Academic literature on the topic '3x4 matrix'
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Journal articles on the topic "3x4 matrix"
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Muharmen, Suari. "Analisis Nilai Resistansi pada Konfigurasi Keypad Satu Kabel serta pemanfaatannya dalam media pembelajaran." Natural Science: Jurnal Penelitian Bidang IPA Dan Pendidikan IPA 5, no. 1 (2019): 754–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4399576.
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An analysis of resistance values has been carried out on a single cable keypad configuration using a voltage divider system. The single cable keypad configuration is used to minimize the use of a microcontroller input output line. Keypads can be arranged using a matrix and without a matrix. For without matrix the number of arduino input output paths used is as many as the number of buttons on the keypad while using the matrix the number of input output lines used is fewer, namely the number of rows and columns that make up the matrix keypad. The 3x4 matrix keypad will require 7 microcontroller input output lines. On a one-wire matrix keypad a voltage divider system is used by adjusting the resistance value of a resistor such that the voltage divider output will give a different value for each keypress keypad. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze what resistance value is needed in the matrix keypad configuration so that it is expected that it can be used for a larger matrix size if later in the making of learning media it requires a very large number of buttons.
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Prayoga, Ari, and Bobi Kurniawan. "Prototype Robot Waiter at Fast Food Restaurants." Telekontran : Jurnal Ilmiah Telekomunikasi, Kendali dan Elektronika Terapan 6, no. 2 (2018): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/telekontran.v6i2.3802.
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Abstract - On this day basic human needs are increasing. One example of this can be seen in terms of food, which until now has always been a major need. Fast food restaurants are in great demand by the public because cooking does not require a long time and so that many benefit from the presence of fast food restaurants. To improve service at fast food restaurants espesially for a waiter to efficient in providing food to customers we need research to be carried out on the design and implementation of robot servant prototypes in fast food restaurants automatically. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a prototype robot introduction of food at fast food restaurants automatically. The design begins with a prototype robot intended food delivery to customers in fast food restaurants. This robot moves with three wheels (2 front wheels are connected to the DC motor and the first freewheel that is behind) that moves through the track or line of trajectory to deliver food to the customer table. In addition, it is made also prototype restaurant accidentally in your own design and size that has been adjusted so as to simulate a fast-food restaurant. Prototype robot consists of several key components including the photodiode, push button switches, 3x4 matrix keypad, microcontroller AVR ATmega), DC motor driver and DC motor. The photodiode, push button switches and a 3x4 matrix keypad input (input) of the robotic system that will be processed by the microcontroller AVR ATmega 16 and will produce output (output) in the form of control of output devices such as motor driver DC. In this test, this robot can waiter function properly. For one time delivering food it takes 42 seconds to 1.13 minute. There was a time difference from the results of the trial due to a technical error from the robot while on the track.Keywords: ATmega16, Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Photodiode Sensors, Robot Waiter
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Iftikhar, Mahnoor, Minah Nisar, Aqsa Zahoor, et al. "Automated IV Infusion Control System Design and Development for Medical Use." Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 1 (2023): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v3i1.969.
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For patients suffering from pathological conditions, Intravenous infusion serves to be the go-to treatment, it requires for a medical practitioner to set up the IV infusion device up as per the doctors’ instructions, followed by periodic supervision as abnormalities may occur. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the construction of an automated intravenous infusion control system. Medical and laboratory fluid control has previously been achieved using pressure-based flow sensing, ultrasonic flow measurement, optical flow sensors, capacitive flow sensing, and thermal flow sensing. Due to its reduced susceptibility to external factors, our approach utilizing an IR sensor is particularly advantageous in IV scenarios for accurately detecting fluid drops. An IR sensor, microcontroller, servo motor/peristaltic pump, and an affordable microcontroller are used in this system to allow precise saline circulation rate control. An input control system can be implemented through either a matrix keypad or a single control network server. Controls the drops per minute and allows internet-based server-side control via IR sensor, 3x4 matrix keypad, and Bluetooth module. To accurately measure the saline flow rate and count drops, an IR sensor is integrated into the drip chamber of the saline container. In order to achieve the desired blood flow rate, the microcontroller continuously compares the sensor readings with the commands and adjusts the servo motor/peristaltic pump accordingly. Testing of the completed hardware provided satisfactory results, proving the device's ability to enhance patient care.
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Bhairannawar, Satish s., Raja K B, Venugopal K R, and L. M. Patnaik. "EFFICIENT FPGA BASED MATRIX MULTIPLICATION USING MUX AND VEDIC MULTIPLIER." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 5 (2014): 3452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v12i5.2915.
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Most of the algorithms which are used in DSP, image and video processing, computer graphics, vision and high performance supercomputing applications require multiplication and matrix operation as the kernel operation.In this paper, we propose Efficient FPGA based matrix multiplication using MUX and Vedic multiplier. The 2x2, 3x2 and 3x3 MUX based multipliers are designed. The basic lower order MUX based multipliers are used to design higher order MxN multipliers with a concept of UrdhvaTiryakbyham Vedic approach. The proposed multiplier is used for image processing applications. It is observed that the device utilization and combinational delay are less in the proposed architecture compared to existing architectures.
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Santos, C., M. Fonseca, V. Corregidor, et al. "Investigation of elemental distribution in cat femoral head by nuclear microprobe and SEM for Paget disease of bone studies." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S4 (2013): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001013.
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Paget Disease of Bone is a disorder characterized by abnormal bone remodeling, associated with morphological and functional abnormalities of osteoclasts although its etiology remains unproven. Ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques may be useful to characterize the abnormal distribution and concentration of the major and trace elements that can be associated topagetic bone condition. In order to access the viability of this approach, healthy femoral head of cat has been investigated by Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE),Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).The bone section was irradiated, under vacuum conditions, with a 2.0 MeV alpha particle beam produced by the 2.5 MV Van de Graaff Accelerator of CTN/IST (Lisbon, Portugal). An Oxford Microbeams-type nuclear microprobe was used (OM150 triplet system), which allowed the proton beam to be focused on the bone section with a spatial resolution of 3x4 µm2 and a mean beam current of ~90pA. The X-rays generated by the bone were recorded using an 80 mm2 Link X-ray detector (with a 145 eV energy resolution), that is positioned at 135º to the beam direction. The backscattered particles were collected by a 200 mm2 silicon surface barrier radiation detector with a 15 keV energy resolution that is positioned at 40º to the beam direction in a cornell geometry. SEM observations have been carried out with backscattered electrons (BSE) using a JEOL JSM 7001F microscope equipped with an INCA Oxford Instruments EDS spectrometer for point analyses and X-ray mapping. Standard petrographic procedures have been employed to prepare the samples for SEM observation: the specimens were partly encapsulated in epoxy resin, ground with 800 and 1000-grit SiC paper, polished with 6 μm and 1 μm diamond suspensions and coated with carbon.A selected area of the sample has been scanned with the proton beam, allowing to generateelemental distribution maps for Ca and P (Figure 1). From X-line scans it was possible to extractline profiles of these elements. RBS and PIXE were used to determine the matrix and trace element composition in order to normalize the elemental concentrations. The results are shown in Table 1.Structural information on the Haversian Systems, includingbone lacunaeandosteocytes localization have been obtained by SEM (Figure 2).The combination of these techniques proved to be a viable approach for the Pagetic bone characterization and will be used to analyze the structure of trabecular and cortical bones as well as the distribution and morphology of the pagetic bone cells, which can contribute to clarify the differences between pagetic and healthy bone.V. Corregidor acknowledges the support from FCT-Ciência program. The work was also supported by FCT PEST-OE/CTM-UI0084/2011 grant.
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Scheuer, Jann. "På catwalk med 3x3 matrix." NyS, Nydanske Sprogstudier 24, no. 24 (1998): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nys.v24i24.13399.
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Burns, S. E., K. Reynolds, W. Reeves, et al. "3.4: Flexible Active-Matrix Displays." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 36, no. 1 (2005): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.2036403.
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Jáuregui, Francisco Plascencia, J. J. Raygoza Panduro, Susana Ortega C., and Edwin Becerra. "Implementación de un circuito custom DSP en FPGAs para cálculo del determinante 3x3, y matriz inversa de matrices ortogonales 3x3." RECIBE, REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE COMPUTACIÓN, INFORMÁTICA, BIOMÉDICA Y ELECTRÓNICA 4, no. 2 (2015): E1–1—E1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/recibe.v4i2.38.
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En este artículo se presenta el diseño e implementación de un circuito digital a medida para el cálculo de determinantes de orden 3x3 y matriz inversa de matrices ortogonales 3x3. Se analizan los resultados de la implementación de los circuitos en dos plataformas de familias de dispositivos reconfigurables, estas son Artix 7 y Spartan 6 Low-Power, en los que se comparan la ocupación y los tiempos de respuesta. La descripción del circuito se realizó en Lenguaje de Descripción de Hardware (HDL).
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Rina wijayanti, Rahma, Oryza Ardhiarisca, Fitriya Andriyani, Cherry Triwidiarto, Bekti Govinda, and Maritza Azhara. "Strategi Pengembangan Teaching Factory Tax Center Politeknik Negeri Jember." Jurnal Akuntansi AKUNESA 12, no. 1 (2023): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.26740/akunesa.v12n1.p27-34.
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Penelitian in bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, dan ancaman pada Teaching Factory (TEFA) Tax Center Politeknik Negeri Jember. Penelitian ini juga untuk merumuskan strategi dalam mengembangkan tax center Politeknik Negeri Jember. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan observasi dan wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan Matrik Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE), Matrik Eksternal Factor Evaluation (EFE), dan Matrik Internal-Eksternal, Matrik SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities, threats), dan Matrik QSPM (Quantitative Strategy Planning Matrix). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi pengembangan Tefa Tax Center yaitu menambah jenis dan kualitas pelayanan di Tax Center, mengembangkan Tax Center menjadi Tax Service, pengajuan pendanaan dari Polije, berkolaborasi dalam mengadakan kegiatan yang menunjang kinerja Tax Center, dan melakukan benchmarking ke Tax Center lainya
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Pusztai, B. G., and L. Fehér. "A note on a canonical dynamicalr-matrix." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 34, no. 49 (2001): 10949–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/34/49/314.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "3x4 matrix"
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Machado, Elaine da Silva. "Estudo dos saberes da ação pedagógica sob a perspectiva da matriz 3X3." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Exatas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências e Educação Matemática, 2016. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000206238.
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Neste estudo realizamos uma releitura das descrições dos saberes docentes, na qualidade de relações com o saber, contidas nas células de um instrumento desenvolvido para a análise da ação do professor em sala de aula: a Matriz 3x3, de Arruda, Lima e Passos (2011). A Matriz é formada por nove células nas quais as ações do professor são analisadas em um sistema de relações com o conteúdo (saber disciplinar), o ensino (saber pedagógico) e a aprendizagem (saber didático), nas dimensões epistêmicas (da compreensão), pessoais (do sentido) e sociais (dos valores). Delimitamos nossa releitura ao enriquecimento dessas células a partir de dados retirados da teoria de Gauthier et al. (2013), a respeito dos procedimentos realizados pelos professores os saberes da ação pedagógica. Em razão dessas delimitações a questão que norteou nossa pesquisa foi: como ficariam as descrições das relações com o saber nas células do instrumento Matriz 3x3 se incluíssemos os procedimentos da gestão do ensino organizados por Gauthier? Por meio do método Análise de Conteúdo subcategorizamos as descrições e incluímos cinquenta e seis saberes nas células da Matriz. Para testar essas inserções analisamos dois corpus e elaboramos dois tipos de perfis de gestão das relações um perfil mais geral com o corpus formado com dados das teorias, envolvendo as gestões da matéria e da classe, o ensino e a aprendizagem; e outro mais detalhado com os dados obtidos por meio de notas de campo, acerca da gestão na formação de professores de Ciências, da coordenação do PIBID (Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência) e do sistema didático. Para a categorização dos dados integramos tecnologia e Análise de Conteúdo e otimizamos a análise com o uso do software computacional Focus, de Viscovini et al. (2016). Dentre os resultados do estudo respondemos que as células da Matriz ficaram subcategorizadas e a maioria recebeu mais descrições, principalmente em torno das relações epistêmicas do professor com o ensino (célula 2A da Matriz, saber pedagógico) e sociais com a aprendizagem (célula 3C, saber didático). No entanto, duas células da Matriz permaneceram originais porque não identificamos nos dados de Gauthier et al. (2013), algumas das relações descritas por Arruda, Lima e Passos (2011). Concluímos que é pertinente o estudo dos saberes da ação pedagógica sob a perspectiva da Matriz 3x3 porque esses saberes são ligados à ação e nos possibilitaram enriquecer as descrições das relações; e devido à amplitude identificada na perspectiva de Arruda, Lima e Passos (2011) para caracterizar a ação docente. Nossas principais reflexões foram a respeito da Matriz, dos saberes da ação pedagógica enquanto relações com o saber, das relações na formação inicial de professores no contexto do sistema didático e dos sujeitos do mundo escolar, e da influência do tempo no perfil de gestão das relações.<br>In this study we carried out a rereading of the descriptions of teaching knowledges, in while of relations with the knowledge, contained in the cells of an instrument developed for analysis of teachers action in the classroom: The Matrix 3x3 by Arruda, Lima and Passos (2011). This Matrix is composed of nine cells, in which the actions of teachers are analyzed in a system of relationships with knowledge (disciplinary knowledge), teaching (pedagogical knowledge), and learning (didactic knowledge); in the epistemic dimensions (understanding), personal (taste, interest), and social (values). We defined our rereading to enrichment of these cells with the data selected from the theory of Gauthier et al. (2013), about the procedures (operations, tasks, behaviors, decisions and ideas) accomplished by teachers and observed in the classroom the knowledge of pedagogical action. In reason of those definitions the question that guided our research was: how would be the descriptions of relationships with knowledge in the cells of the Matrix 3x3 instrument if we included the procedures of classroom management organized by Gauthier? By means of the Content Analysis method we subcategorized descriptions and included fifty-six knowledge in Matrix cells. To test these inclusions we analyzed two corpus and elaboreted two types of profiles management of the relationship with knowledge: a more general profile with the corpus formed with the data theories, involving the management of classroom, the teaching and learning; and a more detailed profile with the data obtained by means of field notes, about managing the training of Science teachers, coordination of PIBID (Institutional Scholarship Program of Initiation to Teaching), and the didatic system. For the categorization of data we integrated technology and Content Analysis and optimized the analysis with the use of computer software Focus by Viscovini et al. (2016). Among the study results we answer that the Matrix cells were subcategorized and most received more descriptions, mainly around the epistemic relations of teacher with education (2A Matrix cell, pedagogical knowledge) and social with learning 3C cell, didatic knowledge). However, two cells of the Matrix remained originals because we did not identify in the data from Gauthier et al. (2013), some of the relationships described by Arruda, Lima and Passos (2011). We conclude that is pertinent the study the knowledge of pedagogical action in the perspective of the Matrix 3x3 because such knowledge is linked to the action, and it enabled us to enrich the descriptions of relations and the profiles management; and because of the magnitude identified the perspective of Arruda, Lima and Passos (2011) to characterize the teaching action. Our main thoughts were about the Matrix, the knowledge of pedagogical action as relationships with knowledge, relationships in initial teacher education in the context of the didactic system and the members of the school world, and the time influence on profiles management of the relationship with knowledge.
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Schimmel, Claudia [Verfasser]. "Bounds for the decay in matrix functions and its exploitation in matrix computations / Claudia Schimmel." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1206120592/34.
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Antti, Marta-Lena. "All-oxide ceramic matrix composites." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2001. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2001/34/index.html.
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Forget, Aurelien [Verfasser], and V. Prasad [Akademischer Betreuer] Shastri. "Synthetic extracellular matrix for controlled endothelial cell organization = Synthetische Extrazelluläre Matrix für die Organisation von Endothelzellen." Freiburg : Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1123478791/34.
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Reynolds, Mark Andrew. "Load-sensitive fluid-flow through fracture-matrix systems." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/354.
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Arnonkijpanich, Banchar. "Matrix learning for topographic neural maps." Clausthal-Zellerfeld Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003854443/34.
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Boysen, Dirk [Verfasser]. "Das Matrix-Galerkin-Verfahren / Dirk Boysen." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107627045X/34.
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Cakal, Ulgen. "Natural Gas Purification By Zeolite Filled Polyethersulfone Based Mixed Matrix Membranes." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611206/index.pdf.
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This research investigates the effect of feed composition on the separation performance of pure polyethersulfone (PES) and different types of PES based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) in order to develop high performing membranes for CO2/CH4 separation. MMMs were prepared by solvent evaporation method using PES as the polymer matrix with SAPO-34 particles as fillers, and 2-hydroxy 5-methyl aniline (HMA) as the low molecular weight additive. Four types of membranes were used throughout the study, namely pure PES membrane, PES/HMA (4, 10%w/w) membrane, PES/SAPO-34 (20%w/w) MMM, PES/SAPO-34 (20%w/w)/HMA (4, 10%w/w) MMM. The effect of CO2 composition on the performance of the membranes was investigated in detail with a wide feed composition range changing between 0 and 100%. In addition to separating CO2/CH4 binary gas mixtures, the separation performances of these membranes were determined by measuring single gas permeabilities at 35º<br>C, with a feed pressure of 3 bar. Moreover, the membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA).
The separation selectivities of all types of membranes generally observed to be independent of feed composition. The composition independency of these membranes
eliminates the need of investigating at which feed gas composition the prepared membranes are best performing for practical applications. PES/SAPO-34/HMA MMMs with HMA loading of 10% and SAPO-34 loading of 20% demonstrated the highest separation selectivity of about 40, and the ideal selectivity of 44, among the used membranes.
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Pauly, Markus [Verfasser]. "Chern characters for matrix factorizations / Markus Pauly." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187681229/34.
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Günther, Ute [Verfasser]. "Extrazelluläre Matrix bei entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen / Ute Günther." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/115660317X/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "3x4 matrix"
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Poloni, Federico. Algorithms for Quadratic Matrix and Vector Equations. Scuola Normale Superiore, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-7642-384-0.
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Savinykh, Vi͡acheslav. Izobrazhenii͡a Bozhieĭ Materi i svi͡atykh pravoslavnoĭ t͡serkvi: 324 risunka, vypolnennye svi͡ashchennikom Vi͡acheslavom (Savinykh) i N. Sheli͡aginoĭ. Izd. Khram Spasa Nerukotvornogo Obraza v Andronikove monastyre, 1995.
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Urso, Elena, ed. Le ragioni degli altri. Firenze University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-324-3.
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Il volume raccoglie diversi contributi, molti dei quali presentati in occasione di un ciclo biennale di incontri comparatistici, svoltisi presso l’Università degli Studi di Firenze ed organizzati dalla curatrice, con l’intento di proporre una visione critica ed interdisciplinare del tema della mediazione familiare. Dapprima, si affronta il tema della ‘giustizia mite’, grazie a una serie di saggi dedicati alla prospettiva filosofica, psicologica e formativa, nonché ai profili giuridici della materia. Si analizzano, inoltre, le esperienze dei principali ordinamenti di common law e di civil law, di cui si fornisce un esteso approfondimento, compiuto da vari esperti stranieri. Si prende in esame, quindi, un insieme di questioni attualmente oggetto di un acceso diabattito, in quanto correlate alla compresenza di modelli tradizionali ed innovativi, nell’ambito delle relazioni familiari. Infine, si dà spazio ad una riflessione incentrata sulle garanzie da apprestare a tutela dei soggetti coinvolti nel conflitto, non solo all’interno della famiglia, ma anche nel più ampio contesto educativo e sociale.
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Metal Matrix Composite Fatigue and Fracture Testing, Jan 1972 - Dec 1989, 374 Pb90-85-6113. Natl Technical Information, 1989.
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Rappard, Kai von. SmartUp - Als Führungskraft Klug Aufsteigen: Die 3x3-Matrix Für Den Einstieg in Deine Neue Leadership-Herausforderung. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 2021.
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Midori Kashiwagi, Helena, and Renata da Silva Gerhardt Pereira. Nhandereko o Bem Viver Guarani. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-384-8.
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O Nhandereko (jeito Guarani de ser) semelhante ao Bem Viver, trata do conhecimento ancestral, próprio do povo Mbya Guarani. Essa expressão equivale à expressão Bien Vivir (Bem Viver) de matriz representativa de diferentes povos andinos. O Nhandereko consiste em como esses povos organizam, sua sociedade e seu modo de vida, conforme suas cosmovisões e conhecimentos ancestrais de forma transdisciplinar. Nesse contexto a pesquisa clarifica a concepção do que se apresenta como resistência e emancipação, inserida no contexto social, ambiental e cultural. A abordagem foi caracterizada pela Fenomenologia de Merleau Ponty, tendo Paulo Freire como referência e outros autores fazendo menção à Pedagogia Indígena, Ernst Cassirer promove a relação das representações simbólicas com o viver Mbya Guarani. A pesquisa foi participativa, tendo base na vivência para a coleta de dados, orais e escritos, além de promover uma interação social entre os participantes. Os procedimentos técnicos próprios da pesquisa de campo, utiliza meios propostos pela etnografia como: diário de campo, registros gráficos, roda de conversa, entrevistas, observações, fotografias, filmagens e áudios. O resultado apontou para a similaridade do Nhandereko com o Bem Viver, demonstrando um modo de vida com educação própria, resistente à colonização.
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Imízcoz Beunza, José María, and Osvaldo Víctor Pereyra, eds. Redes y relaciones Europa-América. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/978-950-34-2151-2.
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El presente volumen de la colección HisMundI: Redes y relaciones Europa-América tiene como objetivo presentar al público especializado y al general, investigaciones centradas en la utilización del paradigma relacional. Su propósito ha sido el de adentrarnos en la propia construcción de estas investigaciones realzando así el objeto y su problemática. Hemos querido, de este modo, concentrar esfuerzos en la discusión de la aplicabilidad de esta matriz teórico-analítica para repensar las interrelaciones al interior de los grupos sociales complejos en la Modernidad. Más que un simple manual o recetario, se ofrece al posible lector un abanico variopinto de abordajes concretos, y reflexiones sobre una diversidad de problemas y temporalidades, abarcando el espacio Atlántico y sus estrechas conexiones.
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Lafit, Facundo. Vientos de Libertad: El liberalismo hispánico y la cultura política en el proceso revolucionario rioplatense (1801-1814). Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/978-950-34-2167-3.
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Este libro procura realizar un aporte al estudio de la cultura política del Río de la Plata en el tránsito entre el Antiguo Régimen y la República, presentando una lectura crítica de la relación entre el liberalismo hispánico y los grupos dirigentes del proceso revolucionario rioplatense. Busca indagar en la recepción, apropiación, recorte y selección del pensamiento reformista ilustrado y, posteriormente, de la matriz liberal peninsular al calor de la crisis política imperial abierta con las abdicaciones de Bayona y la guerra contra la ocupación francesa. El estudio hace foco en la dinámica política de las elites de Buenos Aires, y en menor medida de Montevideo. La investigación se centra en el lapso comprendido entre los años 1801-1814, durante el cual se puede observar no solo el contacto de la elite letrada rioplatense con el reformismo ilustrado hispánico, sino también el proceso de politización y radicalización que se irá operando en ella, hasta llegar al período revolucionario propiamente dicho (1808-1814), en el que será verificable la articulación de la intelectualidad revolucionaria criolla en redes asociativas y una intensa actividad política a través de la prensa, el catecismo político y la movilización.
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Gonzales Cáceres, Keny, Luis Ricardo Paredes Quiroz, and Dagnith Liz Bejarano Luján. Mejoramiento de la producción de queso fresco en la empresa agroindustrial El Tambo S.A. Abancay - Apurímac. Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle (UNE) - Fondo Editorial La Cantuta, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54942/lacantuta.34.
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El trabajo desempeñado en los cambios implementados mediante el fortalecimiento de capacidades de los actores desde los productores de leche, asociaciones de los diferentes sectores del distrito de Tamburco, que intervienen en la línea de lácteos se ha desarrollado en el marco del objetivo Fortalecimiento de Capacidades para la Mejora del Rendimiento en la Producción de Queso Fresco en la Empresa Agroindustrial El Tambo, S.A. permitiendo la producción de queso fresco, con resultados positivos en la obtención de mejores niveles de rendimiento, al compararlos con los resultados de año anteriores. Las actividades desarrolladas para mejorar la producción de queso fresco, incluyeron el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de los proveedores de leche (materia prima), que consistió en dirigir y controlar el acopio de leche fresca; gestionar y contribuir con el fortalecimiento de las capacid ades de los colaboradores que intervinieron en las etapas de transformación de leche fresca en queso fresco; también se contribuyó con el diseño y la construcción de la planta de procesamiento de derivados lácteos, gestionando la selección e implementación de equipos y sistemas de medición, para obtener mejores niveles de rendimiento en la producción de queso fresco. Estas operaciones de transformación de leche fresca en queso fresco se desarrollaron con la finalidad de obtener un producto de calidad, mejorando la productividad de la empresa y la administración de las labores de capacitación, mediante la elaboración e implementación de formularios y esquemas especializados en metodologías, en la formación de los trabajadores de la empresa como adiestramiento en “Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura” BPM, “Procedimientos de Higiene y Saneamiento” PHS y el “Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control” APPCC o HACCP “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points”, que contribuyó al logro de mejores rendimientos en la elaboración de queso fresco, en comparación a años anteriores.
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Cabral, Paz, Brunela Germán, and Angela Oyhandy, eds. Cuarto informe sobre delitos y violencias en la provincia de Buenos Aires 2009-2021. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/978-950-34-2163-5.
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Este informe fue elaborado por el equipo del Observatorio de Políticas de Seguridad de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (OPS), radicado en la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. El trabajo aporta información estadística sobre las tendencias en materia de violencia letal y altamente lesiva durante el período 2009-2021, tanto en la provincia de Buenos Aires como en departamentos judiciales del conurbano bonaerense. Además de presentar la dinámica del total de IPPs, se analizan los datos de homicidios dolosos consumados, tentativas de homicidios, homicidios culposos, lesiones leves, amenazas, robos, delitos contra la integridad sexual y el delito de infracción a la Ley 23.737 (de tenencia y tráfico de estupefacientes). A su vez, se incluye un análisis de los homicidios dolosos desagregado por departamentos judiciales que permite mostrar la heterogeneidad territorial de la provincia.
Book chapters on the topic "3x4 matrix"
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Ortega, James M. "Quadratic Forms and Optimization." In Matrix Theory. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0471-3_4.
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Parks, Robert G. "Matrix Algebra." In Quattro Pro® for Scientific and Engineering Spreadsheets. Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2810-3_4.
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Riehl, Emily. "Complicial Sets, an Overture." In MATRIX Book Series. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72299-3_4.
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Peters, P. W. M., and K. Schulte. "Polymer Matrix Composites." In Advanced Aerospace Materials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50159-3_4.
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Rovensky, Yury A. "The Extracellular Matrix." In Adhesive Interactions in Normal and Transformed Cells. Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-304-2_2.
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Klein, Bernd. "Die Matrix-Steifigkeitsmethode." In FEM. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85604-3_4.
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Bini, Dario, and Victor Y. Pan. "Parallel Polynomial and Matrix Computations." In Polynomial and Matrix Computations. Birkhäuser Boston, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0265-3_4.
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Bengtsson, S., B. Johannesson, and R. Warren. "Profile Analysis of Fracture Surfaces in Multiphase Brittle Solids." In Brittle Matrix Composites 1. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4319-3_4.
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Seiferlein, Werner. "Erstellen der Basis-Matrix." In Wohlbefindlichkeitsfaktoren für verschiedene Branchen. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31007-3_4.
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Poloni, Federico. "Unilateral quadratic matrix equations." In Algorithms for Quadratic Matrix and Vector Equations. Scuola Normale Superiore, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-7642-384-0_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "3x4 matrix"
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S, Elango, Stephen Sagayaraj A, Surendhar D, and Nivethitha M. "VLSI Implementation of Pipelined PE Systolic Array-Based 3x3 Matrix Multiplication for Deep Neural Network Accelerator." In 2025 Fourth International Conference on Smart Technologies, Communication and Robotics (STCR). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/stcr62650.2025.11018922.
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Ondrejcin, R. S., G. R. Caskey, P. Aldred, W. L. Clarke, and S. A. Wilson. "Aqueous Impurity Effects on Stainless Steel IGSCC: a Central Composite Matrix Analysis." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89505.
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Abstract Sixty sensitized Type 304 stainless steel CERT samples were tested in a central composite statistical matrix to determine the effects of temperature, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfate and chloride concentrations and to rank them with respect to aggressiveness. Measurement and control of the variables was in real time. The ranges of these variables were based on the moderator conditions in Savannah River Plant reactors and are similar to conditions during some light-water reactor start-ups.
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Wu, Xinqiang, Mingcheng Sun, and En-Hou Han. "Oxidation of Stainless Steels and Nickel-Base Alloys in Supercritical Water Containing H2O2 Environments." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10197.
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Abstract Corrosion behaviors of stainless steels and nickel-base alloys were investigated in H2O2-containing SCW environments. The effects of temperature, exposure time and H2O2 concentration were examined. The mass gain and the morphologies, microstructures, compositions and structures of the oxide scales were investigated using weight measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Duplex layers of the oxide scales were observed for both the stainless steel and nickel-base alloy after exposure in SCWO environments, consisting of an outer layer of large-grain oxides and an inner layer of fine-grain oxides. The duplex-layer structure was identified to be Ni(OH)2/NiO/NiCr2O4/Cr2O3/alloy matrix from outer to inner layer for the nickel-base alloy, and to be FeOOH/(Fe,Cr)2O3/(Fe,Cr)3O4/Cr2O3/Ni-rich layer/steel matrix for the stainless steel. A nickel enrichment was observed at the oxide/matrix interface for the stainless steel, especially at higher temperatures. The growth mechanisms of the oxide scales on the stainless steel and nickel-base alloy are discussed.
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Sadek, A. Z., and A. M. El-Sheikh. "Failure Analysis of SS 304 Weldments by Metallurgically Enhanced Stress Corrosion Cracking in Laboratory Environments." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00365.
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Abstract The mechanisms of metallurgically enhanced crack initiation and propagation in austenitic stainless steel weldments were investigated using electrochemical and physical methods. The test media was boiling Magnesium Chloride solutions, MgCl2, at 32% and 37% weight respectively. A batch of U-Bend specimens was tested at each salt concentration. Optical and electron microscopy was used to examine cracked weldments. Traditionally, welding rods used for joining austenitic stainless steels contain a percentage of retained δ-ferrite. This small content of the electrically active phase remains trapped between interdendritic arms of the austenitic matrix after solidification. Such a situation leads to the formation of numerous microgalvanic cell systems in the electrolytic test media. It was found from optical and electron microscopy results that δ-ferrite rich interdendritic spaces suffered excessive preferential dissolution in favor of austenitic dendrites. It was also found that initiated cracks propagated along interdendritic spaces suitably aligned with respect to the stress field. Electrochemical test results indicate that weldments tend to corrode along the borderline between activity and passivity. The results further suggest that weldments exhibited repetitive cycles of passive film formation and dissolution.
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Zabielski, Chester V., and Milton Levy. "Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition of Metals/Alloys in Methylphosphonic Difluoride and Decontaminating Solutions." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94544.
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Abstract Electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization studies have been carried out for a variety of ferrous and nonferrous metals in methylphosphonic difluoride. Studies of the effect of organic inhibitors on the corrosion rate of 1020 steel (UNS G10200), 316L (UNS S31603), and 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) and magnesium in methylphosphonic difluoride were also carried out. In addition, electrochemical studies were conducted in decontaminating solutions of sodium carbonate, organic/hydroxide and bleach. General corrosion rates are reported for ferrous alloys, titanium, aluminum alloys, magnesium, and two metal-matrix composites in full strength and diluted decontaminating solutions.
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Cuevas, Alejandro, Kimberly J. Schumann, Christopher J. Simpson, and Vilupanur A. Ravi. "Aluminizing of Stainless Steel." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01710.
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Abstract Aluminide coatings were applied by halide activated pack cementation to austenitic 304 stainless steel substrates. The evolution of coating microstructure as a function of coating process parameters, e.g., temperature, time, etc., was explored. Stainless steel type 304 was chosen as a model substrate to understand the kinetics of aluminizing and for the potential enhancement in high temperature corrosion resistance. The kinetics of the aluminizing process was studied at different temperatures in the 650 – 850°C range and times in the 1 – 25 h range. At 650°C, the coating consisted of a single layer containing two phases tentatively identified as Al5FeNi (Cr) as the matrix with a dispersed aluminide, Al86Fe14. At 850°C, the coatings initially consist of at least two layers containing three phases [with a preliminary identification as Al86Fe14, AlxFey(Ni,Cr) and Al5Fe Ni(Cr) which transitions to a single layer of possibly AlxFey(Ni,Cr) and intermetallic precipitates of undetermined composition.
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Andresen, Peter L., Greg M. Catlin, Lisa M. Young, and Gerald M. Gordon. "Crack Initiation of Alloy 22 in Concentrated Groundwater." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04691.
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Abstract The influence of material and applied stress on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) were evaluated to ≈ 18,500 hours on candidate waste package materials for the Yucca Mountain Project. Time-to-failure experiments were being performed on smooth bar tensile specimens in a hot, concentrated, mixed-salt solution chosen to simulate concentrated Yucca Mountain water. The effects of applied stress, welding, surface finish, shot peening, cold work, crevicing, and aging treatment are investigated for Alloy 22 (UNS N06022). Aging treatments were designed to produce topologically close-packed phases (TCP) and long-range ordering (LRO) as worse-case scenarios for possible microstructures in Alloy 22. Titanium Grade 7 and type 316NG stainless steel were also included in the matrix, as they were also being considered for drip shield and waste package components, respectively. Sensitized type 304 stainless steel was evaluated to provide benchmark data.
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Sydow, Jason P., David L. Reichert, and Glenn E. Stoner. "Comparison of the Double Loop EPR Test with ASTM Practice A-262B." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90133.
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Abstract The purpose of this work was to compare the degree of sensitization (DOS) data from a modified double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation test (modified DL EPR) with an ASTM standard practice for detecting sensitization. The DL EPR test was modified for use with cast stainless steels because the stronger passivation characteristics of duplex ferrite/austenite castings rendered the standard EPR test results inconclusive1. The samples used for these tests were CF8, the cast version of wrought 304 stainless steel. CF8 is roughly composed of 18 wt% Chromium, 8 wt% Nickel with the balance being Iron. The exact composition is given in table 1. Its microstructure consists of 12% ferrite by volume in an austenite matrix. The results from the separate tests showed a strong correlation between the DOS data from the modified DL EPR test and the corrosion rate data of the ASTM A-262B test.
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Sreekumari, Kurissery R., Kanavillil Nandakumar, and Yasushi Kikuchi. "Effect of Metal Microstructure on Bacterial Attachment: a Contributing Factor for Preferential MIC Attack of Welds." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04597.
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Abstract Majority of microbiologically influenced corrosion failure cases is reported at or near welds. Experiments on bacterial attachment on AISI type 304 stainless steel welds and base metals were carried out to investigate whether factors other than surface roughness influence the attachment. Coupon exposure studies were done using two heterotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. isolated from MIC failure cases. Results showed that bacteria colonized more on weld metal coupons than on basemetal. Experiments that addressed the role of grain boundary/austenite-ferrite interfaces on bacterial attachment showed that initial attachment occurred along the grain boundary/austenite-ferrite interfaces, suggesting the influence of microstructure. Elemental segregation during welding and/or differential energy distribution between matrix and grain boundaries were suggested as the possible reasons for this pattern of attachment. Mitigation of bacterial attachment by altering the alloying element composition and microstructure is discussed.
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Sadek, Ashraf Z., Nahed A. A. Reheem Aly, M. F. El-Demerdash, and Ahmed M. El-Sheikh. "Laboratory Examination of SCC Initiation and Propagation Mechanisms in Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldment Type 304 in Boiling MgCl2 Solutions at Various Concentrations. A Chemo-Physical Approach." In CORROSION 1999. NACE International, 1999. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1999-99158.
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Abstract Constant strain rate tests were conducted on welded austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 (UNS 30400) in boiling MgCl2 solutions at concentrations of 32% and 37% weight respectively. Potentiodynamic anodic polarization tests were carried out on unstressed welded coupons. Open circuit potential measurements on stressed specimens showed that weldments exhibited free corrosion behavior in the active-passive region. Residual ferrite phase in weldments was detected using experimental and analytical methods. The presence of residual delta ferrite in weldments is hypothesized to have been responsible for the formation of microgalvanic cells that lead to the selective dissolution of the ferrite phase in favor of the austenitic matrix. This situation provided suitable nucleation sites for cracking, and its simultaneous occurrence promoted crack propagation. Optical and electron microscopy investigations support this hypothesis and show that weldment interdendritic spaces suffered selective dissolution and that crack propagation followed a preferential path along delta ferrite rich interdendritic arms. It was also revealed by the optical and electron microscopy investigations that crack growth took place by the union of longitudinally aligned interdendritic arms. The results are in agreement with the Parkins model of crack nucleation by simultaneous action of passive film formation, film rupture.
Reports on the topic "3x4 matrix"
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Ames, R. R. Interim safety basis compliance matrix for Trenches 31 and 34. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10118428.
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Sirivat, Anuvat. Electrically controlled release of drugs from alginate hydrogels for transdermal drug delivery application. Chulalongkorn University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2014.80.
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A drug-loaded conductive polymer/hydrogel blend, benzoic acid-loaded poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/alginate (BA-loaded PEDOT/Alg) hydrogel, was used as a carrier/matrix for an electrical stimuli transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS). The effects of crosslinking ratio, PEDOT particle size, and electric field strength on the release mechanism and the diffusion coefficient (D) of BA were examined by using a modified Franz-diffusion cell. The diffusion scaling exponent value of BA is close to 0.5 which refers to the diffusion controlled mechanism, or the Fickian diffusion as the BA release mechanism. The D increased when there was a decrease in the crosslinking ratio due to the mesh size-hindering effect. When increasing electric field strength, the D of BA-loaded PEDOT/Alg hydrogel increased because the cathode-BA electrorepulsion, electro-induced alginate expansion, and PEDOT electro-neutralization simultaneously occurred. The highest D belonged to a blend with the smallest PEDOT particle and highest electrical conductivity. The D of BA was a function of the matrix mesh size except when drug size/mesh size was lower than 2.38x10³, where D of BA became mesh size independent as the matrix mesh size was extremely large. Thus, the fabricated conductive polymer hydrogel blends have a great potential to be used in TDDS under electrical stimulation.
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Carlyle, D. W. Compliance matrix for the mixed waste disposal facilities, Trenches 31 & 34, burial ground 218-W-5. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10106522.
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Johnson, K. D. Compliance matrix for the mixed waste disposal facilities, trenches 31 and 34, burial ground 218-W-5. Revision 2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/79100.
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Carlyle, D. W. Compliance matrix for the Mixed Waste Disposal Facilities, Trenches 31 and 34, burial ground 218-W-5. Revision 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10118129.
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Walker, Michael, Gill Holcombe, Clare Mills, Chiara Nitride, and Adrian Rogers. Development of Reference Materials for food allergen analysis. Food Standards Agency, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.hwt621.
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Food hypersensitivity is an increasing problem for many stakeholders with much effort focused on assessment and management of the risks including risk assessment toolkits (for example, the Allergen Bureau (Opens in a new window) Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling VITAL®, the iFAAM consortium (Opens in a new window) and the ILSI-Europe Allergen Quantitative Risk Assessment guidance (Opens in a new window)). These toolkits describe the use of action levels and reference doses to assess the risks. A combination of the estimated eliciting dose of allergenic food, (in milligrams as protein) and the amount of food consumed in a single eating occasion can give a threshold or action level as milligrams (as protein) per kilogram (kg) of food) (mg kg-1 as protein) that would provoke an reaction in a given proportion of the allergic population. The eliciting dose is extrapolated from oral food clinical dose-distribution relationships. The results of analysis can be compared to the thresholds or action levels in risk assessment and risk management. Precautionary allergen labelling, well recognized as sub-optimal, could also be improved via an action level approach. Implementation and regulation depend on the ability to measure allergens properly; yet all current analytical approaches exhibit deficiencies, many of which can be addressed by the proper use of appropriate allergen reference materials (RMs). This report describes a pilot project to: 1) Systematically review allergen analytical targets used in ELISA, PCR and MS to allow the creation of a repository of reliable markers and open access verified allergen sequence sets for the studied allergens; 2) Facilitate a guided stakeholder workshop to achieve consensus on priority allergens, physical format of RMs, incurred concentrations and impact of processing; 3) Prepare a RM kit containing (a) a food matrix shown to be devoid of the target allergens, (b) the food matrix incurred with 5 allergens and (c) the raw materials (the allergenic foods); 4) Disseminate to encourage RM use to achieve tangible improvements in allergen analysis, establish a template of best practice for the future and make recommendations for follow up work to complete a set of RMs for the legislated and priority allergens. The RM matrix is based on that used for clinical dose-distribution studies and the raw allergen materials have been characterised by proteomics. The matrix and incurred allergens are industrially relevant to processed foods and the allergen concentrations are clinically relevant in the light of eliciting dose studies. The RM kit has been prepared following a well-established process that includes prescribed homogeneity and stability studies and a formal sign-off procedure of the statements of measurement, in accordance with ISO 17034:2016 ‘General requirements for the competence of reference material producers’ (an updated standard originally ISO GUIDE 34:2009). In October 2020 following detailed external assessment the RM kit was confirmed within the NML scope of ISO 17034 accreditation. ISO 17034:2016 covers the production of all reference materials, including certified reference materials. It is intended as part of the general quality assurance procedures of the reference material producer. LGC formed a consortium which was awarded this project by the FSA following an open competitive tender. The consortium consisted of LGC, the University of Manchester and Romer Laboratories Ltd. The consortium is world leading in (a) the preparation, curation and distribution of RMs in an accredited environment and (b) the characterisation of allergen proteins. Synergy with other concurrent work (for example, by iFAAM, EFSA, ILSI, MoniQA, JRC, and AOAC) has ensured value for money. This report has been compiled from a review of a broad range of data sources including: the scientific literature the tender documents progress reports and minutes of project meetings LGC internal documents and in particular the Material Report[1] UoM reports Romer Lab reports.
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Amézquita Quintana, Constanza. La incorporación de la Agenda 2030 en el programa de Licenciatura en Bilingüismo con énfasis en Español e Inglés de la Institución Universitaria Colombo Americana - ÚNICA 2024-I: Una Sistematización de las estrategias pedagógicas implementadas en materia de Agenda 2030 y Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Institución Universitaria Colombo Americana, 2024. https://doi.org/10.26817/paper.28.
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Este working paper se enfoca en el abordaje de la Agenda 2030 y los ODS en el programa de Licenciatura en Bilingüismo con énfasis en Español e Inglés de la Institución Universitaria Colombo Americana- ÚNICA durante el primer semestre del año 2024, a través de la sistematización de las estrategias pedagógicas en materia de Agenda 2030 implementadas en dicho programa durante el período en mención. Este Working paper es resultado del proyecto de investigación titulado “Sistematización de la transversalización de la Agenda 2030 y los ODS en la Institución Universitaria Colombo Americana – ÚNICA mediante el programa ‘ÚNICA al servicio de los ODS’” iniciado en 2023 por la autora. Se recopilaron y sistematizaron las estrategias pedagógicas en materia de Agenda 2030 creadas por los docentes de la licenciatura en 2024-I, teniendo en cuenta: (1) el número de estrategias pedagógicas implementadas durante el semestre, (2) el número de asignaturas que implementaron dichas estrategias, (3) los ODS implementados, (4) las competencias transversales para la sostenibilidad promovidas, y (5) la metodología empleada. Los resultados muestran que el 76% de las asignaturas de este semestre implementó una estrategia pedagógica orientada a promover el conocimiento y la apropiación de la Agenda 2030 entre los estudiantes. Del total de asignaturas que llevaron a cabo dicha implementación, el ODS 4 (garantizar una educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad) fue el más empleado, estando incluido en el 34% de las asignaturas. Entretanto, no fueron abordados el ODS 7 (energía limpia y sostenible), el ODS 8 (crecimiento económico incluyente y sostenible) ni el ODS 17 (alianzas para lograr los objetivos). En cuanto a las competencias transversales para la sostenibilidad, las más promovidas fueron el pensamiento crítico, el pensamiento sistémico y la autoconciencia. Con respecto a la metodología empleadas por estas estrategias pedagógicas, el Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP) fue adoptado por el 59% de las asignaturas, destacándose como recursos didacticos las presentaciones orales en formatos diversos, las reflexiones grupales sobre ODS, mesas redondas y plenarias, así como los análisis de casos.
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Miller, Sebastián J. BIDeconomics Chile: panorama de oportunidades. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004860.
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Chile se convirtió en el de mayor ingreso per cápita en la región y el de mejor índice de Desarrollo Humano, muy cerca del promedio de los miembros de la OCDE. Es el país de la región que más avances ha hecho en Objetivos de desarrollo Sostenible y el número 31 del mundo. Pero aun cuando persisten desafíos. Las protestas de 2019 llevaron a momentos difíciles y de la crisis surgió una oportunidad para realizar nuevas e importantes transformaciones. Afortunadamente, Chile tiene experiencia al respecto: un historial de reformas, profundas y relevantes. Si hoy son líderes regionales es gracias a esas iniciativas de cambio y no a pesar de ellas, en términos económicos, de gobernanza, sociales y ambientales. Pasado el momento más crítico de la pandemia, es tiempo de retomar la senda. Chile tardaría en cerrar varias de sus brechas muestra que en materia de pobreza le tomaría 27 años. Los mismos 27 años demoraría el sector financiero en cerrar sus brechas. Un poco más lejos están los desafíos de género (31 años), protección social y trabajo (34) y salud (35). Los mayores retos se encuentran en las áreas de infraestructura (casi 91 años para cerrar las brechas actuales), medio ambiente (116 años) y deuda y política económica (228). Este documento plantea recomendaciones puntuales para que Chile crezca de manera sostenible y con equidad. Para ello hemos dividido las recomendaciones en dos grandes propósitos: vida digna y, por otro lado, sociedad próspera y moderna.
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Ley, Matt, Tom Baldvins, David Jones, Hanna Pilkington, and Kelly Anderson. Vegetation classification and mapping: Gulf Islands National Seashore. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299028.
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The Gulf Islands National Seashore (GUIS) vegetation inventory project classified and mapped vegetation on park-owned lands within the administrative boundary and estimated thematic map accuracy quantitatively. The project began in June 2016. National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program provided technical guidance. The overall process included initial planning and scoping, imagery procurement, field data collection, data analysis, imagery interpretation/classification, accuracy assessment (AA), and report writing and database development. Initial planning and scoping meetings took place during May, 2016 in Ocean Springs, Mississippi where representatives gathered from GUIS, the NPS Gulf Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network, and Colorado State University. Primary imagery used for interpretation was 4-band (RGB and CIR) orthoimages from 2014 and 2016 with resolutions of 15 centimeters (cm) (Florida only) and 30 cm. Supplemental imagery with varying coverage across the study area included National Aerial Imagery Program 50 cm imagery for Mississippi (2016) and Florida (2017), 15 and 30 cm true color Digital Earth Model imagery for Mississippi (2016 and 2017), and current and historical true-color Google Earth and Bing Map imagery. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Geodetic Survey 30 cm true color imagery from 2017 (post Hurricane Nate) supported remapping the Mississippi barrier islands after Hurricane Nate. The preliminary vegetation classification included 59 United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC) associations. Existing vegetation and mapping data combined with vegetation plot data contributed to the final vegetation classification. Quantitative classification using hierarchical clustering and professional expertise was supported by vegetation data collected from 250 plots in 2016 and 29 plots in 2017 and 2018, as well as other observational data. The final vegetation classification includes 39 USNVC associations and 5 park special types; 18 forest and woodland, 7 shrubland, 17 herbaceous, and 2 sparse vegetation types were identified. The final GUIS map consists of 38 map classes. Land cover classes include four types: non-vegetated barren land / borrow pit, developed open space, developed low – high intensity, and water/ocean. Of the 34 vegetation map classes, 26 represent a single USNVC association/park special, six map classes contain two USNVC associations/park specials, and two map classes contain three USNVC associations/park specials. Forest and woodland associations had an abundance of sand pine (Pinus clausa), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), sand live oak (Quercus geminata), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). Shrubland associations supported dominant species such as eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), and sand live oak (Quercus geminata). Herbaceous associations commonly included camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), needlegrass rush (Juncus roemerianus), bitter seabeach grass (Panicum amarum var. amarum), gulf bluestem (Schizachyrium maritimum), saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), and sea oats (Uniola paniculata). The final GUIS vegetation map consists of 1,268 polygons totaling 35,769.0 hectares (ha) or 88,387.2 acres (ac). Mean polygon size excluding water is 3.6 ha (8.9 ac). The most abundant land cover class is open water/ocean which accounts for approximately 31,437.7 ha (77,684.2 ac) or 87.9% of the total mapped area. Natural and ruderal vegetation consists of 4,176.8 ha (10,321.1 ac) or 11.6% of the total area. Within the natural and ruderal vegetation types, herbaceous types are the most extensive with 1945.1 ha (4,806.4 ac) or 46.5%, followed by forest and woodland types with 804.9 ha (1,989.0 ac) or 19.3%, sparse vegetation types with 726.9 ha (1,796.1 ac) or 17.4%, and shrubland types with 699.9 ha (1,729.5 ac) or 16.8%. Developed open space, which can include a matrix of roads, parking lots, park-like areas and campgrounds account for 153.8 ha (380.0 ac) or 0.43% of the total mapped area. Artificially non-vegetated barren land is rare and only accounts for 0.74 ha (1.82 ac) or 0.002% of the total area. We collected 701 AA samples to evaluate the thematic accuracy of the vegetation map. Final thematic accuracy, as a simple proportion of correct versus incorrect field calls, is 93.0%. Overall weighted map class accuracy is 93.6%, where the area of each map class was weighted in proportion to the percentage of total park area. This method provides more weight to larger map classes in the park. Each map class had an individual thematic accuracy goal of at least 80%. The hurricane impact area map class was the only class that fell below this target with an accuracy of 73.5%. The vegetation communities impacted by the hurricane are highly dynamic and regenerated quickly following the disturbance event, contributing to map class disagreement during the accuracy assessment phase. No other map classes fell below the 80% accuracy threshold. In addition to the vegetation polygon database and map, several products to support park resource management are provided including the vegetation classification, field key to the associations, local association descriptions, photographic database, project geodatabase, ArcGIS .mxd files for map posters, and aerial imagery acquired for the project. The project geodatabase links the spatial vegetation data layer to vegetation classification, plot photos, project boundary extent, AA points, and the PLOTS database. The geodatabase includes USNVC hierarchy tables allowing for spatial queries of data associated with a vegetation polygon or sample point. All geospatial products are projected using North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 16 N. The final report includes methods and results, contingency tables showing AA results, field forms, species list, and a guide to imagery interpretation. These products provide useful information to assist with management of park resources and inform future management decisions. Use of standard national vegetation classification and mapping protocols facilitates effective resource stewardship by ensuring the compatibility and widespread use throughout the NPS as well as other federal and state agencies. Products support a wide variety of resource assessments, park management and planning needs. Associated information provides a structure for framing and answering critical scientific questions about vegetation communities and their relationship to environmental processes across the landscape.
10
Informe de Política Monetaria - abril 2025. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-spa.tr2-2025.
Full textAbstract:
Las condiciones de financiamiento externo del país se han tornado más restrictivas, en un entorno de tensiones comerciales globales debido al incremento de los aranceles en los Estados Unidos, de una alta volatilidad e incertidumbre en el mercado financiero internacional y de presiones al alza sobre la prima de riesgo de Colombia. Al tiempo, la incertidumbre alrededor de las tensiones comerciales y la perspectiva de mayores barreras al comercio implican choques negativos sobre la demanda externa del país, las remesas de trabajadores colombianos en el exterior y los precios de algunos de los principales bienes exportados. En marzo la Reserva Federal (Fed) mantuvo su tasa de interés de política monetaria entre el 4,25 % y 4,50%, en línea con lo esperado por el mercado y por el equipo técnico del Banco. En abril, los anuncios de aranceles en los Estados Unidos y la incertidumbre alrededor de los conflictos comerciales se han reflejado en una reducción en el pronóstico de crecimiento económico y en una mayor proyección de la inflación en ese país. Esta disyuntiva entre unas perspectivas de menor crecimiento y mayor inflación ha incrementado la volatilidad en los pronósticos de la tasa de interés de la Fed por parte del mercado, y también se ha traducido en menores perspectivas de crecimiento de los socios comerciales relevantes para el país. Con todo esto, en el presente Informe se supone que la tasa de interés de la Fed se reducirá de forma lenta, con tres descensos (antes dos) de 25 puntos básicos (pb) en 2025 y otros dos de la misma magnitud en 2026. Por su parte, la reducción en la cotización internacional de algunas materias primas exportadas relevantes para los ingresos del Gobierno Nacional (petróleo, carbón y níquel) deteriorarían los términos de intercambio en el horizonte de pronóstico. Por su parte, la prima de riesgo de Colombia se ha incrementado y se espera que las condiciones externas descritas, junto con el deterioro fiscal observado, continúen presionando al alza la prima de riesgo en el horizonte de pronóstico. La incertidumbre sobre los pronósticos externos y sobre su impacto en el país es inusualmente elevada, dadas las crecientes tensiones en el comercio exterior, las medidas migratorias, arancelarias y fiscales en los Estados Unidos, los conflictos en varias regiones del mundo, la percepción del riesgo soberano de Colombia, entre otros. Frente a lo proyectado en el Informe de enero, el crecimiento económico para 2025 se mantuvo en el 2,6% y el de 2026 se redujo al 3,0%. Estos pronósticos incorporan una demanda interna más dinámica en el primer trimestre de 2025, pero un efecto negativo en el horizonte de pronóstico sobre la economía colombiana originado en los aumentos de los aranceles y a su incertidumbre en los Estados Unidos. El crecimiento anual del PIB para el cuarto trimestre de 2024 (2,4%) resultó similar al proyectado (2,3 %), aunque con una demanda interna más dinámica (4,4 %, vs. 4,1 % estimada) y una contribución contable más negativa del balance comercial externo. El mayor crecimiento de la demanda interna, que completó cinco trimestres con aumentos en su nivel, se explicó por el mejor comportamiento de los inventarios y de la formación bruta de capital fijo (FBCF), de la inversión en maquinaria y equipo, y en otros edificios y estructuras. El aumento de las importaciones, superior a lo esperado, refleja la dinámica de la demanda interna y explicó la ampliación del desbalance comercial en términos reales. Las cifras disponibles de actividad económica para el primer trimestre de 2025 sugieren que la economía habría crecido a una tasa anual del 2,5 %, superior a la estimada en enero (1,8 %). Lo anterior, debido a una demanda interna (4,9%) que estaría resultando más dinámica, explicada por una mayor expansión del consumo privado (2,6%) y de la inversión (19,9%). Las importaciones se habrían acelerado en términos anuales (14,4 %), en línea con el dinamismo de la demanda interna, mientras que las exportaciones habrían reducido su ritmo de expansión (2,0 %). En lo que resta del año, los altos precios de varios productos agrícolas (v. g.: café), los elevados niveles de las remesas del exterior y la fuerte dinámica del turismo extranjero seguirían estimulando el ingreso disponible de los hogares y su gasto. La recuperación esperada del crédito, en un entorno de menores tasas de interés reales de préstamos y de moderación del riesgo de crédito, también contribuirían al crecimiento del producto. No obstante, los cambios en la política arancelaria en los Estados Unidos han incrementado el riesgo mundial y el costo de financiamiento externo, y tendrían un impacto negativo sobre la demanda de los bienes que exporta Colombia. Al incorporar la mejor dinámica esperada para el primer trimestre y el choque externo negativo, el pronóstico de crecimiento económico para 2025 se mantuvo en el 2,6 % y para 2026 se redujo del 3,4 % al 3,0 % (Gráfico 1.1). La anterior dinámica de la actividad económica se daría en un contexto de una política monetaria interna que se hace menos restrictiva en el tiempo, pero compatible con la convergencia de la inflación a la meta del 3,0% en el horizonte de pronóstico. Con lo anterior y con las revisiones en las cifras del producto interno bruto (PIB) publicadas por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE), los excesos de capacidad productiva para 2025 serían algo menores que los estimados en el Informe de enero, y algo más amplios en 2026 (Gráfico 1.2). Estas estimaciones continúan sujetas a un alto grado de incertidumbre por factores externos (tensiones políticas y comerciales globales y la respuesta de los mercados financieros y la política monetaria en los países avanzados) e internos (incertidumbre sobre la política fiscal). En marzo la inflación total (5,1%) se redujo después de cuatro meses de estar relativamente estable, mientras que la inflación básica (4,8 %), sin alimentos ni regulados, mantuvo una tendencia decreciente. Se espera que la inflación continúe reduciéndose y converja a la meta del 3,0 % en el horizonte de pronóstico (gráficos 1.3 y 1.4). Frente a lo esperado en el Informe de enero, la inflación total en marzo descendió menos, debido a la aceleración de los precios de algunos servicios regulados (gas y transporte) y de los alimentos procesados. La reducción de la inflación básica, más acentuada de la esperada, compensó parcialmente las anteriores alzas y contribuyó a reducir la inflación total. Dentro de la inflación básica, varios ítems que componen los servicios, como las comidas fuera del hogar, la educación no regulada, la administración de edificios, servicios de salud, peluquerías, entre otros, registraron una variación anual inferior a la esperada; una situación similar se registró en los precios de varios bienes como ropa, celulares, vehículos, televisores, computadores, comida de animales, entre otros. Para lo que resta del año y para 2026 la inflación total continuaría su convergencia a la meta del 3 %, aunque a un ritmo más lento que el pronosticado en el Informe de enero. Esto, porque a lo largo de 2025 se registrarían algunos ajustes adicionales en los precios del gas y por las presiones al alza sobre los alimentos procesados provenientes de varios precios internacionales. Además, en 2026 varios grupos importantes del IPC (v. g.: arriendos) se indexarían a una tasa de inflación más alta proyectada para el final de 2025. No obstante, los efectos acumulados de la política monetaria, que se reflejan en una brecha del producto que se mantendría negativa en 2025 y 2026, y las presiones desinflacionarias provenientes de la tasa de cambio real seguirían contribuyendo a la convergencia de la inflación hacia su meta. Con todo esto, para el final de 2025 y de 2026 se proyecta una inflación total del 4,4% (antes 4,1 %) y del 3,0 % (manteniendo la misma cifra). Estas proyecciones continúan enfrentando una incertidumbre elevada, asociada, principalmente, con el comportamiento futuro de la tasa de cambio, con los impactos de la postura en la política comercial en Estados Unidos frente al comercio global, con los choques de oferta que afectan el precio internacional de los alimentos, con las disposiciones en materia de los ajustes en los precios de algunos bienes y servicios regulados, y con los efectos del aumento del salario mínimo en lo que resta del año. La postura restrictiva de la política monetaria sigue contribuyendo a la convergencia de la inflación hacia la meta; sin embargo, la inflación observada y la mayoría de las medidas de sus expectativas continúan por encima del 3%. Los indicadores de actividad económica para inicios del año señalan que el producto completaría seis periodos con aumentos trimestrales, con una dinámica de la demanda interna algo más fuerte de la esperada. Se sigue estimando que la economía presenta excesos de capacidad productiva que contribuyen a la reducción de la inflación. En el mercado laboral, la tasa de desempleo registra niveles que se pueden calificar como bajos con respecto a su historia, el empleo muestra una tendencia creciente, y el aumento real del salario mínimo, superior al aumento de la productividad laboral, se está reflejando en incrementos de precios en varios grupos del índice de precios al consumidor (IPC). En 2024 la posición externa completó dos años de reducción del déficit corriente como porcentaje del PIB, lo cual contribuye a la reducción de la vulnerabilidad externa del país. No obstante, el deterioro fiscal hace que el país sea más vulnerable ante un choque negativo de financiamiento externo. Hacia adelante se espera que las tensiones comerciales globales generadas por el aumento de los aranceles afecten negativamente la demanda externa del país, aunque el tamaño del impacto involucra una elevada incertidumbre. Al mismo tiempo, este choque externo negativo presionaría al alza la tasa de cambio. De igual manera, la debilidad fiscal del país presionaría al alza la prima de riesgo y la tasa de cambio. Se espera que la inflación continúe disminuyendo y converja al 3,0%, pero a un ritmo más lento que el pronosticado en el Informe de enero. Por su parte, las expectativas de inflación para diciembre de 2025 y 2026 continúan por encima del 3,0%. Frente a lo proyectado en enero se estiman unos excesos de capacidad productiva más moderados en 2025, pero más amplios en 2026. Estos senderos esperados de una tendencia decreciente más lenta de la inflación y unos excesos de capacidad productiva más moderados son compatibles con una postura de política monetaria en terreno restrictivo, que propenda por la convergencia de la inflación hacia la meta en el horizonte de pronóstico.