Relevant bibliographies by topics / 3rd millennium BCE

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic '3rd millennium BCE'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "3rd millennium BCE"

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Döpper, Stephanie. "Ground stone tools from the copper production site Al-Khashbah, Sultanate of Oman." Journal of Lithic Studies 7, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/jls.3082.

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Archaeological research at Al-Khashbah, Sultanate of Oman, conducted by the University of Tübingen, revealed a large Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BCE) site. During the intensive surface survey and excavations, several ground stone tools were found. Most of them came from the vicinity of monumental stone and mud-brick structures, so-called towers, and are clearly connected to copper-processing waste such as slag, furnace fragments and prills, i.e., droplets of molten copper. Therefore, it is assumed that these ground stone tools were used within the operational procedures of copper-processing. Interestingly, only the monumental towers from the first half of the 3rd millennium BCE, i.e., the Hafit period, feature larger quantities of ground stone tools as well as copper processing waste. Towers from the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE, i.e., the Umm an-Nar period, have none. Within the scope of this paper, the distribution of the different types of ground stone tools in Al-Khashbah as well as their find context will be presented. They are illustrated with drawings generated from 3D models created using digital photography processed with the software Agisoft Photoscan. Comparisons with other 3rd millennium BCE sites in Eastern Arabia show that there as well, copper-processing remains are often associated with ground stone tools. The overall variety of types seems to be rather homogeneous in the region.
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Barta, Peter, Ján Sládek, Mária Hajnalová, and Ivan Nagy. "Monoxyl z doby laténskej zo Šamorína." Musaica Archaeologica 5, no. 2 (2020): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46283/musarch.2020.2.04.

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In the article we present preliminary results of research of a logboat housed in the Žitný Ostrov Museum in Dunajská Streda. According to our research the boat comes from the 3rd century or later part of the last third of 1st millennium cal BCE. It is the earliest chronometrically dated vessel countrywide and the second specimen of Late Iron Age logboats known from Slovak and Czech Republics.
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Senra, Marta, Cláudia Costa, Ana Bettencourt, Lídia Baptista, and Sérgio Gomes. "Faunal Remains from Torre Velha 12 (Serpa, Beja, Southwest of Portugal): Relationship between Animals and Bronze Age Communities." Heritage 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010016.

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Torre Velha 12 is located in Serpa (Beja) and was excavated and directed by two of the authors (LB and SG), during an emergency intervention within the Alqueva Project. This site is characterized by negative structures filled with pottery sherds and other materials dating to the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. The aim of this paper is to publish the study of the faunal remains dated from Bronze Age (2nd millennium BCE). The faunal assemblage is small and comes from non-funerary pits and from funerary hypogea. Other than a bone artefact and an undetermined shell fragment, all of the remains integrated in the pits were classified as mammals. Sheep/goat is was frequently found while other species such as cattle and swines had lower frequencies. Fragments of cattle limbs are the only faunal remains associated with human burials and reveal a clear taxonomical and anatomical pattern that may be an indicator of a careful and structured anthropogenic behavior. The aim of this paper is to understand the social relationship between animals and the Bronze Age communities.
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Bruins, Hendrik J. "Near East Chronology: Towards an Integrated 14C Time Foundation." Radiocarbon 43, no. 3 (2001): 1147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038443.

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Chronology is the backbone of all history, as the flow of time is identical in scholarly and scientific fields, even in the Near East. Radiocarbon dating can provide an essential and unifying chronological basis across disciplines, despite precision limitations. This issue presents exciting new 14C developments in archaeological and environmental contexts, ranging from Proto-Neolithic cultures to historic earthquakes along the Dead Sea. Dark periods devoid of settlement in the deserts of the southern Levant seem to disappear with 14C dating. Significant new findings collectively indicate the need for major chronological revisions in the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE in Egypt and the Levant. The implications for the 2nd millennium BCE are not yet established, but the use of 14C dating in the Iron Age is finally beginning to focus on current controversies. The chronological way forward for Dynastic Egypt and the Levantine Bronze and Iron Ages is a multi-disciplinary approach based on detailed high-quality 14C series as a unifying time foundation to anchor archaeological, textual, and astronomical data.
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Bruins, Hendrik J., Johannes van der Plicht, and J. Alexander MacGillivray. "The Minoan Santorini Eruption and Tsunami Deposits in Palaikastro (Crete): Dating by Geology, Archaeology, 14C, and Egyptian Chronology." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220005579x.

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Deposits from the Minoan Santorini (Thera) eruption in the eastern Mediterranean region constitute the most important regional stratigraphic marker in the chronological perplexity of the 2nd millennium BCE. Extensive tsunami deposits were discovered in Crete at the Minoan archaeological site of Palaikastro, containing reworked volcanic Santorini ash. Hence, airborne deposition of volcanic ash, probably during the 1st (Plinian) eruption phase, preceded the tsunami, which was apparently generated during the 3rd or 4th phase of the eruption, based on evidence from Thera. Average radiocarbon dates (uncalibrated) of animal bones in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits along the coast (3350 ± 25 BP) and at the inland archaeological site (3352 ± 23 BP) are astoundingly similar to the average 14C date for the Minoan Santorini eruption at Akrotiri on Thera (3350 ± 10 BP). The wiggle-matched 14C date of the eruption in calendar years is 1627–1600 cal BCE. Late Minoan IA pottery is the youngest element in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits, fitting with the LM IA archaeological date for the Santorini eruption, conventionally linked at ~1500 BCE with Dynasty XVIII of the historical Egyptian chronology. The reasons for the discrepancy of 100–150 yr between 14C dating and Egyptian chronology for part of the 2nd millennium BCE are unknown. 14C dates from Tell el-Dabca in the eastern Nile Delta show that the 14C age of the Santorini eruption matches with 14C results from 18th Dynasty strata C3 and C2, thereby confirming grosso modo the conventional archaeo-historical correlations between the Aegean and Egypt. We propose that a dual dating system is used in parallel: (1) archaeological material-cultural correlations linked to Egyptian chronology; (2) 14C dating. Mixing of dates from the 2 systems may lead to erroneous archaeological and historical correlations. A “calibration curve” should be established between Egyptian chronology and 14C dating for the 2nd millennium BCE, which may also assist to resolve the cause of the discrepancy.
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Truex, Lise A. "3 Households and Institutions: A Late 3rd Millennium BCE Neighborhood at Tell Asmar, Iraq (Ancient Eshnunna)." Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 30, no. 1 (July 2019): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apaa.12112.

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Frumkin, Amos. "Stable isotopes of a subfossil Tamarix tree from the Dead Sea region, Israel, and their implications for the Intermediate Bronze Age environmental crisis." Quaternary Research 71, no. 3 (May 2009): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.01.009.

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AbstractTrees growing on the Mt. Sedom salt diapir, at the southern Dead Sea shore, were swept by runoff into salt caves and subsequently deposited therein, sheltered from surface weathering. A subfossil Tamarix tree trunk, found in a remote section of Sedom Cave is radiocarbon dated to between ∼ 2265 and 1930 BCE. It was sampled in 109 points across the tree rings for carbon and nitrogen isotopes. The Sedom Tamarix demonstrates a few hundred years of 13C and 15N isotopic enrichment, culminating in extremely high δ13C and δ15N values. Calibration using modern Tamarix stable isotopes in various climatic settings in Israel shows direct relationship between isotopic enrichment and climate deterioration, particularly rainfall decrease. The subfossil Tamarix probably reflects an environmental crisis during the Intermediate Bronze Age, which subsequently killed the tree ∼ 1930 BCE. This period coincides with the largest historic fall of the Dead Sea level, as well as the demise of the large regional urban center of the 3rd millennium BCE. The environmental crisis may thus explain the archaeological evidence of a shift from urban to pastoral culture during the Intermediate Bronze Age. This was apparently the most severe long-term historical drought that affected the region in the mid-late Holocene.
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Vierzig, Angelika. "Anthropomorphic Stelae of the 4th and 3rd Millennia Between the Caucasus and the Atlantic Ocean." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 86 (November 19, 2020): 111–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.12.

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Anthropomorphic stone stelae of monumental dimensions dated to the 4th and 3rd millennia BC have been found in southern Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caucasus. They are understood as symbolic human representations the size of which arises out of a new self-awareness of humankind in the world. Anthropomorphic stelae are one of many innovations appearing during this epoch. Other innovations are copper metallurgy and tools, in particular weapons and jewellery, as well as the wheel, the wagon, and the plough drawn by animals. These innovations are depicted on stelae; what is more, the stele itself is an innovation in which the other changes are bundled. Comparable stylistic features of stelae in different areas demonstrate far-reaching contacts. Often the origin of anthropomorphic stelae is seen in the Russian steppes, with the archaeogenetically proven migration from east to west being the cause for the building of stelae in central and western Europe. However, the oldest known stelae apparently originate in western Europe. The impulses behind the dissemination of innovations must have emanated from continuous exchange relations, but the migration in the 3rd millennium bce did not bring with it the idea itself of anthropomorphic stelae. Nowadays the question about the function of stelae is usually answered with the representation of ancestors. When anthropomorphic stones keep the memory of common roots alive, they serve the building of identity.
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Sołtysiak, Arkadiusz. "The Bull of Heaven in Mesopotamian Sources." Culture and Cosmos 05, no. 02 (October 2001): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.0205.0203.

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This paper deals with the imagery of the constellation Taurus in the cultures of ancient Mesopotamia. The constellation appears explicitly in the well-known story about Gilgamesh, in which the Bull of Heaven attacks Gilgamesh on the order of Inanna, the deity associated with the planet Venus. It can be argued from other sources that, as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, the Bull was particularly related to this goddess and to An, the god of heaven, both of whom were worshipped in the city of Uruk, itself ruled by Gilgamesh according to Mesopotamian tradition. The Bull of Heaven was represented pictorially in association with the gate of the heavenly palace of An. The later traditions and the iconography of the Bull of Heaven are also explored in the paper.
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Cortesi, Elisa, Maurizio Tosi, A. Lazzari, and Massimo Vidale. "Cultural Relationships beyond the Iranian Plateau: The Helmand Civilization, Baluchistan and the Indus Valley in the 3rd Millennium BCE." Paléorient 34, no. 2 (2008): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.2008.5254.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "3rd millennium BCE"

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Kuma, Rita Dela. "Paste charaterization of 3rd and 4th millennium BCE ceramics from Arslantepe, Turkey (3350-2800 BCE)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20855.

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ABSTRACT: This research aims at defining the main characteristics of technological and compositional variability of ceramic production at Arslantepe during Periods VIA, VIB1 and VIB2 (3400-2800BC) in a framework of socioeconomic and political development. The stereomicroscope in a reflectance mode at a magnification of 1–6.3x was used to analyze a total number of 158 ceramic samples to identify and characterize the principal inclusions in the ceramic pastes, their dimensions, shape, color, concentration, distribution, which may be well-dispersed or clustered, and orientation. The stereomicroscope does not provide detailed identification of all minerals and rock types, but allows to hypothesize the presence of some lithic components which should be confirmed under the polarizing microscope. However, the presence of some inclusions such as chaff, quartz, and mica can be easily distinguished using the stereomicroscope. The nature of inclusions (lithic and mineral components, chaff, mixed) and their features (size, proportion, shape and orientation) were the primary variables for determining compositional and technological variability in the ceramic production of Arslantepe. Arslantepe is a high mound in the Malatya plain and was always the dominant center in its region. In the earliest phases of its history – the Chalcolithic period, Arslantepe had close links with the Syro-Mesopotamian world with which it shared many cultural features, structural models, and development trajectories. But in the early centuries of the 3rd millennium BC, vast changes occurred which halted the development of the Mesopotamiantype centralized system and reoriented Arslantepe‘s external relations toward Eastern Anatolia and Transcaucasia.
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Caraglio, Agnès. "Temps, espaces, dynamiques de peuplement : la fin du Néolithique provençal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3082.

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L’espace provençal du 3ème millénaire av. n. è. laisse entrevoir un certain nombre d’éléments qui mettent en scène la complexité archéologique de la transition Néolithique final / Âge du Bronze ancien. En Provence, si le travail de J. Cauliez a ouvert la voie à un cadre chrono-culturel plus robuste et tissé une trame plus diversifiée des composantes céramiques de la fin du Néolithique, il n’en demeure pas moins que l’imbrication de l’évènement Campaniforme avec les différentes traditions locales se pose toujours comme un problème majeur, notamment en termes stratigraphiques, dans la compréhension des gisements domestiques de cette période. L’analyse des différents types de vestiges archéologiques liés à ces contextes requiert à notre sens une étude complémentaire fondée sur les logiques d’implantation des sites d’habitat dans le paysage afin de mieux saisir l’ensemble des mécanismes socio-culturels émergeants à l’aube de l’Âge du Bronze. Grâce à la mise en place d’une base de données relationnelle couplée à un Système d’Information Géographique, il a été possible de générer de nouvelles informations spatiales sur les sites géo-référencés de notre corpus. Ainsi, après des analyses statistiques multivariées exploratoires sur les données archéologiques issues de la littérature et les nouvelles données spatiales, il a été possible de caractériser finement les implantations de chacun des gisements étudiés à l’échelle de la Provence (426 sites) puis à l’échelle du Luberon (analyse territoriale basée sur 70 sites) et de dégager des tendances principales dans les choix d’installation de ces populations au cours du 3ème millénaire av. n. è
The archaeological complexity of the transition between Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age can be characterized by a certain amount of elements found in the Provence area in the 3rd millennium BCE. Despite the fact that the work done by J. Cauliez in Provence provided a more structured chrono-cultural framework and a more diversified background concerning ceramic components in the Late Neolithic, the Bell Beaker event overlapping the various local traditions still appears as a crucial issue. It specifically relates to the understanding of domestic deposits in this period in terms of stratigraphic studies. Following the analysis of these different types of archaeological remains in these dwellings, we believed that an in-depth study on settlement patterns in the landscape must be carried out to better comprehend the emerging social and cultural mechanisms at the dawn of Bronze Age. Due to the set up of a relational database integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS), new spatial items were generated on the georeferenced sites listed in our corpus. Finally, after the use of statistical multivariate and exploratory analysis based on archaeological data from bibliographic references and on new spatial data, a precise implantation’s characterization of each investigated deposits has been possible, first in Provence (426 establishments), then in Luberon (territorial analysis involving 70 sites) as well as an identification of significant trends regarding dwelling choices by the populations living in the 3rd millennium BCE
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Books on the topic "3rd millennium BCE"

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den, Brink Edward van, and Levy Thomas Evan, eds. Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th through the early 3rd millennium BCE. London: Leicester University Press, 2002.

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Edwin C. M. Van Den Brink (Editor) and Thomas E. Levy (Editor), eds. Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th Through the Early 3rd Millennium Bce (New Approaches to Anthropological Archaeology). Leicester University Press, 2001.

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NAEH, Liat, and Dana BROSTOWSKY GILBOA. The Ancient Throne. The Mediterranean, Near East, and Beyond, from the 3rd Millennium BCE to the 14th Century CE.Proceedings of the Workshop held at 10th ICAANE in Vienna, April 2016. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/0x003bcc97.

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Book chapters on the topic "3rd millennium BCE"

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Jung, Reinhard. "Uneven and Combined: Product Exchange in the Mediterranean (3rd to 2nd Millennium BCE)." In Frontiers in Economic History, 139–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72539-6_8.

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Goulder, Jill. "Working donkeys then and now." In Working Donkeys in 4th-3rd Millennium BC Mesopotamia, 1–18. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2020] | Series: UCL institute of archaeology publications: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367822682-1.

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Goulder, Jill. "Working animals in antiquity." In Working Donkeys in 4th-3rd Millennium BC Mesopotamia, 19–36. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2020] | Series: UCL institute of archaeology publications: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367822682-2.

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Goulder, Jill. "Donkeys versus cattle." In Working Donkeys in 4th-3rd Millennium BC Mesopotamia, 37–50. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2020] | Series: UCL institute of archaeology publications: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367822682-3.

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Goulder, Jill. "Working-animal supply logistics." In Working Donkeys in 4th-3rd Millennium BC Mesopotamia, 51–76. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2020] | Series: UCL institute of archaeology publications: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367822682-4.

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Goulder, Jill. "Training, husbandry and feeding." In Working Donkeys in 4th-3rd Millennium BC Mesopotamia, 77–98. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2020] | Series: UCL institute of archaeology publications: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367822682-5.

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Goulder, Jill. "Transport." In Working Donkeys in 4th-3rd Millennium BC Mesopotamia, 99–133. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2020] | Series: UCL institute of archaeology publications: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367822682-6.

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Goulder, Jill. "Rethinking animal ploughing." In Working Donkeys in 4th-3rd Millennium BC Mesopotamia, 134–49. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2020] | Series: UCL institute of archaeology publications: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367822682-7.

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Goulder, Jill. "Summing up." In Working Donkeys in 4th-3rd Millennium BC Mesopotamia, 150–56. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2020] | Series: UCL institute of archaeology publications: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367822682-8.

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Helms, Tobias B. H. "Fortress Communities of the 3rd Millennium BCE:." In Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Volume 2, edited by F. Höflmayer, 337–56. Harrassowitz, O, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcm4fnh.28.

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Conference papers on the topic "3rd millennium BCE"

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Mohitpour, M., Trent van Egmond, and W. L. Wright. "High Pressure Gas Pipelines: Trends for the New Millennium." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-164.

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The end of the 20th century has seen some major developments to the business of pipelines worldwide. In North America and Europe the trend has been toward deregulation of the industry. In other markets the trend has been toward the use of fixed transport cost contracts between shippers and the pipeline company. The net effect of these changes is increased competition in the transport of energy with the resulting requirement to provide the lowest cost of transport. At the same time pipelines need to maintain the traditionally high levels of safety and reliability that customers, the public and regulators have been accustomed to. The pipeline industry has responded to the challenge to reduce costs on a number of fronts. These include the areas of contracting, financing, planning, regulation, market development, and technical developments as well as many other areas. This paper will focus on technical developments that have allowed pipeline companies to reduce the cost of moving large volumes of natural gas at high pressures. Progress that the industry has made in the areas of capital cost reduction will be illustrated by an example of high pressure pipeline design. Capital costs will be compared for five system design pressures that all result in the same maximum flow rate. The optimum high-grade steel will be chosen for each pressure. This will also be compared to costs for using Composite Reinforced Line Pipe (CRLP) a new technology for the pipeline industry.
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Cedere, Dagnija, Rita Birzina, Tamara Pigozne, and Elena Vasilevskaya. "HOW TO MAKE LEARNING IN STEM MEANIGFUL FOR THE MILLENNIUM GENERATION." In 3rd International Baltic Symposium on Science and Technology Education (BalticSTE2019). Scientia Socialis Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/balticste/2019.41.

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The education of today more and more encounters the teaching and learning problems of young adults therefore it is topical to find out how to make the teaching/learning of the Millennium generation meaningful. This issue is especially important in STEM education. The survey involved Grade 10-12 students of Latvia, in total 256 students. Spearman’s correlations and Kruskal-Wallis test were used in the data analysis. The obtained results showed that students- millennials as regards the learning of STEM subjects can be described as real-life oriented, digitally educated who want to participate actively in the teaching/learning process and who want to receive the feedback. Keywords: meaningful learning, Millennium generation, teaching and learning principles, STEM learning.
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Coulson, K. E. W., T. C. Slimmon, and M. A. Murray. "A Structured Approach to Supplier Performance Measurement." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-116.

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The start of the new millennium will see companies in the oil and gas industry faced with a dual challenge. Not only will they have to undertake exploration in more demanding terrain and environments, but they also face far more competition in what they previously regarded as their traditional marketplace. The goal of meeting both shareholder and customer needs, while simultaneously attempting to increase market share by becoming more competitive, will be paramount if this success is to be achieved. While a number of strategies have been developed over the last decade in an attempt to achieve and balance these financial goals, the control and reduction of costs play a significant part in all such ‘cost effective’ programs. Past approaches have targeted the organisational structure, internal processes and strategic advantage through acquisitions, mergers and downsizing. However, any gains realised by such programs must be continuously improved upon by implementing innovative approaches to future reductions and controlling costs. Some companies have shifted the focus from internal cost scrutiny to influencing and ultimately controlling external factors of cost. The supply chain offers a tremendous opportunity to drive out costs, one such approach being to partner with the best suppliers of key components to shorten delivery times while minimizing life cycle costs. It is therefore paramount that one distinguishes between those who are simply suppliers and that smaller group who are the best suppliers, all the while fostering a win-win relationship by sharing growth and profitability. This paper will introduce the concepts of the Supplier Performance Measurement Process (SPMP), which NOVA / TransCanada introduced in late 1997 to measure and manage its suppliers’ performance in the provision of a few strategically critical commodities. To provide context for this paper two such commodities, high pressure line pipe and high integrity pipe coatings are addressed in some detail. The application of the process to these commodities alone yielded a capital cost reduction of 6%. The paper explains in practical terms, the steps involved in the implementation of SPMP, and provides a simple process for eliciting feedback on the efficacy of the procurement process.
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