicació s’ha anat expandint i evolucionant fins a cobrir virtualment qualsevol tipus de contingut i sessió multimèdia. A mesura que les xarxes mòbils han anat evolucionant cap a un paradigma “All-IP”, particularment en xarxes 4G i 5G, 3GPP va seleccionar els protocols i arquitectures destinats a gestionar la senyalització dels serveis mòbils presents i futurs. En un moment determinat 3GPP decideix que, a diferència dels sistemes 2G i 3G que fan servir protocols basats en SS7, els sistemes de nova generació farien servir protocols estandarditzats per IETF. Quan 3GPP va començar a estandarditzar el servei de Streaming sobre xarxes mòbils PSS (Packet-switched Streaming Service) va escollir el protocol RTSP com a mecanisme de senyalització. Encara més significatiu, el protocol SIP va ser escollit com a mecanisme de senyalització per a IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), l’arquitectura de nova generació que substituirà la xarxa telefònica tradicional i permetrà el desplegament de nous serveis multimèdia. La decisió per part de 3GPP de seleccionar protocols estàndards definits per IETF ha representat una fita cabdal per a la convergència del sistemes All-IP fixes i mòbils, i per al desenvolupament de xarxes NGN (Next Generation Networks) en general. En aquest context, el nostre objectiu inicial ha estat analitzar com aquests protocols de senyalització multimèdia, dissenyats per a xarxes IP genèriques, es comporten sobre xarxes mòbils 3GPP. Efectivament, l’ús de protocols IP és fonamental de cara a facilitar la interoperabilitat de solucions diferents. Per altra banda, hi ha escenaris a on és possible aprofitar informació de “context” addicional per a millorar el comportament d’aquests protocols en al cas particular de xarxes mòbils. El cos principal del treball de la tesi ha consistit en l’anàlisi i optimització del rendiment dels protocols de senyalització multimèdia SIP i RTSP, i la definició d’arquitectures de desplegament, amb èmfasi en els serveis 3GPP PSS i 3GPP Mission Critical Push-to-Talk (MCPTT). Aquest treball ha estat precedit per una feina d’anàlisi detallada del comportament dels protocols IP, TCP i UDP sobre xarxes 3GPP, que va proporcionar els fonaments adequats per a la posterior tasca d’anàlisi de protocols de senyalització sobre xarxes mòbils. Les contribucions inclouen la proposta de noves optimitzacions per a millorar els procediments d’establiment de sessions de streaming multimèdia, l’anàlisi detallat i optimització del servei de Presència basat en SIP i la definició de nous casos d’ús i exemples de desplegament d’arquitectures optimitzades per al servei 3GPP MCPTT. Aquestes contribucions ha quedat reflectides en un llibre, tres articles publicats en Revistes Internacionals amb índex JCR, 5 articles publicats en Conferències Internacionals, un article publicat en Congrés Nacional i l’adjudicació d’una patent. La tesi proporciona una descripció detallada de totes les contribucions, així com un exhaustiu repàs del seu context, dels principis fonamentals subjacents a totes les contribucions, la seva aplicabilitat a diferents tipus de desplegaments de xarxa (des de 2.5G a 5G), així una presentació detallada de les arquitectures associades definides per organismes com OMA o 3GPP. Finalment també es presenta l’evolució potencial de la tasca de recerca cap a sistemes 5G.
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Zoch, André. "Signalakquisition in DS-Spreizspektrum-Systemen und ihre Anwendung auf den 3GPP-FDD-Mobilfunkstandard." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1101798863406-08603.
Full textAbstract:
Robust signal acquisition is an important task in DS-SS receivers. The objective of the acquisition is to coarsely estimate the signal parameters such that the succeeding parameter tracking algorithms can be initialized. In particular, acquisition is needed to coarsely synchronize the receiver to the timing and frequency of the received signal. For this purpose mainly data aided and feedforward algorithms are applied. Using the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion, an estimator for the joint estimation of receive timing and frequency offset can be derived which determines the maximum of the Likelihood function over the whole parameter uncertainty region. Due to its high complexity the ML synchronizer is difficult to implement for practical applications. Hence, complexity reduced algorithms need to be derived. This thesis gives a systematic survey of acquisition algorithms and of performance analysis methods for analyzing such algorithms under mobile radio propagation conditions. The exploitation of multiple observations is investigated in order to improve the acquisition performance in terms of false alarm rate and acquisition time. In particular, optimal and suboptimal combining schemes for a fixed observation interval as well as sequential utilization of successive observations resulting in a variable observation length are analyzed. Another possibility to make the signal acquisition more efficient in terms of the acquisition time is to use multi stage acquisition algorithms. One class of those algorithms are the well known multiple dwell algorithms. A different approach is to design acquisition procedures in which the information about the unknown parameters is distributed among several stages such that each stage has to cope with a smaller uncertainty region in comparison to the overall parameter uncertainty. Analysis of multi stage algorithms followed by an extensive discussion of the 3GPP FDD downlink acquisition procedure as an example of a multi stage procedure with distributed information conclude the work<br>Die zuverlässige Signalakquisition, die auch als Grobsynchronisation bezeichnet wird, stellt eine wichtige Aufgabe in DS-SS-Systemen dar. Das Ziel hierbei ist es, Schätzwerte fur die Übertragungsparameter derart zu bestimmen, dass die der Grobsynchronisation nachfolgende Feinsynchronisation initialisiert werden kann, d. h. dass die bestimmten Schätzwerte innerhalb des Fangbereiches der Feinsynchronisationsalgorithmen liegen. Insbesondere ist es für die Bestimmung von Synchronisationszeitpunkt und Frequenzversatz sinnvoll, eine Grobsynchronisation durchzuführen. Im Interesse einer begrenzten Komplexität sowie einer möglichst schnellen Akquisition finden vor allem datengestützte und vorwärtsverarbeitende Algorithmen Anwendung. Ausgehend vom Maximum-Likelihood-Kriterium (ML-Kriterium) können geeignete Schätzer für die gemeinsame Bestimmung von Synchronisationszeitpunkt und Frequenzversatz abgeleitet werden. Dabei ist das Maximum der Likelihood-Funktion innerhalb der Parameterunsicherheitsregion zu bestimmen. Aufgrund seiner hohen Komplexität ist der ML-Schatzer fur die Akquisition wenig geeignet; vielmehr müssen aufwandsgünstige Algorithmen mit ausreichender Leistungsfähigkeit gefunden werden. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Algorithmen zur Parameterakquisition systematisierend gegenübergestellt. Weiterführend sind Verfahren zur Verbesserung des Akquisitionsverhaltens bezüglich Fehlalarm-Wahrscheinlichkeit und Akquisitionszeit unter Ausnutzung mehrfacher Beobachtung Gegenstand der Betrachtungen. Insbesondere optimale und suboptimale Verfahren mit fester Beobachtungsdauer sowie die sequentielle Auswertung aufeinander folgender Beobachtungen, bei der sich die Beobachtungsdauer nach der erreichten Entscheidungssicherheit bestimmt, werden analysiert. Als eine weitere Möglichkeit, die Signalakquisition in Bezug auf die Akquisitionszeit effizienter zu gestalten, werden mehrstufige Akquisitionsverfahren diskutiert. Es werden zum einen die häufig genutzten Mehrfach-Dwell-Algorithmen sowie mehrstufige Algorithmen mit verteilter Information betrachtet. Bei Letzteren Algorithmen wird jeder Akquisitionsstufe ein Teil der zur Synchronisation benötigten Information zugeordnet, wodurch sich die Parameter-Unsicherheit für jede einzelne Stufe verringert. Ziel hierbei ist es, durch Erhöhung der Entscheidungssicherheit der einzelnen Stufen die mittlere Akquisitionszeit zu reduzieren. Die Diskussion und die Analyse von mehrstufigen Akquisitionsverfahren bilden den Abschluss der Arbeit, wobei besonders auf die 3GPP-FDD Downlink-Akquisition als ein Beispiel fur mehrstufige Verfahren mit verteilter Information eingegangen wird
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Wong, Matos Christopher. "Análisis y diseño de una red 3GPP LTE en el departamento de Cusco." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2011. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/937.
Full textAbstract:
El presente proyecto de tesis consiste en el realizar un análisis y diseño de una red de cuarta generación en el departamento de Cusco usando la tecnología 3GPP LTE. En el desarrollo del proyecto veremos las ventajas que implica usar dicha tecnología, las posibilidades de implementación en las zonas elegidas para el despliegue, el desarrollo del alternativas de implementación y si hay un mercado potencial que permita realizar una fuerte inversión; es decir, analizar si el proyecto es rentable. El proyecto está divido en 4 capítulos que se presentan a continuación.
El primer capítulo está centrado en el marco teórico del proyecto que incluye el análisis y justificación del proyecto, así como la descripción general de LTE.
El segundo capítulo busca presentar la evaluación socio-económica del departamento del Cusco en donde se busca encontrar el mercado potencial.
El tercer capítulo presenta toda la ingeniería de red centrándose en la red de acceso, pero sin dejar de lado el core y la red de transporte.
El cuarto capítulo, por su parte, describe todo el análisis económico del proyecto así como la evaluación financiera de la misma.
Por último se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones del presente proyecto, además de proponer algunos trabajos que permitan tener una visión más amplia de lo que significa desplegar una red de cuarta generación como LTE.<br>Tesis
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Piirainen, R. M. (Risto-Matti). "Automatic verification of 3GPP throughput counters In PDCP/RLC/MAC layer capacity testing." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201710112984.
Full textAbstract:
Counters provide information about the functionality of the base station. That information is highly valuable for mobile operators, who re-configure their networks partly based on that information. Mobile operators also monitor counters to see, what base station is capable of. Each base station has hundreds of different counters, measuring numerous different things continuously. Counter information is provided by the base station software, which takes care of keeping all the counters up-to-date. Nowadays base stations are very efficient, and they are capable to handle thousands of different requests in the blink of the eye. Increasing complexity of the product poses an enormous challenge for counters, since calculating the values for each counter gets more complex.
This research was conducted in Finnish large-scale telecommunications company. Although counters are extremely important for customers, they are not verified effectively in case company’s LTE PDCP/RLC/MAC layer’s capacity tests. The goal of this research is to create a mechanism, which makes it possible to easily enable automatic counter verification in any automated capacity test case. Design science research was applied to achieve this goal.
In this research, literature review is conducted to gain understanding for LTE, 3GPP throughput counters, and about the capacity testing environment of the case company. Then a new counter verification system for LTE PDCP/RLC/MAC layer’s capacity tests is designed and implemented. After the system is implemented, expected counter values need to be calculated for each test case and counter, which are part of this research. Evaluation of the system is made against the system requirements and to accuracy of limit value calculations.
As a conclusion, it can be said that the implementation of the system was a success, but in some of the test cases, counters provided unexpected results. The implemented system was able to catch the faults, but the root causes for problems are not clear. In total, 185 test case – counter combinations were verified, and in almost 13 % of them counter verification failed the test case, because counter provided unexpected value. In future, it would be beneficial to make a root cause analysis for the issues this research pointed out.
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Zoch, André. "Signalakquisition in DS-Spreizspektrum-Systemen und ihre Anwendung auf den 3GPP-FDD-Mobilfunkstandard." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2003. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24411.
Full textAbstract:
Robust signal acquisition is an important task in DS-SS receivers. The objective of the acquisition is to coarsely estimate the signal parameters such that the succeeding parameter tracking algorithms can be initialized. In particular, acquisition is needed to coarsely synchronize the receiver to the timing and frequency of the received signal. For this purpose mainly data aided and feedforward algorithms are applied. Using the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion, an estimator for the joint estimation of receive timing and frequency offset can be derived which determines the maximum of the Likelihood function over the whole parameter uncertainty region. Due to its high complexity the ML synchronizer is difficult to implement for practical applications. Hence, complexity reduced algorithms need to be derived. This thesis gives a systematic survey of acquisition algorithms and of performance analysis methods for analyzing such algorithms under mobile radio propagation conditions. The exploitation of multiple observations is investigated in order to improve the acquisition performance in terms of false alarm rate and acquisition time. In particular, optimal and suboptimal combining schemes for a fixed observation interval as well as sequential utilization of successive observations resulting in a variable observation length are analyzed. Another possibility to make the signal acquisition more efficient in terms of the acquisition time is to use multi stage acquisition algorithms. One class of those algorithms are the well known multiple dwell algorithms. A different approach is to design acquisition procedures in which the information about the unknown parameters is distributed among several stages such that each stage has to cope with a smaller uncertainty region in comparison to the overall parameter uncertainty. Analysis of multi stage algorithms followed by an extensive discussion of the 3GPP FDD downlink acquisition procedure as an example of a multi stage procedure with distributed information conclude the work.<br>Die zuverlässige Signalakquisition, die auch als Grobsynchronisation bezeichnet wird, stellt eine wichtige Aufgabe in DS-SS-Systemen dar. Das Ziel hierbei ist es, Schätzwerte fur die Übertragungsparameter derart zu bestimmen, dass die der Grobsynchronisation nachfolgende Feinsynchronisation initialisiert werden kann, d. h. dass die bestimmten Schätzwerte innerhalb des Fangbereiches der Feinsynchronisationsalgorithmen liegen. Insbesondere ist es für die Bestimmung von Synchronisationszeitpunkt und Frequenzversatz sinnvoll, eine Grobsynchronisation durchzuführen. Im Interesse einer begrenzten Komplexität sowie einer möglichst schnellen Akquisition finden vor allem datengestützte und vorwärtsverarbeitende Algorithmen Anwendung. Ausgehend vom Maximum-Likelihood-Kriterium (ML-Kriterium) können geeignete Schätzer für die gemeinsame Bestimmung von Synchronisationszeitpunkt und Frequenzversatz abgeleitet werden. Dabei ist das Maximum der Likelihood-Funktion innerhalb der Parameterunsicherheitsregion zu bestimmen. Aufgrund seiner hohen Komplexität ist der ML-Schatzer fur die Akquisition wenig geeignet; vielmehr müssen aufwandsgünstige Algorithmen mit ausreichender Leistungsfähigkeit gefunden werden. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Algorithmen zur Parameterakquisition systematisierend gegenübergestellt. Weiterführend sind Verfahren zur Verbesserung des Akquisitionsverhaltens bezüglich Fehlalarm-Wahrscheinlichkeit und Akquisitionszeit unter Ausnutzung mehrfacher Beobachtung Gegenstand der Betrachtungen. Insbesondere optimale und suboptimale Verfahren mit fester Beobachtungsdauer sowie die sequentielle Auswertung aufeinander folgender Beobachtungen, bei der sich die Beobachtungsdauer nach der erreichten Entscheidungssicherheit bestimmt, werden analysiert. Als eine weitere Möglichkeit, die Signalakquisition in Bezug auf die Akquisitionszeit effizienter zu gestalten, werden mehrstufige Akquisitionsverfahren diskutiert. Es werden zum einen die häufig genutzten Mehrfach-Dwell-Algorithmen sowie mehrstufige Algorithmen mit verteilter Information betrachtet. Bei Letzteren Algorithmen wird jeder Akquisitionsstufe ein Teil der zur Synchronisation benötigten Information zugeordnet, wodurch sich die Parameter-Unsicherheit für jede einzelne Stufe verringert. Ziel hierbei ist es, durch Erhöhung der Entscheidungssicherheit der einzelnen Stufen die mittlere Akquisitionszeit zu reduzieren. Die Diskussion und die Analyse von mehrstufigen Akquisitionsverfahren bilden den Abschluss der Arbeit, wobei besonders auf die 3GPP-FDD Downlink-Akquisition als ein Beispiel fur mehrstufige Verfahren mit verteilter Information eingegangen wird.
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Lindblom, Fredrik. "Spatial Replay Protection for Proximity Services : Security and privacy aspects." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190130.
Full textAbstract:
Proximity Services is a new feature in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard for mobile communication. This features gives the opportunity to provide services locally if the targets are sufficiently close. However, in the current version of the proposed specification, there is no protection against a malicious user tunneling messages to a remote location to give the impression of proximity. This thesis proposes solutions to protect against such a spatial replay attack and evaluates these solutions based on how the user’s integrity is preserved, their complexity, and the added overhead. It is not obvious today what the consequences of a spatial replay attack are and how serious such an attack could be. However, once the feature is deployed and people start using it, it could prove to be a major vulnerability. The methods presented in this thesis could be used to prevent spatial replay in 3GPP or similar standards proximity services. The chosen method is a geographical packet leash based on a poly-cylindrical grid for which only a certain amount of Least Significant Bits of the grid cell identifier is included in the initial Discovery Message and the rest could be used in the calculation of the Message Authentication Code.<br>Proximity Services är en ny funktion inom 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard för mobil kommunikation. Den möjliggör att erbjuda tjänster lokalt om de tänkta användarna är tillräckligt nära. I den nuvarande versionen av specifikationen så finns det dock inget som hindrar en tredje part med onda avsikter från att tunnla meddelanden från den ursprungliga platsen till en annan som inte är i närheten för att ge intrycket till mottagaren att sändaren finns nära. Det här examensarbetet föreslår lösningar för att begränsa nämnda attack och utvärderar dem efter hur de påverkar användarnas platssekretess, lösningens komplexitet och den overhead de innebär. Det är idag inte uppenbart på vilket sätt den nämnda attacken skulle kunna påverka användarna och hur allvarliga konsekvenserna kan bli, men när standarden är implementerad och eventuella användare tillkommer så skulle det kunna visa sig innebära en stor risk. Lösningarna som presenteras i det här examensarbetet skulle kunna användas för att begränsa den här typen av attacker inom 3GPPs standard eller liknande baserade på närhet. Den metoden som har valts är ett ’geographical packet leash’ baserat på ett polycylindriskt rutnät för vilket endast en bestämd mängd minst signifikanta bitar är inkluderade i ett inledande Discovery Message medans resten kan användas i beräkningen av Message Authentication Code.
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Shih, Yen-Hsu, and 施彥旭. "A Dual Mode Channel Decoder for 3GPP2 Mobile Wireless Communications." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p9za5r.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電子工程系所<br>92<br>In the recent years, forward error correction schemes is rising and flourishing due to widespread increase of wireless communication applications. Among these standards, turbo codes and convolutional codes are usually adopted at the same time because of their high error correcting ability. However, to design the hardware functional block for each decoder is inefficient. In this thesis, a unified turbo and Viterbi decoder architecture for 3GPP2 standard is presented. The turbo decoding with a maximum block length of 20,730 and Viterbi decoding with various code rates are implemented to provide maximum data rate of 4.52Mb/s and 5.26Mb/s respectively at a clock rate of 100MHz. The memory access is reduced by the input caching scheme, and the system complexity is lowered by the efficient interleaver design. This chip is fabricated in a 0.18 �慆 six-metal standard CMOS process. The chip die size is 3.4 x 3.4 mm2 with the core size of 2.7 x 2.7 mm2. It contains 115k gates excluding the embedded memory. The measured power dissipation is 83mW while working at the clock rate of 66MHz to decode a 3.1Mb/s turbo encoded data stream with six iterations.
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Suzain, Ali, and Mukesh Johnson Kujur. "Performance Analysis of 3GPP LTE." Thesis, 2013. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/5424/1/109EC0689.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
To meet the increasing demands on the mobile radio systems and data traffic, a successor of UMTS, which runs on an evolution of the existing infrastructure used by over 80 percent of mobile subscribers globally, has been worked on by 3GPP, called Long Term Evolution (LTE). This will permit more powerful and better spectral efficiency of the transmission. The major parts of LTE are Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) & Orthogonal Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). OFDMA is used in the LTE downlink as a multiple access method as it provides good bandwidth efficiency, immunity to multi-path and frequency selective fading, and less complex equalization at the receiver. SC-FDMA is introduced recently and it became handy candidate for uplink multiple access scheme in LTE system as it has the advantage of lower PAPR as compared to that of OFDMA. In our thesis, we analysed the performance of SCFDMA and OFDMA of LTE using different modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16PSK and 64PSK) on the basis of BER by simulating the model of SCFDMA & OFDMA in MATLAB. We used Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and introduced frequency flat fading in the channel by using Rayleigh Fading model to evaluate the performance in presence of noise and fading. We also found PAPR for both the accessing methods using the same model developed for BPSK modulation.
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Hsiao, Yi-Ko, and 蕭伊格. "MEMORY ARCHITECTURE FOR 3GPP TURBO CODE." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67409630286834861424.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>大同大學<br>通訊工程研究所<br>93<br>A great interest has been gained in recent years by a new error-correcting code technique, known as “turbo coding,” which has been proven to offer performance closer to the Shannon’s limit than traditional concatenated codes. Turbo coding offers excellent capabilities of error correction and thus has been getting popular in the wireless applications. However, the implementation of turbo coding requires high computing power and large memory size. In this thesis, we present the design and implementation of 3GPP turbo code. We use the sliding window technique and memory architecture to reduce the complexity and implement turbo decoder on Xilinx Virtex II Pro xc2VP50. The clock frequency of our decoder system can achieve 50MHz. When SNR is 1.5dB, our decoder system BER is close to 10-5.
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Chang-An, Tsai, and 蔡長安. "Design and implementation of 3GPP-PCCC." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21372600469262386954.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>電機工程系碩士班<br>90<br>The circuit design and hardware realization of the iterative decoder for the universal mobile telecommunication system-parallel concatenated convolutional code (UMTS-PCCC), or turbo codes, are presented in the thesis. The decoder architecture has been implemented with structural verilog-HDL and synthesized with field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). In the circuit a sliding window (SW) architecture is applied to speed up calculation. The SW-SISO module is programmable for frame size and can be used for various standards through slight modification. Furthermore, we also propose several schemes to improve the throughput of turbo decoding, and thesis speed up schemes is practical and reliable for many applications. For a bit error rate and code rate 1/3, the decoder yields a coding gain larger than 7 dB.
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Lin, Chu-Yi, and 林鉅翊. "High Radix Turbo Decoder for 3GPP." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82586064118172453469.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>電機工程學系<br>97<br>For the 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP) specification, the turbo code is applied
in the transmitted data because the data needs a better error correction capability.
With the increase of the utilization of the turbo decoder in the next generation system,
decoding speed for the MAP decoder has become more and more critical. Hence, the
target of this thesis is to design a high throughput MAP decoder for the turbo decoder.
We propose a radix-16 MAP algorithm to reduce the decoding cycle, and a modified
term method to improve the decoding performance. Then, we propose a separate-CS
architecture which can operate sixteen inputs simultaneously to reduce the latency of
the MAP decoder, and a cut-bank-jump-permute method for the interleaver memory
to solve the collision problem. Finally, we implement the proposed high-radix modified
log-MAP decoder. The throughput of the proposed decoder is 393Mb/s which is better
than some references. Moreover, the proposed decoder can combine the other techniques
even to increase the throughput in the same performance.
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Liu, Pin-Chuan Flash, and 劉炳傳. "Efficient channelization code assignment schemes for 3GPP." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46142664810249337143.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>資訊科學研究所<br>88<br>In the DS-CDMA system of IMT-2000 [1], each channel is spread by different channelization code. And in the specification of 3GPP [2], the channelization codes are generated by the Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code tree structure and have some restrictions in code usage. In the wireless communication system, the OVSF codes are the most important resource and need to manage carefully.
In our research, we assume that each User Equipment (UE) can use multiple code channels that have different transmission data rate simultaneously. And the UE will report the number of receivers that it has within the bandwidth request message. Therefore, the UTRAN can ensure the capacity of UE. We propose some efficient channelization code assignment algorithm and hope that the system can services more users in the limited resource environment.
After a sequence code allocations and releases, the OVSF code tree may has a lot of fragmental nodes. We also propose a code exchange scheme to gather the fragmented nodes together. An algorithm is also devised to measure the fragmental degree in the OVSF code tree. Finally, we validate the proposed channelization code assignment scheme and the proposed code exchange scheme by simulations.
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Wu, Zhi-Xuan Jason, and 吳志炫. "Channelization code allocation with preemption for 3GPP." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38402313971320565870.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>資訊科學研究所<br>88<br>The proposal for IMT-2000 employs DS-CDMA technology that each physical channel of the UE may use different channelization codes on the same frequency band. From the proposal of 3GPP, the channelization code is generated by OVSF the Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code tree. Due to the limitation of OVSF code assignment, the performance of the system can be improved.
Channelization code allocation proposed by the 3GPP does not support call preemption. When a new call is requested and if the UTRAN system does not have enough available bandwidth for the new call, it will be rejected or blocked; hence results in less flexibility.
Algorithms LR and EFT [12] are efficient competitive call preemption algorithms. The two algorithms depend only on the ratio (δ), which is the fraction of the maximum capacity used by a single call to the overall system capacity.
In order to improve the utilization and throughput of the system, we apply the two different preemption algorithms upon the ratioδ to deal with the new requested calls.
Our simulation results show that overall throughput can be improved with the introduced preemption when the call duration is known in advance. We validate the algorithms’ competitiveness with respect to different values ofδ.
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Huang, Jiu-Yuan, and 黃鉅原. "Simplified Design of 3GPP Turbo Decoding Algorithms." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27069465411519749493.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>電子與資訊工程研究所碩士班<br>89<br>Turbo codes can be used to approach the Shannon limit by iteratively improving the decoding performance with limited complexity. This paper employs the additive soft-in soft-out (A-SISO) module ,to simulate the 3GPP turbo decoder. We investigate the quantization tables suitable for AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels.
The performance of the LOG-MAP algorithm exceeds by 0.1~0.4 db, that of the MAX-LOG-MAP algorithm at the same signal-to-noise ratio. It is related with the correction Jacobian function for calculating the branch metric, forward state metric, backward state metric and extrinsic LLR. According to statistical characteristics, we approximate the probability density function, and apply the optimal scalar quantization to work out analyze a quantization method of the correction Jacobian function for improved performance.
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Liao, Ying-Chao, and 廖盈超. "A Radix-4 Turbo Decoder for 3GPP." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34790722653000235531.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電機與控制工程系所<br>97<br>Turbo code has been widely used in communication systems, because of its outstanding error correction performance. To increase throughput and decrease the required memory. Radix-4 architecture for Turbo decoder was studied. However, the critical path of the recursive architecture in Radix-4 turbo decoder is long, As a result conventional Radix-4 architecture [15] cannot achieve twice throughput over the conventional Radix-2 architecture. In this thesis, we proposed a Look-Up Table scheme for the recursive architecture and the throughput increases up to 62%. The performance of the proposed scheme is worse than the Log-MAP (optimal) by only 0.025dB. In VLSI implementation, we propose a method for input buffer and it can reduce the dual-RAM by the single-RAM to save area and power. The proposed method can reduce the area by 57.8% and the power by 71.83%. The chip is fabricated in TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process, operating at 167MHz clock rate with voltage supply 1.62V. The power consumption is 135mW at decoding rate 22Mb/s, with code rate 1/3 for 3GPP standard. The core area is 2.65 mm², contain 200K gate counts.
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Wang, Jan-Zen, and 王建仁. "Implementation of the 3GPP-LTE Turbo Encoder." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38976640765030474690.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>電機工程學系所<br>97<br>In the 3GPP-LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project - Long Term Evolution), channel coding technique is framed to employ the turbo code, which is skilled in error correction. With the development of the mobile communication systems, the uplink and downlink speeds are 50Mbps and 100Mbps, respectively. It makes the multimedia functions in the wireless communication devices more flexible.
The 3GPP-LTE turbo code, dividing into 188 levels, has the block sizes between 40 and 6144 bits. The interleaver address for every block is immediately computed by the interleaver address generator. Hardware implementation of the interleaver algorithm with quadratic polynomial permutation may lead to a waste of chip area and power consumption. Therefore, this thesis aims to calculate the interleaver address by the recursive computation. Only adders and multiplexers are needed during the recursive computation so that the effectiveness of hardware implementation is increased. However, when x 2K, the recursive computation containing (x mod K) will carry out the subtraction more than twice, which will affect the hardware performance of the interleaver. In this thesis, the recursive computation would be modified slightly so as to output one interleaver address for each clock cycle and achieve high throughput.
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Tsao, Bo-Jhong, and 曹伯仲. "Cell Search for 3GPP LTE Communication System." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50232537438347064689.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>通訊工程研究所<br>98<br>LTE（long term evolution）wireless communication downlink system uses OFDMA. This system uses the primary synchronization signal (P-SCH) and the secondary synchronization signal(S-SCH) for synchronization and cell identities solving problems. However, it is well known that OFDM systems are sensitive to time and frequency synchronization error. Hence we require accurate synchronization techniques. Furthermore, user equipment (UE) operates in a cellular system, and there are 504 cell-ID in LTE, it needs to establish connection as fast as possible with the best serving base station, i.e. to identify the operating sector and cell. The proposed cell search procedure in this paper contains three steps: The first step, using the delay auto-correlation to find frame timing and the primary synchronization signal, and then use this sequence to start estimate the symbol timing and fractional frequency. And in the estimation we use the average method to improve the accuracy of fractional frequency. The second step, we use method of the phase difference between each signal with synchronization to confirm sector and the integer frequency. And the outcome shows that it can effectively withstand the error of channel effect and symbol timing. The third step, confirm cell-ID.
The proposed algorithm confirms the sector and cell ID by phase difference, it can resist the channel effect, and it is more stabilize than matched filter.
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Chen, Kai-Hsiu, and 陳凱修. "Energy Conservation in 3GPP/WLAN Integrated Networks." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79838040821893863247.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>93<br>Energy conservation is very important to mobile devices in high-speed packet data networks, such as WLAN and 3GPP packet-switching networks. Both RObust Header Compression
(ROHC) and WLAN Paging are helpful for energy saving. This thesis presents the design and implementation of the two schemes in the 3GPP/WLAN integrated networks.
ROHC is designed for bandwidth saving originally by reducing packet header size. Because the header size is reduced, the transmission time could be shorten. Thus, energy could be conserved. Therefore, header compression is useful for energy saving.
On the other hand, location management for mobile devices is usually hard to achieve in WLANs because of lacking a well-designed core network. Because 3GPP has proposed
an architecture for the 3GPP/WLAN integrated networks, WLAN paging and location management could be done by the newly introduced components in the 3GPP core network. With
the WLAN paging proposed in this thesis, mobile devices could sleep no matter they connect to 3GPP or WLAN system. Energy, thus, is conserved.
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Deng, Zhi-Hong, and 鄧治泓. "Performance analysis in uplink of 3GPP LTE." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24578982715099904988.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>雲林科技大學<br>通訊工程研究所碩士班<br>98<br>ABSTRACT
The cellular technologies specified by 3GPP are the most widely deployed in the world, with more than 2.6 billion users in 2009. 3GPP LTE is the name given to a project within the 3GPP to improve the mobile phone standard to cope with future requirements. In this thesis, we investigate uplink technologies of 3GPP LTE, which is a transmission technique that utilizes single carrier modulation. Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), a modified form of Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), is a promising technique for high data rate uplink communications in future cellular systems. SC-FDMA has similar throughput performance and essentially the same overall complexity as OFDMA. A principal advantage of SC-FDMA is the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which is lower than that of OFDMA. SC-FDMA is currently a strong candidate for the uplink multiple access scheme in the Long Term Evolution of cellular systems under consideration by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In our research, We investigate the 3GPP LTE using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in different carrier mapping schemes to upload technology. We observe MIMO SC-FDMA uses different carrier mapping schemes have different performance. Therefore, We desired that the analysis of MIMO SC-FDMA uses a different carrier mapping schemes, which the best performance of mapping schemes.
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Wang, Ding. "Cooperative Communication with Systematic Raptor Codes in 3GPP." Thesis, 2012. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/973892/1/Wang_MASc_S2012.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, considering a one-relay cooperative system, we propose a new cooperative transmission scheme which implements the systematic Raptor code standardized in 3GPP. Within the framework of this scheme, we compare the bandwidth efficiency perfomance of different relaying protocols.
To improve the performance of this cooperative system, we use Reed-Solomon(RS) code as inner code which is concatenated with the systematic Raptor code. We first study the scenario when Channel State Information(CSI) is available at the receiver but not available at the transmitter. In this case, only fixed-rate RS code can be implemented. Then we study the scenario when CSI is available at both the transmitter and receiver, and develop an adaptive scheme applied to our model. Last, a straight forward channel estimation method is studied to make the estimation of CSI available at the transmitter. The performance of all the proposed models and protocols are obtained with Monte Carlo simulation.
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Bai, Rui-Yi, and 白瑞義. "Simulation Study 3GPP W-CDMA Downlink Communication Model." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11498719425708899266.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>88<br>Abstract
The wideband code division multiple access ( W-CDMA ) is one of the proposed system for the third generation of wireless and mobile communications. Third-generation mobile communication system can offer a variety of high quality voice and data services. In this thesis, we simulate the 3GPP W-CDMA forward link communication model. We use rate 1/2 or 1/3, 256 state convolutional coding ( for low rate services ) to improve bit error rate in a noisy and multipath enviroment. The pilot assisted channel estimation makes coherent detection possible for forward link. We compare the BER performance between two types of pilot assisted coherent RAKE combining achievable by the use of modified weighted multi-slot average ( WMSA ) channel estimation filter. When the same energy is allocated to the pilot, we obtain almost the same BER performances for the time-multiplexed pilot as for the parallel pilot channels.
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Tang, Chih-Hao, and 唐志豪. "Indoor positioning based on 3GPP 3D channel model." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kk2gg4.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>電子工程系研究所<br>104<br>GPS is one of the most mature positioning technologies and has been widely used in the outdoor environment.We built a 3GPP three-dimensional channel model simulator apply to LTE indoor positioning , in which we use of the Observed Time Difference Of Arrival(OTDOA) machine to do the positioning. Positioning Reference Signals(PRS) by Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing(OFDM) modulation after send out. Signal through three -dimensional channel model are between receives and transmits of channel response at a certain time. Due to the two-dimensional channel does not reflect the characteristics of indoor multipath environment, so three-dimensional channel shall take account of the vertical az- imuth. Using PRS high autocorrelation characteristic find Time Of Arrival (TOA) by receives signal and reference signal for comparison. Using of a plurality of base stations out of the estimated time delay difference between the target intersection found approximate location. Using Gauss - Newton positioning algorithm and two- step positioning algorithm estimates calculated position of the target, and compare the results of two positioning algorithms. Final results fully reflect indoor position- ing in different scenarios. If we want to achieve the Enhanced 911 (E911) horizon- tal positioning 67% horizontal error is less than 50m, adjusting PRS configuration and muting at time-domain can promote the positioning accuracy. The vertical positioning result is still unable to requirements of floor recognizable.Therefore sim- ulated added barometric pressure sensor solve vertical positioning problems, and improve the horizontal positioning performance.
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Huang, Shin-Ying, and 黃信穎. "STUDY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 3GPP TURBO CODE." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24848925973854901928.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>大同大學<br>通訊工程研究所<br>92<br>Turbo coding offers excellent capabilities of error correction and thus has been getting popular in the wireless applications. In this thesis, we present the design and implementation of 3GPP turbo code. A sliding window technique is applied to speed up calculation. For a bit error rate 10-4 and code rate 1/3, the decoder yields a coding gain larger than 6 dB. The throughput of the decoder is 80.12Mbps in clock frequency 2.44MHz.
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Chan, Ming-Li, and 詹明禮. "A Study on Efficient Authentication Schemes for 3GPP." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85885752879554263677.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>電腦與通訊學系碩士班<br>96<br>Along with the popularization of third generation mobile communication system (3G), more and more people enjoy the living type of using network at anywhere and anytime. The 3G network system provides the functions of real-time messages, multi-media conferencing, digital data sharing and interactive games. The identity management of 3G mobile network systems cannot to be neglected and the 3G mobile network system identity management, that it manages the identity and access control of users. The major purpose is to prevent the illegal user impersonate to service, prevent personal information stole and prevent any kind of attacks. Thus, the 3G needs an integrity authentication protocol and the protocol must be established between 3G network users and 3G network provider, which can resist the third party attack of the verify and authorize messages. Otherwise, the cost of the message communication between VLR and HLR are expensive, especially when VLR and HLR are located in different countries. Our proposed scheme is based on the agency scheme, and the VLR just need to ask HLR to get agency key at the first time. When a user in the foreign or specific area, VLR can uses the pre-agency key to authenticate the user, if the user moves to other new VLR area and the new VLR just need to ask pre-VLR to get the agency key in the same network.
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Yang, Yu-Yan, and 楊玉嬿. "The study and Implementation of 3GPP turbo codes." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23058580551416667325.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>工程科學系碩博士班<br>91<br>Turbo code is an error correction technology developed by Berrou in 1993. In recent years, this technology is a very important breakthrough in the coding theorem. Turbo code comprises of two parallel concatenation convolutional encoders and an interleaver, and is decoded by iteration decoding procedures.
Owing to its excellent correction ability, turbo code can lead to that there is very low bit error ratio in digital communication system at low SNR, and is proved to be the error correction coding that approaches the Shannon-Limit. Consequently, turbo code quite befits the applications of wireless communication systems and has been selected as one of the channel coding schemes in the 3rd generation communication systems.
Compared with convolutional decoder, the turbo code is obviously more complex in decoding algorithm. There exists an extreme bottleneck in hardware implementation because of a great quantity of registers and memory consumptions and the complexity of the decoding procedure.
In this thesis, in order to resolve the problems mentioned above, we choose the lower complexity decoding method: Max-Log-MAP as our decoding algorithm in FPGA implementation. In MATLAB design environment, we use the Log-MAP decoding algorithm (also provide the Max-Log MAP decoding algorithm) for simulations.
In this thesis, we firstly introduce the structure of turbo codes, and then describe the principles of convolution codes. Furthermore, we depict the decoding algorithm of turbo decoder and its hardware design concept. In the process of designing both turbo encoder and decoder, we first develop MATLAB programs to verify the correctness of decoding procedures and its functions, and then derive Verilog HDL codes in Xilinx ISE environment to describe these circuits. After Verilog simulations done, we synthesize and implement the turbo encoder and decoder designed in this thesis on Virtex-E series FPGA. In the thesis, for verifying the implemented turbo code, we first write some sentences into the memory SRAM, and then encode those sentences reading from the memory by turbo encoder. The codewords are transferred to decoder after adding the error patterns. Finally, the receiver will get the original data. These experiments confirm that the FPGA-based turbo code implemented in the thesis is feasible and correct.
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HUANG, CHEN-MAO, and 黃晨貿. "Precoder Selection for 3GPP 5G-NR FDD Systems." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dp3255.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>通訊工程研究所<br>106<br>3GPP 5G-NR specifications support the frequency division duplexing (FDD) system below carrier frequency 6GHz. In FDD systems, different frequency bands are used for uplink and downlink respectively, resulting in base station (BS) doesn’t have information of downlink channel. Owing to feedback overhead, user equipment (UE) needs to return the precoding matrix index from the specified codebook to BS for downlink transmission. However, the complexity of searching good preocder increases dramatically with the number of communication layers (rank). This thesis aims to design simplified methods to reduce the complexity of searching precoders without excessive performance loss.
In this thesis, we focus on 5G-NR Type I SP(single panel) codebook Mode 1. The antenna structure consists of single panel using 2D sub-array partition model to form multi-port structure. The analog beam pattern shapes the multi-main-lobe characteristic of precoding, which makes precoders to point to different direction in space. In the proposed method (Method-1), the best precoding vector for rank 1 is search exhaustively and fix that best precoding vector as a basis to search precoders for higher ranks, which reduces the complexity of codebook search above rank 2 very significantly. Compared with the exhaustive search, the loss of system performance is about 1% to 1.3%, but it saves huge complexity.
To further enhance the system performance of Method-1, we also propose Method-1a where UE additionally searches the codebook with precoding vectors adjacent horizontally to the optimum rank-1 precoder for above rank 2. The loss of system performance reduces to 0.5% to0.8%. Additionally, we propose Method-1b to improve Method-1a by searching extra codebook with precoding vectors adjacent vertically to the optimum rank-1 precoder for above rank 2. We observe that the loss supported by rank 2 and 3 decreases down to 0.14% and 0.33% but raises up to 0.83% supported by rank 4. According the numerical results of three methods, we recommend that UE can use Method-1 or Method-1a to decrease complexity of codebook search with slight loss in system performance.
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Wen-HuiYang and 楊雯惠. "Blockage Effect in 3GPP New Radio Indoor Scenario." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58w45x.
Full text
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Chen, Chien Cheng, and 陳建政. "Rapid conformance testing for 3GPP mobile wireless equipments." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/832m42.
Full text
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Chang, Jyh-Kai, and 張智凱. "Study on the implementation of Turbo Code for 3GPP." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44500369327608721318.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電機與控制工程系<br>90<br>Turbo Coding offers excellent capabilities of error correction and thus has been getting popular in the state-of-the-art wireless applications. However, the implementation of turbo coding requires high computing power and large memory size. How to optimize the use of computing resources and memory requirement becomes a key to design turbo coding VLSI. The thesis, therefore, addresses the critical implementation issues in terms of processing elements and memory, targeting on the turbo coding for 3GPP. Using the sliding-window algorithm, the proposed turbo coding architecture significantly reduces the implementation cost while the performance results satisfy the 3GPP specifications. Following the cell-based design flow, the thesis realizes a turbo decoder chip using TSMC 0.35mm 1P4M CMOS processes with 50MHz operation frequency. Comparing with the other reported turbo decoders, the chip saves the memory size by 10%~17% and consumes low power.
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Cheng, Chin-ren, and 鄭欽仁. "An Implementation of Low-Power Turbo Decoder for 3GPP." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59436004811596052123.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>通訊工程研究所<br>92<br>Because of the simple architecture and excellent error correcting capability, Turbo code has been adopted in many wireless communication standards, including the third generation wireless communication systems, 3GPP and 3GPP2. However, low power turbo decoder design would become the most important issue in mobile communication systems because of the limited battery life.
In the thesis, we use the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) as the stopping criterion in the implementation of turbo decoder design to reduce the unnecessary power consumption. We use the MATLAB simulation and FPGA simulation to verify our design.
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Lee, Yung-Yu, and 李永裕. "Research on Reconfigurable Turbo Decoder for 3GPP-LTE Applications." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23869524991071425537.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電子工程系所<br>97<br>In this thesis, a fully compliant and reconfigurable turbo decoder is presented to support all block lengths specified in 3GPP-LTE system. The contention-free quadratic permutation polynomial (QPP) interleaver is also introduced for parallel architecture of turbo codes. The parallel processing of iterative decoding is of interest for throughput increasing. The Max-Log MAP algorithm is used to reduce the hardware complexity with the minimized performance loss. Moreover, the reconfigurable 1/2/4/8-MAP decoders is proposed to decode the received codewords based on performance or throughput expected in different conditions. Based on QPP characteristic, the residue-only interleaver is adopted to reduce the memory storage.
After implementation in a 90-nm 1P9M technology, the 130Mb/s data rate with 8 decoding iterations can be achieved in the 2.10 mm2 core area containing 602K gates. According to the post-layout simulation, the power consumption is 149.03mW worked at supply voltage 0.9V and clock rate 277MHz with block length 6144.
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Chong, Wen-Choung, and 鍾文狀. "Calculation Efficient and Memory Saving Turbo Decoder for 3GPP." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wmr5fe.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電信工程系所<br>93<br>Turbo codes have become one of the necessary specifications for the state-of-the-art communication systems. The difficulties in implementing turbo decoder are the vast computational complexities and the request for a lot of memories.
The most public method for decreasing the need of memories is sliding window method. But using sliding window method will increase the computational complexities. This thesis is purposed to propose a calculation efficient and memory saving turbo decoder. We use another memory saving algorithm – halfway algorithm, in our turbo decoder. This successfully decreases the computational complexities and the need of memory capacity. Besides, we adopt Max-Log-MAP algorithm in our design in order to simplify the hardware.
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Wei, Chi-Yang, and 魏啟洋. "Study of Turbo Code Decoder for 3GPP LTE System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/by92h2.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中原大學<br>電子工程研究所<br>99<br>In this paper, we study a turbo code decoder for 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) system. We use Maximum A Posteriori Probability (MAP), Log-MAP and MAX-Log-MAP algorithm for turbo code decoding, under AWGN channel and fading channel. After channel decoding, we realize that MAP and Log-MAP has the same performance better than Max-Log-MAP, but Max-Log-MAP algorithm reduce more complexity than MAP and Log-MAP algorithm. If turbo code decoding cannot get SNR information, we use SNR estimation to solve SNR unknown. Furthermore, we consider if fading amplitude unknown, what situation will occur under fading channel.
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Chen, Jing-Chuan, and 陳景川. "Simulation and Implementation of AMR Speech Coding for 3GPP." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63311941782580315464.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電子工程系<br>89<br>Simulation and Implementation of AMR Speech Coding for 3GPP
Student: Jing-Chuan Chen Advisor: Dr. Hsueh-Ming Hang
Institute of Electronics
Department of Electronics Engineering
National Chiao Tung University
Abstract
Speech service has always been the central part in the wireless communication, and it will still be one of the most important services in the next generation of wireless telecommunication systems. This thesis focuses on a recent speech coding standard, Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) coding, defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). As the name implies, 3GPP’s goal is to define a set of new specifications for the next generation wireless communication system. The AMR speech coder is an integral part of this set of specifications. AMR is designed based on the code-excited linear predictive (CELP) coding technique, and it can operate at various bit rates between 4.75 and 12.2 kbit/s.
After briefly reviewing the history of AMR, we describe the concepts and principles of AMR. Then, two speech quality measures, segmental signal-to-noise ratio (segSNR) and spectral distance (SD), are introduced for speech quality assessment. We simulate and compare the compressed speech quality of 3GPP AMR and ITU-T G.723.1 at various bit rates and channel conditions. Two channel error models, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and Rayleigh fading channel, have been used for performance evaluation. The simulation results indicate that AMR exceeds G.723.1 by about 1dB in spectral distance, either under the clean channel or under a noisy channel, which has a bit error rate (BER) about 5x10-4.
Moreover, we implement AMR speech codec on the Texas Instrument (TI) TMS320C6701 digital signal processor (DSP). In order to speed up and reduce code size, we modify and optimize the C codes. The optimized AMR codec can fully utilize the resources of the TI DSP chips. With modifications and optimizations, the codec can save 40% of execution time, compared to the original version. In the same time, the code size is reduced down to 70% of the original.
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Li, Chung-Shin, and 李忠炘. "Study of Load Balance in 3GPP Femto-cell Network." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26775114560469988025.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>網路工程研究所<br>99<br>The usable frequency bandwidth of femto-cells is narrower than macro BSs’. Hence, the total data rate of femto-cells is lower than macro BSs’; besides, the backhaul of femto-cells may be shared by other devices, such as PC. The number of concurrently connecting users is restricted by those reasons mentioned above.
Many load balance methods consider one parameter only. Although the evaluated performance affected by that parameter works well, other performance affected by non-considered parameters may not work well. In order to overcome the weakness mentioned above, we propose a load balance method that considers the movement of user equipment (UE), QoS requirement and the load balance index between femto-cells.
Assume that the coverage area of a femto-cell is partially overlapped with another femto-cell, and there are many UEs within the partially overlapping area. Firstly, we use the magnitude and variation of signal to noise ratio (SNR) to estimate the remaining time index of a UE within the overlapping area. Secondly, we make use of the remaining resource of a femto-cell to calculate the remaining bandwidth, and then we use the acquired remaining bandwidth to calculate the satisfaction index of a UE. Thirdly, we use the loading of those femto-cells to calculate the load balance index. Finally, based on those three indexes mentioned above, we choose a UE to handover for the purpose of load balance, and we propose two strategies to select the UE. We describe the performance evaluation and explain it in chapter 5.
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Wang, Chuan, and 王銓. "MIMO Precoder Selection for 3GPP-LTE/LTE-A Systems." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79141216008839178147.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>電機工程學系<br>101<br>Precoder Selection Under MIMO Detection
for 3GPP-LTE/LTE-A Systems
Abstract
Precoding by using a finite-set codebook at transmitters is an effective approach to
improve the performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with reduced
feedback overhead. K-Best sphere decoders are popular for high-throughput
spatially-multiplexed MIMO signal detection at receivers.
In this paper, we propose a precoding-matrix-index (PMI) selection criterion suitable for
K-best MIMO detectors by minimizing the trace of the upper triangular matrix after QR
decomposition (QRD). To further improve the system performance, fully-sorted QRD,
per-layer sorted QRD and partially-sorted QRD are also proposed to be incorporated in the
minimum-trace PMI selection criterion. Simulation results based on the MIMO codebooks of
3GPP-LTE/LTE-A systems show the improvements of the proposed scheme compared to the
non-precoding MIMO schemes and the precoding schemes using the conventional PMI
selection criterions.
Considering the fading channel in time/frequency domain of LTE system, we propose a
group solution, which not only provide much lower computation, but also avoid more
degradating.
As to the hardware implementation, we use a scalable design of high throughput 8×8
Sorted QRD. It can compute three sets of 4×4 Sorted QRD simultaneously. Various numbers
of sorting layers are supported for our proposed precoding criterion.