Journal articles on the topic '4,887/2003 Decree'

Over the past few years these crimes have been growing more rapidly and disturbing the public. In the criminal acts of terrorism have become increasingly destructive form of crime with global scope. The Government has issued Government Regulation (decree) No. 1 of 2002 on Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism. Then on April 4, 2003 decree that legalized as Law No. 15 Year 2003 on Eradication of Terrorism. But in reality proving criminal acts of terrorism is still a lot that is not in accordance with the existing rules, which means that there are many deviations that occur in the process of proving the criminal act of terrorism. Proving that in many criminal acts of terrorism against the rules of the higher law (Criminal Procedure Code) in comparison with the criminal act of terrorism law itself (Law No.15 of 2003). So that there are obstacles in proving the crime of terrorism is one of the Human Rights in value has been violating basic human

The article considers the concept of anti-crisis business regulation and outlines its main goals and objectives both for preventing the crisis in the enterprise and for overcoming it. According to the methodology of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 367 of June 25, 2003 "On Approval of the Rules for Conducting Financial Analysis by the Arbitrator," a diagnosis was made of the financial and economic state of the enterprise, which is one of the largest producers and distributors of household chemicals in Russia. Based on the analysis, recommendations were developed to strengthen the company's financial stability.

Abstract A new method based on ion chromatography (IC) was developed for the determination of phosphorus in fertilizers. Fertilizers were extracted with water, mineral acids, and 2% formic acid, 2% citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate solutions according to European Regulation No. 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of October 13, 2003, or the Decree of the Italian Agriculture Minister of June 17, 2002; the extracts were analyzed by direct injection, after simple filtration, by IC on an IonPac AS19 (250 × 4 mm id) column, using a KOH (21-50-21 mM) gradient and suppressed conductivity detection. The calibration plot was linear over the range of 550 mg/L (r2 of >0.999). The method was evaluated by comparison with a gravimetric method according to established norms. Associated uncertainty at the 95% confidence level was established as 0.47% for the determination of 346% P2O5 by IC. A good chromatographic separation of phosphorus forms such as phosphates and phosphites, and some other important anions like nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates present in many commercial fertilizers was also possible, with a linear response over the range of 550 mg/L. After a more complete validation, this IC determination of phosphorus could replace more tedious methods such as those using gravimetric determinations.

Abstract Coastal land that is adjacent to the sea are still is influenced by the tide. Cirebon coast generally have ramps and high turbidity due to sediment supply and waste from the river that empties into the sea. Cirebon coast is divided into two areas, namely governance City of cirebon and Regency of cirebon. Coastal conditions closely related to river, estuaries, and the ocean in the region, the changing nature of the river caused by human activities will affect the water quality and coastal environment. Environmental pollution occurs mainly in the fisherman areas and industry. Determination of contamination status was determined using the pollution index according to equation 1 Sumiotomo and Nerow (1970) in the Minister of the Environment decree No. 115 of 2003 on Guidelines for Determination of Water Quality Status. Criteria for determining the level of water quality based on water quality standards for marine life by the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004. The methods of research is done by the measuring of pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, temperature, salinity, organic matter using Water quality Cheker along the coast cirebon within 500m - 1Km from the beach in June as a representation of the dry season. The results of the analysis addressed that in the dry season there are 10stations lightly polluted, 6 stationsare being polluted and heavily polluted 4 station.

Pt. Bank Riau is a continuation of the business activities of PT. BAPERI (PT. Riau Regional Development Bank) which was established based on the Notary Deed of Syawal Sultan No. 1 dated August 2, 1961, and the permission of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia.No. BUM 9-4-45 dated August 12, 1961. Furthermore, with the Decree of the Governor of KDH. TK.I Riau No. 51/IV/1966 April 1, 1966, it was stated that all activities of PT. BAPERI was merged into the Riau Regional Development Bank in accordance with Law Number 13 of 1962, officially the activities of the Riau Regional Development Bank began with the status as a Bank Owned by the Government of the Riau Province. Various changes and developments in the Bank's activities, and since 1975 the status of the establishment of the Riau Regional Development Bank, Decree of the Deputy Governor of Bank Indonesia No. 5/30 / KEP.DGS / 2003 dated 22 July 2003, the legal entity status of the Riau Regional Development Bank changed from a Regional Company (PD) Regional Development Bank of Riau to a Limited Liability Company (PT). Bank Pembangunan Daerah Riau was abbreviated as PT. Bank Riau as of August 1, 2003. This research aims to Analyze the Influence of the Incentive Factor on improving the work performance of employees at PT. Bank Riau, Perawang Sub-Branch. The number of research samples are all All employees of PT. Bank Riau, Perawang Sub-Branch, as many as 60 with the sampling method saturated sampling technique or census. Saturated sampling or census is a sampling technique when all members of the population are used as samples.Meanwhile, the leadership is used as the key information in this study. Research result shows The influence of incentives on increasing work performance having a significant influence and positive means that there is a strong positive relationship between incentives and increased work performance of employees of PT. Bank Riau Perawang Sub-Branch, through regression model, the incentive variables and the indicators in the study, are able to contribute to an increase in work performance by 88.36%, and the remaining 11.64% is influenced by other factors who were not examined in this study.
 Keywords : Human Resources Management, Incentif, Work Performance.

Dayah is an Islamic educational institutions located in Aceh. This educational institution is similar to the so-called pesantren – an Islamic boarding school in the island of Java, both from the aspect of function and purpose (although there are also some important differences). In 2003, the Government of Aceh through the Governor of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Decree, issued a regulation, numbered 451.2 / 474/2003 on the Criteria Stipulation and Dayah Assistance in the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). One of the subject matter is to make a policy that dayah is divided into several classifications: Type A, Type B, Type C and Non Type. This classification aims to distinguish the type of assistance to be given to dayah. This qualitative study is conducted to see how effective is the government assistance to support the quality of education in dayah. By conducting interviews to four (4) different dayah (2 interviews at traditional dayah and 2 at modern dayah), this research is expected to analyze the management of education and the impact of government assistance. The results of this study concluded that the education management of dayah remain dependent on their leadership figure (teungku), so that the impact of government assistance also varies positively to dayah physical development and improvement of facilities and infrastructure, but this assistance has also interestingly changed teungku’s positive paradigm into a much more negative one.

Rimantas Karalius1, Giedrė Nogienė1, Vidmantas Žilinskas1, Rita Sudikienė2, Virgilijus Lebetkevičius1, Virgilijus Tarutis1, Daina Liekienė1, Vytautas Sirvydis11 Vilniaus universiteto Širdies chirurgijos centras, Santariškių g. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius2 Vilniaus universitetinės ligoninės Santariškių klinikų Širdies chirurgijos centras,Santariškių g. 2, LT-08661 VilniusEl paštas: chirurgai@santa.lt Įvadas / tikslas Pastarąjį dešimtmetį radikali Fallot tetrados (FT) korekcija atliekama kūdikiams ar net naujagimiams. Toliau tęsiama diskusija, ar ankstyva korekcija turi įtakos išgyvenimui, pakartotinių operacijų dažnumui dėl liekamosios dešiniojo skilvelio išstūmimo trakto (DSIT) obstrukcijos ar plaučių arterijos nesandarumo. Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti vaikų iki 3 metų Fallot tetrados radikalios korekcijos ankstyvus ir atokius pooperacinius rezultatus Vilniaus universiteto Širdies chirurgijos centre. Ligoniai ir metodai Per du penkerių metų laikotarpius 1996–2000 ir 2001–2005 metais 23 pacientams atlikta radikali Fallot tetrados korekcija. Amžiaus vidurkis pirmąjį laikotarpį buvo 25,9 ± 2,8 mėn. ir antrąjį – 16,8 ± 2,9 mėn. Per abu laikotarpius buvo atlikta 10 (43,5%) ir 18 (78,3%) pirminių radikalių FT korekcijų. Per pirmąjį laikotarpį 22 ligoniams (95,6%) atlikta transanuliarinė plastika: 8 ligoniams tik transanuliarinė plastika ir 14 ligonių – transanuliarinė plastika naudojant lopą su viena bure. Per antrąjį laikotarpį tik 4 ligoniams DSIT plastika atlikta naudojant transanuliarinį lopą. Rezultatai 1996–2000 metais ankstyvuoju pooperaciniu laikotarpiu ir atokiuoju pooperaciniu laikotarpiu mirė po 2 ligonius (8,7%). Per antrąjį laikotarpį mirė vienas ligonis (4,3%). Atokiu pooperaciniu laikotarpiu ligoniams buvo atliekama echokardiografija ir matuojamas plaučių arterijos nesandarumo, taip pat DSIT obstrukcijos laipsnis. Per pirmąjį laikotarpį 8 ligoniams (42,1%) nustatytas II–III° ir III° plaučių arterijos nesandarumas. Keturiems iš jų DSIT plastikai naudotas transanuliarinis turintis burę lopas. 2 ligoniams DSIT gradientas buvo didesnis kaip 40 mm Hg. Per antrąjį laikotarpį 3 ligoniams (13,6%) nustatytas II–III° ir III° plaučių arterijos vožtuvo nesandarumas ir 6 – DSIT gradientas, didesnis kaip 40 mm Hg. Keturiems ligoniams per pirmąjį laikotarpį reikėjo pakartotinės operacijos: 3 dėl išreikšto plaučių arterijos nesandarumo ir vienam dėl skilvelių pertvaros rekanalizacijos. Išvados Radikali Fallot tetrados korekcija gali būti saugiai atliekama jaunesnio amžiaus ligoniams. Didėja pirminių radikalių FT korekcijų skaičius. Transanuliarinio lopo panaudojimas padidina pakartotinių operacijų riziką dėl plaučių arterijos vožtuvo nesandarumo. Transanuliarinio lopo, turinčio burę, panaudojimas neapsaugo nuo plaučių arterijos vožtuvo nesandarumo atokiuoju laikotarpiu. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Fallot tetrada, radikali korekcija Complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot in the first three years of life RIMANTAS KARALIUS1, GIEDRĖ NOGIENĖ1, VIDMANTAS ŽILINSKAS1,Rimantas Karalius1, Giedrė Nogienė1, Vidmantas Žilinskas1, Rita Sudikienė2, Virgilijus Lebetkevičius1, Virgilijus Tarutis1, Daina Liekienė1, Vytautas Sirvydis11 Vilnius University Heart Surgery Centre, Santariškių str. 2, LT-08661 Vilnius2 Vilnius University Hospital „Santariškių klinikos“, Heart Surgery Centre,Santariškių str. 2, LT-08661 VilniusE-mail: chirurgai@santa.lt Background / objective Complete corrections of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have been frequently performed for infants and even newborns in the last decade. The discussion whether early correction of tetralogy of Fallot influences the survival and the frequency of re-operation due to residual right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT) or pulmonary artery insufficiency rate is still going on. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the early and late results of radical corrections in children less than 3 years of age, performed at Vilnius University Heart Surgery Centre. Patients and methods During two 5-year periods (1996–2000, 2001–2005) 23 infants underwent repair for TOF. The mean age of the patients during the first period was 25.9 ± 2.8 months and during the second period 16.8 ± 2.9 months. During both periods 10 (43.5%) and 18 (78.3%) primary radical corrections of TOF were performed. A transannular patch was inserted in 22 patients (95.6%) during the first 5-year period: 8 patients underwent transannulorplasty only, and for 14 patients transannulorplasty using a monocusp patch was performed. During the period 2001 through 2005, only 4 patients underwent RVOTplasty by means of monocusp patch. Results Two patients (8.7%) died within 30 days postoperatively during the first 5-year period and there were two late deaths. There was one death (4.3%) during the second period.The patients underwent echocardiography evaluation, measurements of pulmonary artery insufficiency and RVOT obstruction grade at late postoperative periods. Pulmonary artery insufficiency grade 2–3 and 3 was revealed in 8 (42.1%) patients operated on during the first 5-year period. For four of them, transannular monocusp patch was used for RVOTplasty. Two patients showed a RVOT gradient higher than 40 mm Hg. For three patients (13.6%) operated on during the second 5-year period, pulmonary insufficiency grade 2–3 and 3 was diagnosed, and a RVOT gradient higher than 40 mm Hg was found in six patients. Re-operation was required for four patients of the first 5-year period: three patients needed to be operated on because of a marked pulmonary artery insufficiency and one for re-canalization of a ventricle septum defect. Conclusions Radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot may be safely performed in younger patients. Therefore, the number of primary radical correction of this malformation is increasing. The use of transannular patch increases the risk of re-operations due to pulmonary artery insufficiency. The use of transannular monocusp patch does not prevent pulmonary artery valve insufficiency at a late postoperative period. Key words: tetralogy of Fallot, radical correction

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical component of both the innate and adaptive human immune response (Caligiuri et al, Blood 2008). Tumor target cell recognition by NK cells is a highly regulated and complex set of processes which are controlled by the balance between inhibitory and activating signals through the binding of a variety of ligands on tumor target cells by several distinct subtypes of NK cell receptors (Bryceson YT et al, Immun Rev, 2006). The major limitations of the use of NK cells in adoptive tumor cellular immunotherapy include lack of tumor recognition and activation and/or limited numbers of viable and functionally active NK cells (Shereck/Cairo et al, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2007). To circumvent these limitations, methods to expand and/or activate peripheral blood NK cells have been developed. Over the past decade cord blood (CB) has been increasingly utilized as an alternative to peripheral blood for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Cairo et al, Blood, 1997). We recently reported the successful expansion and functional activation of CB NK cells by ex-vivo cellular engineering with a cocktail of antibody and cytokines (Ayello/Cairo et al, BBMT, 2006). In addition, our group has had a major interest in the diagnosis, treatment and biology of childhood CD20+ B-NHL; and have identified subgroups of patients with a significantly poorer prognosis despite aggressive multiagent chemotherapy (Cairo et al, Blood, 2007). In this study we sought to to develop an adoptive cellular immunotherapy strategy to overcome chemotherapy drug resistant childhood B-NHL. Freshly isolated CB mononuclear cells (CBMC) were cultured with modified K562 cells expressing membrane bound IL15 and 4-1BB ligand (K562-mbIL15-41BBL; Imai et al, Blood, 2005). After irradiation with 100Gy, K562- mbIL15-41BBL cells were incubated in a 1:1 ratio with CBMC + 10 IU/mL rhIL-2 for 7–14 days. CD3 and CD56 expression was determined by flow cytometry at Days 0, 7 and 14. On Day 0, CBMC included a population of NK cells expressing CD56 of 3.9% ± 1.3% and CD3+ T cells of 48.3% ± 3.9%. After 7 days of culture with K562-mbIL15- 41BBL cells the percentage of CD56+/CD3− NK cells increased to 71.7% ± 3.9%, as compared to 9.7% ± 2.4% in cultures with media alone and 42.6% ± 5.9% in cultures with wild-type K562 cells (p<0.01). There was also a significant decrease in the percentage of T cells in cultures with the modified K562 cells compared to wild-type K562 and media alone (15.2% ± 2.2% vs 35.4% ± 4.4% vs 51.2% ± 7.1%, p<0.001). Overall, the percent of NK cells after 7 days of culture with K562-mbIL15-41BBL was 3374% ± 385% of the input cell number, i.e. an approximate 35-fold increase. This is significantly increased compared to culture with wild-type K562 (1771% ± 300%, p<0.05). On Day 14, there remained a significant difference in NK cell populations between CBMC incubated with modified K562 cells compared to wild-type K562 cells (62.0% ± 2.1% vs 27.9% ± 2.4%, p<0.001), and compared to media alone (5.5% ± 0.4%, p<0.001) but no further increase from Day 7. Expansion of NK cells using genetically modified K562 cells as a stimulus produced significantly higher numbers of NK cells than those previously observed using a cocktail of antibody and cytokines as a stimulus (Ayello/Cairo et al, BBMT, 2006): (71.7% ± 3.9% NK cells on Day 7 with modified K562 vs 33.9% ± 8.7% with AB/CY, p=0.0004). In summary, we have demonstrated CBMC can be stimulated by K562 cells expressing membrane bound IL15 and 4-1BB ligand (K562-mbIL15-41BBL) resulting in specific expansion of CB NK cells similar or higher than the expansion that can be obtained with peripheral blood. The method described here provides a means to promote CB NK-mediated cellular cytotoxicity for use in the post-transplant setting while minimizing the risk of graft-versus-host disease.

Young coconut ice drink is one of the snacks known for its delicious taste and its practical and fresh preparation in Kupang. Young coconut ice drinks have the potential to be contaminated so that they can cause food-borne illnesses (food borne diseases). One of the causes is the Escherichia coli bacterium, which occurs because of the hygienic treatment of foods that do not meet the health requirements. This type of research is descriptive by examining the contents of Escherichia coli and the hygiene description of young coconut drinks suitable for street food snacks in the Oebobo district from 17 to 22 July 2019. The research involves grocers and coconut ice-creams, as well as raw materials for the production of water in all young coconut ice drink producers in the Oebobo district. The number of young coconut ice drink producers in the Oebobo district is 10, so the total sample was used in this study. The data collection method uses observational sheets. The results of this study indicate that there are 6 out of 10 positive samples containing Escherichia coli bacteria, based on the Ministerial Decree of the Republic of Indonesia No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. The presence of Escherichia coli is said to be contaminated. There are 4 out of 10 manufacturers that meet the health requirements for food handling, equipment, water, food ingredients, additives and service, outlets and dealer centers, based on the Health Minister Decree No. 942 / MENKES / SK / VII / 2003 of the Republic of Indonesia in Terms of hygiene food for snacks.

Abstract. Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr−1 or ∼ 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 Tg CH4 yr−1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009), and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30 % larger global emissions (737 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 594–881) than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for natural sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric observation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 65 % of the global budget, < 30∘ N) compared to mid-latitudes (∼ 30 %, 30–60∘ N) and high northern latitudes (∼ 4 %, 60–90∘ N). The most important source of uncertainty in the methane budget is attributable to natural emissions, especially those from wetlands and other inland waters. Some of our global source estimates are smaller than those in previously published budgets (Saunois et al., 2016; Kirschke et al., 2013). In particular wetland emissions are about 35 Tg CH4 yr−1 lower due to improved partition wetlands and other inland waters. Emissions from geological sources and wild animals are also found to be smaller by 7 Tg CH4 yr−1 by 8 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. However, the overall discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates has been reduced by only 5 % compared to Saunois et al. (2016), due to a higher estimate of emissions from inland waters, highlighting the need for more detailed research on emissions factors. Priorities for improving the methane budget include (i) a global, high-resolution map of water-saturated soils and inundated areas emitting methane based on a robust classification of different types of emitting habitats; (ii) further development of process-based models for inland-water emissions; (iii) intensification of methane observations at local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) and urban-scale monitoring to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scales (surface networks and satellites) to constrain atmospheric inversions; (iv) improvements of transport models and the representation of photochemical sinks in top-down inversions; and (v) development of a 3D variational inversion system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species such as ethane to improve source partitioning. The data presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-CH4-2019 (Saunois et al., 2020) and from the Global Carbon Project.

Abstract Introduction The 2005 identification of the JAK2 V617F mutation ushered in a new era of discovery for Polycythemia Vera (PV), allowing for its molecular classification, improved diagnostic capabilities, and a potential for targeted therapy. In this era, aspirin has been shown to lower the risk of thrombosis, the hematocrit (hct) target has been validated, and there has been renewed interest in interferon (IFN). These changes in diagnosis (dx) and therapy may impact the natural history of PV in its modern era. To this end, we analyzed 399 PV patients (pts) diagnosed in two eras (pre-2005 and post-2005) from two tertiary centers. (JHH, N=294; NU, N=105). Methods Pts were seen between 2005 and 2013. Testing to verify PV included an absolute erythrocytosis, JAK2 status, erythropoietin assay, red blood cell mass testing, and bone marrow biopsy. Pts were diagnosed by treating physicians using criteria relevant to the era of dx, between 1968 and 2013. Pts in each era were compared with regard to differences in demographic and clinical factors. The prevalence of myelofibrotic (MF) and leukemic (AML) transformation, as well as deaths was also determined. Results Of 105 NU and 294 JHH pts, 45 (43%) and 113 (38%) were diagnosed post-2005 (p=0.43). Pre-2005 and post-2005 pts were similar in age at dx at NU (52 vs. 57 yrs) and JHH (53 vs. 59 yrs). As expected, median disease duration was longer in pre-2005 NU (12 vs. 3 yrs) and JHH pts (9 vs. 2 yrs). 52% and 60% of pre-2005 pts, and 62% and 60% of post-2005 pts were women at NU (p=0.28) and JHH (p=1), respectively. JAK2 V617F testing was positive 33/37 (89%) and 41/44 (93%) of pre-2005 and post-2005 NU patients. At JHH, JAK2 V617F was positive in 286/294 (97%); JAK2 exon 12 was positive in 6/294 (0.02%). RBC mass testing was infrequently done at NU (9/105); only 2 were performed post-2005. At NU, pre-2005 and post-2005 pts had similar median leukocyte counts (8.9 and 8.7 x 109/L) and hct below 45% (40.5 vs. 42.9%). The prevalence of current anti-platelet and hydroxyurea use was similar at NU (pre-2005: 79%, 49% vs. post-2005: 82%, 48%, respectively). 5% and 11% of pre-2005 and post-2005 pts were on IFN. At NU and JHH, 29% and 27% of pre-2005 and 18% and 21% of post-2005 pts had thrombosis (pre vs. post: p=0.2 for NU; p=0.26 for JHH). Thrombosis in pre-2005 NU pts occurred at a median of 8 yrs from dx compared to post-2005 pts that frequently had events at presentation (median 0 yr; p=0.017). Similarly, fewer pre-2005 JHH pts had events at presentation compared to post-2005 pts (19/49 (39%) vs. 16/24 (67%); p=0.025). At NU, 19/105 (18%) developed MF, at a median of 12 yrs. Only 2/19 (11%) occurred in post-2005 pts, due to shorter disease duration. At JHH, 49/294 (15%) developed MF at a median of 11 yrs, but only in 4/49 (8%) post-2005 pts. At NU and JHH, 5/105 (5%) and 11/294 (4%), developed AML at a median of 15 and 8 yrs from dx. 1 and 4 post-2005 NU and JHH pts developed AML. At NU and JHH, 20/105 (19%) and 42/294 (14%) died. At NU, 16 were pre-2005 pts and 4 were post-2005 pts. At JHH, 35 were pre-2005 pts and 7 were post-2005 pts. AML-deaths were overrepresented in the post-2005 pts (25% NU, 57% JHH). Conclusion Remarkably, the epidemiology and natural history of PV was quite similar between two eras of diagnosis and between two large tertiary centers. Age at dx in pre and post-2005 patients was similar, arguing against a notion that pts are diagnosed earlier in adulthood. At NU, hct was typically below 45%, implying adherence to a recently validated target and aspirin use was prevalent regardless of the era of dx. Regardless, thrombosis at presentation was more common in modern era PV patients, whereas pre-2005 patients had more thrombotic events after an official PV diagnosis. As expected, time-dependent complications such as MF and death were more common in pre-2005 pts, and occurred within the 2nd decade of disease. MF was rare in post-2005 pts, who remain in their 1st decade of disease. Overall, AML was rare, but each cohort still had 1st decade transformations (post-2005 pts), over-representing deaths in this group. While the JAK2 mutation discovery has modernized PV dx, the natural history of PV has not changed. It is in this modern era of PV that we will learn whether or not new (JAK-inhibitors) and renewed (IFN) therapies can prevent or delay onset of feared time-dependent complications. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes many extrahepatic malignancies; whether it increases gastric cancer risk and the risk reverses after anti-HCV therapy remain elusive. Method: A nationwide population-based cohort study of Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (TNHIRD) was conducted. In parallel, the risk factors and HCV-core-protein expressions were surveyed in gastric cancer patients from a tertiary care center. Results: From 2003 to 2012, of 11,712,928 patients, three 1:4:4, propensity-score-matched TNHIRD cohorts including HCV-treated (7545 patients with interferon-based therapy ⩾ 6 months), HCV-untreated ( n = 30,180), and HCV-uninfected cohorts ( n = 30,180) were enrolled. The cumulative incidences of gastric cancer [HCV-treated: 0.452%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.149–1.136%; HCV-untreated: 0.472%; 95% CI: 0.274–0.776%; HCV-uninfected: 0.146%; 95% CI 0.071–0.280%] were lowest in HCV-uninfected cohort ( p = 0.0028), but indifferent between treated and untreated cohorts. HCV infection [hazards ratio (HR): 2.364; 95% CI: 1.337–4.181], male sex (HR: 1.823; 95% CI: 1.09–3.05) and age ⩾ 49 years (HR: 3.066; 95% CI: 1.56–6.026) were associated with incident gastric cancers. Among 887 (males: 68.4%; mean age: 66.5 ± 12.9 years, 2008–2018) hospitalized gastric cancer patients, HCV Ab-positive rate was 7.8%. None of the investigated factors exhibited different rates between HCV Ab-positive and Ab-negative patients. No HCV-core-positive cells were demonstrated in gastric cancer tissues. Conclusions: HCV infection, male sex and old age were risk factors for gastric cancer development. HCV-associated gastric cancer risk might be neither reversed by interferon-based therapy, nor associated with in situ HCV-core-related carcinogenesis.

Abstract Oral mucositis (OM) is an acute, severe and often dose-limiting toxicity in patients undergoing HSCT. OM significantly affects functional status and patients’ quality of life; however no effective therapy was available for this condition. Palifermin (Kepivance®) is a human keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) produced by recombinant DNA technology. KGF binds to its receptor on epithelial cells, stimulating their proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Palifermin has been shown to decrease the incidence and duration of severe OM in patients with hematologic malignancies receiving myelotoxic therapy and HSCT. In Italy, compassionate use protocols are considered EAP and are regulated by a decree issued by the Ministry of Health (MoH) on May 8th 2003. The objective of the Decree is to ensure that patients have access to experimental therapies outside clinical trials, when no valid therapeutic alternative exists. Approval is granted in case of serious or rare diseases or life-threatening conditions. After Ethical Committee (EC) approval and notification to MoH, the drug can be supplied in response to an unsolicited request from a physician. The drug is then administered under the physician’s direct responsibility. During EAP, the Decree allows collection of the patient’s data similar to an observational trial. From July 2005 through July 2006 a total of 26 centers have requested the drug and obtained approval from local EC. Each center collected the following data on a case report form: vital signs, disease status and treatment, palifermin administration, mucositis, analgesic use, parenteral supplementation, common laboratory tests and duration of hospitalization. A total of 175 adults patients with hematological malignancies treated with autologous SCT participated in the EAP. In an interim analysis, data from 41 patients (24 men; 17 women; median age 52.44) were analyzed. The most common diagnoses were multiple myeloma (MM) (n=16) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (n=15). Conditioning therapy and supportive care were administered according to standard institutional practice (high-dose melphalan for MM and the BEAM regimen for NHL). Palifermin 60 mcg/kg/day was given intravenously on 3 consecutive days before the conditioning regimen and on 3 days starting on the day of stem cell infusion. OM was evaluated daily for 28 days after transplantation or until severe OM resolution using the five-grade World Health Organization (WHO) oral-toxicity scale. Safety was assessed on the basis of the incidence of adverse events. The incidence of severe OM (Grade 3–4) was 17% and the mean duration was 2.2 ± 3.5 days (CI, 1.1–3.3) in patients with OM Grade 0–4 while in patients with OM G3-4 the mean duration was 6.9 ± 2.5 (CI, 4.5–9.2). Adverse events (mainly rash, pruritus, erythema, mouth and tongue disorders, and taste alteration) were mild to moderate in severity and were transient. The frequency of adverse events was consistent with those observed in clinical trials. In conclusion, the Italian EAP experience with palifermin suggested that results were consistent with those of pivotal studies in patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing HSCT. From the results of the interim analysis of the Italian EAP, the use of palifermin in this setting appears to be feasible and was widely accepted by participating physicians and patients.

Abstract. The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular (∼ biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories and data-driven approaches (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For the 2003–2012 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by top-down inversions at 558 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 540–568. About 60 % of global emissions are anthropogenic (range 50–65 %). Since 2010, the bottom-up global emission inventories have been closer to methane emissions in the most carbon-intensive Representative Concentrations Pathway (RCP8.5) and higher than all other RCP scenarios. Bottom-up approaches suggest larger global emissions (736 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 596–884) mostly because of larger natural emissions from individual sources such as inland waters, natural wetlands and geological sources. Considering the atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget, it is likely that some of the individual emissions reported by the bottom-up approaches are overestimated, leading to too large global emissions. Latitudinal data from top-down emissions indicate a predominance of tropical emissions (∼ 64 % of the global budget, < 30° N) as compared to mid (∼ 32 %, 30–60° N) and high northern latitudes (∼ 4 %, 60–90° N). Top-down inversions consistently infer lower emissions in China (∼ 58 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 51–72, −14 %) and higher emissions in Africa (86 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 73–108, +19 %) than bottom-up values used as prior estimates. Overall, uncertainties for anthropogenic emissions appear smaller than those from natural sources, and the uncertainties on source categories appear larger for top-down inversions than for bottom-up inventories and models. The most important source of uncertainty on the methane budget is attributable to emissions from wetland and other inland waters. We show that the wetland extent could contribute 30–40 % on the estimated range for wetland emissions. Other priorities for improving the methane budget include the following: (i) the development of process-based models for inland-water emissions, (ii) the intensification of methane observations at local scale (flux measurements) to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scale (surface networks and satellites) to constrain top-down inversions, (iii) improvements in the estimation of atmospheric loss by OH, and (iv) improvements of the transport models integrated in top-down inversions. The data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (http://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/GLOBAL_METHANE_BUDGET_2016_V1.1) and the Global Carbon Project.

Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage accounts for 5 to 10 % of all strokes, with a worldwide incidence of 10.5 / 100000 person/year, varying in individual reports from 1.1 to 96 /100000 person/year. Angiographic and autopsy studies suggest that between 0.5% and 5% of the population have intracranial aneurysms. Approximately 30000 people suffer aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States each year, and 60% die or are left permanently disabled. We report our experience in the surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms in a six year period, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We reviewed the hospital files, surgical and out-patient notes of all patients operated on for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms from January 1997 to January 2003. Four hundred and seventy-seven patients were submitted to 525 craniotomies for treatment of 630 intracranial aneurysms. The majority of patients were female (72.1%) in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Anterior circulation aneurysms were more common (94.4%). The most common location for the aneurysm was the middle cerebral artery bifurcation. The patients were followed by a period from 1 month to 5 years. The outcome was measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). At discharge, 62.1% of the patients were classified as GOS 5, 13.9% as GOS 4, 8.7% as GOS 3, 1.7% as GOS 2 and 14.8% as GOS 1.

Questo lavoro analizza il decreto legislativo del 4 marzo 2014, n. 38 sulle cure transfrontaliere. Le norme del decreto sembrano garantire il diritto alla salute, perché stabiliscono che non esiste l’obbligo di ottenere una autorizzazione da parte dell’amministrazione, prima di poter espatriare al fine di ottenere le cure all’estero. Esse, però, al contempo, svantaggiano i meno abbienti, perché approntano un sistema di assistenza indiretta e precisano che gli amministrati possono ottenere il rimborso delle spese sostenute solo nei limiti dei costi che la prestazione avrebbe avuto se fosse stata eseguita nel territorio di provenienza. Inoltre, quando introducono la eccezionale necessità di una previa autorizzazione, attribuiscono alla p.A. un potere fortemente discrezionale. Infine, non chiariscono alcuni aspetti relativi ai procedimenti amministrativi da attivare per ottenere il rimborso e non regolano in modo adeguato i rapporti con il regolamento CE n. 883/2004. Esiste davvero un diritto alle cure oltre lo Stato? ---------- This work analyzes the Italian Legislative Decree of 4 March 2014, n. 38, about the cross-border healthcare. The provisions seem to guarantee the right to health, because they state that the patients have not to obtain an authorization from the administration, before being able to get treatment abroad. At the same time, they disadvantage the poor, because they establish a system of indirect assistance and they specify that individuals may obtain only the reimbursement of the costs that the service would have incurred if it had been performed in the territory of origin. In addition, when introducing the exceptional need for prior authorization, they confer to the public Administration a highly discretionary power. Finally, they aren’t clear when they regulate the aspects of the administrative procedures. Is there really a right to health care over the state?

Gunung Pasang River is as raw water supply for the human activity. However, it is utilized as waste disposal from community activities, agro-tourism, and rubber factories. These activities have the potential to reduce water river quality. The efforts to river pollution prevention that can be taken are to examine for capacity of the rivers to reduce pollutant naturally. The research focused to analysis the pollution load, oxygen dissolved distribution (deoxygenation and reoxygenation rate), and the total pollution load of the Gunung Pasang river utilized the Streeter-Phelps formula. The study was conducted in November – December in 2019 at the Gunung Pasang River with a river length of 300 m which was divided into 3 segments with 4 monitoring points (GP01, GP02, GP03, GP04). Analysis of the parameters i.e. DO and BOD to measure the water quality degradation in the river and the resulting graph of oxygen reduction. The method refers to Minister of the Environment Decree no. 110/2003.The results showed that the average pollution load value was 6.32 kg/day. The range of deoxygenation and reoxygenation rates is 2.67 - 5.36 mg/L.day and 32.77 - 64.71 mg/L.day respectively. The Reoxygenation rate was greater than deoxygenation. This phenomenon reflected that the Gunung Pasang River has a good self – purification performance. The average pollution load capacity of the river is 2.17 kg/day.Keywords: total pollution capacity; oxygen distribution; self – purification; water quality monitoring.

In place of gametes, ovaries can be used as an alternative resource for cryopreservation. At the previous IETS meeting, we showed that in the Syrian hamster, pups could be successfully produced through the transplantation of fresh ovaries. In addition, the immunotolerance of interstrain ovarian transplantation was described. In this study, we attempted to produce pups via transplantation of cryopreserved ovaries to foster mothers. Our goal was to establish a preservation method for hamster strains based on ovarian cryopreservation in combination with ovarian transfer. Ovaries were cryopreserved by vitrification according to methods described for mouse ovaries (Migishima F et al. 2003 Biol. Reprod. 68, 881–887). In brief, ovaries were collected from 2- to 3-week-old HAW strain (white coat) females. Each ovary was cut into 4 sections, placed into 1 tube, and cryopreserved by vitrification using DAP213 solution (2 m dimethyl sulfoxide, 1 m acetamide, and 3 m propylene glycol; Nakagata N 1989 J. Reprod. Fertil. 87, 479–483). Thawed ovaries were transferred into the ovarian bursae (2 ovarian sections per ovarian bursa) of 3-week-old recipient females with agouti coat (Slc:Syrian) under anesthesia with isoflurane. Half of the recipients’ ovaries were removed immediately before transfer; i.e. both donor and recipient ovaries were present in each ovarian bursa. Successful ovarian transplantation was verified by examining the coat color (non-agouti color) of offspring produced in test matings between mature recipients and Slc:Syrian males. Out of 6 recipients tested, 2 became pregnant and delivered pups. According to the coat color of the pups, 1 of the 2 recipients delivered a pup produced from transplanted ovaries (1 out of 4 pups). Regardless of this low success rate, our results indicate that pups can be produced from cryopreserved ovaries via interstrain transplantation of ovaries to foster mothers in the Syrian hamster. Thus, ovarian cryopreservation by vitrification is a promising strategy for strain preservation of the Syrian hamster. This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan.

The history sheet reveals the development of formal legal amil zakat in Indonesia in 1968 the ratification of Minister of Religion Regulation (PMA) Number 4 of 1968 concerning the Establishment of the Amil Zakat Agency (BAZ) and PMA Number 5 of 1968 concerning the Establishment of Baitul Maal (PBM). Precisely on December 12, 1989 was issued the Instruction of the Minister of Religion (Inpres) 16/1989 concerning the Development of Zakat, Infaq and Shadaqah (PZIS). Then in 1998-1999 and 2001-2003 BAZNAS was formed with the Presidential Decree so that in 2011 the rule of zakat processing emerged namely Law Number 23 of 2011. Through this formal law the author will examine the terminology of amil zakat according to Islamic Law and Law. Amil zakat is a person who is involved or actively participates in zakat activities, starting from collecting zakat from muzaki to distributing it to mustahiq. Legal arrangements in Indonesia relating to the competence of amil zakat are very important in neglecting zakat funds and channeling them to mustahiq, but must be supported by the authorities. Islamic law considers the competence of amil zakat to be very urgent, with accountable amil. While the government is very competent in increasing Baznas income annually, supported also by the fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) regarding the government's obligation to cut salaries for civil servants / ASNs to be more effective in raising zakat funds and Baznas will be more maximal in alleviating poverty and welfare of society and ummah as extension of the government to the welfare of the people.

The Unda River (Tukad) is the second largest river in Bali Province after the Ayung River. The Unda River has been used for various activities, such as tourism activities for white water rafting and agricultural irrigation activities. In addition, Unda River water is planned to be used as a raw water source in the planned construction of the Bali Cultural Center (PKB) which is planned to be built in the lower reaches of the Unda River. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research related to the water quality of the Unda River, especially in the Lower Unda River. Water quality analysis refers to class II water quality standards according to the Bali Governor Regulation Number 16 of 2016. Meanwhile, the analysis of water quality status uses the pollution index (IP) according to the Decree of the Minister of the Environment Number 115 of 2003. The results of the analysis show that water quality parameters that exceed the highest quality standard is downstream (sampling point 3) with 4 (four) parameters, namely Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total coliform and fecal coli. While the sampling points 1 (one) and 2 (two), the parameters that exceed the quality standard are total coliform and fecal coli. In addition, the results of this study also show that the pollution index value downstream is increasing, where at sampling point 1 which is a DAM location has a pollutant index of 3.78 (light pollution) and at sampling point 2 of 6.27 (moderate pollution) and at sampling point 3 of 7.67 (medium polluted).

This article offers a criminological analysis of murders for hire, from the moment of their regulation in the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation until 2019. Since the procedure of statistical registration of these crimes changed several times during this period, comparable indicators were presented based on these changes. The base period is from 2003 to 2019. In the course of criminological analysis, the authors used official statistical data and calculated the dynamics of absolute and relative indicators (growth rates, specific weight, intensity coefficient) of crimes of the studied type. As a result, the authors came to the following conclusions. In the Russian Federation, murder for hire is not a common crime: its share in the structure of murders over the past decade has not exceeded 0.15 %, although murders account for no more than 0.5 % in the overall structure of crime. The analysis of the dynamics of this crime revealed not only a steady downward trend in its quantitative indicators, but also a faster rate of decline in comparison with the dynamics of murders in general (the absolute number of criminal cases of murder for hire decreased 6 times during the examined period, while the absolute murder rate decreased only 4 times, and the rate of decline for the basic indicator of murder for hire was higher by 8.7 %). The coefficient of intensity of murders of this type during the examined period also decreased 6.5 times. The rate of decline in the indicators of assassinations committed by organized criminal groups and criminal communities was 2 times higher than the rate shown by the entire set of murders of this type. At the same time, the share of murders for hire committed with the use of firearms, explosive devices, and explosives has not actually changed, despite a six-fold decrease in absolute indicators. However, the share of such crimes is not dominant in the structure of homicides for hire. In addition, murder for hire is a crime with a higher degree of latency than manslaughter. At the same time, a complicated system of registering murders for hire under various indicators makes it possible to disguise the real situation with this crime.

KPAI is an independent institution formed based on Presidential Decree Number 77 of 2003 concerning the Indonesian Child Protection Commission. KPAI is the mandate of the Child Protection Law with a view to increasing the effectiveness of child protection. KPAI is a state institution mandated by the Act to oversee and supervise the implementation of child protection. This paper discusses how is the position of the Commission for the Protection of Indonesian Children in the Indonesian constitutional system? What is the function of the Indonesian Child Protection Commission as an independent state commission in carrying out the enforcement of human rights for children according to the mandate of the constitution? This research is a descriptive research. The approach used in this study is a normative juridical approach supported by an empirical juridical approach. The data used in this study are secondary data and primary data. Against all data and materials obtained from the results of the study will be compiled and analyzed qualitatively. The function of KPAI as an independent state commission in carrying out the enforcement of human rights on children according to the mandate of the constitution is reflected in 9 (nine) main fields, namely 1) Social Affairs and Children in Emergency Situations; 2) Family and Care Sector; 3) Civil Rights and Participation Fields; 4) Religion and Culture; 5) Education Sector; 6) Health and Drug Sector; 7) Fields of Pornography and Cybercrime; 8) Field of Children Against the Law (ABH); and 9) Trafficking and Exploitation. Where there are functions that are going well, and some are not good, so KPAI gives a lot of suggestions and criticisms of the 9 (nine) functions it performs.

Abstract In the new staging system of multiple myeloma (MM) by South West Oncology Group (SWOG), the concentration of serum β2 microglobulin (β2m) and serum albumin were focused as the most important prognostic factors for survival. However, serum concentration of β2m has been known as an indicator of glomerular filtration rate. The aim of this study was to compare the prognostic value of the level of β2m with that of creatinine clearance (Ccr) in patients with multiple myeloma. Retrospectively, from January 1, 1996 to November 30, 2003, we reviewed 176 MM patients (M: F 110:66 mean age: 58.5±11.0) whose 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance was available at the time of diagnosis. We collected clinical data such as hemoglobin, serum creatinine, calcium, albumin, β2m, creatinine clearance before chemotherapies, and patients’ survival time. Pretreatment β2m was inversely related to Ccr (Spearman’s correlation coefficient = −0.781, P <0.01). In univariate analysis, relative risk (RR) of death was 1.047 (p< 0.001) for β2m and 0.985 (p< 0.001) for Ccr. But multivariate analysis using Cox’s proportional hazard model showed β2m was not significant prognostic factor in patients’ survival after adjustment for Ccr (RR 1.025, p=0.054) but Ccr was an independent risk factor of death after adjustment for β2m (RR 0.990, p=0.013). And univariate analysis identified that RR for β2m is not significant in 88 MM patients (66 patients with β2m ≥ 2.5mg/l) with relatively normal renal function (Ccr ≥ 50 ml/min) (RR = 1.110, p=0.306) We could propose another new staging system with β2m replaced by Ccr in SWOG staging system. The stages were defined as: stage 1, Ccr ≥ 80ml/min; stage 2, 50< Ccr <80; stage 3, Ccr < 50 and albumin ≥ 3.0g/dl; and stage 4 Ccr < 50 ml/min and albumin< 3.0 g/dl. According to this proposed staging system, median survival time of each stage from 1 to 4 is 1475, 887, 513, and 196 days, respectively. (Log Rank test < 0.0001) In conclusion, Ccr could be more important prognostic factor than the level of β2m in patients of MM and we propose that Ccr should be reassessed as the component of staging system of MM.

Abstract Background: Offering research results to study participants is increasingly considered an ethical obligation founded on the principle of respect for persons. This practice acknowledges the importance of the participant’s contribution in the study and, in some instances, enables the participant to benefit directly from the health information derived from the research. Recent studies have established that there is growing support for this practice among investigators and study participants in highly selected populations. The frequency and means of this practice is unknown in the broader national and international research community. Methods: We pilot-tested a questionnaire, which we designed for this study. It had a high content validity. The questionnaire was designed to document the frequency with which researchers offer return of results to research participants, the means by which researchers offer results, the role of Research Ethics Boards (REBs) in the return of research results, and the demographics of the study participants. We classified all 887 abstracts presented at the American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting in December 2003 according to study type. Only those abstracts involving human subjects were included. Of the 478 eligible abstracts, email addresses for 472 (98.7%) first or senior authors were found using public web sites. The investigators were sent the 4–5 minute survey by email. Two reminders were sent to non-respondents. Responses were downloaded to a secure server and analyzed by descriptive and Chi squared techniques. Results: Interim results were obtained 11 days after initiating the survey. Complete responses were received from 84 of the 471 (18%) investigators. Most responders were physicians (n=68; 81%) and almost half (n=40; 47%) received Research Ethics Board (REB) approval for their study in the United States. Only 23 (27%) investigators had a formal plan for the return of results to study participants. No clear preference for any one means of returning research results was indicated. The majority (n=18; 78%) indicated that they would provide the participant with a choice of whether or not to receive research results and most (n=14; 61%) indicated that they would provide an overall summary of results rather than an overall summary plus individual level results. Reasons for not returning research results included: did not consider it (n=25), contact difficulties (n=22), and participant difficulty in understanding results (n=19). Cost and concern for the patient regarding adverse effects of receiving results were infrequently cited. Only 2 (2%) of investigators reported that their REB mandated the offer of return of research results to all participants. 55 researchers (66%) supported or strongly supported the return of results to participants, 27 (32%) were neutral, and only 2 (2%) opposed or strongly opposed this practice. Updated data and further analyses will be reported at the annual meeting. Conclusion: Investigators in the international research community infrequently offer to return results to research participants, and REBs rarely mandate this practice. Our study reaffirms the findings of other studies that indicate a high level of support for this practice among researchers. Further work is needed to assess participant needs and concerns, and how to bridge the gap between the expressed attitudes of researchers and actual practice.

Aim: Dynamic assessment of trends over time in patient- and transplant-specific characteristics and outcomes for patients undergoing 1st allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) for Myelofibrosis (MF). Methods and Results: A total of 4142 MF patients were analysed who underwent allo-HCT between 1995-2018 (24-year period) across 278 centres based on data reported to the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. For analysis, 4 cohorts were considered based on year of allo-HCT: <2006 n=389 (9.4%), 2006-2010 n=910 (22%), 2011-2014 n=1148 (27.7%) and 2015-2018 n=1695 (40.9%). A steady increase in MF allo-HCT activity over time was apparent paralleled with increasing numbers of participating transplant centres. A total of 2603 (62.8%) patients were male, 3239 (78.2%) had Primary MF, 409 (9.9%) and 494 (11.9%) post-Polycythaemia Vera and post-Essential Thrombocythaemia MF, respectively. An increased median interval (lnterquartile range (IQR)) between diagnosis and transplant was evident over time (<2006 median 20.8 (8.9-62.2) months versus 36.2 (11.6-107.5) months in 2015-2018 period;p<0.001), potentially reflecting increased availability of therapeutics in recent eras (untreated patients <2006= 59.4% versus 2015-2018=23.7%). Median recipient age (IQR) increased over time by ~ a decade between earliest cohort and most recent: <2006, 49.4 years (43.1-55.3) versus 59.3 years (53.4-64.8)2015-2018. Prior to 2006, patients >60 years accounted for 8.7% of adults undergoing allo-HCT whereas for 2015-2018 this was 47%. Over time, increasing number of patients with a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) <90 underwent allo-HCT (<2006=19.7% versus 36.1% 2015-18; p<0.001). Peripheral Blood (PB) was the predominant stem cell source and utilisation increased over time, accounting for 74.8% <2006 and 92.2% within 2015-2018 cohort. Cord blood utilisation was limited to <1% throughout the 24-year study period. Significant shifts towards use of unrelated donors (URD) in more recent periods was apparent (p<0.001). Moreover, increased use of mismatched related donors (MMRD) was particularly evident in 2015-2018 cohort; n=152 (9%) versus n=74 (3%) cumulative for other 3 cohorts combined; p<0.001. Decreased use of myeloablative and TBI- based conditioning was evident over time (p<0.001). Specifically, there was increased use of busulphan-based regimens (<2006: 44.2% versus 2015-2018: 72%). Regarding T cell depletion, trends demonstrated increased use of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) over time (<2006=37.3% vs 69.9% 2015-2018; p<0.001). Median time to both neutrophil (median 18 days across all cohorts) and platelet engraftment was similar in all 4 cohorts, with no significant variation when stratified by period of transplantation. Allo-HCT outcomes, survival, GVHD and relapse endpoints are shown for all 4 cohorts in Table 1. Overall for the entire group, significant factors associated with worse OS, RFS and NRM remained older age and a poor KPS (<90). No significant differences between cohorts were noted for either estimated 3-year OS (<2006=55% (50-60%), 2006-2010=60% (56-63%), 2011-2014 and 2015-2018= 58% (55-61%); p=0.299) or non-relapse mortality (NRM (Table 1); p=0.523), despite increasing numbers of older, less fit patients, and more frequent HLA-mismatched transplants over time. To investigate survival findings in more detail an adjusted model will be presented including period of allo-HCT and transplant-related variables. Cumulative incidence of relapse at 3 years was similar across all cohorts, suggesting no significant changes with time. Most common causes of death across all 4 cohorts remained GVHD and infection. Of note, rates of acute (a)GVHD grade II-IV by day +100 decreased from the earliest cohort <2006 compared to the later groups (p=0.027) as did rates of overall chronic (c) GVHD whereby this was evident in 57% (95% CI 52-62%) <2006 cohort compared to 44% (95% CI 42-47%) in the 2015-2018 group, predominantly reflected by reductions in extensive cGVHD (Table 1). Conclusions: Despite a marked increase over this 24-year period in recipient age, RIC regimen utilisation and use of both URD and MMRD, this comprehensive analysis demonstrates stable OS and EFS rates. However, rates of GVHD have decreased over time, in particular extensive cGVHD. Further work is required to improve both the considerable NRM and relapse rates which remain significant. Disclosures McLornan: JAZZ PHARMA: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; CELGENE: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; NOVARTIS: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Platzbecker:Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Geron: Consultancy, Honoraria; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Chevallier:Incyte Corporation: Honoraria. Martínez-Lopez:Altum, Hosea: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties; Vivia Biotech: Honoraria; Amgen: Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Speakers Bureau; Roche: Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Research Funding. Yakoub-Agha:Celgene: Honoraria; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Gilead/Kite: Honoraria, Other: travel support; Janssen: Honoraria.

Bacterial canker (or black spot) of mango caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae is an important disease in tropical and subtropical areas (1). X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae can cause severe infection in a wide range of mango cultivars and induces raised, angular, black leaf lesions, sometimes with a chlorotic halo. Severe leaf infection may result in abscission. Fruit symptoms appear as small, water-soaked spots on the lenticels that later become star shaped, erumpent, and exude an infectious gum. Often, a “tear stain” infection pattern is observed on the fruit. Severe fruit infections cause premature drop. Twig cankers are potential sources of inoculum and weaken branch resistance to winds. Yield loss up to 85% has been reported at grove scale for susceptible cultivars (1). Suspected leaf lesions of bacterial canker were collected in July 2010 from mango trees in four, six, and three localities of the Koulikoro, Sikasso, and Bougouni provinces of Mali, respectively (i.e., the major mango-growing areas in this country). Nonpigmented Xanthomonas-like colonies were isolated on KC semiselective medium (3). Twenty-two strains from Mali were identified as X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae based on IS1595-ligation-mediated PCR (4) and they produced fingerprints fully identical to that of strains isolated from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Five Malian strains (LH409, LH410, LH414, LH415-3, and LH418) were compared by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to the type strain of X. citri and the pathotype strain of several X. citri pathovars, including pvs. anacardii and mangiferaeindicae. This assay targeted the atpD, dnaK, efp, and gyrB genes, as described previously (2). Nucleotide sequences were 100% identical to those of the pathotype strain of X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae whatever the gene assayed, but differed from any other assayed X. citri pathovar. Leaves of mango cv. Maison Rouge from the youngest vegetative flush were infiltrated (10 inoculation sites per leaf for three replicate leaves on different plants per bacterial strain) with the same five strains from Mali. Bacterial suspensions (~1 × 105 CFU/ml) were prepared in 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.2) from 16-h-old cultures on YPGA (7 g of yeast, 7 g of peptone, 7 g of glucose, and 18 g of agar/liter, pH 7.2). The negative control treatment consisted of three leaves infiltrated with sterile Tris buffer (10 sites per leaf). Plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 30 ± 1°C by day and 26 ± 1°C by night (12-h/12-h day/night cycle) at 80 ± 5% relative humidity. All leaves inoculated with the Malian strains showed typical symptoms of bacterial canker a week after inoculation. No lesions were recorded from the negative controls. One month after inoculation, mean X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae population sizes ranging from 5 × 106 to 1 × 107 CFU/lesion were recovered from leaf lesions, typical of a compatible interaction (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease in Mali. Investigations from local growers suggest that the disease may have been present for some years in Mali but likely less than a decade. A high disease incidence and severity were observed, suggesting the suitability of environmental conditions in this region for the development of mango bacterial canker. References: (1) N. Ah-You et al. Phytopathology 97:1568, 2007. (2) L. Bui Thi Ngoc et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:515, 2010. (3) O. Pruvost et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:803, 2005. (4) O. Pruvost et al. Phytopathology 101:887, 2011.

296 Background: Urothelial cancer (UC) is a common tumor with a peak in the seventh decade. Locally advanced disease has a significant risk for developing metastases. Neoadjuvant, platinum-containing, combination chemotherapy improves survival over radical cystectomy (RC). Chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) shows equivalent efficacy with less toxicity to methotrexate-vinblastine-doxorubicin- cisplatin (MVAC) in metastatic setting. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 23 elderly pts (8 female, 15 male) with a median age of 72 years, WHO performance status 0/1, with muscle invasive UC who received neoadjuvant GC (gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 days 1, 8, 15 and cisplatin 70 mg/m2, day 2 q28) for 3 cycles between 2006 and 2010 prior to RC. Assessments included toxicity of GC, pathologic response, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: 21 (91.3%) out of 23 pts finished intended chemotherapy. Two refused chemotherapy due to personal reasons. According to CTCAE guidelines 43.5% developed grade 3 hematologic toxicities; 13% developed grade 4 thrombopenia. Grade 3 non-hematologic toxicities included nausea in 2 patients. In 2 (8.7%) pts grade 4 thromboembolic events occurred. There was no treatment related febrile neutropenia or death. 15 (71.4%) of the pts underwent RC. 5 (23.8%) pts refused RC due to personal reasons. 1 of them agreed second look TURB. 1 patient underwent palliative radiotherapy due to progression of disease. Out of the 16 pts 43.75% achieved pathological response (18.75% pT0 stage and 25% pT1 stage). 56.25% had muscle invasive UC. 18.75% of them nodal positive disease. All 7 pts achieving < pT2 pathologic stage remained progression-free at a median follow up of 16 months. Pts > pT2 stage had a median PFS of 14 months. Median OS was not reached yet. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant GC is a well tolerated regiment in elderly pts and it seems to be less toxic than MVAC. Prophylactic anticoagulation during treatment should be considered. Although pathologic response is lower than in previously published retrospective data we recommend neoadjuvant treatment with GC in elderly pts. [Table: see text]

SummaryThe aim of this study was to find out whether differences exist in the physical development, nutritional status and psychosomatic status of children living in deprived regions of Hungary compared with the Hungarian national reference values. The Hungarian government’s decree No. 24/2003 created a complex indicator of social and economic conditions by which the country’s regions were graded into deprived and non-deprived regions. This study examined 3128 children (aged 3–18 years) living in the deprived regions and their biological status was compared with the national reference values (2nd Hungarian National Growth Study). Children’s body development was assessed via some absolute body dimensions. Nutritional status was estimated by BMI with children being divided into ‘underweight’, ‘normal’, ‘overweight’ and ‘obese’ categories. For children aged 7–18 years a standard symptoms list was used to characterize psychosomatic status. The subjects were asked to rate their health status as excellent, good, fair or poor. The body development of children living in these deprived regions was significantly retarded compared with the national references in the age groups 7–9 years and 14–17 years for boys and in the age groups 4–6 and 14–17 for girls. The prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in children and adolescents living in deprived regions (boys: 4.8%; girls: 5.9%) than the national references (boys: 2.9%; girls: 4.0%), while the prevalence of overweight and obese children did not differ between deprived regions (boys: 20.2%; girls: 19.8%) and the national references (boys: 21.5%; girls: 19.1%). Children and adolescents living in the deprived regions rated their health status worse, and experienced more psychosomatic complaints (abdominal discomfort and fear), than the national references. Although the majority of body dimensions of children in deprived regions were close to the 50th centile of the Hungarian national references, a sizeable minority (31%) were 0.20SD or more away from the median value, which has implications as to how social, medical and public welfare policy can be shaped.

Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements.
 Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics
 
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Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich) is an ecologically, economically, and historically important conifer species that currently mainly occurs in the Taurus Mountains in southern Turkey. In former times, extensive forests of this species were also found in Syria and Lebanon. However, because of intensive cutting, burning, and goat grazing, only small populations are left in these countries. Currently, the range of Lebanon cedar covers approximately 600,000 ha in Turkey, including extremely degraded stands and bare karstic land that was previously covered by this species (1). Therefore, efforts to protect existing forests and promote natural regeneration of this endangered tree species were undertaken in recent years. In addition, reforestations were carried out on bare karstic lands to expand the population of Lebanon cedar in Turkey. During disease surveys, carried out in October 2009 in the Mt. Dedegül Region of the western Taurus Mountains (37°36′54″N, 31°20′00″E), a dieback of lower branches and young plants of C. libani was observed at 1,700 to 1,885 m above sea level. The disease often occurred in scattered patches and was most evident near the timberline. Needles, shoots, and twigs of affected trees or entire small trees were covered or completely enmeshed in silky, shining, blackish brown mycelial felts. Symptoms resembled those of brown felt blight, also known as black snow mold, caused by Herpotrichia juniperi and Neopeckia coulteri on various other conifer species (2). For fungal isolation and identification, 18 twig samples from 14 different C. libani trees were collected. Two colonized needles from each twig were transferred to water agar (16 g liter–1 of agar and 0.1 g liter–1 of streptomycin) and incubated at 4°C for at least 8 days in the dark. Single hyphal-tip cultures were then established from only one of the developing colonies per twig and transferred to 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tubes containing 500 μl of potato dextrose broth. DNA extraction, directly from the mycelium, was performed after 20 days (3). DNA was amplified using primer pair ITS1 and ITS4 (4) and sequenced. Sequences of two representative fungal isolates from C. libani were deposited in GenBank (HM853976 and HM853977). Comparison of the 18 internal transcribed spacer sequences obtained from C. libani showed 99 to 100% nucleotide identity with those of reference strains of H. juniperi (2) from GenBank and variation among the 18 sequences was <1%, which is within the limits reported in a previous study (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. libani as a new host of H. juniperi. Thus, brown felt blight is considered to have a significant impact on regeneration of C. libani as well as on the survival and growth of seedlings and young trees in the study area. References: (1) M. Boydak For. Ecol. Manag. 178:231, 2003. (2) M. Schneider et al. Mycol. Res. 113:887, 2009. (3) D. Smith and G. Stanosz. Phytopathology 85:699, 1995 (4) T. J. T. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, New York 1990.

Demand for crumb rubber and block rubber from abroad to increase thus encouraging crumb rubber agro industry factories in Indonesia to increase of the production, but this is not matched by environmental quality that should be increasingly considered. Pollution that appears to be seen in the form of changes in the color of water and solid material from the washing of latex crumbs as sludge which leaves a damaged latex, mixed with wood and other inorganic materials. In the process of handling liquid waste in Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) ponds, liquid waste can be recycled so that it can be reused to wash lumps and latex crumbs, but solid waste in the form of activated sludge at the bottom of the WWTP ponds containing damaged rubber with inorganic materials has become a polluter in the factor. In this research, the characteristics of the solid waste are analyzed to be used as soil amendment material of determining the appropriate length of incubation different, so that the waste is indeed feasible as soil amendment. This research was conducted at August 2019 to February 2020 with compare the results of the three treatment levels for the incubation period of solid waste with code T1 = 60 days after being removed from the WWTP pond; T2 = 120 days after being removed from the WWTP ponds; T3 = 180 days after being removed from the WWTP ponds, which was four repeated. Method in parametric research as temperature with mercury thermometer, color of waste compare with Munsell's soil, texture of material with skin sensing method, particle size with 1 inch sieve, moisture content with gravimatric method, and bulk density with sample ring method, as well as chemical properties of solid waste with observational variables i.e. pH (H2O) is measured with digital pH meter, Fe-total with the ortho-phenanthroline spectrophotometry method, Lead (Pb) b with the spectrophotometric HNO3 method, C-organic with the Walkley-Black spectrophotometric method, N-total with the Kjeldahl’s method, P2O5 with the Olsen’s spectrophotometric method, C-organic with the Walkley-Black’s spectrophotometric method, K2O with Morgan’s spectrophotometry method, and C / N ratio with dividing the index C of N. The best treatment is based on the approach required by SNI 19-7030-2004 and the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 261 / KPTS / SR.310 / M / 4/2019. From the results of this study it was concluded that the solid waste in the T2 treatment was the best treatment that has physical properties with a temperature character of 28.6 °C, a blackish gray color with an index of 5BG 4/1, a fine textured soft lumpy, with particle size <25 mm, content water (8.7%) and bulk density (0.81 g.cm-3), as well as chemical properties with a pH of 7.02; Fe-total (0.00104 ppm); Lead (Pb) <0.01 ppm; C-organic (11.21%); N-total (1.37%); P2O5 (1.33%); K2O (0.56%) and C / N ratio of 8.18.

Introduction:Patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) have numerous risk factors including but not limited to iron overload, avascular bone necrosis, infection especially acute chest syndrome and frequent pain crisis. Incidence of Clostridium Difficile infection (C. Diff) in sickle cell disease patients is lower than the general population but they are frequently hospitalized for vaso-occlusive crisis and are often given empirical antibiotic treatment which puts them at high risk for C. Diff (1). Here we are describing trends and predictors of C. Diff among SCD patients and how C.diff burgen has changed over the time in Sickle cell patients. Methods:We used National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2008-2017 by Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We extracted a study cohort of all-cause hospitalizations among SCD patients using International Classification of Diseases (9th/10th Editions) Clinical Modification diagnosis codes (ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM). Concurrent C. Diff and other comorbidities were identified by ICD-9/10-CM codes and Elixhauser comorbidity software. Our primary objective was to delineate temporal trends, and predictors of C. Diff infection in SCD patients. We utilized Cochran Armitage trend test and multivariable survey logistic regression models to analyze the trends, predictors and outcomes. Results:Out of a total 991,848 all-cause hospitalizations among SCD patients, 5,182 (1.81%) hospitalizations were complicated with C. Diff infection. Prevalence of C.Diff infection increased from 3/1000 hospitalizations in 2008 to 6/1000 hospitalizations in 2017 (pTrend<0.0001) with a 6% yearly increase (OR:1.06; 95%CI:1.04-1.09; p<0.001) (Figure.1). Patients who developed C.Diff infection had higher mean age (39 vs 33-years; p<0.001), and more likely to be females (62% vs 38%; p<0.001). Furthermore, in multivariable regression analysis, increasing age (OR:1.1; 95%CI:1.1-1.1; p<0.0001), females (OR:1.2; 95%CI:1.1-1.4; p<0.001), neurological disorders (OR:1.6; 95%CI:1.2-1.9; p<0.001), weight loss (OR:2.5; 95%CI:2.0-3.2; p<0.001), depression (OR:1.5; 95%CI:1.2-1.9; p<0.001), and renal failure (OR:1.3; 95%CI:1.2-1.6; p<0.001) were associated with higher odds of C. Diff infection. Also other concurrent conditions like liver disorders (OR:1.5; 95%CI:1.2-2.0; p<0.001), congestive heart failure (OR:1.3; 95%CI:1.1-1.6; p<0.001), and septicemia (OR:3.6; 95%CI:3.1-4.3; p<0.001) were also associated with increased odds of developing C.Diff infection. Among the patients who developed C.Diff infection, 15% were discharged to long term facilities and 4% died during the hospitalization. Moreover C.Diff infection was also associated with higher length of stay (11 vs 6-days; p<0.001). Discussion:In this nationally representative study, we observed that prevalence of C.Diff among SCD has been increasing over the last decade. We were also able to delineate several factors such as renal failure, liver disorder, CHF and septicemia which were significantly associated with development of C.Diff infection. Modifiable factors require better optimization which may eventually decrease the C.diff infection prevalence but this conclusion needs more in-depth studies to establish the causal relationship. References: (1) Ahmed J, Kumar A, Jafri F, Batool S, Knoll B, Lim SH. Low Incidence of Hospital-OnsetClostridium difficileInfection in Sickle Cell Disease.N Engl J Med. 2019;380(9):887-888. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1815711 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The article reveals the peculiarities of establishment and institutional development of National school of judges of Ukraine (NSJU) as an institution with a special status in the judicial system. The paper discusses main methodological principles for initial and periodical training of judges, as well as special training of candidates for the position of judge, which are defined in the Concept of National Standards for Judicial Education, approved by NSJU as a special document. According to the values which are declared in the document the main scope of judicial education is not only giving knowledge but also special skills development. It is the reason for implementing of interactive approaches to the learning process. The institution aims to integrate digital innovations into judicial education. It is the digitization of judicial education that will allow NSJU to move to the identification of individual educational needs of the judge and the formation of personalized training programs. Distance learning as a form of periodic training of judges plays a significant role in the development of judicial education. This form of training makes educational process flexible and dynamic, creates an opportunity for each listener, regardless of the level of court and judicial specialization, to work on the recommended personal schedule of the course. The article also deals with the specialties of initial training of candidates for the position of judge which is conducted in accordance with European standards for the organization of judicial educational events. In addition to law courses, the focus of initial training is also on issues of judicial ethics and integrity, anti-corruption legislation, psychological adaptation to judicial activity, judicial discipline, litigation management and alternative dispute resolution, international and European law. Interactive trainings and internships for candidates for the position of judge are aimed to expand and deepen legal knowledge, as well as to develop judicial skills and understanding the social context of justice. It is declared in the article that NSJU has introduced the Judicial Education Assessment Methodology, which has become a criterion for the effectiveness of the School's activity as a judicial education institution and is an important element of improving of all components of the educational process. Key words:National School of Judges of Ukraine, judicial education, methods of judicial education, training of judges, special training of candidates for the position of judge. References Strategy for the Reform of the Judiciary, Judiciary and Related Legal Institutions for 2015-2020: Approved by Presidential Decree of May 20, 2015 No. 276/2015. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/276/2015 [Ukr.]. On the Judiciary and the Status of the Court: Law of Ukraine in Ed. from 02.06.2016. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1402-19/ed20160602 [Ukr.]. The concept of national standard judicial educational institutions: Annex 5 to the NSAU Regulations, required order dated 24.06.2016 No. 34. URL: http://www.nsj.gov.ua/en/about/symbols/ [Ukr.]. NSJU Development Strategy for 2016-2020. URL: http://www.nsj.gov.ua/files/14676144821452070855%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1% 96% D1% 8F_% D1% 80% D0% BE% Opinion No 4 (2003) Advisory Councils of the Council of the European Courts, with respect, Committee on the Activity and the Ministry of Justice at the national and European levels, dedicated to November 27, 2003. URL: https://court.gov.ua/inshe/mss/ [Ukr.].

Background: Observation or "wait and watch" (W/W) strategy remains a viable option in the rituximab era for asymptomatic, stage II-IV, low-tumor burden patients with FL grade 1-2, 3A. Studies to date both in pre and post rituximab era have not shown an overall survival benefit from immediate treatment in such low-risk patients.To improve our understanding and to better counsel FL patients on W/W strategy, we sought to estimate the incidence of treatment initiation at landmark time points in our prospectively observed cohort from the Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER) of the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic Lymphoma Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE). We further evaluate the association between the presence of GELF criteria (MER treatment criteria) at diagnosis and initiation of treatment patterns, transformation rates and cause of death in FL patients managed by W/W. Methods: FL patients on W/W strategy were identified from MER of the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic Lymphoma SPORE. From 2002-2015, consecutive patients with newly diagnosed FL were offered enrollment. Patients were managed per treating physician and followed prospectively. Baseline clinical and pathological data were abstracted using a standard protocol. Cumulative incidence estimates of treatment initiation for follicular lymphoma were calculated using transformation to large cell lymphoma (as the first event) and death due to any cause as competing risks. Transformation was defined based on biopsy-proven disease. Patients were retrospectively considered to meet treatment criteria at diagnosis if they had the presence of any GELF criteria components per available abstracted data in the MER database. Not all GELF criteria were prospectively assessed and captured for all patients, and thus the MER treatment criteria utilized here will be conservative for formal GELF assessment. Results: A total of 401 FL patients were identified in MER on W/W strategy. Baseline characteristics for W/W patients showed a favorable profile such as normal LDH (89%), low and intermediate FLIPI score in 48% and 35% respectively, no B symptoms (97%), low tumor burden (<4 nodal groups) in 72%, and GELF positive vs. negative in 36% and 64% respectively. At a median follow up of 8 years (IQR 5.9-12), 64% initiated treatment for FL only. Cumulative incidence estimates of treatment initiation at sequential time points were calculated from the initiation of observation (Table1&2). At diagnosis, the likelihood of treatment initiation was 15%, 26%, and 42% in the next 1, 2, and 5 years. The incidence of treatment initiation decreased over time as patients remained treatment-free after diagnosis (Figure 1A [blue curve]). Patients that met MER treatment criteria had increased rates of therapy initiation (33.2% vs. 21.9%) in the next two years and untreated transformation to large cell lymphoma [red curve] (8.7% vs. 4.5%) during the next 5 years (Figure 1B). Despite this, the rate of lymphoma related death at 10 years was similar between groups (met treatment criteria = 6.2% vs. 7.1%) (Figure 1C, [green curve]). Discussion: The longer duration of W/W strategy suggests a decreasing need for treatment over time. We provide time point estimates, which would be helpful for counseling patients. Of note, long-term continuous oncologic assessment and follow-up is necessary since approximately 66% of patients in this mature cohort initiated treatment by 8 years median follow up. MER treatment criteria at diagnosis identified patients with higher rates of transformation and therapy initiation in the first two years but did not identify those with worse lymphoma specific survival. Identification of biological differences in patients with early vs. late or no progression is a critical next step in understanding outcomes in W/W patients. Disclosures Ansell: Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; AI Therapeutics: Research Funding; Regeneron: Research Funding; Affimed: Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Trillium: Research Funding. Cerhan:BMS/Celgene: Research Funding; NanoString: Research Funding. Wang:Incyte: Research Funding; Innocare: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding. Witzig:MorphSys: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy; Incyte: Consultancy; Acerta: Research Funding; Karyopharm Therapeutics: Research Funding; Immune Design: Research Funding; Spectrum: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding. Maurer:Morphosys: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Nanostring: Research Funding; Kite: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene / BMS: Research Funding. Nowakowski:NanoString: Research Funding; Kite: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Kymera: Consultancy; Celgene/BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; MorphoSys: Consultancy, Research Funding; Curis: Consultancy; Ryvu: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Abstract Abstract 5147 In patients with Hemoglobin (Hb) E thalassemia, the most common form of severe thalassemia worldwide (Weatherall DJ. Blood 2010;4331-6), early reports suggest that this disorder is associated with variable iron loading in the absence of frequent transfusions (Olivieri NF et al. Int J Ped Hem Onc 2000; 22:593-7), possibly related to the phenotypic variability of the disorder. At the National Thalassaemia Centre, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka, we have studied two groups of patients with Hb E thalassemia using spin density projection assisted R2-MRI (R2-MRI; FerriScan) (St Pierre TG et al. Blood 2005; 105:855-61). Group 1 (n=23) had received ≤ 20 transfusions (median = 9) lifelong, despite a relatively advanced age (mean ± SD, 27.5 ± 16.2 [range 7.8–57.4] years). Group 2 (n=47) had received > 20 transfusions lifelong. In Group 1, liver iron concentration (LIC) was strikingly variable (geometric mean 5.6 [range 1.0–33.0] mg Fe/g dw). LIC exceeded 7 mg Fe/g dw in 11 patients and 15 mg Fe/g dw in 4 patients. Values of serum ferritin (SF) (mean ± SD, 827 ± 611 [range 254–2484] ug/L) and serum ALT (37.6 ± 19.7 [range 12–86] U/L) did not reliably reflect the degree of elevation in LIC (R2 = 0.38, P = 0.0017 for SF; R2 = 0.12, P = 0.10 for ALT). These elevations of body iron burden were associated with evidence of organ dysfunction, with abnormal ALT (observed in 11 patients), hypothyroidism (6 patients), final adult height <3rd percentile (2 patients), and no evidence of glucose intolerance. In 15 of the 23 Group 1 patients, LIC had been determined in a previous biopsy, and 9 of these 15 patients had received <1 transfusion/year since that biopsy. None of these 9 patients had significant deferoxamine (DFO) exposure between biopsy and R2-MRI. Hence, rates of non-transfusional iron accumulation (NTIA) could be estimated (over a period of 8.4 ± 2.6 [range 2.6–11.4] years between biopsy and R2-MRI). NTIA in these 9 patients was 0.40 ± 0.39 [range -0.10 to 0.96] mg Fe/g dw liver per year. In the 47 Group 2 patients, regular transfusions had been administered for years and subsequently withdrawn, as described previously (Premawardhena A et al. Lancet 2005;366:1467-70). In 37 of these 47 patients, LIC had been determined by biopsy following the period of regular transfusions. Of these 37 patients, 25 patients had had <1 transfusion/year since biopsy. Of these 25 patients, 9 had had no significant DFO exposure between biopsy and R2-MRI, and the rate of NTIA could therefore be estimated between these two LIC measurements (over a period of 9.1 ± 1.4 [range 7.3–11.8] years). NTIA in these 9 patients was 0.12 ± 0.21 [range -0.15 to 0.41] mg Fe/g dw liver per year. The other 16 of the 25 patients had had significant DFO exposure between biopsy and R2-MRI. Of the 18 patients (9 in Group 1 and 9 in Group 2) for whom rates of NTIA could be estimated, the mean age was 32.0 ± 13.6 [range 14.0–60.3] years. Time between LIC assessments was 8.8 ± 2.1 [2.6-11.9] years. Initial and final LIC were 4.6 ± 1.9 [1.8-8.3] mg Fe/g dw liver, and 6.7 ± 3.4 [0.7-12.7] mg Fe/g dw liver, respectively. Mean NTIA (Figure; see A) was 0.26 ± 0.33 [-0.15 to +0.96] mg Fe/g dw per year. Rates of change of LIC in patients receiving < 1 transfusion per year (A) with no significant exposure to DFO; and (B) with significant exposure to DFO. In the 16 patients in Group 2 who had received < 1 transfusion per year and significant DFO exposure between LIC measurements, the rate of NTIA was -0.34 ± 0.66 [range -1.70 to +1.02] mg Fe/g dw liver per year (Figure; see B). These data suggest variable rates of NTIA in Hb E thalassemia, with evidence in some patients of rates up to approximately 1 mg Fe/g dw liver per year. This rate of NTIA may be associated with risk of organ dysfunction in the second decade of life. The data also suggest that DFO, administered in low doses and over short periods relative to those used in thalassemia major, may be effective in reducing body iron in Hb E thalassemia. The etiology of the observed variation in NTIA in these patients is being explored. Although hereditary hemochromatosis in Asia was believed to be rare and may often be masked by iron deficiency, recent studies (Lok CY et al. Blood 2009; 114:20-5) suggest that primary iron overload is not as rare in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia as believed previously. Genetic studies, in parallel with evaluation of body iron burden, using techniques with known accuracy and precision, may elucidate the origins of the variable NTIA observed in patients with Hb E thalassemia. Disclosures: St. Pierre: Resonance Health Ltd: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.

Abstract Background Outcomes in patients (pts) with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) (therapy related myeloid neoplasms and AML with myelodysplasia related changes (MRC) per WHO 2016 classification (Arber et al, Blood 2016)) are poor. Pts treated with hypomethylating agents (HMAs) have suboptimal responses to induction chemotherapy (IC) upon transformation to AML. Previously, it was retrospectively demonstrated that the IC with cladribine, cytarabine, filgrastim, and mitoxantrone (CLAG-M) yields significantly higher response rates (64%) than 7+3 (cytarabine and anthracycline) (29%) in pts with prior HMA exposure (Jaglal et al, Leukemia Research 2014). Following the recent approval of CPX-351 for induction in sAML subgroup, we investigated outcomes after CPX-351 to cladribine based regimens and 7+3 in pts with sAML with prior HMA exposure. Methods We identified pts with sAML who had prior HMA treatment for an antecedent hematologic malignancy (AHM) and later received induction chemotherapy upon AML transformation from Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC) (n=229), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (n=11) and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (n=2). Patients were divided into 3 cohorts based on induction regimen: (A) cladribine based (CLA+/-G+/-M) (B) standard 7+3 and (C) CPX-351. Demographics, disease-specific variables, and outcomes were collected in accordance with the institutional review board approved protocol. Responders (R) were defined as pts achieving CR or CRi as defined by the 2003 International Working Group (IWG) criteria after 1 or 2 cycles of the either induction regimen whereas non-responders (NR) were defined as responses other than CR/CRi. Pts receiving a second induction with a different regimen were considered NR. Fisher's exact test and the ANOVA test were used to determine significance for continuous and categorical variables. Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test was performed to estimate overall survival (OS). Results Among 242 pts who received IC for AML after HMA failure for prior AHM, 114 were treated with (A) cladribine based regimen (B) 94 pts with standard 3+7 and (C) 34 pts with CPX-351 (Cohort C). Baseline characteristics for all 3 cohorts are outlined in Table 1A. Median age for cohort A, B, and C were 65 (33-82), 66 (26-81), and 69 (36-82), respectively. Males comprised of 68.4%, 63% and 52.9% of the cohorts A, B and C, respectively. No pts had favorable-risk karyotype as defined by European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2017 criteria. Adverse risk karyotype was noted in 42.1% of cohort A, 34.6% of cohort B and 22.7% of cohort C (p=.337). The majority of pts received azacitidine as their HMA for their AHM (88.7%, 84.9% and 82.4% in cohorts A, B, C, respectively) and median number of cycles administered prior to transformation to AML were 6, 4 and 5 for cohorts A, B, and C, respectively. Response rates in each cohort are summarized in Table 1B. The CR/CRi rate was 53% in cohort A, 32% in cohort B and 41.1% in cohort C (p=.005 between cohort A and B) (p=.329 between cohorts A and C) (p=.526 between cohorts B and C). The early death rates (<60 days of induction) were not significantly different among the 3 cohorts, at 12%, 8% and 2.9% in cohorts A, B and C respectively (p=.200). In pts who received ≤ 4 cycles of HMAs prior to AML transformation, response rates to CPX-351 were higher (64.3%) than in pts who received >4 cycles of HMAs (25.0%) (p=.0397). Cohort A (56.5% vs. 50.0%, p=.288) and B (39.1% vs. 25.5%, p=.175) did not demonstrate such a difference (Table 1C and 1D). There was a trend towards better OS (19.9 vs. 5.5mo) with CPX-351 treated pts with ≤ 4 cycles of HMAs compared to >4 cycles (p=.092) (Figure 1). To date, 70.0% of responding pts in cohort A have undergone an allogeneic stem cell transplant compared to 31.0% in cohort B and 28.6% in cohort C (p=.15). There was no significant difference in median OS among the 3 groups, cohort A (7.27 months), cohort B (7.63 months) and cohort C (7.07 months) (p=.887). Among responders, the mOS did not differ (12.93, 21.7, and 19.9 months for cohorts A, B, and C respectively, p=.635). Conclusions We demonstrate that cladribine-based induction regimens and CPX-351 yield higher CR/CRi rates compared to 7+3 in pts with sAML after HMA failure. Prolonged duration of HMA exposure may lower response potential with CPX-351 upon AML transformation. Median OS remains poor and did not differ among the 3 groups illustrating the unmet need for therapy for sAML pts after HMA failure. Disclosures Goldberg: AROG: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding. Sallman:Celgene: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. List:Celgene: Research Funding. Wang:Amgen: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy; Abbvie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Tallman:AROG: Research Funding; Cellerant: Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Orsenix: Other: Advisory board; Daiichi-Sankyo: Other: Advisory board; BioSight: Other: Advisory board. Komrokji:Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Sweet:Celgene: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; Agios: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy; Phizer: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Phizer: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Astellas: Consultancy; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; BMS: Honoraria; Agios: Consultancy; Celgene: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Honoraria.

Background: Over the last decade major progress has been made in developing new diagnostic methods and in phenotypic and molecular classification of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFSs). Nevertheless, data from the Canadian Inherited Marrow Failure Registry (CIMFR) indicates that 28% of patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) cannot be assigned a specific syndromic diagnosis. These unclassified IBMFS (UIBMFS) cases may represent either novel syndromes or atypical presentations of previously described disorders. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative option for bone marrow failure and malignant myeloid transformation in IBMFSs. However, it is unknown whether the application of this treatment to UIBMFS patients without an ability to modify the procedure according to the underlying genetic and syndromic diagnosis affects outcome. To our knowledge, there are no published transplant data on cohorts of patients with UIBMFSs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the outcome and prognostic factors of HSCT in a cohort of patients with UIBMFSs and to determine whether the knowledge of the syndromic/genetic diagnosis before HSCT has an impact on transplant outcome. Methods: Patients were enrolled on the CIMFR if they were diagnosed with a specific IBMFSs (e.g. Fanconi anemia), and/or they had bone marrow failure and either a family history of bone marrow, or physical malformations or a diagnosis before the age of one year. Patients were considered as having an UIBMFS if they fulfilled the above criteria, but could not be assigned a specific syndromic diagnosis since they did not meet the diagnostic criteria for any known IBMFS. HSCT data were extracted from the CIMFR database and analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to compare between groups. Cox proportional hazards model was used for univariate analysis to identify risk factors for worse overall survival post HSCT in patients with UIBMFSs. Results: Among the patients enrolled in the CIMFR, 22 with UIBMFSs and 68 with classified IBMFSs (CIBMFSs) underwent HSCT between January 2001 and December 31, 2017. Transplanted patients with UIBMFSs were hematologically characterized by multilineage cytopenia (n=13), single-lineage cytopenia (n=1), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (n=5) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n=3). Patients with CIBMFSs had Fanconi anemia (n=30), dyskeratosis congenita (n=7), Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (n=9), Kostmann syndrome (n=6), Diamond-Blackfan anemia (n=4) or others (n= 11). Median age at diagnosis of patients with UIBMFSs was 4.18 years (range; 0 to 32.0 years) and median age at HSCT for UIBMFSs was 5.74 years (range; 0.17-66.67 years). Median time between diagnosis of UIBMFS and HSCT was 0.48 years (range; 0.12 - 34.67), this was significantly shorter than that of CIBMFS (1.77 years, range; 0.17 - 15 years, P=0.014). Six patients (27.3%) of UIBMFS and 9 patients (19.7%) with CIBMFS underwent HSCT for MDS-RCEB or AML (P=0.15). The overall 5-year survival of UIBMFS patients was significantly inferior to that of CIBMFS patients: 56±11.4% vs. 76±5.5%, respectively (P=0.047). 5-year overall survival of patients with UIBMFSs was significantly worse among those whose stem cell source was cord blood (15±13.3%) vs. those who received other stem cell sources (91±8.7%, P=0.04), while stem cell source did not affect prognosis of patients with CIBMFSs. Engraftment failure among UIBMFS patients who received cord blood was significantly higher than engraftment failure among those who received bone marrow (55.6% vs. 9.1%, P=0.024). No other factors reached statistical significance when the impact of stem cell source on overall survival was analyzed, including transfusion load, transplant indications, intensity of conditioning regimens, related/non-related donor, degree of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching or identifying a diagnosis after HSCT. Conclusion: Identifying the syndromic diagnosis of IBMFSs is critically important when considering HSCT. The worse HSCT outcome of UIBMFSs in this study might be related to an inability to tailor the transplant approach to the patient specific phenotype and genotype. Our data suggest that cord blood should be avoided as a stem cell source in patients with UIBMFSs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

This paper presents a brief review on the ternary phase equilibria in the ternary AV–BVI–I systems (AV = Sb, Bi; BVI = S, Se, Te). These systems includes the series of ternary compounds those are very attractive source materials for photo-, thermos- and ferroelectric energy transformation along the recently discovered semiconductors that exhibit Rashba-type spin splitting in their surface states. In the Rashba semiconductors, a unique toroidal 3D Fermi surface appears on the crystal surface, which leads to unusual properties that make it possible to realize unique electronic devices based on these compounds. The thorough knowledge on the ternary phase diagram of these systems shed light on the chemical and structural design of new multifunctional materials with tunable properties. This knowledge is very important whenfocusing on the chemistry of such multifunctional materials based on complex element systems.
 
 
 
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Editorial – Revista Ambiente Contábil – Volume 12 – Número 2 – Ano 2020 (Jul./Dez 2020)
 A Revista Ambiente Contábil (Ambiente) apresenta na sua 24ª edição 15 (quinze) artigos que tratam de assuntos relevantes para a área contábil; 01 (um) caso de ensino; 01 (uma) resenha de livro, 01 (um) banco de dados brutos de pesquisa e 09 (nove) artigos no idioma inglês.
 Seção 1: Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor Empresarial
 Artigo 1 - Análise do disclosure das provisões e dos passivos contingentes: um estudo de caso das empresas aéreas listadas na B3 em relação aderência ao CPC 25 de Renata Bissi de Oliveira, Augusto César Oliveira Camelo, Franciele do Prado Daciê e Marcielle Anzilago com o objetivo de analisar o disclosure nas demonstrações financeiras das empresas Azul Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras S. A., Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes S. A. e Latam Airlines Group S. A. a partir do enfoque teórico e normativo do CPC 25, no período de 2013 a 2018.
 Artigo 2 - Avaliação comparativa, por país, da situação econômico-financeira de bancos islâmicos de Tariq Jarbou e Jorge Katsumi Niyama com o objetivo de promover uma avaliação comparativa por país da situação econômico-financeira de bancos islâmicos.
 Artigo 3 - Uma análise da adesão de organizações brasileiras à GRI como método de divulgação de informações de responsabilidade social corporativa de Vicente Lima Crisóstomo, Hyane Correia Forte e Priscila de Azevedo Prudêncio com o objetivo de analisar a evolução da adesão à GRI e a qualidade dos relatórios de RSC divulgados por organizações brasileiras.
 Artigo 4 - Distribuição dos profissionais de contabilidade nas microrregiões brasileiras: uma análise econométrica-espacial de Francine Aparecida dos Santos Zenatta e Willian Boschetti Adamczyk com o objetivo de identificar os fatores socioeconômicos que influenciam a distribuição espacial dos profissionais de contabilidade nas microrregiões brasileiras.
 Artigo 5 - Retorno dos bancos públicos federais versus custo de oportunidade dos recursos investidos pelo Tesouro Nacional de Cristiano Rocha Campos, José Alves Dantas e Carlos André de Melo Alves com o objetivo de avaliar se os retornos auferidos pelos bancos públicos federais remuneram o Tesouro Nacional em proporção suficiente ou não para cobrir o custo de oportunidade do capital investido pelo governo Federal, definida como a taxa básica de juros da economia, a Selic.
 Artigo 6 - Determinantes do reconhecimento da perda pelo impaiment test de Karla Roberta Castro Pinheiro Alves e César Augusto Tibúrcio Silva com o objetivo de verificar quais determinantes influenciam no reconhecimento da perda por Impairment Test (IT) nas empresas brasileiras listadas na B3.
 Seção 2: Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor Público e ao Terceiro Setor
 Artigo 1 - Diamante da fraude: evidências empíricas nos relatórios de demandas externas do Ministério da Transparência e Controladoria Geral da União (CGU) dos municípios brasileiros de Ana Luiza Pedrosa Paschoal, Nálbia de Araújo Santos e Walmer Faroni com o objetivo de identificar o perfil das evidências encontradas pelos auditores e das justificativas manifestadas pelo gestor classificadas com base na estrutura conceitual do Diamante da Fraude.
 Artigo 2 - Transparência da prestação de contas dos gastos públicos nos governos municipais: um estudo de caso no Estado de Goiás de Celma Duque Ferreira, Gilberto Crispim da Silva, Fabrícia Silva da Rosa e Luiz Alberton com o objetivo de identificar os municípios goianos que cumprem os dispositivos legais da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF), quanto a transparência das prestações de contas da gestão pública no período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2018.
 Artigo 3 - Comportamento das despesas orçamentárias durante o período eleitoral: uma análise em painel de dados nos municípios brasileiros de Gilberto Crispim da Silva, Luiz Alberton, Celma Duque Ferreira e Jorge Expedito de Gusmão Lopes com o objetivo de investigar o comportamento das despesas empenhadas, dos gastos com investimentos e captação de empréstimos em período eleitoral, nos municípios brasileiros com população igual ou superior a 50 mil habitantes, no período de 2000-2016, compreendendo 353 clusters e 6001 observações. Investigou-se também se esses municípios cumprem as exigências legais sobre o uso de recursos orçamentários em ano de eleição.
 Artigo 4 - O gasto e as fontes do financiamento do SUS nos municípios brasileiros de 2003 a 2018 de Jaime Crozatti, Albires Ferreira de Lima Junior, Leandro Nascimento Lima, Luana Lima de Oliveira e Patricia Righetto com o objetivo de identificar e descrever as fontes de financiamento da função saúde e os gastos empenhados na atenção básica e na atenção hospitalar dos municípios brasileiros no período de 2003 a 2018.
 Artigo 5 - Gestão pública e transparente à luz da lei de responsabilidade fiscal: uma análise nos municípios da região CRAJUBAR no período de 2012 a 2015 de Antônio Rafael Valério de Oliveira, Bruno Rodrigues Cabral e Milton Jarbas Rodrigues Chagas com o objetivo de verificar nos portais eletrônicos dos municípios do Crato, Juazeiro do Norte e Barbalha (CRAJUBAR), as informações divulgadas acerca da gestão pública em atendimento à lei de responsabilidade fiscal, lei complementar 131/2009 e ao Decreto nº 7185/2010.
 Artigo 6 - Evidenciação contábil dos recursos auferidos pelas OSCIPs do nordeste brasileiro: um enfoque nas subvenções e assistências governamentais de Milton Jarbas Rodrigues Chagas, Danival Sousa Cavalcante, Silvana Karina de Melo Travassos, Suelem Katherinne de Macedo Pinto e Polyandra Zampiere Pessoa da Silva com o objetivo de analisar o nível de evidenciação das principais fontes de recursos das Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (OSCIPs) situadas na região Nordeste do Brasil, enfocando as subvenções e assistências governamentais, uma vez que estas devem seguir normas, tais como o pronunciamento CPC 07 (R1) e a norma contábil NBC TG 07 (R2).
 Seção 3: Pesquisas de Campo sobre Contabilidade (Survey)
 Artigo 1 - Expectativa dos concluintes de ciências contábeis em relação ao mercado de trabalho de Glauciane Costa Silva e de Cleber Augusto Pereira com o objetivo de verificar as expectativas dos alunos concluintes de uma universidade pública no sudoeste do Maranhão em relação ao mercado de trabalho, suas visões sobre as exigências do mercado, as habilidades e as competências exigidas na atuação profissional.
 Artigo 2 - Tratamento e análise de resíduos da produção de açaí: um estudo sob a ótica da ecoeficiência de Márcia Athayde Moreira e Ana Lidia Ferreira de Sousa com o objetivo de levantar junto aos estabelecimentos de venda de açaí da Região Metropolitana de Belém – PA (RMB), qual tratamento está sendo designado aos resíduos (caroços de açaí), tendo como parâmetros de análise o ponto de vista contábil e o socioambiental, sob a ótica da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), dentro de um contexto de ecoeficiência.
 Artigo 3 - Influência das características do decisor sobre os vieses da heurística da representatividade de Adriano Massa Fernandes, Darci Schnorrenberger e Rodrigo Rengel com o objetivo de verificar a influência das características demográficas na presença da heurística da representatividade e seus vieses na tomada de decisões.
 Seção 4: Casos de Ensino Aplicados a Contabilidade
 Artigo 1 - Estratégias para a economia de impostos: o caso da Udi Bolos de Larissa Ribeiro Soares e Sabrina Rafaela Pereira Borges com o objetivo de discutir sobre o planejamento tributário e o melhor regime de tributação a ser adotado por uma empresa de pequeno porte: o caso da Udi Bolos.
 Seção 5: Resenhas de Teses, Dissertações e Livros sobre Contabilidade
 Resenha 1: Resenha do livro: Estrutura e análise de balanços: um enfoque econômico-financeiro. Assaf Neto, A. (2020). (12a ed). São Paulo, SP: Editora Atlas, 339 páginas, ISBN: 978-85-97-02484-5.
 Autores da resenha: Geovane Camilo dos Santos e Dryelle Laiana de Jesus Silva dos Santos.
 Seção 6: Banco de Dados (Arquivos suplementares em Excel)
 Artigo 5 da Seção 1- Retorno dos bancos públicos federais versus custo de oportunidade dos recursos investidos pelo Tesouro Nacional de Cristiano Rocha Campos, José Alves Dantas e Carlos André de Melo Alves com o objetivo de avaliar se os retornos auferidos pelos bancos públicos federais remuneram o Tesouro Nacional em proporção suficiente ou não para cobrir o custo de oportunidade do capital investido pelo governo Federal, definida como a taxa básica de juros da economia, a Selic.
 Seção 7: Internacional (S7)
 English
 Section 1
 Article 2 (Section 1) - Country comparative assessment of Islamic banks' financial economic situation of Tariq Jarbou and Jorge Katsumi Niyama. Promote a country comparative assessment of the Islamic banks economic and financial situation.
 Article 3 (Section 1) - An analysis of the adherence of Brazilian organizations to GRI as a method of disclosure of corporate social responsibility of Vicente Lima Crisóstomo, Hyane Correia Forte e Priscila de Azevedo Prudêncio. Organizations have published corporate social responsibility reports aimed at spreading their social responsibility. In this sense, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) develops structured models of sustainability reports that help organizations design and disseminate them. The objective of this paper is to analyze the evolution of GRI adherence and the quality of CSR reports provided by Brazilian organizations.
 Article 5 (Section 1) - Returns on the federal public banks versus the opportunity cost of funds invested by the National Treasury of Cristiano Rocha Campos, José Alves Dantas and Carlos André de Melo Alves. The aim of this study is to assess whether the yields earned by the federal public banks remunerate the National Treasury to a enough degree, to cover the opportunity cost of the capital invested by the Federal Government, which is defined as the benchmark Selic base interest rate.
 Section 2
 Article 2 (Section 2) - Transparency of public expenditure accountability in municipal governments: a case study in the State of Goiás of Celma Duque Ferreira, Gilberto Crispim da Silva, Fabrícia Silva da Rosa and Luiz Alberton. To identify the municipalities of Goiás that comply with the legal provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility Law (LRF) regarding the transparency of public management accounts from January 2010 to December 2018.
 Article 3 (Section 2) - Behavior of budget expenditures during the election period: an analysis in panel data in the Brazilian municipalities of Gilberto Crispim da Silva, Luiz Alberton, Celma Duque Ferreira and Jorge Expedito de Gusmão Lopes. From the political budget cycle (PDC) lens, we investigated the behavior of committed expenditures, investment spending and borrowing in the electoral period, in Brazilian municipalities with a population of 50,000 or more, in the period 2000-2016, comprising 353 clusters and 6001 observations. It was also investigated whether these municipalities meet the legal requirements on the use of budget resources in an election year. The study was motivated by the lack of consensus in the literature on the subject in question.
 Article 5 (Section 2) - Transparent public management under the law of fiscal responsibility: an analysis in the municipalities of the CRAJUBAR region in the period from 2012 to 2015 of Antônio Rafael Valério de Oliveira, Bruno Rodrigues Cabral e Milton Jarbas Rodrigues Chagas. This study aimed to verify on the websites of the municipalities of Crato, Juazeiro do Norte and Barbalha (CRAJUBAR), whether information about public management was in compliance with the Fiscal Responsibility Law, Supplementary Law 131/2009 and Decree No. 7185/2010.
 Article 6 (Section 2) - Accounting disclosure of resources earned by OSCIPs in northeastern Brazil: a focus on government grants and assistance of Milton Jarbas Rodrigues Chagas, Danival Sousa Cavalcante, Silvana Karina de Melo Travassos, Suelem Katherinne de Macedo Pinto and Polyandra Zampiere Pessoa da Silva. To analyze the level of disclosure of the main sources of funds of Civil Society Organizations of Public Interest (CSOPIs) located in the Northeast region of Brazil, focusing on government subsidies and assistance, since they must follow rules, such as the CPC pronouncement 07 (R1) and the accounting standard NBC TG 07 (R2).
 Section 3
 Article 2 (Section 3) - Treatment and analysis of açai berry production waste: a study by the optics of eco-efficiency of Marcia Athayde Moreira and Ana Lidia Ferreira de Sousa. The main objective of this research was to find out with the açai berry sales establishments of the Belém Metropolitan Region – Pa. (RMB), which treatment has been assigned to wastes (açai berry pits) by the açai beaters, having as analysis parameters the accounting and socio-environmental standpoint, under the optics of PNRS, within a context of eco-efficiency
 Section 4
 Article 1 (Section 4) - Tax saving strategies: Udi Bolos’ Case of Larissa Ribeiro Soares e Sabrina Rafaela Pereira Borges. Udi Bolos’ case discusses tax planning and the best taxation regime to be adopted by a small company.
 
 Boa leitura. Cordiais saudações!
 Prof. Dr. Maurício Corrêa da Silva
 Editor Gerente da Revista Ambiente Contábil

Diante do desafio em se adequar às constantes e rápidas transformações do mundo contemporâneo, as Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) vem desenvolvendo novos processos de gestão frente a situação atual. Neste trabalho, destacou-se o Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional (PDI) como instrumento de planejamento estratégico das IFES, criado pelo Decreto nº 5.773/2006. A pesquisa consistiu em uma análise documental dos PDIs da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT) com o objetivo de avaliar se os PDIs da Universidade estão condizentes com as exigências legais. Através da análise, observou-se uma evolução e aperfeiçoamento na elaboração do PDI, do ponto de vista de que este deixa de ser apenas um instrumento burocrático, para se tornar um instrumento de gestão.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: IFES. PDI. Planejamento Estratégico. UFT. ABSTRACTFaced with the challenge in adjusting to constant and rapid changes of the contemporary world, the Federal Institutions of Higher-Education (IFES) has developed new front management processes the current situation. In this work, the highlight was the Institutional Development Plan (PDI) as a strategic planning tool of IFES, created by Decree No. 5.773/2006. The research consisted of a desk review of the IDPs from the Federal University of Tocantins, in order to assess whether the IDPs University are consistent with the legal requirements. Through the analysis, there was an evolution and improvement in the preparation of PDI from the point of view that this is no longer just a bureaucratic instrument to become a management tool.KEYWORDS: IFES. PDI. Strategic planning. UFT. RESUMENAnte el reto de adaptarse a los cambios constantes y rápidos del mundo contemporáneo, las Instituciones Federales de Educación Superior-IFES ha desarrollado una nueva gestión ante los procesos de la situación actual. En este trabajo, lo más destacado fue el Plan de Desarrollo Institucional (PDI) como herramienta de planificación estratégica de IFES, creado por el Decreto nº 5.773/2006. La investigación consistió en un estudio teórico de los desplazados internos de la Universidad Federal de Tocantins, UFT con el fin de evaluar si la Universidad desplazados internos son coherentes con los requisitos legales. A través del análisis, hubo una evolución y mejora en la preparación de la PDI desde el punto de vista de que esto ya no es sólo un instrumento burocrático para convertirse en una herramienta de gestión.PALAVRAS CLAVE: IFES. PDI. Planificación estratégica. UFT. ReferênciasALDAY, Hernan E. C. O planejamento estratégico dentro do conceito de administração estratégica. Rev. FAE, v. 3, nº 2. Curitiba, 2000.ANDRADE, Maria Edgleuma de. Universidades estaduais no contexto da expansão do Ensino Superior. Disponível em: Acesso em: 11 ago. 2014.ARAÚJO, Maria A. D. Planejamento estratégico: um instrumental à disposição das universidades? Rev. Adm. Pública, v. 30, nº 4. Rio de Janeiro, 1996.BERTERO, Carlos Osmar. Mudança organizacional e processo decisório. Revista de Administração de Empresas, v.16, nº 2. Rio de Janeiro, 1976.BODINI, Vera L. Planejamento Estratégico em Universidades. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, 1998. Disponível em: Acesso em: 11 ago. 2014.BRASIL. Constituição (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília, DF: Senado, 1988._________. Decreto-Lei nº 200 de 25 de fevereiro de 1967. Dispõe sobre a organização da Administração Federal, estabelece diretrizes para a Reforma Administrativa e dá outras providências. Brasília, DF, 1967. Disponível em: Acesso em: 10 jul. 2014.__________. Decreto nº 3.860, de 9 de julho 2001. Dispõe sobre a organização do ensino superior, a avaliação de cursos e instituições, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília, DF, 2001.__________. Decreto nº 5.773 de 9 de maio de 2006. Dispõe sobre o exercício das funções de regulação, supervisão e avaliação de instituições de educação superior e cursos de graduação e seqüenciais no sistema federal de ensino. Brasília, DF, 2006.__________. Lei nº 9.394 de 20 de dezembro de 1996. Estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação nacional. Brasília, DF, 1996.__________. Lei nº 10.861, de 14 de abril de 2004. Institui o Sistema Nacional de Avaliação. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília, DF, 2004.__________. Ministério da Administração Federal e da Reforma do Estado. Plano Diretor da Reforma do Estado. Brasília, DF, 1995.BRESSER-PEREIRA, Luiz Carlos. Da administração pública burocrática à gerencial. Revista do Serviço Público, v. 47 n.1, jan./abr. 1996.CAVALIERI, Adriane; MACEDO-SOARES, T. Diana L. v. A. de; THIOLLENT, Michel. Avaliando o Desempenho da Universidade. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. PUCRio; São Paulo: Loyola, 2004.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE EDUCAÇÃO (Brasil). Parecer CNE/CES nº. 1366, de 12 de dezembro de 2001. Dispõe sobre o recredenciamento, transferência de mantença, estatutos e regimentos de instituições de ensino superior, autorização de cursos de graduação, reconhecimento e renovação de reconhecimento de cursos superiores, normas e critérios para supervisão do ensino superior. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 2001.__________. Resolução nº. 10, de 11 de março de 2002. Dispõe sobre o recredenciamento, transferência de mantença, estatutos e regimentos de instituições de ensino superior, autorização de cursos de graduação, reconhecimento e renovação de reconhecimento. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 2002.COSTA, Eliezer Arantes da. Gestão Estratégica, da empresa que temos para a empresa que queremos. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2008.ESTRADA, R. J. S. Os Rumos do Planejamento Estratégico nas Instituições Públicas de Ensino Superior. In.: Encontro Nacional de Engenharia de Produção. Salvador: 2001) Salvador: Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, 2001. Disponível em: < http://www.abepro.org.br/biblioteca/ENEGEP2001_TR72_0180.pdf>. Acesso em: 11.08.2014.FILIPAK, Sirley Terezinha. Sustentabilidade acadêmica e o plano de desenvolvimento institucional. 2011. Tese de doutorado (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Curitiba, 2011.FRANCISCO, Thiago Henrique Almino. Análise das ações que confirmam a relação entre o IGC e o PDI em Faculdades Isoladas no sul de Santa Catarina. Dissertação Mestrado Profissionalizante em Administração Universitária da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis. 2012.GELBCKE, F., MATOS, E., et al. Planejamento estratégico participativo: um espaço para a conquista da cidadania profissional. Revista Texto Contexto Enfermagem. Florianópolis, 2006. Disponível em: Acesso em: 11 de ago. 2014.MEYER JR., Victor. Novo Contexto e as Habilidades do Administrador Universitário. In: MEYER JR., Victor; MURPHY, J. Patrick (Org.). Dinossauros, gazelas e tigres: novas abordagens da administração universitária. 2ª ed. ampliada. Florianópolis: Insular, 2003.OSBORNE, David; GAEBLER, Ted. Reinventando o governo: como o espírito empreendedor está transformando o setor público. Brasília: MH Comunicação, 1994.PADILHA, R. P. Planejamento dialógico: como construir o projeto político-pedagógico da escola. São Paulo: Cortez; Instituto Paulo Freire, 2001. SANTOS, Jane Lúcia Silva; et al. Modelo de planejamento estratégico em uma universidade Pública Brasileira: Desenvolvimento e Implementação na Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Florianópolis: 2009. Disponível em: Acesso em: 11 ago. 2014.SEGENREICH, Stella C. D. O PDI como referente para avaliação de instituições de educação superior: lições de uma experiência. Ensaio: Aval. Políticas Públicas Educacionais, v.13, nº 47. Rio de Janeiro, 2005.SGUISSARDI, V. Modelo da expansão da educação superior no Brasil: predomínio privado/mercantil e desafios para regulação e a formação universitária. Educação e Sociedade. Campinas, SP, 2008.UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO TOCANTINS. Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional -- PDI 2006-2010. Palmas: Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2006. Comissão Própria de Avaliação, 2012. Disponível em: Acesso em: 11 ago. 2014.__________. Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional - PDI 2011-2015. Palmas: Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2010. Disponível em: Acesso em: 11 ago. 2014. Disponível em:Url: http://opendepot.org/id/eprint/2711 Abrir em (para melhor visualização em dispositivos móveis - Formato Flipbooks):Issuu / Calameo

Each generation needs to rewrite literary history. And it may be that this generation needs to do it more than most, if only because the proliferation of schools and theories has turned what was once common critical ground into a battlefield. American books, among others, have become a site of struggle, and American writers have been among those caught in the criss-crossing searchlights of ethnic and gender studies, interdisciplinary investigations and studies of popular culture, language and communication. Just how far things have gone can be measured by the fact that every term in the phrase “history of American literature,” is now open to debate. The textuality of history and the historicity of the text have become the most contentious issues in contemporary criticism, while the question of nationhood, in particular, is under scrutiny. In a famous phrase, Walt Whitman described his work as a language experiment, an attempt to summon a nation into being through words. The slippery, plural nature of American identity and the bewildering contingencies of American history that drove Whitman to say this feed into the more challenging of the recent accounts of American writing.

Background: This study aimed to summarize the data of epidemiology, risk factors, characteristics and outcomes of patients, and acute stroke care of South Korea in the first decade of the 21th century Methods: We searched relevant reports of government or related organizations and published articles and summarized the most representative data. Results: Every 5 minutes stroke attacks someone (≈105,000 incidence/year), and every 20 minutes stroke kills someone (≈26,000 stroke death/year) in South Korea. Stroke accounts for ≈1 of every 10 deaths. The estimated nationwide annual disability-adjusted life years lost to stroke was ≈344,000. An estimated prevalence of stroke in people with ≥30 years of age is 795,000. Nationwide total cost for stroke care was estimated to be US$ 3.3 billion in 2005, which must be much greater now. The annual stroke death rate substantially decreased by 28.3% during the first decade of the 21th century (74.2 per 100,000 person-years in 2001 and 53.2 per 100,000 person-years in 2010). The proportion of ischemic stroke has steadily increased and accounted for 76% of all strokes in 2009. According to hospital registry studies, the 90-day mortality rate was 3-7% for ischemic stroke and 17% for intracerebral hemorrhage. For risk factors, one in 3-4 Korean adults has hypertension, one in 10 diabetes mellitus, one in 7 hypercholesterolemia, and one in 3 obesity. Nearly 50% of men are current smokers, whereas less than 10% of women are smokers. Korean hospitals are likely to provide a high quality of acute stroke care as reflected in more than 90% of the average performance rate for most of quality indicators for acute stroke care. Intravenous TPA treatment for acute ischemic stroke has increased from 4.6% in 2005 to 8.7% in 2008 and 7.9% in 2010, and the proportion of IV-TPA treatment within 1 hour after hospital arrival was 58%. Among OECD countries, South Korea had the lowest in-hospital 30-day case-fatality rate for ischemic stroke and ranked third lowest for hemorrhagic stroke in 2009. Conclusion: This report would be a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, healthcare policy makers, and public to establish health care planning and to guide a future research direction in South Korea and for comparison of stroke statistics among countries.

An institution of higher autonomy is the key to the reforms to diversify and effectively mobilize mutual resources in higher education at Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU). At present, the Vietnamese Government has issued some guidelines to grant more autonomous power to higher education institutions. Vietnam National University, Hanoi is moving toward an autonomous system to maximize the utilization of its resources to train high quality human resources for the nation. Theautonomy of organization and personnel management istheprerequisite for a university to implement its autonomy mechanism and to be socially responsible for its training, scientific research, and technology transfer activities. During such empowerment, both objective and subjective factors should be seriously considered to developeffective implementing methods that fit each university’s socioeconomic situation and particular characteristics.
 Keywords:
 Higher education, autonomy at VNU; autonomy model, personnel management at Vietnam National University, Hanoi
 References
 1. Vietnam National University, Hanoi (2014), Decision No. 3568/QD-DHQGHN dated October 8th 2014 on the issuance of the Regulations on the organization and operation of VNU’s member and subordinateUnits.2. Vietnam National University, Hanoi (2014), Decision No. 3768/QD-DHQGHN dated October 22th 2014 on the issuance of the Regulations on the recruitment, employment, and management of staffs in Vietnam National University, Hanoi.3. Vietnam National University, Hanoi (2017), Report on the situation of and proposal for granting autonomous power to VNU’s members.4. Prime Minister (2006), Decree No. 43/2006/ND-CP dated April 25th 2006 on the autonomy and self-responsibility power in duty implementation, organization, structure, personnel and finance at public administrative institutions.5. Prime Minister (2015), Decree No. 16/2015/ND-CP dated February 14th 2015 governing the autonomy mechanism of public administrative institutions.6. Prime Minister (2013), Decree No. 186/2013/ND-CP dated November 17th on the National Universities.7. VNU Final Report of 2016.8. John Fielden. 2008. Global Trends in University Governance: World Bank9. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 2003. 22 Governance reforms in higher education van Vught, 1994.

Abstract Background We aimed to provide real-world evidence on the benefit of persistence with antiplatelet therapy (APT) on long-term all-cause mortality (ACM) in ischemic stroke patients aged 75 years and older. Methods Newly diagnosed ischemic stroke patients aged 75 years and older who initiated aspirin or clopidogrel for the first time were chosen from 2003 to 2010 National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) of Korea (n = 887), a random cohort sample accounting for 2.2% (n = 1,017,468) of total population (n = 46,605,433). Then subjects were divided into persistent (n = 556) and non-persistent (n = 321) groups according to the persistent status at 6 months. Survivor analysis was performed between the two groups and predictors of non-persistence were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Patients were followed up until death or December 31, 2013. Results Non-persistence with APT was significantly associated with increased risk of ACM (adjusted hazard ration [aHR] 2.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.72–2.65), cerebro-cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (aHR 2.26, 95% CI 1.57–3.24), and non-CVD mortality (aHR 2.06, 95% CI 1.5702.70). More comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity index score ≥ 6) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.56, 95% CI 1.43–4.55), older age (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.11–2.09 for 80–84 years, aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.17–2.57 for ≥85 years), and less than 4 total prescribed drugs (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.08–2.21) were independent predictors of non-persistence. Conclusions Persistent with APT after ischemic stroke featured long-term mortality benefit even in patients aged 75 years and older. Thus, improving APT persistence for ischemic stroke patients in this age group is also recommended by understanding factors associated with non-persistence.

Introduction This paper offers a survey of familiar popular music performers and songwriters who reference coffee in their work. It examines three areas of discourse: the psychoactive effects of caffeine, coffee and courtship rituals, and the politics of coffee consumption. I claim that coffee carries a cultural and musicological significance comparable to that of the chemical stimulants and consumer goods more readily associated with popular music. Songs about coffee may not be as potent as those featuring drugs and alcohol (Primack; Schapiro), or as common as those referencing commodities like clothes and cars (Englis; McCracken), but they do feature across a wide range of genres, some of which enjoy archetypal associations with this beverage. m.o.m.m.y. Needs c.o.f.f.e.e.: The Psychoactive Effect of Coffee The act of performing and listening to popular music involves psychological elements comparable to the overwhelming sensory experience of drug taking: altered perceptions, repetitive grooves, improvisation, self-expression, and psychological empathy—such as that between musician and audience (Curry). Most popular music genres are, as a result, culturally and sociologically identified with the consumption of at least one mind-altering substance (Lyttle; Primack; Schapiro). While the analysis of lyrics referring to this theme has hitherto focused on illegal drugs and alcoholic beverages (Cooper), coffee and its psychoactive ingredient caffeine have been almost entirely overlooked (Summer). The most recent study of drugs in popular music, for example, defined substance use as “tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other stimulants, heroin and other opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and nonspecific substances” (Primack 172), thereby ignoring a chemical stimulant consumed by 90 per cent of adult Americans every day (Lovett). The wide availability of coffee and the comparatively mild effect of caffeine means that its consumption rarely causes harm. One researcher has described it as a ubiquitous and unobtrusive “generalised public activity […] ‘invisible’ to analysts seeking distinctive social events” (Cooper 92). Coffee may provide only a relatively mild “buzz”—but it is now accepted that caffeine is an addictive substance (Juliano) and, due to its universal legality, coffee is also the world’s most extensively traded and enthusiastically consumed psychoactive consumer product (Juliano 1). The musical genre of jazz has a longstanding relationship with marijuana and narcotics (Curry; Singer; Tolson; Winick). Unsurprisingly, given its Round Midnight connotations, jazz standards also celebrate the restorative impact of coffee. Exemplary compositions include Burke/Webster’s insomniac torch song Black Coffee, which provided hits for Sarah Vaughan (1949), Ella Fitzgerald (1953), and Peggy Lee (1960); and Frank Sinatra’s recordings of Hilliard/Dick’s The Coffee Song (1946, 1960), which satirised the coffee surplus in Brazil at a time when this nation enjoyed a near monopoly on production. Sinatra joked that this ubiquitous drink was that country’s only means of liquid refreshment, in a refrain that has since become a headline writer’s phrasal template: “There’s an Awful Lot of Coffee in Vietnam,” “An Awful Lot of Coffee in the Bin,” and “There’s an Awful Lot of Taxes in Brazil.” Ethnographer Aaron Fox has shown how country music gives expression to the lived social experience of blue-collar and agrarian workers (Real 29). Coffee’s role in energising working class America (Cooper) is featured in such recordings as Dolly Parton’s Nine To Five (1980), which describes her morning routine using a memorable “kitchen/cup of ambition” rhyme, and Don't Forget the Coffee Billy Joe (1973) by Tom T. Hall which laments the hardship of unemployment, hunger, cold, and lack of healthcare. Country music’s “tired truck driver” is the most enduring blue-collar trope celebrating coffee’s analeptic powers. Versions include Truck Drivin' Man by Buck Owens (1964), host of the country TV show Hee Haw and pioneer of the Bakersfield sound, and Driving My Life Away from pop-country crossover star Eddie Rabbitt (1980). Both feature characteristically gendered stereotypes of male truck drivers pushing on through the night with the help of a truck stop waitress who has fuelled them with caffeine. Johnny Cash’s A Cup of Coffee (1966), recorded at the nadir of his addiction to pills and alcohol, has an incoherent improvised lyric on this subject; while Jerry Reed even prescribed amphetamines to keep drivers awake in Caffein [sic], Nicotine, Benzedrine (And Wish Me Luck) (1980). Doye O’Dell’s Diesel Smoke, Dangerous Curves (1952) is the archetypal “truck drivin’ country” song and the most exciting track of its type. It subsequently became a hit for the doyen of the subgenre, Red Simpson (1966). An exhausted driver, having spent the night with a woman whose name he cannot now recall, is fighting fatigue and wrestling his hot-rod low-loader around hairpin mountain curves in an attempt to rendezvous with a pretty truck stop waitress. The song’s palpable energy comes from its frenetic guitar picking and the danger implicit in trailing a heavy load downhill while falling asleep at the wheel. Tommy Faile’s Phantom 309, a hit for Red Sovine (1967) that was later covered by Tom Waits (Big Joe and the Phantom 309, 1975), elevates the “tired truck driver” narrative to gothic literary form. Reflecting country music’s moral code of citizenship and its culture of performative storytelling (Fox, Real 23), it tells of a drenched and exhausted young hitchhiker picked up by Big Joe—the driver of a handsome eighteen-wheeler. On arriving at a truck stop, Joe drops the traveller off, giving him money for a restorative coffee. The diner falls silent as the hitchhiker orders up his “cup of mud”. Big Joe, it transpires, is a phantom trucker. After running off the road to avoid a school bus, his distinctive ghost rig now only reappears to rescue stranded travellers. Punk rock, a genre closely associated with recreational amphetamines (McNeil 76, 87), also features a number of caffeine-as-stimulant songs. Californian punk band, Descendents, identified caffeine as their drug of choice in two 1996 releases, Coffee Mug and Kids on Coffee. These songs describe chugging the drink with much the same relish and energy that others might pull at the neck of a beer bottle, and vividly compare the effects of the drug to the intense rush of speed. The host of “New Music News” (a segment of MTV’s 120 Minutes) references this correlation in 1986 while introducing the band’s video—in which they literally bounce off the walls: “You know, while everybody is cracking down on crack, what about that most respectable of toxic substances or stimulants, the good old cup of coffee? That is the preferred high, actually, of California’s own Descendents—it is also the subject of their brand new video” (“New Music News”). Descendents’s Sessions EP (1997) featured an overflowing cup of coffee on the sleeve, while punk’s caffeine-as-amphetamine trope is also promulgated by Hellbender (Caffeinated 1996), Lagwagon (Mr. Coffee 1997), and Regatta 69 (Addicted to Coffee 2005). Coffee in the Morning and Kisses in the Night: Coffee and Courtship Coffee as romantic metaphor in song corroborates the findings of early researchers who examined courtship rituals in popular music. Donald Horton’s 1957 study found that hit songs codified the socially constructed self-image and limited life expectations of young people during the 1950s by depicting conservative, idealised, and traditional relationship scenarios. He summarised these as initial courtship, honeymoon period, uncertainty, and parting (570-4). Eleven years after this landmark analysis, James Carey replicated Horton’s method. His results revealed that pop lyrics had become more realistic and less bound by convention during the 1960s. They incorporated a wider variety of discourse including the temporariness of romantic commitment, the importance of individual autonomy in relationships, more liberal attitudes, and increasingly unconventional courtship behaviours (725). Socially conservative coffee songs include Coffee in the Morning and Kisses in the Night by The Boswell Sisters (1933) in which the protagonist swears fidelity to her partner on condition that this desire is expressed strictly in the appropriate social context of marriage. It encapsulates the restrictions Horton identified on courtship discourse in popular song prior to the arrival of rock and roll. The Henderson/DeSylva/Brown composition You're the Cream in My Coffee, recorded by Annette Hanshaw (1928) and by Nat King Cole (1946), also celebrates the social ideal of monogamous devotion. The persistence of such idealised traditional themes continued into the 1960s. American pop singer Don Cherry had a hit with Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye (1962) that used coffee as a metaphor for undying and everlasting love. Otis Redding’s version of Butler/Thomas/Walker’s Cigarettes and Coffee (1966)—arguably soul music’s exemplary romantic coffee song—carries a similar message as a couple proclaim their devotion in a late night conversation over coffee. Like much of the Stax catalogue, Cigarettes and Coffee, has a distinctly “down home” feel and timbre. The lovers are simply content with each other; they don’t need “cream” or “sugar.” Horton found 1950s blues and R&B lyrics much more sexually explicit than pop songs (567). Dawson (1994) subsequently characterised black popular music as a distinct public sphere, and Squires (2002) argued that it displayed elements of what she defined as “enclave” and “counterpublic” traits. Lawson (2010) has argued that marginalised and/or subversive blues artists offered a form of countercultural resistance against prevailing social norms. Indeed, several blues and R&B coffee songs disregard established courtship ideals and associate the product with non-normative and even transgressive relationship circumstances—including infidelity, divorce, and domestic violence. Lightnin’ Hopkins’s Coffee Blues (1950) references child neglect and spousal abuse, while the narrative of Muddy Waters’s scorching Iodine in my Coffee (1952) tells of an attempted poisoning by his Waters’s partner. In 40 Cups of Coffee (1953) Ella Mae Morse is waiting for her husband to return home, fuelling her anger and anxiety with caffeine. This song does eventually comply with traditional courtship ideals: when her lover eventually returns home at five in the morning, he is greeted with a relieved kiss. In Keep That Coffee Hot (1955), Scatman Crothers supplies a counterpoint to Morse’s late-night-abandonment narrative, asking his partner to keep his favourite drink warm during his adulterous absence. Brook Benton’s Another Cup of Coffee (1964) expresses acute feelings of regret and loneliness after a failed relationship. More obliquely, in Coffee Blues (1966) Mississippi John Hurt sings affectionately about his favourite brand, a “lovin’ spoonful” of Maxwell House. In this, he bequeathed the moniker of folk-rock band The Lovin’ Spoonful, whose hits included Do You Believe in Magic (1965) and Summer in the City (1966). However, an alternative reading of Hurt’s lyric suggests that this particular phrase is a metaphorical device proclaiming the author’s sexual potency. Hurt’s “lovin’ spoonful” may actually be a portion of his seminal emission. In the 1950s, Horton identified country as particularly “doleful” (570), and coffee provides a common metaphor for failed romance in a genre dominated by “metanarratives of loss and desire” (Fox, Jukebox 54). Claude Gray’s I'll Have Another Cup of Coffee (Then I’ll Go) (1961) tells of a protagonist delivering child support payments according to his divorce lawyer’s instructions. The couple share late night coffee as their children sleep through the conversation. This song was subsequently recorded by seventeen-year-old Bob Marley (One Cup of Coffee, 1962) under the pseudonym Bobby Martell, a decade prior to his breakthrough as an international reggae star. Marley’s youngest son Damian has also performed the track while, interestingly in the context of this discussion, his older sibling Rohan co-founded Marley Coffee, an organic farm in the Jamaican Blue Mountains. Following Carey’s demonstration of mainstream pop’s increasingly realistic depiction of courtship behaviours during the 1960s, songwriters continued to draw on coffee as a metaphor for failed romance. In Carly Simon’s You’re So Vain (1972), she dreams of clouds in her coffee while contemplating an ostentatious ex-lover. Squeeze’s Black Coffee In Bed (1982) uses a coffee stain metaphor to describe the end of what appears to be yet another dead-end relationship for the protagonist. Sarah Harmer’s Coffee Stain (1998) expands on this device by reworking the familiar “lipstick on your collar” trope, while Sexsmith & Kerr’s duet Raindrops in my Coffee (2005) superimposes teardrops in coffee and raindrops on the pavement with compelling effect. Kate Bush’s Coffee Homeground (1978) provides the most extreme narrative of relationship breakdown: the true story of Cora Henrietta Crippin’s poisoning. Researchers who replicated Horton’s and Carey’s methodology in the late 1970s (Bridges; Denisoff) were surprised to find their results dominated by traditional courtship ideals. The new liberal values unearthed by Carey in the late 1960s simply failed to materialise in subsequent decades. In this context, it is interesting to observe how romantic coffee songs in contemporary soul and jazz continue to disavow the post-1960s trend towards realistic social narratives, adopting instead a conspicuously consumerist outlook accompanied by smooth musical timbres. This phenomenon possibly betrays the influence of contemporary coffee advertising. From the 1980s, television commercials have sought to establish coffee as a desirable high end product, enjoyed by bohemian lovers in a conspicuously up-market environment (Werder). All Saints’s Black Coffee (2000) and Lebrado’s Coffee (2006) identify strongly with the culture industry’s image of coffee as a luxurious beverage whose consumption signifies prominent social status. All Saints’s promotional video is set in a opulent location (although its visuals emphasise the lyric’s romantic disharmony), while Natalie Cole’s Coffee Time (2008) might have been itself written as a commercial. Busting Up a Starbucks: The Politics of Coffee Politics and coffee meet most palpably at the coffee shop. This conjunction has a well-documented history beginning with the establishment of coffee houses in Europe and the birth of the public sphere (Habermas; Love; Pincus). The first popular songs to reference coffee shops include Jaybird Coleman’s Coffee Grinder Blues (1930), which boasts of skills that precede the contemporary notion of a barista by four decades; and Let's Have Another Cup of Coffee (1932) from Irving Berlin’s depression-era musical Face The Music, where the protagonists decide to stay in a restaurant drinking coffee and eating pie until the economy improves. Coffee in a Cardboard Cup (1971) from the Broadway musical 70 Girls 70 is an unambiguous condemnation of consumerism, however, it was written, recorded and produced a generation before Starbucks’ aggressive expansion and rapid dominance of the coffee house market during the 1990s. The growth of this company caused significant criticism and protest against what seemed to be a ruthless homogenising force that sought to overwhelm local competition (Holt; Thomson). In response, Starbucks has sought to be defined as a more responsive and interactive brand that encourages “glocalisation” (de Larios; Thompson). Koller, however, has characterised glocalisation as the manipulative fabrication of an “imagined community”—whose heterogeneity is in fact maintained by the aesthetics and purchasing choices of consumers who make distinctive and conscious anti-brand statements (114). Neat Capitalism is a more useful concept here, one that intercedes between corporate ideology and postmodern cultural logic, where such notions as community relations and customer satisfaction are deliberately and perhaps somewhat cynically conflated with the goal of profit maximisation (Rojek). As the world’s largest chain of coffee houses with over 19,400 stores in March 2012 (Loxcel), Starbucks is an exemplar of this phenomenon. Their apparent commitment to environmental stewardship, community relations, and ethical sourcing is outlined in the company’s annual “Global Responsibility Report” (Vimac). It is also demonstrated in their engagement with charitable and environmental non-governmental organisations such as Fairtrade and Co-operative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE). By emphasising this, Starbucks are able to interpellate (that is, “call forth”, “summon”, or “hail” in Althusserian terms) those consumers who value environmental protection, social justice and ethical business practices (Rojek 117). Bob Dylan and Sheryl Crow provide interesting case studies of the persuasive cultural influence evoked by Neat Capitalism. Dylan’s 1962 song Talkin’ New York satirised his formative experiences as an impoverished performer in Greenwich Village’s coffee houses. In 1995, however, his decision to distribute the Bob Dylan: Live At The Gaslight 1962 CD exclusively via Starbucks generated significant media controversy. Prominent commentators expressed their disapproval (Wilson Harris) and HMV Canada withdrew Dylan’s product from their shelves (Lynskey). Despite this, the success of this and other projects resulted in the launch of Starbucks’s in-house record company, Hear Music, which released entirely new recordings from major artists such as Ray Charles, Paul McCartney, Joni Mitchell, Carly Simon and Elvis Costello—although the company has recently announced a restructuring of their involvement in this venture (O’Neil). Sheryl Crow disparaged her former life as a waitress in Coffee Shop (1995), a song recorded for her second album. “Yes, I was a waitress. I was a waitress not so long ago; then I won a Grammy” she affirmed in a YouTube clip of a live performance from the same year. More recently, however, Crow has become an avowed self-proclaimed “Starbucks groupie” (Tickle), releasing an Artist’s Choice (2003) compilation album exclusively via Hear Music and performing at the company’s 2010 Annual Shareholders’s Meeting. Songs voicing more unequivocal dissatisfaction with Starbucks’s particular variant of Neat Capitalism include Busting Up a Starbucks (Mike Doughty, 2005), and Starbucks Takes All My Money (KJ-52, 2008). The most successful of these is undoubtedly Ron Sexsmith’s Jazz at the Bookstore (2006). Sexsmith bemoans the irony of intense original blues artists such as Leadbelly being drowned out by the cacophony of coffee grinding machines while customers queue up to purchase expensive coffees whose names they can’t pronounce. In this, he juxtaposes the progressive patina of corporate culture against the circumstances of African-American labour conditions in the deep South, the shocking incongruity of which eventually cause the old bluesman to turn in his grave. Fredric Jameson may have good reason to lament the depthless a-historical pastiche of postmodern popular culture, but this is no “nostalgia film”: Sexsmith articulates an artfully framed set of subtle, sensitive, and carefully contextualised observations. Songs about coffee also intersect with politics via lyrics that play on the mid-brown colour of the beverage, by employing it as a metaphor for the sociological meta-narratives of acculturation and assimilation. First popularised in Israel Zangwill’s 1905 stage play, The Melting Pot, this term is more commonly associated with Americanisation rather than miscegenation in the United States—a nuanced distinction that British band Blue Mink failed to grasp with their memorable invocation of “coffee-coloured people” in Melting Pot (1969). Re-titled in the US as People Are Together (Mickey Murray, 1970) the song was considered too extreme for mainstream radio airplay (Thompson). Ike and Tina Turner’s Black Coffee (1972) provided a more accomplished articulation of coffee as a signifier of racial identity; first by associating it with the history of slavery and the post-Civil Rights discourse of African-American autonomy, then by celebrating its role as an energising force for African-American workers seeking economic self-determination. Anyone familiar with the re-casting of black popular music in an industry dominated by Caucasian interests and aesthetics (Cashmore; Garofalo) will be unsurprised to find British super-group Humble Pie’s (1973) version of this song more recognisable. Conclusion Coffee-flavoured popular songs celebrate the stimulant effects of caffeine, provide metaphors for courtship rituals, and offer critiques of Neat Capitalism. Harold Love and Guthrie Ramsey have each argued (from different perspectives) that the cultural micro-narratives of small social groups allow us to identify important “ethnographic truths” (Ramsey 22). Aesthetically satisfying and intellectually stimulating coffee songs are found where these micro-narratives intersect with the ethnographic truths of coffee culture. 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In the 2019 documentary Chasing Happiness, recording artist/musician Joe Jonas tells audiences that the band was “living the dream”. Similarly, in the 2012 documentary Artifact, lead singer Jared Leto remarks that at the height of Thirty Seconds to Mars’s success, they “were living the dream”. However, for both the Jonas Brothers and Thirty Seconds to Mars, their experiences of the music industry (much like other commercially successful recording artists) soon transformed into nightmares. Similar to other commercially successful recording artists, the Jonas Brothers and Thirty Seconds to Mars, came up against the constraints of the industry which inevitably led to a forfeiting of authenticity, a loss of creative control, increased exploitation, and unequal remuneration. This work will consider how working in the music industry is not always a dream come true and can instead be viewed as a proverbial nightmare. Living the DreamIn his book Dreams, Carl Gustav Jung discusses how that which is experienced in sleep, speaks of a person’s wishes: that which might be desired in reality but may not actually happen. In his earlier work, The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud argued that the dream is representative of fulfilling a repressed wish. However, the creative industries suggest that a dream need not be a repressed wish; it can become a reality. Jon Bon Jovi believes that his success in the music industry has surpassed his wildest dreams (Atkinson). Jennifer Lopez considers the fact that she held big dreams, had a focussed passion, and strong aspirations the reason why she pursued a creative career that took her out of the Bronx (Thomas). In a Twitter post from 23 April 2018, Bruno Mars declared that he “use [sic] to dream of this shit,” in referring to a picture of him performing for a sold out arena, while in 2019 Shawn Mendes informed his 24.4 million Twitter followers that his “life is a dream”. These are but a few examples of successful music industry artists who are seeing their ‘wishes’ come true and living the American Dream.Endemic to the American culture (and a characteristic of the identity of the country) is the “American Dream”. It centres on “a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability and achievement” (Adams, 404). Although initially used to describe having a nice house, money, stability and a reasonable standard of living, the American Dream has since evolved to what the scholar Florida believes is the new ‘aspiration of people’: doing work that is enjoyable and relies on human creativity. At its core, the original American Dream required striving to meet individual goals, and was promoted as possible for anyone regardless of their cultural, socio-economic and political background (Samuel), because it encourages the celebrating of the self and personal uniqueness (Gamson). Florida’s conceptualisation of the New American dream, however, tends to emphasise obtaining success, fame and fortune in what Neff, Wissinger, and Zukin (310) consider “hot”, “creative” industries where “the jobs are cool”.Whether old or new, the American Dream has perpetuated and reinforced celebrity culture, with many of the young generation reporting that fame and fortune were their priorities, as they sought to emulate the success of their famous role models (Florida). The rag to riches stories of iconic recording artists can inevitably glorify and make appealing the struggle that permits achieving one’s dream, with celebrities offering young, aspiring creative people a means of identification for helping them to aspire to meet their dreams (Florida; Samuel). For example, a young Demi Lovato spoke of how she idolised and looked up to singer Beyonce Knowles, describing Knowles as a role model because of the way she carries herself (Tishgart). Similarly, American Idol winner Kelly Clarkson cited Aretha Franklin as her musical inspiration and the reason that she sings from a place deep within (Nilles). It is unsurprising then, that popular media has tended to portray artists working in the creative industries and being paid to follow their passions as “a much-vaunted career dream” (Duffy and Wissinger, 4656). Movies such as A Star Is Born (2018), The Coal Miner’s Daughter (1980), Dreamgirls (2006), Begin Again (2013) and La La Land (2016) exalt the perception that creativity, talent, sacrifice and determination will mean dreams come true (Nicolaou). In concert with the American dream is the drive among creative people pursuing creative success to achieve their dreams because of the perceived autonomy they will gain, the chance of self-actualisation and social rewards, and the opportunity to fulfil intrinsic motivations (Amabile; Auger and Woodman; Cohen). For these workers, the love of creation and the happiness that accompanies new discoveries (Csikszentmihalyi) can offset the tight budgets and timelines, precarious labour (Blair, Grey, and Randle; Hesmondhalgh and Baker), uncertain demand (Caves; Shultz), sacrifice of personal relationships (Eikhof and Haunschild), the demand for high quality products (Gil & Spiller), and the tense relationships with administrators (Bilton) which are known to plague these industries. In some cases, young, up and coming creative people overlook these pitfalls, instead romanticising creative careers as ideal and worthwhile. They willingly take on roles and cede control to big corporations to “realize their passions [and] uncover their personal talent” (Bill, 50). Of course, as Ursell argues in discussing television employees, such idealisation can mean creatives, especially those who are young and unfamiliar with the constraints of the industry, end up immersed in and victims of the “vampiric” industry that exploits workers (816). They are socialised towards believing, in this case, that the record label is a necessary component to obtain fame and fortune and whether willing or unwilling, creative workers become complicit in their own exploitation (Cohen). Loss of Control and No CompensationThe music industry itself has been considered by some to typify the cultural industries (Chambers). Popular music has potency in that it is perceived as speaking a universal language (Burnett), engaging the emotions and thoughts of listeners, and assisting in their identity construction (Burnett; Gardikiotis and Baltzis). Given the place of music within society, it is not surprising that in 2018, the global music industry was worth US$19.1billion (IFPI). The music industry is necessarily underpinned by a commercial agenda. At present, six major recording companies exist and between them, they own between 70-80 per cent of the recordings produced globally (Konsor). They also act as gatekeepers, setting trends by defining what and who is worth following and listening to (Csikszentmihalyi; Jones, Anand, and Alvarez). In essence, to be successful in the music industry is to be affiliated with a record label. This is because the highly competitive nature and cluttered environment makes it harder to gain traction in the market without worthwhile representation (Moiso and Rockman). In the 2012 documentary about Thirty Seconds to Mars, Artifact, front man Jared Leto even questions whether it is possible to have “success without a label”. The recording company, he determines, “deal with the crappy jobs”. In a financially uncertain industry that makes money from subjective or experience-based goods (Caves), having a label affords an artist access to “economic capital for production and promotion” that enables “wider recognition” of creative work (Scott, 239). With the support of a record label, creative entrepreneurs are given the chance to be promoted and distributed in the creative marketplace (Scott; Shultz). To have a record label, then, is to be perceived as legitimate and credible (Shultz).However, the commercial music industry is just that, commercial. Accordingly, the desire to make money can see the intrinsic desires of musicians forfeited in favour of standardised products and a lack of remuneration for artists (Negus). To see this standardisation in practice, one need not look further than those contestants appearing on shows such as American Idol or The Voice. Nowhere is the standardisation of the music industry more evident than in Holmes’s 2004 article on Pop Idol. Pop Idol first aired in Britain from 2001-2003 and paved the way for a slew of similar shows around the world such as Australia’s Popstars Live in 2004 and the global Idol phenomena. According to Holmes, audiences are divested of the illusion of talent and stardom when they witness the obvious manufacturing of musical talent. The contestants receive training, are dressed according to a prescribed image, and the show emphasises those melodramatic moments that are commercially enticing to audiences. Her sentiments suggest these shows emphasise the artifice of the music industry by undermining artistic authenticity in favour of generating celebrities. The standardisation is typified in the post Idol careers of Kelly Clarkson and Adam Lambert. Kelly Clarkson parted with the recording company RCA when her manager and producer Clive Davis told her that her album My December (2007) was “not commercial enough” and that Clarkson, who had written most of the songs, was a “shitty writer… who should just shut up and sing” (Nied). Adam Lambert left RCA because they wanted him to make a full length 80s album comprised of covers. Lambert commented that, “while there are lots of great songs from that decade, my heart is simply not in doing a covers album” (Lee). In these instances, winning the show and signing contracts led to both Clarkson and Lambert forfeiting a degree of creative control over their work in favour of formulaic songs that ultimately left both artists unsatisfied. The standardisation and lack of remuneration is notable when signing recording artists to 360° contracts. These 360° contracts have become commonplace in the music industry (Gulchardaz, Bach, and Penin) and see both the material and immaterial labour (such as personal identities) of recording artists become controlled by record labels (Stahl and Meier). These labels determine the aesthetics of the musicians as well as where and how frequently they tour. Furthermore, the labels become owners of any intellectual property generated by an artist during the tenure of the contract (Sanders; Stahl and Meier). For example, in their documentary Show Em What You’re Made Of (2015), the Backstreet Boys lament their affiliation with manager Lou Pearlman. Not only did Pearlman manufacture the group in a way that prevented creative exploration by the members (Sanders), but he withheld profits to the point that the Backstreet Boys had to sue Pearlman in order to gain access to money they deserved. In 2002 the members of the Backstreet Boys had stated that “it wasn’t our destinies that we had to worry about in the past, it was our souls” (Sanders, 541). They were not writing their own music, which came across in the documentary Show Em What You’re Made Of when singer Howie Dorough demanded that if they were to collaborate as a group again in 2013, that everything was to be produced, managed and created by the five group members. Such a demand speaks to creative individuals being tied to their work both personally and emotionally (Bain). The angst encountered by music artists also signals the identity dissonance and conflict felt when they are betraying their true or authentic creative selves (Ashforth and Mael; Ashforth and Humphrey). Performing and abiding by the rules and regulations of others led to frustration because the members felt they were “being passed off as something we aren’t” (Sanders 539). The Backstreet Boys were not the only musicians who were intensely controlled and not adequately compensated by Pearlman. In the documentary The Boy Band Con: The Lou Pearlman Story 2019, Lance Bass of N*Sync and recording artist Aaron Carter admitted that the experience of working with Pearlman became a nightmare when they too, were receiving cheques that were so small that Bass describes them as making his heart sink. For these groups, the dream of making music was undone by contracts that stifled creativity and paid a pittance.In a similar vein, Thirty Seconds to Mars sought to cut ties with their record label when they felt that they were not being adequately compensated for their work. In retaliation EMI issued Mars with a US$30 million lawsuit for breach of contract. The tense renegotiations that followed took a toll on the creative drive of the group. At one point in the documentary Artifact (2012), Leto claims “I can’t sing it right now… You couldn’t pay me all the money in the world to sing this song the way it needs to be sung right now. I’m not ready”. The contract subordination (Phillips; Stahl and Meier) that had led to the need to renegotiate financial terms came at not only a financial cost to the band, but also a physical and emotional one. The negativity impacted the development of the songs for the new album. To make music requires evoking necessary and appropriate emotions in the recording studio (Wood, Duffy, and Smith), so Leto being unable to deliver the song proved problematic. Essentially, the stress of the lawsuit and negotiations damaged the motivation of the band (Amabile; Elsbach and Hargadon; Hallowell) and interfered with their creative approach, which could have produced standardised and poor quality work (Farr and Ford). The dream of making music was almost lost because of the EMI lawsuit. Young creatives often lack bargaining power when entering into contracts with corporations, which can prove disadvantaging when it comes to retaining control over their lives (Phillips; Stahl and Meier). Singer Demi Lovato’s big break came in the 2008 Disney film Camp Rock. As her then manager Phil McIntyre states in the documentary Simply Complicated (2017), Camp Rock was “perceived as the vehicle to becoming a superstar … overnight she became a household name”. However, as “authentic and believable” as Lovato’s edginess appeared, the speed with which her success came took a toll on Lovato. The pressure she experienced having to tour, write songs that were approved by others, star in Disney channel shows and movies, and look a certain way, became too much and to compensate, Lovato engaged in regular drug use to feel free. Accordingly, she developed a hybrid identity to ensure that the squeaky clean image required by the moral clauses of her contract, was not tarnished by her out-of-control lifestyle. The nightmare came from becoming famous at a young age and not being able to handle the expectations that accompanied it, coupled with a stringent contract that exploited her creative talent. Lovato’s is not a unique story. Research has found that musicians are more inclined than those in other workforces to use psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs (Vaag, Bjørngaard, and Bjerkeset) and that fame and money can provide musicians more opportunities to take risks, including drug-use that leads to mortality (Bellis, Hughes, Sharples, Hennell, and Hardcastle). For Lovato, living the dream at a young age ultimately became overwhelming with drugs her only means of escape. AuthenticityThe challenges then for music artists is that the dream of pursuing music can come at the cost of a musician’s authentic self. According to Hughes, “to be authentic is to be in some sense real and true to something ... It is not simply an imitation, but it is sincere, real, true, and original expression of its creator, and is believable or credible representations or example of what it appears to be” (190). For Nick Jonas of the Jonas Brothers, being in the spotlight and abiding by the demands of Disney was “non-stop” and prevented his personal and musical growth (Chasing Happiness). As Kevin Jonas put it, Nick “wanted the Jonas Brothers to be no more”. The extensive promotion that accompanies success and fame, which is designed to drive celebrity culture and financial motivations (Currid-Halkett and Scott; King), can lead to cynical performances and dissatisfaction (Hughes) if the identity work of the creative creates a disjoin between their perceived self and aspirational self (Beech, Gilmore, Cochrane, and Greig). Promoting the band (and having to film a television show and movies he was not invested in all because of contractual obligations) impacted on Nick’s authentic self to the point that the Jonas Brothers made him feel deeply upset and anxious. For Nick, being stifled creatively led to feeling inauthentic, thereby resulting in the demise of the band as his only recourse.In her documentary Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017), Lady Gaga discusses the extent she had to go to maintain a sense of authenticity in response to producer control. As she puts it, “when producers wanted me to be sexy, I always put some absurd spin on it, that made me feel like I was still in control”. Her words reaffirm the perception amongst scholars (Currid-Halkett and Scott; King; Meyers) that in playing the information game, industry leaders will construct an artist’s persona in ways that are most beneficial for, in this case, the record label. That will mean, for example, establishing a coherent life story for musicians that endears them to audiences and engaging recording artists in co-branding opportunities to raise their profile and to legitimise them in the marketplace. Such behaviour can potentially influence the preferences and purchases of audiences and fans, can create favourability, originality and clarity around artists (Loroz and Braig), and can establish competitive advantage that leads to producers being able to charge higher prices for the artists’ work (Hernando and Campo). But what impact does that have on the musician? Lady Gaga could not continue living someone else’s dream. She found herself needing to make changes in order to avoid quitting music altogether. As Gaga told a class of university students at the Emotion Revolution Summit hosted by Yale University:I don’t like being used to make people money. It feels sad when I am overworked and that I have just become a money-making machine and that my passion and creativity take a backseat. That makes me unhappy.According to Eikof and Haunschild, economic necessity can threaten creative motivation. Gaga’s reaction to the commercial demands of the music industry signal an identity conflict because her desire to create, clashed with the need to be commercial, with the outcome imposing “inconsistent demands upon” her (Ashforth and Mael, 29). Therefore, to reduce what could be considered feelings of dissonance and inconsistency (Ashforth and Mael; Ashforth and Humphrey) Gaga started saying “no” to prevent further loss of her identity and sense of authentic self. Taking back control could be seen as a means of reorienting her dream and overcoming what had become dissatisfaction with the commercial processes of the music industry. ConclusionsFor many creatives working in the creative industries – and specifically the music industry – is constructed as a dream come true; the working conditions and expectations experienced by recording artists are far from liberating and instead can become nightmares to which they want to escape. The case studies above, although likely ‘constructed’ retellings of the unfortunate circumstances encountered working in the music industry, nevertheless offer an inside account that contradicts the prevailing ideology that pursuing creative passions leads to a dream career (Florida; Samuel). If anything, the case studies explored above involving 30 Seconds to Mars, the Jonas Brothers, Lady Gaga, Kelly Clarkson, Adam Lambert and the Backstreet Boys, acknowledge what many scholars writing in the creative industries have already identified; that exploitation, subordination, identity conflict and loss of control are the unspoken or lesser known consequences of pursuing the creative dream. That said, the conundrum for creatives is that for success in the industry big “creative” businesses, such as recording labels, are still considered necessary in order to break into the market and to have prolonged success. This is simply because their resources far exceed those at the disposal of independent and up-and-coming creative entrepreneurs. Therefore, it can be argued that this friction of need between creative industry business versus artists will be on-going leading to more of these ‘dream to nightmare’ stories. The struggle will continue manifesting in the relationship between business and artist for long as the recording artists fight for greater equality, independence of creativity and respect for their work, image and identities. 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IntroductionIn the year 2000, a group of likeminded individuals got together and convened the first annual World Barista Championship in Monte Carlo. With twelve competitors from around the globe, each competitor was judged by seven judges: one head judge who oversaw the process, two technical judges who assessed technical skills, and four sensory judges who evaluated the taste and appearance of the espresso drinks. Competitors had fifteen minutes to serve four espresso coffees, four cappuccino coffees, and four “signature” drinks that they had devised using one shot of espresso and other ingredients of their choice, but no alcohol. The competitors were also assessed on their overall barista skills, their creativity, and their ability to perform under pressure and impress the judges with their knowledge of coffee. This competition has grown to the extent that eleven years later, in 2011, 54 countries held national barista championships with the winner from each country competing for the highly coveted position of World Barista Champion. That year, Alejandro Mendez from El Salvador became the first world champion from a coffee producing nation. Champion baristas are more likely to come from coffee consuming countries than they are from coffee producing countries as countries that produce coffee seldom have a culture of espresso coffee consumption. While Ireland is not a coffee-producing nation, the Irish are the highest per capita consumers of tea in the world (Mac Con Iomaire, “Ireland”). Despite this, in 2008, Stephen Morrissey from Ireland overcame 50 other national champions to become the 2008 World Barista Champion (see, http://vimeo.com/2254130). Another Irish national champion, Colin Harmon, came fourth in this competition in both 2009 and 2010. This paper discusses the history and development of coffee and coffee houses in Dublin from the 17th century, charting how coffee culture in Dublin appeared, evolved, and stagnated before re-emerging at the beginning of the 21st century, with a remarkable win in the World Barista Championships. The historical links between coffeehouses and media—ranging from print media to electronic and social media—are discussed. In this, the coffee house acts as an informal public gathering space, what urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg calls a “third place,” neither work nor home. These “third places” provide anchors for community life and facilitate and foster broader, more creative interaction (Oldenburg). This paper will also show how competition from other “third places” such as clubs, hotels, restaurants, and bars have affected the vibrancy of coffee houses. Early Coffee Houses The first coffee house was established in Constantinople in 1554 (Tannahill 252; Huetz de Lemps 387). The first English coffee houses opened in Oxford in 1650 and in London in 1652. Coffee houses multiplied thereafter but, in 1676, when some London coffee houses became hotbeds for political protest, the city prosecutor decided to close them. The ban was soon lifted and between 1680 and 1730 Londoners discovered the pleasure of drinking coffee (Huetz de Lemps 388), although these coffee houses sold a number of hot drinks including tea and chocolate as well as coffee.The first French coffee houses opened in Marseille in 1671 and in Paris the following year. Coffee houses proliferated during the 18th century: by 1720 there were 380 public cafés in Paris and by the end of the century there were 600 (Huetz de Lemps 387). Café Procope opened in Paris in 1674 and, in the 18th century, became a literary salon with regular patrons: Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot and Condorcet (Huetz de Lemps 387; Pitte 472). In England, coffee houses developed into exclusive clubs such as Crockford’s and the Reform, whilst elsewhere in Europe they evolved into what we identify as cafés, similar to the tea shops that would open in England in the late 19th century (Tannahill 252-53). Tea quickly displaced coffee in popularity in British coffee houses (Taylor 142). Pettigrew suggests two reasons why Great Britain became a tea-drinking nation while most of the rest of Europe took to coffee (48). The first was the power of the East India Company, chartered by Elizabeth I in 1600, which controlled the world’s biggest tea monopoly and promoted the beverage enthusiastically. The second was the difficulty England had in securing coffee from the Levant while at war with France at the end of the seventeenth century and again during the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13). Tea also became the dominant beverage in Ireland and over a period of time became the staple beverage of the whole country. In 1835, Samuel Bewley and his son Charles dared to break the monopoly of The East India Company by importing over 2,000 chests of tea directly from Canton, China, to Ireland. His family would later become synonymous with the importation of coffee and with opening cafés in Ireland (see, Farmar for full history of the Bewley's and their activities). Ireland remains the highest per-capita consumer of tea in the world. Coffee houses have long been linked with social and political change (Kennedy, Politicks; Pincus). The notion that these new non-alcoholic drinks were responsible for the Enlightenment because people could now gather socially without getting drunk is rejected by Wheaton as frivolous, since there had always been alternatives to strong drink, and European civilisation had achieved much in the previous centuries (91). She comments additionally that cafés, as gathering places for dissenters, took over the role that taverns had long played. Pennell and Vickery support this argument adding that by offering a choice of drinks, and often sweets, at a fixed price and in a more civilized setting than most taverns provided, coffee houses and cafés were part of the rise of the modern restaurant. It is believed that, by 1700, the commercial provision of food and drink constituted the second largest occupational sector in London. Travellers’ accounts are full of descriptions of London taverns, pie shops, coffee, bun and chop houses, breakfast huts, and food hawkers (Pennell; Vickery). Dublin Coffee Houses and Later incarnations The earliest reference to coffee houses in Dublin is to the Cock Coffee House in Cook Street during the reign of Charles II (1660-85). Public dining or drinking establishments listed in the 1738 Dublin Directory include taverns, eating houses, chop houses, coffee houses, and one chocolate house in Fownes Court run by Peter Bardin (Hardiman and Kennedy 157). During the second half of the 17th century, Dublin’s merchant classes transferred allegiance from taverns to the newly fashionable coffee houses as places to conduct business. By 1698, the fashion had spread to country towns with coffee houses found in Cork, Limerick, Kilkenny, Clonmel, Wexford, and Galway, and slightly later in Belfast and Waterford in the 18th century. Maxwell lists some of Dublin’s leading coffee houses and taverns, noting their clientele: There were Lucas’s Coffee House, on Cork Hill (the scene of many duels), frequented by fashionable young men; the Phoenix, in Werburgh Street, where political dinners were held; Dick’s Coffee House, in Skinner’s Row, much patronized by literary men, for it was over a bookseller’s; the Eagle, in Eustace Street, where meetings of the Volunteers were held; the Old Sot’s Hole, near Essex Bridge, famous for its beefsteaks and ale; the Eagle Tavern, on Cork Hill, which was demolished at the same time as Lucas’s to make room for the Royal Exchange; and many others. (76) Many of the early taverns were situated around the Winetavern Street, Cook Street, and Fishamble Street area. (see Fig. 1) Taverns, and later coffee houses, became meeting places for gentlemen and centres for debate and the exchange of ideas. In 1706, Francis Dickson published the Flying Post newspaper at the Four Courts coffee house in Winetavern Street. The Bear Tavern (1725) and the Black Lyon (1735), where a Masonic Lodge assembled every Wednesday, were also located on this street (Gilbert v.1 160). Dick’s Coffee house was established in the late 17th century by bookseller and newspaper proprietor Richard Pue, and remained open until 1780 when the building was demolished. In 1740, Dick’s customers were described thus: Ye citizens, gentlemen, lawyers and squires,who summer and winter surround our great fires,ye quidnuncs! who frequently come into Pue’s,To live upon politicks, coffee, and news. (Gilbert v.1 174) There has long been an association between coffeehouses and publishing books, pamphlets and particularly newspapers. Other Dublin publishers and newspapermen who owned coffee houses included Richard Norris and Thomas Bacon. Until the 1850s, newspapers were burdened with a number of taxes: on the newsprint, a stamp duty, and on each advertisement. By 1865, these taxes had virtually disappeared, resulting in the appearance of 30 new newspapers in Ireland, 24 of them in Dublin. Most people read from copies which were available free of charge in taverns, clubs, and coffee houses (MacGiolla Phadraig). Coffee houses also kept copies of international newspapers. On 4 May 1706, Francis Dickson notes in the Dublin Intelligence that he held the Paris and London Gazettes, Leyden Gazette and Slip, the Paris and Hague Lettres à la Main, Daily Courant, Post-man, Flying Post, Post-script and Manuscripts in his coffeehouse in Winetavern Street (Kennedy, “Dublin”). Henry Berry’s analysis of shop signs in Dublin identifies 24 different coffee houses in Dublin, with the main clusters in Essex Street near the Custom’s House (Cocoa Tree, Bacon’s, Dempster’s, Dublin, Merchant’s, Norris’s, and Walsh’s) Cork Hill (Lucas’s, St Lawrence’s, and Solyman’s) Skinners’ Row (Bow’s’, Darby’s, and Dick’s) Christ Church Yard (Four Courts, and London) College Green (Jack’s, and Parliament) and Crampton Court (Exchange, and Little Dublin). (see Figure 1, below, for these clusters and the locations of other Dublin coffee houses.) The earliest to be referenced is the Cock Coffee House in Cook Street during the reign of Charles II (1660-85), with Solyman’s (1691), Bow’s (1692), and Patt’s on High Street (1699), all mentioned in print before the 18th century. The name of one, the Cocoa Tree, suggests that chocolate was also served in this coffee house. More evidence of the variety of beverages sold in coffee houses comes from Gilbert who notes that in 1730, one Dublin poet wrote of George Carterwright’s wife at The Custom House Coffee House on Essex Street: Her coffee’s fresh and fresh her tea,Sweet her cream, ptizan, and whea,her drams, of ev’ry sort, we findboth good and pleasant, in their kind. (v. 2 161) Figure 1: Map of Dublin indicating Coffee House clusters 1 = Sackville St.; 2 = Winetavern St.; 3 = Essex St.; 4 = Cork Hill; 5 = Skinner's Row; 6 = College Green.; 7 = Christ Church Yard; 8 = Crampton Court.; 9 = Cook St.; 10 = High St.; 11 = Eustace St.; 12 = Werburgh St.; 13 = Fishamble St.; 14 = Westmorland St.; 15 = South Great George's St.; 16 = Grafton St.; 17 = Kildare St.; 18 = Dame St.; 19 = Anglesea Row; 20 = Foster Place; 21 = Poolbeg St.; 22 = Fleet St.; 23 = Burgh Quay.A = Cafe de Paris, Lincoln Place; B = Red Bank Restaurant, D'Olier St.; C = Morrison's Hotel, Nassau St.; D = Shelbourne Hotel, St. Stephen's Green; E = Jury's Hotel, Dame St. Some coffee houses transformed into the gentlemen’s clubs that appeared in London, Paris and Dublin in the 17th century. These clubs originally met in coffee houses, then taverns, until later proprietary clubs became fashionable. Dublin anticipated London in club fashions with members of the Kildare Street Club (1782) and the Sackville Street Club (1794) owning the premises of their clubhouse, thus dispensing with the proprietor. The first London club to be owned by the members seems to be Arthur’s, founded in 1811 (McDowell 4) and this practice became widespread throughout the 19th century in both London and Dublin. The origin of one of Dublin’s most famous clubs, Daly’s Club, was a chocolate house opened by Patrick Daly in c.1762–65 in premises at 2–3 Dame Street (Brooke). It prospered sufficiently to commission its own granite-faced building on College Green between Anglesea Street and Foster Place which opened in 1789 (Liddy 51). Daly’s Club, “where half the land of Ireland has changed hands”, was renowned for the gambling that took place there (Montgomery 39). Daly’s sumptuous palace catered very well (and discreetly) for honourable Members of Parliament and rich “bucks” alike (Craig 222). The changing political and social landscape following the Act of Union led to Daly’s slow demise and its eventual closure in 1823 (Liddy 51). Coincidentally, the first Starbucks in Ireland opened in 2005 in the same location. Once gentlemen’s clubs had designated buildings where members could eat, drink, socialise, and stay overnight, taverns and coffee houses faced competition from the best Dublin hotels which also had coffee rooms “in which gentlemen could read papers, write letters, take coffee and wine in the evening—an exiguous substitute for a club” (McDowell 17). There were at least 15 establishments in Dublin city claiming to be hotels by 1789 (Corr 1) and their numbers grew in the 19th century, an expansion which was particularly influenced by the growth of railways. By 1790, Dublin’s public houses (“pubs”) outnumbered its coffee houses with Dublin boasting 1,300 (Rooney 132). Names like the Goose and Gridiron, Harp and Crown, Horseshoe and Magpie, and Hen and Chickens—fashionable during the 17th and 18th centuries in Ireland—hung on decorative signs for those who could not read. Throughout the 20th century, the public house provided the dominant “third place” in Irish society, and the drink of choice for itd predominantly male customers was a frothy pint of Guinness. Newspapers were available in public houses and many newspapermen had their own favourite hostelries such as Mulligan’s of Poolbeg Street; The Pearl, and The Palace on Fleet Street; and The White Horse Inn on Burgh Quay. Any coffee served in these establishments prior to the arrival of the new coffee culture in the 21st century was, however, of the powdered instant variety. Hotels / Restaurants with Coffee Rooms From the mid-19th century, the public dining landscape of Dublin changed in line with London and other large cities in the United Kingdom. Restaurants did appear gradually in the United Kingdom and research suggests that one possible reason for this growth from the 1860s onwards was the Refreshment Houses and Wine Licences Act (1860). The object of this act was to “reunite the business of eating and drinking”, thereby encouraging public sobriety (Mac Con Iomaire, “Emergence” v.2 95). Advertisements for Dublin restaurants appeared in The Irish Times from the 1860s. Thom’s Directory includes listings for Dining Rooms from the 1870s and Refreshment Rooms are listed from the 1880s. This pattern continued until 1909, when Thom’s Directory first includes a listing for “Restaurants and Tea Rooms”. Some of the establishments that advertised separate coffee rooms include Dublin’s first French restaurant, the Café de Paris, The Red Bank Restaurant, Morrison’s Hotel, Shelbourne Hotel, and Jury’s Hotel (see Fig. 1). The pattern of separate ladies’ coffee rooms emerged in Dublin and London during the latter half of the 19th century and mixed sex dining only became popular around the last decade of the 19th century, partly infuenced by Cesar Ritz and Auguste Escoffier (Mac Con Iomaire, “Public Dining”). Irish Cafés: From Bewley’s to Starbucks A number of cafés appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, most notably Robert Roberts and Bewley’s, both of which were owned by Quaker families. Ernest Bewley took over the running of the Bewley’s importation business in the 1890s and opened a number of Oriental Cafés; South Great Georges Street (1894), Westmoreland Street (1896), and what became the landmark Bewley’s Oriental Café in Grafton Street (1927). Drawing influence from the grand cafés of Paris and Vienna, oriental tearooms, and Egyptian architecture (inspired by the discovery in 1922 of Tutankhamen’s Tomb), the Grafton Street business brought a touch of the exotic into the newly formed Irish Free State. Bewley’s cafés became the haunt of many of Ireland’s leading literary figures, including Samuel Becket, Sean O’Casey, and James Joyce who mentioned the café in his book, Dubliners. A full history of Bewley’s is available (Farmar). It is important to note, however, that pots of tea were sold in equal measure to mugs of coffee in Bewley’s. The cafés changed over time from waitress- to self-service and a failure to adapt to changing fashions led to the business being sold, with only the flagship café in Grafton Street remaining open in a revised capacity. It was not until the beginning of the 21st century that a new wave of coffee house culture swept Ireland. This was based around speciality coffee beverages such as espressos, cappuccinos, lattés, macchiatos, and frappuccinnos. This new phenomenon coincided with the unprecedented growth in the Irish economy, during which Ireland became known as the “Celtic Tiger” (Murphy 3). One aspect of this period was a building boom and a subsequent growth in apartment living in the Dublin city centre. The American sitcom Friends and its fictional coffee house, “Central Perk,” may also have helped popularise the use of coffee houses as “third spaces” (Oldenberg) among young apartment dwellers in Dublin. This was also the era of the “dotcom boom” when many young entrepreneurs, software designers, webmasters, and stock market investors were using coffee houses as meeting places for business and also as ad hoc office spaces. This trend is very similar to the situation in the 17th and early 18th centuries where coffeehouses became known as sites for business dealings. Various theories explaining the growth of the new café culture have circulated, with reasons ranging from a growth in Eastern European migrants, anti-smoking legislation, returning sophisticated Irish emigrants, and increased affluence (Fenton). Dublin pubs, facing competition from the new coffee culture, began installing espresso coffee machines made by companies such as Gaggia to attract customers more interested in a good latté than a lager and it is within this context that Irish baristas gained such success in the World Barista competition. In 2001 the Georges Street branch of Bewley’s was taken over by a chain called Café, Bar, Deli specialising in serving good food at reasonable prices. Many ex-Bewley’s staff members subsequently opened their own businesses, roasting coffee and running cafés. Irish-owned coffee chains such as Java Republic, Insomnia, and O’Brien’s Sandwich Bars continued to thrive despite the competition from coffee chains Starbucks and Costa Café. Indeed, so successful was the handmade Irish sandwich and coffee business that, before the economic downturn affected its business, Irish franchise O’Brien’s operated in over 18 countries. The Café, Bar, Deli group had also begun to franchise its operations in 2008 when it too became a victim of the global economic downturn. With the growth of the Internet, many newspapers have experienced falling sales of their printed format and rising uptake of their electronic versions. Most Dublin coffee houses today provide wireless Internet connections so their customers can read not only the local newspapers online, but also others from all over the globe, similar to Francis Dickenson’s coffee house in Winetavern Street in the early 18th century. Dublin has become Europe’s Silicon Valley, housing the European headquarters for companies such as Google, Yahoo, Ebay, Paypal, and Facebook. There are currently plans to provide free wireless connectivity throughout Dublin’s city centre in order to promote e-commerce, however, some coffee houses shut off the wireless Internet in their establishments at certain times of the week in order to promote more social interaction to ensure that these “third places” remain “great good places” at the heart of the community (Oldenburg). Conclusion Ireland is not a country that is normally associated with a coffee culture but coffee houses have been part of the fabric of that country since they emerged in Dublin in the 17th century. These Dublin coffee houses prospered in the 18th century, and survived strong competition from clubs and hotels in the 19th century, and from restaurant and public houses into the 20th century. In 2008, when Stephen Morrissey won the coveted title of World Barista Champion, Ireland’s place as a coffee consuming country was re-established. The first decade of the 21st century witnessed a birth of a new espresso coffee culture, which shows no signs of weakening despite Ireland’s economic travails. References Berry, Henry F. “House and Shop Signs in Dublin in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 40.2 (1910): 81–98. Brooke, Raymond Frederick. Daly’s Club and the Kildare Street Club, Dublin. Dublin, 1930. Corr, Frank. Hotels in Ireland. Dublin: Jemma Publications, 1987. Craig, Maurice. Dublin 1660-1860. Dublin: Allen Figgis, 1980. Farmar, Tony. The Legendary, Lofty, Clattering Café. Dublin: A&A Farmar, 1988. Fenton, Ben. “Cafe Culture taking over in Dublin.” The Telegraph 2 Oct. 2006. 29 Apr. 2012 ‹http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1530308/cafe-culture-taking-over-in-Dublin.html›. Gilbert, John T. A History of the City of Dublin (3 vols.). Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1978. Girouard, Mark. Victorian Pubs. New Haven, Conn.: Yale UP, 1984. Hardiman, Nodlaig P., and Máire Kennedy. A Directory of Dublin for the Year 1738 Compiled from the Most Authentic of Sources. Dublin: Dublin Corporation Public Libraries, 2000. Huetz de Lemps, Alain. “Colonial Beverages and Consumption of Sugar.” Food: A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present. Eds. Jean-Louis Flandrin and Massimo Montanari. New York: Columbia UP, 1999. 383–93. Kennedy, Máire. “Dublin Coffee Houses.” Ask About Ireland, 2011. 4 Apr. 2012 ‹http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/pages-in-history/dublin-coffee-houses›. ----- “‘Politicks, Coffee and News’: The Dublin Book Trade in the Eighteenth Century.” Dublin Historical Record LVIII.1 (2005): 76–85. Liddy, Pat. Temple Bar—Dublin: An Illustrated History. Dublin: Temple Bar Properties, 1992. Mac Con Iomaire, Máirtín. “The Emergence, Development, and Influence of French Haute Cuisine on Public Dining in Dublin Restaurants 1900-2000: An Oral History.” Ph.D. thesis, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, 2009. 4 Apr. 2012 ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tourdoc/12›. ----- “Ireland.” Food Cultures of the World Encylopedia. Ed. Ken Albala. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2010. ----- “Public Dining in Dublin: The History and Evolution of Gastronomy and Commercial Dining 1700-1900.” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 24. Special Issue: The History of the Commercial Hospitality Industry from Classical Antiquity to the 19th Century (2012): forthcoming. MacGiolla Phadraig, Brian. “Dublin: One Hundred Years Ago.” Dublin Historical Record 23.2/3 (1969): 56–71. Maxwell, Constantia. Dublin under the Georges 1714–1830. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1979. McDowell, R. B. Land & Learning: Two Irish Clubs. Dublin: The Lilliput P, 1993. Montgomery, K. L. “Old Dublin Clubs and Coffee-Houses.” New Ireland Review VI (1896): 39–44. Murphy, Antoine E. “The ‘Celtic Tiger’—An Analysis of Ireland’s Economic Growth Performance.” EUI Working Papers, 2000 29 Apr. 2012 ‹http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/WP-Texts/00_16.pdf›. Oldenburg, Ray, ed. Celebrating the Third Place: Inspiring Stories About The “Great Good Places” At the Heart of Our Communities. New York: Marlowe & Company 2001. Pennell, Sarah. “‘Great Quantities of Gooseberry Pye and Baked Clod of Beef’: Victualling and Eating out in Early Modern London.” Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London. Eds. Paul Griffiths and Mark S. R. Jenner. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2000. 228–59. Pettigrew, Jane. A Social History of Tea. London: National Trust Enterprises, 2001. Pincus, Steve. “‘Coffee Politicians Does Create’: Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture.” The Journal of Modern History 67.4 (1995): 807–34. Pitte, Jean-Robert. “The Rise of the Restaurant.” Food: A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present. Eds. Jean-Louis Flandrin and Massimo Montanari. New York: Columbia UP, 1999. 471–80. Rooney, Brendan, ed. A Time and a Place: Two Centuries of Irish Social Life. Dublin: National Gallery of Ireland, 2006. Tannahill, Reay. Food in History. St Albans, Herts.: Paladin, 1975. Taylor, Laurence. “Coffee: The Bottomless Cup.” The American Dimension: Cultural Myths and Social Realities. Eds. W. Arens and Susan P. Montague. Port Washington, N.Y.: Alfred Publishing, 1976. 14–48. Vickery, Amanda. Behind Closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England. New Haven: Yale UP, 2009. Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham. Savouring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300-1789. London: Chatto & Windus, Hogarth P, 1983. Williams, Anne. “Historical Attitudes to Women Eating in Restaurants.” Public Eating: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991. Ed. Harlan Walker. Totnes: Prospect Books, 1992. 311–14. World Barista, Championship. “History–World Barista Championship”. 2012. 02 Apr. 2012 ‹http://worldbaristachampionship.com2012›.AcknowledgementA warm thank you to Dr. Kevin Griffin for producing the map of Dublin for this article.

Since the first days of the World Wide Web, artists like myself have been exploring the new possibilities of network interactivity. Some good tools and languages have been developed and made available free for the public to use. This has empowered individuals to participate in the media in ways that are quite remarkable. Nonetheless, the future of independent media is clouded by legal, regulatory, and organisational challenges that need to be addressed. It is not clear to what extent independent content producers will be able to build upon the successes of the 90s – it is yet to be seen whether their efforts will be largely nullified by the anticyclones of a hostile media market. Not so long ago, American news magazines were covering the Browser War. Several real wars later, the terms of surrender are becoming clearer. Now both of the major Internet browsers are owned by huge media corporations, and most of the states (and Reagan-appointed judges) that were demanding the break-up of Microsoft have given up. A curious about-face occurred in U.S. Justice Department policy when John Ashcroft decided to drop the federal case. Maybe Microsoft's value as a partner in covert activity appealed to Ashcroft more than free competition. Regardless, Microsoft is now turning its wrath on new competitors, people who are doing something very, very bad: sharing the products of their own labour. This practice of sharing source code and building free software infrastructure is epitomised by the continuing development of Linux. Everything in the Linux kernel is free, publicly accessible information. As a rule, the people building this "open source" operating system software believe that maintaining transparency is important. But U.S. courts are not doing much to help. In a case brought by the Motion Picture Association of America against Eric Corley, a federal district court blocked the distribution of source code that enables these systems to play DVDs. In addition to censoring Corley's journal, the court ruled that any programmer who writes a program that plays a DVD must comply with a host of license restrictions. In short, an established and popular media format (the DVD) cannot be used under open source operating systems without sacrificing the principle that software source code should remain in the public domain. Should the contents of operating systems be tightly guarded secrets, or subject to public review? If there are capable programmers willing to create good, free operating systems, should the law stand in their way? The question concerning what type of software infrastructure will dominate personal computers in the future is being answered as much by disappointing legal decisions as it is by consumer choice. Rather than ensuring the necessary conditions for innovation and cooperation, the courts permit a monopoly to continue. Rather than endorsing transparency, secrecy prevails. Rather than aiming to preserve a balance between the commercial economy and the gift-economy, sharing is being undermined by the law. Part of the mystery of the Internet for a lot of newcomers must be that it seems to disprove the old adage that you can't get something for nothing. Free games, free music, free pornography, free art. Media corporations are doing their best to change this situation. The FBI and trade groups have blitzed the American news media with alarmist reports about how children don't understand that sharing digital information is a crime. Teacher Gail Chmura, the star of one such media campaign, says of her students, "It's always been interesting that they don't see a connection between the two. They just don't get it" (Hopper). Perhaps the confusion arises because the kids do understand that digital duplication lets two people have the same thing. Theft is at best a metaphor for the copying of data, because the original is not stolen in the same sense as a material object. In the effort to liken all copying to theft, legal provisions for the fair use of intellectual property are neglected. Teachers could just as easily emphasise the importance of sharing and the development of an electronic commons that is free for all to use. The values advanced by the trade groups are not beyond question and are not historical constants. According to Donald Krueckeberg, Rutgers University Professor of Urban Planning, native Americans tied the concept of property not to ownership but to use. "One used it, one moved on, and use was shared with others" (qtd. in Batt). Perhaps it is necessary for individuals to have dominion over some private data. But who owns the land, wind, sun, and sky of the Internet – the infrastructure? Given that publicly-funded research and free software have been as important to the development of the Internet as have business and commercial software, it is not surprising that some ambiguity remains about the property status of the dataverse. For many the Internet is as much a medium for expression and the interplay of languages as it is a framework for monetary transaction. In the case involving DVD software mentioned previously, there emerged a grass-roots campaign in opposition to censorship. Dozens of philosophical programmers and computer scientists asserted the expressive and linguistic bases of software by creating variations on the algorithm needed to play DVDs. The forbidden lines of symbols were printed on T-shirts, translated into different computer languages, translated into legal rhetoric, and even embedded into DNA and pictures of MPAA president Jack Valenti (see e.g. Touretzky). These efforts were inspired by a shared conviction that important liberties were at stake. Supporting the MPAA's position would do more than protect movies from piracy. The use of the algorithm was not clearly linked to an intent to pirate movies. Many felt that outlawing the DVD algorithm, which had been experimentally developed by a Norwegian teenager, represented a suppression of gumption and ingenuity. The court's decision rejected established principles of fair use, denied the established legality of reverse engineering software to achieve compatibility, and asserted that journalists and scientists had no right to publish a bit of code if it might be misused. In a similar case in April 2000, a U.S. court of appeals found that First Amendment protections did apply to software (Junger). Noting that source code has both an expressive feature and a functional feature, this court held that First Amendment protection is not reserved only for purely expressive communication. Yet in the DVD case, the court opposed this view and enforced the inflexible demands of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Notwithstanding Ted Nelson's characterisation of computers as literary machines, the decision meant that the linguistic and expressive aspects of software would be subordinated to other concerns. A simple series of symbols were thereby cast under a veil of legal secrecy. Although they were easy to discover, and capable of being committed to memory or translated to other languages, fair use and other intuitive freedoms were deemed expendable. These sorts of legal obstacles are serious challenges to the continued viability of free software like Linux. The central value proposition of Linux-based operating systems – free, open source code – is threatening to commercial competitors. Some corporations are intent on stifling further development of free alternatives. Patents offer another vulnerability. The writing of free software has become a minefield of potential patent lawsuits. Corporations have repeatedly chosen to pursue patent litigation years after the alleged infringements have been incorporated into widely used free software. For example, although it was designed to avoid patent problems by an array of international experts, the image file format known as JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) has recently been dogged by patent infringement charges. Despite good intentions, low-budget initiatives and ad hoc organisations are ill equipped to fight profiteering patent lawsuits. One wonders whether software innovation is directed more by lawyers or computer scientists. The present copyright and patent regimes may serve the needs of the larger corporations, but it is doubtful that they are the best means of fostering software innovation and quality. Orwell wrote in his Homage to Catalonia, There was a new rule that censored portions of the newspaper must not be left blank but filled up with other matter; as a result it was often impossible to tell when something had been cut out. The development of the Internet has a similar character: new diversions spring up to replace what might have been so that the lost potential is hardly felt. The process of retrofitting Internet software to suit ideological and commercial agendas is already well underway. For example, Microsoft has announced recently that it will discontinue support for the Java language in 2004. The problem with Java, from Microsoft's perspective, is that it provides portable programming tools that work under all operating systems, not just Windows. With Java, programmers can develop software for the large number of Windows users, while simultaneously offering software to users of other operating systems. Java is an important piece of the software infrastructure for Internet content developers. Yet, in the interest of coercing people to use only their operating systems, Microsoft is willing to undermine thousands of existing Java-language projects. Their marketing hype calls this progress. The software industry relies on sales to survive, so if it means laying waste to good products and millions of hours of work in order to sell something new, well, that's business. The consequent infrastructure instability keeps software developers, and other creative people, on a treadmill. From Progressive Load by Andy Deck, artcontext.org/progload As an Internet content producer, one does not appeal directly to the hearts and minds of the public; one appeals through the medium of software and hardware. Since most people are understandably reluctant to modify the software running on their computers, the software installed initially is a critical determinant of what is possible. Unconventional, independent, and artistic uses of the Internet are diminished when the media infrastructure is effectively established by decree. Unaccountable corporate control over infrastructure software tilts the playing field against smaller content producers who have neither the advance warning of industrial machinations, nor the employees and resources necessary to keep up with a regime of strategic, cyclical obsolescence. It seems that independent content producers must conform to the distribution technologies and content formats favoured by the entertainment and marketing sectors, or else resign themselves to occupying the margins of media activity. It is no secret that highly diversified media corporations can leverage their assets to favour their own media offerings and confound their competitors. Yet when media giants AOL and Time-Warner announced their plans to merge in 2000, the claim of CEOs Steve Case and Gerald Levin that the merged companies would "operate in the public interest" was hardly challenged by American journalists. Time-Warner has since fought to end all ownership limits in the cable industry; and Case, who formerly championed third-party access to cable broadband markets, changed his tune abruptly after the merger. Now that Case has been ousted, it is unclear whether he still favours oligopoly. According to Levin, global media will be and is fast becoming the predominant business of the 21st century ... more important than government. It's more important than educational institutions and non-profits. We're going to need to have these corporations redefined as instruments of public service, and that may be a more efficient way to deal with society's problems than bureaucratic governments. Corporate dominance is going to be forced anyhow because when you have a system that is instantly available everywhere in the world immediately, then the old-fashioned regulatory system has to give way (Levin). It doesn't require a lot of insight to understand that this "redefinition," this slight of hand, does not protect the public from abuses of power: the dissolution of the "old-fashioned regulatory system" does not serve the public interest. From Lexicon by Andy Deck, artcontext.org/lexicon) As an artist who has adopted telecommunications networks and software as his medium, it disappoints me that a mercenary vision of electronic media's future seems to be the prevailing blueprint. The giantism of media corporations, and the ongoing deregulation of media consolidation (Ahrens), underscore the critical need for independent media sources. If it were just a matter of which cola to drink, it would not be of much concern, but media corporations control content. In this hyper-mediated age, content – whether produced by artists or journalists – crucially affects what people think about and how they understand the world. Content is not impervious to the software, protocols, and chicanery that surround its delivery. It is about time that people interested in independent voices stop believing that laissez faire capitalism is building a better media infrastructure. The German writer Hans Magnus Enzensberger reminds us that the media tyrannies that affect us are social products. The media industry relies on thousands of people to make the compromises necessary to maintain its course. The rapid development of the mind industry, its rise to a key position in modern society, has profoundly changed the role of the intellectual. He finds himself confronted with new threats and new opportunities. Whether he knows it or not, whether he likes it or not, he has become the accomplice of a huge industrial complex which depends for its survival on him, as he depends on it for his own. He must try, at any cost, to use it for his own purposes, which are incompatible with the purposes of the mind machine. What it upholds he must subvert. He may play it crooked or straight, he may win or lose the game; but he would do well to remember that there is more at stake than his own fortune (Enzensberger 18). Some cultural leaders have recognised the important role that free software already plays in the infrastructure of the Internet. Among intellectuals there is undoubtedly a genuine concern about the emerging contours of corporate, global media. But more effective solidarity is needed. Interest in open source has tended to remain superficial, leading to trendy, cosmetic, and symbolic uses of terms like "open source" rather than to a deeper commitment to an open, public information infrastructure. Too much attention is focussed on what's "cool" and not enough on the road ahead. Various media specialists – designers, programmers, artists, and technical directors – make important decisions that affect the continuing development of electronic media. Many developers have failed to recognise (or care) that their decisions regarding media formats can have long reaching consequences. Web sites that use media formats which are unworkable for open source operating systems should be actively discouraged. Comparable technologies are usually available to solve compatibility problems. Going with the market flow is not really giving people what they want: it often opposes the work of thousands of activists who are trying to develop open source alternatives (see e.g. Greene). Average Internet users can contribute to a more innovative, free, open, and independent media – and being conscientious is not always difficult or unpleasant. One project worthy of support is the Internet browser Mozilla. Currently, many content developers create their Websites so that they will look good only in Microsoft's Internet Explorer. While somewhat understandable given the market dominance of Internet Explorer, this disregard for interoperability undercuts attempts to popularise standards-compliant alternatives. Mozilla, written by a loose-knit group of activists and programmers (some of whom are paid by AOL/Time-Warner), can be used as an alternative to Microsoft's browser. If more people use Mozilla, it will be harder for content providers to ignore the way their Web pages appear in standards-compliant browsers. The Mozilla browser, which is an open source initiative, can be downloaded from http://www.mozilla.org/. While there are many people working to create real and lasting alternatives to the monopolistic and technocratic dynamics that are emerging, it takes a great deal of cooperation to resist the media titans, the FCC, and the courts. Oddly enough, corporate interests sometimes overlap with those of the public. Some industrial players, such as IBM, now support open source software. For them it is mostly a business decision. Frustrated by the coercive control of Microsoft, they support efforts to develop another operating system platform. For others, including this writer, the open source movement is interesting for the potential it holds to foster a more heterogeneous and less authoritarian communications infrastructure. Many people can find common cause in this resistance to globalised uniformity and consolidated media ownership. The biggest challenge may be to get people to believe that their choices really matter, that by endorsing certain products and operating systems and not others, they can actually make a difference. But it's unlikely that this idea will flourish if artists and intellectuals don't view their own actions as consequential. There is a troubling tendency for people to see themselves as powerless in the face of the market. This paralysing habit of mind must be abandoned before the media will be free. Works Cited Ahrens, Frank. "Policy Watch." Washington Post (23 June 2002): H03. 30 March 2003 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A27015-2002Jun22?la... ...nguage=printer>. Batt, William. "How Our Towns Got That Way." 7 Oct. 1996. 31 March 2003 <http://www.esb.utexas.edu/drnrm/WhatIs/LandValue.htm>. Chester, Jeff. "Gerald Levin's Negative Legacy." Alternet.org 6 Dec. 2001. 5 March 2003 <http://www.democraticmedia.org/resources/editorials/levin.php>. Enzensberger, Hans Magnus. "The Industrialisation of the Mind." Raids and Reconstructions. London: Pluto Press, 1975. 18. Greene, Thomas C. "MS to Eradicate GPL, Hence Linux." 25 June 2002. 5 March 2003 <http://www.theregus.com/content/4/25378.php>. Hopper, D. Ian. "FBI Pushes for Cyber Ethics Education." Associated Press 10 Oct. 2000. 29 March 2003 <http://www.billingsgazette.com/computing/20001010_cethics.php>. Junger v. Daley. U.S. Court of Appeals for 6th Circuit. 00a0117p.06. 2000. 31 March 2003 <http://pacer.ca6.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/getopn.pl?OPINION=00a0... ...117p.06>. Levin, Gerald. "Millennium 2000 Special." CNN 2 Jan. 2000. Touretzky, D. S. "Gallery of CSS Descramblers." 2000. 29 March 2003 <http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery>. Links http://artcontext.org/lexicon/ http://artcontext.org/progload http://pacer.ca6.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/getopn.pl?OPINION=00a0117p.06 http://www.billingsgazette.com/computing/20001010_cethics.html http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery http://www.democraticmedia.org/resources/editorials/levin.html http://www.esb.utexas.edu/drnrm/WhatIs/LandValue.htm http://www.mozilla.org/ http://www.theregus.com/content/4/25378.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A27015-2002Jun22?language=printer Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Deck, Andy. "Treadmill Culture " M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0304/04-treadmillculture.php>. APA Style Deck, A. (2003, Apr 23). Treadmill Culture . M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 6,< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0304/04-treadmillculture.php>

Borders seem to be dropping all around us. Interdisciplinary university curricula, international free trade, wireless broadband technologies—these and many other phenomena suggest a steady decline in the rigidity and quantity of borders delimiting social interactions. In response to this apparent loss of borders, critical scholars might point out that university hiring practices remain discipline-bound, international tariffs are widespread, and technological access is uneven. But even as this critical response points out the limited extent of border-loss, it still affirms the weakening of these borders. Since the 9/11 tragedy, the world has witnessed much fortification of national and cultural borders through essentializing discourses (epitomized by America’s “us versus them” response to terror). But can critical scholars, as affirmative as they are of the dissolution and the crossing of borders, also support the building of exclusionary national and cultural borders? More importantly, can this reasoning responsibly emerge from a postmodern or postcolonial perspective that both favors marginalized voices and recognizes the routinely violent excesses of nationalism? By considering the practice of hybridity within the context of international capitalism, I will argue that maintaining the “conditions of possibility” for hybridity, and thus, maintaining the possibility of resistance to essentializing discourses, requires the strategic reinforcement of national and cultural borders. Border-Crossing as Hybrid Practice The most critical aspect of hybridity in relation to culture is the hybrid’s position as border-crosser. Postmodern theory typically affirms individual instances of border-crossing, but its overall project in regards to boundaries is more comprehensive. Henri Giroux writes: …postmodernism constitutes a general attempt to transgress the borders sealed by modernism, to proclaim the arbitrariness of all boundaries, and to call attention to the sphere of culture as a shifting social and historical construction. (Border 55) The figure of the hybrid emerges in postcolonial discourses as the embodiment of this postmodern critique of borders. Hybrid identities such as Gloria Anzaldua’s “mestiza consciousness”—a hybrid of white, Indian, and Mexican identities—creates the possibility of resisting oppression because such multiplicity disavows the reductive and essentializing binaries that colonizers employ to maintain power (Anzaldua 892). By embracing these hybrid identities, colonized people thus affirm cultural differences in ways that resist essentialism and which conceive of these differences in ways that “are not identified with backwardness” (Martín-Barbero 352). In studying the border-crossing work of critical intellectual Paulo Freire, Giroux claims that border-crossing offers the hybrid the “opportunity for new subject positions, identities, and social relations that can produce resistance to and relief from the structures of domination and oppression” (“Paulo” 18). Prior to these claims, postcolonial theorist Homi Bhabha wrote that the “third space” of hybridity surfaces as an “ambivalence” toward colonial authority and as a “strategic reversal of the process of domination through disavowal” (34). But what if we take seriously Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s claim in their book, Empire, that postcolonial theory, with its acclaim of the subversive potential of the hybrid, is “entirely insufficient for theorizing contemporary global power”? Or what if we admit that, unfortunately, the postcolonial hybrid is nowhere near as successful or as efficient a border-crosser as corporations have become, corporations which have made their own successful ‘runs for the borders’ by colonizing the markets of nations across the globe? In what forms can the ambivalence and disavowal identified by Bhabha emerge when cultures are now being colonized, not by other cultures, but by the influence of corporations? In the context of this new state of empire, Hardt and Negri warn that traditional hybridity becomes “an empty gesture … or worse, these gestures risk reinforcing imperial power rather than challenging it” (216–17). But in a world where “the freedom of self-fashioning is often indistinguishable from the powers of an all-encompassing control,” how can scholars approve a program of aggressive national self-fashioning (Hardt 216)? Stanley Fish suggests one answer. In Professional Correctness, Fish states that only enterprises “bent on suicide” would fail to establish their “distinctiveness.” He writes: An enterprise acquires an identity by winning a space at the table of enterprises …. Within the space that has been secured, all questions, including questions on basic concepts, remain open. Nor are the boundaries between enterprises fixed and impermeable; negotiations on the borders go on continually, and at times border skirmishes can turn into large-scale territorial disputes (19) If we substitute the word “nations” or “cultures” here for “enterprises,” Fish’s text reminds us that the building of national and cultural borders is always at best a temporary event, and that ‘openness’ is only available within a “space that has [previously] been secured.” Although nations may risk many things when they resist colonization, cultural fixity is not one of them. Cultures can thus maintain distinctiveness from other cultures without giving up their aspirations to hybridity. Pragmatically, Fish might say, one needs to secure a space at the table before one can negotiate. Essentialist border-building is just such a pragmatic effort. Building Borders That Disavow Cultural turf and national turf are inseparable. In the idealistic American view of culture as a “melting pot,” cultural identity relinquishes its substance to a greater national identity. Especially in the wake of 9/11, nationalistic maintenance of identity has prompted a host of culturally-focused turf disputes ranging from the bombing of mosques to the deliberate dumping of French champagne. Such disputes reveal cultural antagonisms that emerge from essentializing discourses. In his speech to the United Nations only two months after the September 11th attack, President George W. Bush explicitly connected the willingness of countries to form a coalition against terror (and thus to accept the essentializing “us versus them” mentality) with the ability to maintain secure borders by stating “Some nations want to play their part in the fight against terror, but tell us they lack the means to enforce their laws and control their borders” (n.pag.). Clear and manageable borders are presented here as stabilizing influences that enable the war against terror. By maintaining Western economic and political interests, these borders appear to delimit a space most unlike the subversive hybrid space that Bhabha imagines. Although essentializing discourses naturally seem to threaten the space of hybridity, it is important here to recall Bhabha’s definition of hybridity as a “strategic reversal of the process of domination” (emphasis added). Gayatri Spivak reminds us that “it’s the idea of strategy that has been forgotten” in current critiques of essentialism (5). In fact, essentialism, properly situated, can be used as a strategy against essentialism. While Spivak warns that a “strategic use of essentialism can turn into an alibi for proselytizing academic essentialisms,” she more forcefully claims that the “strategic use of a positivist essentialism in a scrupulously visible political interest” is “something one cannot not use”; a strategy that is “unavoidably useful” (4, 5). For Spivak, the critical qualities of a strategic essentialism are its “self-conscious” use (i.e. its “scrupulously visible political interest”) and its ongoing “critique of the ‘fetish-character’” of its own master terms (3–4). Three short examples will serve to highlight this strategic use of border-building in service of “scrupulously visible political interests.” While Russians may have the distinction of being the first to turn a candy bar’s name (“Snickers”) into a swear word, there have been no more visible borders that disavow multinational capitalism than those in France. Predictably, the key sites of struggle are the traditional repositories of French high culture: art, language, and food. One highly visible effort in this struggle is the ten per cent cinema tax (which, based on American dominance in the industry, affects mainly American films), the revenue from which is used to subsidize French filmmaking. Also, the controversial 1997 Toubon Law built borders by establishing fines and even prison sentences for refusal to use French language in venues such as advertising; as did the 1999 “dismantling” of a McDonald’s restaurant by José Bové, a French sheep farmer protesting U.S. sanctions, the WTO, and “Americanization” in general (Gordon 23, 35). Two nations that erected “borders of disavowal” in regards to the war on terror are Turkey and the Philippines. In March of 2003, even after being offered $6 billion in aid from the U.S., Turkey refused to allow 62,000 U.S. troops to be deployed in Turkey to facilitate the war in Iraq (Lee). While Turkey did allow the U.S. the use of airbases for certain purposes, the refusal to allow U.S. troops to cross the Turkey-Iraq border marked a significant site of cultural resistance. Even after the Philippines accepted a $78 billion increase in military aid from the U.S. to fight terrorism, public outcry there forced the U.S. to remove its “active” military presence since it violated a portion of the Philippines’s constitution that banned combat by foreign soldiers on its soil. (Klein). Also significant here is the degree to which the negotiation of national and cultural borders is primarily a negotiation of capital. As The Nation reported: For [Philippine President Arroyo], the global antiterrorist campaign is first and foremost a business proposition, and she made this very clear when she emerged from her meeting with President Bush in Washington in November and boasted to Filipino reporters that "it's $4.6 billion, and counting.” (Bello) All of these examples reinforce cultural and national borders in order to resist domination by capital. In French Foreign Minister Védrine’s words, the “desire to preserve cultural diversity in the world is in no way a sign of anti-Americanism but of antihegemonism, a refusal of impoverishment” (qtd. in Gordon 30). This “refusal of impoverishment” is the accomplishment of identities that refuse to supplant culture with capital. As these examples show, borders need not simply reinforce existing power relations, but are sites of resistance as well. But Is This Turf Really Cultural? Can one legitimately refer to the examples of Turkey and the Philippines, as well as the web of forces that structure the interactions of all nations in a system of multinational capitalism, as being “cultural”? If the subtitle of Fredric Jameson’s book, Postmodernism: Or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, does not suggest strongly enough the particularly cultural turf of these systems, Jameson makes this explicit when he states that we have witnessed . . . a prodigious expansion of culture throughout the social realm, to the point at which everything in our social life—from economic value and state power to practices and to the very structure of the psyche itself—can be said to have become ”cultural.” (48). One of Jameson’s basic arguments in his second chapter is that “every position on postmodernism in culture . . . is also at one and the same time, and necessarily, an implicitly or explicitly political stance on the nature of multinational capitalism today” (3). I would like to transpose this statement somewhat by asserting that every position on culture in postmodernism is necessarily a political stance on the nature of multinational capitalism. Therefore, actions that negotiate cultural turf and modify national identities can be methods of influencing the contours of multinational capitalism. In other words, strategic border-building maintains the space of hybridity because it seeks to disavow the dominance of cultural turf by capital. Without such protectionist and essentializing efforts, the conditions of possibility for hybrid identities would be at the mercy of market forces. The pragmatic use of essentialism as a mode of resistance is a move one can imagine Fish would approve of, and that Hardt and Negri hint at the necessity of when they state: The creative forces that sustain Empire are also capable of autonomously constructing a counter-Empire, an alternative political organization of global flows and exchanges. The struggles to contest and subvert Empire, as well as those to construct a real alternative, will thus take place on the imperial terrain itself. (xv) Essentialism is admittedly one of the “creative forces that sustain Empire.” The dangers of struggling “on the imperial terrain itself” lie in not retaining the critical self-consciousness of one’s own strategies that Spivak argues for, and in not remaining mindful of the histories of genocide and tyranny that have accompanied much modern nationalism. In constructing a “counter-Empire,” cultures can resist both the seductions of aggressive nationalism and the homogenizing forces of multinational capitalism. The turf of hybridity provides a space from which to launch this counter-Empire, but this space may only exist between cultural identities, not between multiple versions of a homogenized consumer identity maintained by corporate influence. Nations should neither be afraid to rebuild self-consciously their cultural borders nor to act strategically to maintain their distinctiveness, despite postmodern theory’s acclamation of the dissolution of borders and political appeals for global solidarity against the terrorist ‘Other.’ In order to establish resistance in the context of international capitalism, the strategic disavowal necessary to hybridity may need to emerge as a disavowal of hybridity itself. Works Cited Anzaldua, Gloria. “Borderlands/La Frontera.” Literary Theory, An Anthology. Ed. Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. Malden: Blackwell, 2001. 887–902. Bello, Waldo. “A ‘Second Front’ in the Philippines.” The Nation 18 Mar. 2002. 16 Feb. 2004. <http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20020318&s=bello>. Bhabha, Homi. K. “Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and Authority Under a Tree Outside Delhi, May 1817.” The Postcolonial Studies Reader. Ed. Bill Ashcroft, et al. New York: Routledge, 1995. 29–35. Bush, George W. “President Bush Speaks to United Nations.” The White House. 11 Jan. 2004. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011110-3.php>. Fish, Stanley. Professional Correctness: Literary Studies and Political Change. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Giroux, Henry. Border Crossings: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education. New York: Routledge, 1992. ---. “Paulo Freire and the Politics of Postcolonialism.” JAC 12.1 (1992): 15–26. Gordon, Philip H., and Sophie Meunier. “Globalization and French Cultural Identity.”French Politics, Culture, and Society 19.1 (2001): 22–41. Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri. Empire. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2000. Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism: Or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke UP, 1991. Klein, Naomi. “Mutiny in Manila.” The Nation 1 Sep. 2003. 16 Feb. 2004. <http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20030901&s=klein>. Lee, Matthew. “Turkey’s Refusal Stuns U.S.” Common Dreams News Center. 1 Mar. 2003. 12 Jan. 2004. <http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0301-10.htm>. Martín-Barbero, Jésus. “The Processes: From Nationalisms to Transnationals.” Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks. Ed. Meenakshi Gigi Durham and Douglas M. Kellner. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. 351–84. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Outside in the Teaching Machine. New York: Routledge, 1993. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Mason's, Eric D. "Border-Building" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0403/03-border-building.php>. APA Style Mason's, E. (2004, Mar17). Border-Building. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 7, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0403/03-border-building.php>