Academic literature on the topic '4,887/2003 Decree'

Over the past few years these crimes have been growing more rapidly and disturbing the public. In the criminal acts of terrorism have become increasingly destructive form of crime with global scope. The Government has issued Government Regulation (decree) No. 1 of 2002 on Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism. Then on April 4, 2003 decree that legalized as Law No. 15 Year 2003 on Eradication of Terrorism. But in reality proving criminal acts of terrorism is still a lot that is not in accordance with the existing rules, which means that there are many deviations that occur in the process of proving the criminal act of terrorism. Proving that in many criminal acts of terrorism against the rules of the higher law (Criminal Procedure Code) in comparison with the criminal act of terrorism law itself (Law No.15 of 2003). So that there are obstacles in proving the crime of terrorism is one of the Human Rights in value has been violating basic human

The article considers the concept of anti-crisis business regulation and outlines its main goals and objectives both for preventing the crisis in the enterprise and for overcoming it. According to the methodology of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 367 of June 25, 2003 "On Approval of the Rules for Conducting Financial Analysis by the Arbitrator," a diagnosis was made of the financial and economic state of the enterprise, which is one of the largest producers and distributors of household chemicals in Russia. Based on the analysis, recommendations were developed to strengthen the company's financial stability.

Abstract A new method based on ion chromatography (IC) was developed for the determination of phosphorus in fertilizers. Fertilizers were extracted with water, mineral acids, and 2% formic acid, 2% citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate solutions according to European Regulation No. 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of October 13, 2003, or the Decree of the Italian Agriculture Minister of June 17, 2002; the extracts were analyzed by direct injection, after simple filtration, by IC on an IonPac AS19 (250 × 4 mm id) column, using a KOH (21-50-21 mM) gradient and suppressed conductivity detection. The calibration plot was linear over the range of 550 mg/L (r2 of >0.999). The method was evaluated by comparison with a gravimetric method according to established norms. Associated uncertainty at the 95% confidence level was established as 0.47% for the determination of 346% P2O5 by IC. A good chromatographic separation of phosphorus forms such as phosphates and phosphites, and some other important anions like nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates present in many commercial fertilizers was also possible, with a linear response over the range of 550 mg/L. After a more complete validation, this IC determination of phosphorus could replace more tedious methods such as those using gravimetric determinations.

Abstract Coastal land that is adjacent to the sea are still is influenced by the tide. Cirebon coast generally have ramps and high turbidity due to sediment supply and waste from the river that empties into the sea. Cirebon coast is divided into two areas, namely governance City of cirebon and Regency of cirebon. Coastal conditions closely related to river, estuaries, and the ocean in the region, the changing nature of the river caused by human activities will affect the water quality and coastal environment. Environmental pollution occurs mainly in the fisherman areas and industry. Determination of contamination status was determined using the pollution index according to equation 1 Sumiotomo and Nerow (1970) in the Minister of the Environment decree No. 115 of 2003 on Guidelines for Determination of Water Quality Status. Criteria for determining the level of water quality based on water quality standards for marine life by the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004. The methods of research is done by the measuring of pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, temperature, salinity, organic matter using Water quality Cheker along the coast cirebon within 500m - 1Km from the beach in June as a representation of the dry season. The results of the analysis addressed that in the dry season there are 10stations lightly polluted, 6 stationsare being polluted and heavily polluted 4 station.

Pt. Bank Riau is a continuation of the business activities of PT. BAPERI (PT. Riau Regional Development Bank) which was established based on the Notary Deed of Syawal Sultan No. 1 dated August 2, 1961, and the permission of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia.No. BUM 9-4-45 dated August 12, 1961. Furthermore, with the Decree of the Governor of KDH. TK.I Riau No. 51/IV/1966 April 1, 1966, it was stated that all activities of PT. BAPERI was merged into the Riau Regional Development Bank in accordance with Law Number 13 of 1962, officially the activities of the Riau Regional Development Bank began with the status as a Bank Owned by the Government of the Riau Province. Various changes and developments in the Bank's activities, and since 1975 the status of the establishment of the Riau Regional Development Bank, Decree of the Deputy Governor of Bank Indonesia No. 5/30 / KEP.DGS / 2003 dated 22 July 2003, the legal entity status of the Riau Regional Development Bank changed from a Regional Company (PD) Regional Development Bank of Riau to a Limited Liability Company (PT). Bank Pembangunan Daerah Riau was abbreviated as PT. Bank Riau as of August 1, 2003. This research aims to Analyze the Influence of the Incentive Factor on improving the work performance of employees at PT. Bank Riau, Perawang Sub-Branch. The number of research samples are all All employees of PT. Bank Riau, Perawang Sub-Branch, as many as 60 with the sampling method saturated sampling technique or census. Saturated sampling or census is a sampling technique when all members of the population are used as samples.Meanwhile, the leadership is used as the key information in this study. Research result shows The influence of incentives on increasing work performance having a significant influence and positive means that there is a strong positive relationship between incentives and increased work performance of employees of PT. Bank Riau Perawang Sub-Branch, through regression model, the incentive variables and the indicators in the study, are able to contribute to an increase in work performance by 88.36%, and the remaining 11.64% is influenced by other factors who were not examined in this study. Keywords : Human Resources Management, Incentif, Work Performance.

Dayah is an Islamic educational institutions located in Aceh. This educational institution is similar to the so-called pesantren – an Islamic boarding school in the island of Java, both from the aspect of function and purpose (although there are also some important differences). In 2003, the Government of Aceh through the Governor of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Decree, issued a regulation, numbered 451.2 / 474/2003 on the Criteria Stipulation and Dayah Assistance in the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). One of the subject matter is to make a policy that dayah is divided into several classifications: Type A, Type B, Type C and Non Type. This classification aims to distinguish the type of assistance to be given to dayah. This qualitative study is conducted to see how effective is the government assistance to support the quality of education in dayah. By conducting interviews to four (4) different dayah (2 interviews at traditional dayah and 2 at modern dayah), this research is expected to analyze the management of education and the impact of government assistance. The results of this study concluded that the education management of dayah remain dependent on their leadership figure (teungku), so that the impact of government assistance also varies positively to dayah physical development and improvement of facilities and infrastructure, but this assistance has also interestingly changed teungku’s positive paradigm into a much more negative one.

Rimantas Karalius1, Giedrė Nogienė1, Vidmantas Žilinskas1, Rita Sudikienė2, Virgilijus Lebetkevičius1, Virgilijus Tarutis1, Daina Liekienė1, Vytautas Sirvydis11 Vilniaus universiteto Širdies chirurgijos centras, Santariškių g. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius2 Vilniaus universitetinės ligoninės Santariškių klinikų Širdies chirurgijos centras,Santariškių g. 2, LT-08661 VilniusEl paštas: chirurgai@santa.lt Įvadas / tikslas Pastarąjį dešimtmetį radikali Fallot tetrados (FT) korekcija atliekama kūdikiams ar net naujagimiams. Toliau tęsiama diskusija, ar ankstyva korekcija turi įtakos išgyvenimui, pakartotinių operacijų dažnumui dėl liekamosios dešiniojo skilvelio išstūmimo trakto (DSIT) obstrukcijos ar plaučių arterijos nesandarumo. Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti vaikų iki 3 metų Fallot tetrados radikalios korekcijos ankstyvus ir atokius pooperacinius rezultatus Vilniaus universiteto Širdies chirurgijos centre. Ligoniai ir metodai Per du penkerių metų laikotarpius 1996–2000 ir 2001–2005 metais 23 pacientams atlikta radikali Fallot tetrados korekcija. Amžiaus vidurkis pirmąjį laikotarpį buvo 25,9 ± 2,8 mėn. ir antrąjį – 16,8 ± 2,9 mėn. Per abu laikotarpius buvo atlikta 10 (43,5%) ir 18 (78,3%) pirminių radikalių FT korekcijų. Per pirmąjį laikotarpį 22 ligoniams (95,6%) atlikta transanuliarinė plastika: 8 ligoniams tik transanuliarinė plastika ir 14 ligonių – transanuliarinė plastika naudojant lopą su viena bure. Per antrąjį laikotarpį tik 4 ligoniams DSIT plastika atlikta naudojant transanuliarinį lopą. Rezultatai 1996–2000 metais ankstyvuoju pooperaciniu laikotarpiu ir atokiuoju pooperaciniu laikotarpiu mirė po 2 ligonius (8,7%). Per antrąjį laikotarpį mirė vienas ligonis (4,3%). Atokiu pooperaciniu laikotarpiu ligoniams buvo atliekama echokardiografija ir matuojamas plaučių arterijos nesandarumo, taip pat DSIT obstrukcijos laipsnis. Per pirmąjį laikotarpį 8 ligoniams (42,1%) nustatytas II–III° ir III° plaučių arterijos nesandarumas. Keturiems iš jų DSIT plastikai naudotas transanuliarinis turintis burę lopas. 2 ligoniams DSIT gradientas buvo didesnis kaip 40 mm Hg. Per antrąjį laikotarpį 3 ligoniams (13,6%) nustatytas II–III° ir III° plaučių arterijos vožtuvo nesandarumas ir 6 – DSIT gradientas, didesnis kaip 40 mm Hg. Keturiems ligoniams per pirmąjį laikotarpį reikėjo pakartotinės operacijos: 3 dėl išreikšto plaučių arterijos nesandarumo ir vienam dėl skilvelių pertvaros rekanalizacijos. Išvados Radikali Fallot tetrados korekcija gali būti saugiai atliekama jaunesnio amžiaus ligoniams. Didėja pirminių radikalių FT korekcijų skaičius. Transanuliarinio lopo panaudojimas padidina pakartotinių operacijų riziką dėl plaučių arterijos vožtuvo nesandarumo. Transanuliarinio lopo, turinčio burę, panaudojimas neapsaugo nuo plaučių arterijos vožtuvo nesandarumo atokiuoju laikotarpiu. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Fallot tetrada, radikali korekcija Complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot in the first three years of life RIMANTAS KARALIUS1, GIEDRĖ NOGIENĖ1, VIDMANTAS ŽILINSKAS1,Rimantas Karalius1, Giedrė Nogienė1, Vidmantas Žilinskas1, Rita Sudikienė2, Virgilijus Lebetkevičius1, Virgilijus Tarutis1, Daina Liekienė1, Vytautas Sirvydis11 Vilnius University Heart Surgery Centre, Santariškių str. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius2 Vilnius University Hospital „Santariškių klinikos“, Heart Surgery Centre,Santariškių str. 2, LT-08661 VilniusE-mail: chirurgai@santa.lt Background / objective Complete corrections of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have been frequently performed for infants and even newborns in the last decade. The discussion whether early correction of tetralogy of Fallot influences the survival and the frequency of re-operation due to residual right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT) or pulmonary artery insufficiency rate is still going on. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the early and late results of radical corrections in children less than 3 years of age, performed at Vilnius University Heart Surgery Centre. Patients and methods During two 5-year periods (1996–2000, 2001–2005) 23 infants underwent repair for TOF. The mean age of the patients during the first period was 25.9 ± 2.8 months and during the second period 16.8 ± 2.9 months. During both periods 10 (43.5%) and 18 (78.3%) primary radical corrections of TOF were performed. A transannular patch was inserted in 22 patients (95.6%) during the first 5-year period: 8 patients underwent transannulorplasty only, and for 14 patients transannulorplasty using a monocusp patch was performed. During the period 2001 through 2005, only 4 patients underwent RVOTplasty by means of monocusp patch. Results Two patients (8.7%) died within 30 days postoperatively during the first 5-year period and there were two late deaths. There was one death (4.3%) during the second period.The patients underwent echocardiography evaluation, measurements of pulmonary artery insufficiency and RVOT obstruction grade at late postoperative periods. Pulmonary artery insufficiency grade 2–3 and 3 was revealed in 8 (42.1%) patients operated on during the first 5-year period. For four of them, transannular monocusp patch was used for RVOTplasty. Two patients showed a RVOT gradient higher than 40 mm Hg. For three patients (13.6%) operated on during the second 5-year period, pulmonary insufficiency grade 2–3 and 3 was diagnosed, and a RVOT gradient higher than 40 mm Hg was found in six patients. Re-operation was required for four patients of the first 5-year period: three patients needed to be operated on because of a marked pulmonary artery insufficiency and one for re-canalization of a ventricle septum defect. Conclusions Radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot may be safely performed in younger patients. Therefore, the number of primary radical correction of this malformation is increasing. The use of transannular patch increases the risk of re-operations due to pulmonary artery insufficiency. The use of transannular monocusp patch does not prevent pulmonary artery valve insufficiency at a late postoperative period. Key words: tetralogy of Fallot, radical correction

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical component of both the innate and adaptive human immune response (Caligiuri et al, Blood 2008). Tumor target cell recognition by NK cells is a highly regulated and complex set of processes which are controlled by the balance between inhibitory and activating signals through the binding of a variety of ligands on tumor target cells by several distinct subtypes of NK cell receptors (Bryceson YT et al, Immun Rev, 2006). The major limitations of the use of NK cells in adoptive tumor cellular immunotherapy include lack of tumor recognition and activation and/or limited numbers of viable and functionally active NK cells (Shereck/Cairo et al, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2007). To circumvent these limitations, methods to expand and/or activate peripheral blood NK cells have been developed. Over the past decade cord blood (CB) has been increasingly utilized as an alternative to peripheral blood for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Cairo et al, Blood, 1997). We recently reported the successful expansion and functional activation of CB NK cells by ex-vivo cellular engineering with a cocktail of antibody and cytokines (Ayello/Cairo et al, BBMT, 2006). In addition, our group has had a major interest in the diagnosis, treatment and biology of childhood CD20+ B-NHL; and have identified subgroups of patients with a significantly poorer prognosis despite aggressive multiagent chemotherapy (Cairo et al, Blood, 2007). In this study we sought to to develop an adoptive cellular immunotherapy strategy to overcome chemotherapy drug resistant childhood B-NHL. Freshly isolated CB mononuclear cells (CBMC) were cultured with modified K562 cells expressing membrane bound IL15 and 4-1BB ligand (K562-mbIL15-41BBL; Imai et al, Blood, 2005). After irradiation with 100Gy, K562- mbIL15-41BBL cells were incubated in a 1:1 ratio with CBMC + 10 IU/mL rhIL-2 for 7–14 days. CD3 and CD56 expression was determined by flow cytometry at Days 0, 7 and 14. On Day 0, CBMC included a population of NK cells expressing CD56 of 3.9% ± 1.3% and CD3+ T cells of 48.3% ± 3.9%. After 7 days of culture with K562-mbIL15- 41BBL cells the percentage of CD56+/CD3− NK cells increased to 71.7% ± 3.9%, as compared to 9.7% ± 2.4% in cultures with media alone and 42.6% ± 5.9% in cultures with wild-type K562 cells (p<0.01). There was also a significant decrease in the percentage of T cells in cultures with the modified K562 cells compared to wild-type K562 and media alone (15.2% ± 2.2% vs 35.4% ± 4.4% vs 51.2% ± 7.1%, p<0.001). Overall, the percent of NK cells after 7 days of culture with K562-mbIL15-41BBL was 3374% ± 385% of the input cell number, i.e. an approximate 35-fold increase. This is significantly increased compared to culture with wild-type K562 (1771% ± 300%, p<0.05). On Day 14, there remained a significant difference in NK cell populations between CBMC incubated with modified K562 cells compared to wild-type K562 cells (62.0% ± 2.1% vs 27.9% ± 2.4%, p<0.001), and compared to media alone (5.5% ± 0.4%, p<0.001) but no further increase from Day 7. Expansion of NK cells using genetically modified K562 cells as a stimulus produced significantly higher numbers of NK cells than those previously observed using a cocktail of antibody and cytokines as a stimulus (Ayello/Cairo et al, BBMT, 2006): (71.7% ± 3.9% NK cells on Day 7 with modified K562 vs 33.9% ± 8.7% with AB/CY, p=0.0004). In summary, we have demonstrated CBMC can be stimulated by K562 cells expressing membrane bound IL15 and 4-1BB ligand (K562-mbIL15-41BBL) resulting in specific expansion of CB NK cells similar or higher than the expansion that can be obtained with peripheral blood. The method described here provides a means to promote CB NK-mediated cellular cytotoxicity for use in the post-transplant setting while minimizing the risk of graft-versus-host disease.

Young coconut ice drink is one of the snacks known for its delicious taste and its practical and fresh preparation in Kupang. Young coconut ice drinks have the potential to be contaminated so that they can cause food-borne illnesses (food borne diseases). One of the causes is the Escherichia coli bacterium, which occurs because of the hygienic treatment of foods that do not meet the health requirements. This type of research is descriptive by examining the contents of Escherichia coli and the hygiene description of young coconut drinks suitable for street food snacks in the Oebobo district from 17 to 22 July 2019. The research involves grocers and coconut ice-creams, as well as raw materials for the production of water in all young coconut ice drink producers in the Oebobo district. The number of young coconut ice drink producers in the Oebobo district is 10, so the total sample was used in this study. The data collection method uses observational sheets. The results of this study indicate that there are 6 out of 10 positive samples containing Escherichia coli bacteria, based on the Ministerial Decree of the Republic of Indonesia No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. The presence of Escherichia coli is said to be contaminated. There are 4 out of 10 manufacturers that meet the health requirements for food handling, equipment, water, food ingredients, additives and service, outlets and dealer centers, based on the Health Minister Decree No. 942 / MENKES / SK / VII / 2003 of the Republic of Indonesia in Terms of hygiene food for snacks.

Abstract. Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr−1 or ∼ 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 Tg CH4 yr−1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009), and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30 % larger global emissions (737 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 594–881) than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for natural sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric observation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 65 % of the global budget, < 30∘ N) compared to mid-latitudes (∼ 30 %, 30–60∘ N) and high northern latitudes (∼ 4 %, 60–90∘ N). The most important source of uncertainty in the methane budget is attributable to natural emissions, especially those from wetlands and other inland waters. Some of our global source estimates are smaller than those in previously published budgets (Saunois et al., 2016; Kirschke et al., 2013). In particular wetland emissions are about 35 Tg CH4 yr−1 lower due to improved partition wetlands and other inland waters. Emissions from geological sources and wild animals are also found to be smaller by 7 Tg CH4 yr−1 by 8 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. However, the overall discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates has been reduced by only 5 % compared to Saunois et al. (2016), due to a higher estimate of emissions from inland waters, highlighting the need for more detailed research on emissions factors. Priorities for improving the methane budget include (i) a global, high-resolution map of water-saturated soils and inundated areas emitting methane based on a robust classification of different types of emitting habitats; (ii) further development of process-based models for inland-water emissions; (iii) intensification of methane observations at local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) and urban-scale monitoring to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scales (surface networks and satellites) to constrain atmospheric inversions; (iv) improvements of transport models and the representation of photochemical sinks in top-down inversions; and (v) development of a 3D variational inversion system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species such as ethane to improve source partitioning. The data presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-CH4-2019 (Saunois et al., 2020) and from the Global Carbon Project.

The past decade has witnessed an increasing trend of information and communication technologies (ICT) exploitation by governments around the world to enhance citizen participation. This is reflected in the emergence of a plethora of terms associated with the phenomenon, such as e-consultation or online consultation (Whyte & Macintosh, 2002), online rule-making (Charlitz & Gunn, 2002), online deliberation (Price & Cappella, 2006), online public engagement (Coleman & Gotze, 2001), and e-participation (Macintosh, 2004). In this chapter, we will use the term “e-participation” initiatives to refer to government’s use of ICT to engage citizens in democratic processes. The term “e-participation” is chosen because it is sufficiently general to encompass all such efforts by governments. Instances of e-participation initiatives can be found globally, such as Denmark’s Nordpol.dk (http://www.nordpol.dk), U.S.’s Regulations.gov (http://www.regulations.gov), and Singapore’s REACH portal (http://www.reach.gov.sg). Table 1 presents a list of e-participation initiatives that are sampled from around the globe.

Digital libraries are collections of digital content and services selected by a curator for use by a particular user community. Digital libraries offer direct access to the content of a wide variety of intellectual works, including text, audio, video, and data; and may offer a variety of services supporting search, access, and collaboration. In the last decade digital libraries have rapidly become ubiquitous because they offer convenience, expanded access, and search capabilities not present in traditional libraries. This has greatly altered how library users find and access information, and has put pressure on traditional libraries to take on new roles. However, information professionals have raised compelling concerns regarding the sizeable gaps in the holdings of digital libraries, about the preservation of existing holdings, and about sustainable economic models. This chapter presents an overview of the history, advantages, disadvantages, and design principles relating to digital libraries, and highlights important controversies and trends. For an excellent comprehensive discussion of the use, cost and benefits of digital libraries see Lesk (2005), for further discussion of architectural and design issues see Arms (2000), and see Witten and Bainbridge (2002) for a detailed example of the mechanics of implementing a digital library.

The goal of improving coronary arterial patency, microcirculatory blood flow, and myocardial perfusion represents the essence of fibrinolytic–adjunctive therapy combinations. Because fibrinolytic resistance, patency without perfusion, and reocclusion are platelet-mediated phenomena, considerable emphasis has been placed on the development of platelet antagonists. Coronary arterial thrombi consist of platelets and fibrin bound in a tightly packed meshwork. Platelets modify the intrinsic properties of the fibrin network, causing changes in permeability and vasoelasticity, which decrease fibrinolysis rates. The addition of aspirin and the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist abciximab modulates the interaction of platelets and fibrin, improving both accessibility to fibrinolytics and the overall rates of fibrinolysis (Collet et al., 2001). The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 14 trial (Antman et al., 1999) randomized 888 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) to receive (1) accelerated tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; ≤100 mg) plus standard dose of unfractionated heparin (UFH); (2) tPA (920 mg bolus) plus abciximab (0.25 mg/kg bolus, 7 μg/min); (3) streptokinase (800,000 to 1.5 million units) and low-dose UFH; or (4) abciximab plus low-dose UFH. TIMI 3 flow rates 90 minutes from treatment initiation were 52%, 53%, 42%, and 32%, respectively. In subsequent dose/strategy studies, a combination of tPA (35 mg) plus abciximab and tPA (15 mg bolus, 31 mg over 60 minutes) plus abciximab revealed 63% and 73% TIMI 3 flow rates, respectively. Rates of major hemorrhage were similar in all tPA treatment groups. The Strategies for Patency Enhancement in the Emergency Department (SPEED) trial (SPEED Group, 2000) included two phases. Phase A (n = 241) randomized patients to receive either abciximab (bolus plus infusion) alone or combined with 5 U, 7.5 U, 10 U, 5 U + 2.5 U, or 5U + 5 U of reteplase. Phase B tested the best strategy from phase A (abciximab plus 5 U + 5 U of reteplase) against 10 U + 10 U of reteplase. In phase A, 62% of the abciximab–reteplase 5 U + 5 U patient group had TIMI 3 flow rates at 60 to 90 minutes vs. 27% of those given abciximab alone (p = .001).

This chapter considers the prospectus in Spain. Historically, and unlike other European Union jurisdictions, before the enactment of Directive 2003/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 on the prospectus to be published when securities are offered to the public or admitted to trading and amending Directive 2001/34/EC (the ‘Prospectus Directive’), Spain lacked any explicit regulation on the civil liability arising from the defective content of prospectuses for securities offerings and listings in regulated markets. Nevertheless, legal authors having researched on the matter had expressed the view that liability attached to prospectuses on the basis of the general principles of tort liability. The legal regime of prospectus liability enshrined by the Securities Market Act and Royal Decree 1310/2005 is not fully comprehensive, however. In addition, it is completed with the general principles of civil liability contained in the Spanish Civil Code as construed by case law stemming from the Spanish Supreme Court.