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Journal articles on the topic '4-hydroxyisoleucine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 June 2025

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1

Shan, Ruida, Yishu Wang, Zirui Lu, Xin Wang, and Xiaohui Yang. "Studies on 4-hydroxyisoleucine." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 12, no. 1 (2024): 1175. https://doi.org/10.56028/aetr.12.1.1175.2024.

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(2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL) is a promising drug for treating type II diabetes mellitus. Currently, there are three main methods for obtaining 4-HIL: chemical synthesis, raw material extraction, and biosynthesis. The conventional chemical synthesis, separation, and extraction methods have several disadvantages, including cumbersome steps, high costs, high content of environmental pollution by-products, and poor sustainability. In contrast, the biosynthesis method is characterised by low cost, high sustainability, mild reaction conditions, and environmental friendliness. Therefore, the catalytic synthesis of 4-HIL using the biological enzyme method has become a current research hotspot.

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2

Shukla, P., and V. D. Rangari. "PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MODE OF ACTION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF 4-HYDROXYISOLEUCINE FROM TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM." INDIAN DRUGS 51, no. 11 (2014): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.51.11.10192.

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Herbal products are emerging as promising anti-diabetic drugs due to lower cost, lesser side effects and renewable natural sources. 4-hydroxyisoleucine is reported as the bioactive compound, which is responsible for anti-diabetic activity of fenugreek. This review illustrates the overall properties, synthesis, mode of action and pharmacological profile of 4-hydroxyisoleucine. From the seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum an unusual amino acid, 4-hydroxyisoleucine has been isolated which significantly improved lipid profile and it increased glucose-induced insulin release in human and rat pancreatic islet cells. No adverse effect or toxic effect of 4-hydroxyisoleucine has been found. Marketed preparations are also available.

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3

Addala, Haritha, and Lalitha Pappu. "Enhancement of 4-Hydroxyisoleucine Content of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum (Fenugreek) by Trichoderma viride." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, no. 9 (2021): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/259rjce133145.

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Trigonella foenum- graecum (fenugreek) is a leguminous plant with poor nitrogen fixing ability. The current study deals with the effects of T.viride on growth, yield and 4-hydroxyisoleucine content in fenugreek. 4-hydroxyisoleucine is an antidiabetic compound present only in plants particularly in fenugreek. Treatment of fenugreek seeds with T.viride enhanced the growth, yield and 4-hydroxyisoleucine content significantly compared to control. Seeds were treated with T.viride suspension (107spores/seed) and untreated seeds (1 ml distilled water/ seed) served as control sown in pots filled with potting soil. Several growth parameters like root length and lateral root expansion, shoot length, yield, chlorophyll and nitrogen were estimated. 4-hydroxyisoleucine content in fenugreek seeds was estimated by ninhydrin method. A significant increase of 25 % in root length and 128 % in lateral root expansion and 50 % in shoot length was observed in treated plants over control. The total yield increased by 95 % in treated one. The total chlorophyll content exceeded by 21.86 % and total plant nitrogen by 121.73 %. An increase of 27 % of 4-hydroxyisoleucine content is observed in treated fenugreek plants over control.

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4

Addala, Haritha, and Lalitha Pappu. "Free amino acid profiling and quantification of 4-hydroxyisoleucine in Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds treated with Trichoderma viride and rhizobium." Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 12 (2023): 14–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1812rjbt014042.

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Fenugreek is a legume but regarded as a poor nitrogen fixer. The present study deals with the marked effect of Trichoderma viride and rhizobium on quantification of 4-hydroxyisoleucine content and free amino acid composition of fenugreek seeds. 4-hydroxyisoleucine is regarded as an antidiabetic compound present specifically in fenugreek plants. Fenugreek seeds treated with both T.viride and rhizobium boosted free amino acid concentration and 4-hydroxyisoleucine content compared to control and positive control (NPK treated). Seeds were treated with T.viride suspension (107 spores/seed), rhizobium suspension (108 cells/seed) , combination of T.viride and rhizobium suspension in equal amounts (0.5ml of T.viride  0.5ml of rhizobium suspension /seed), NPK suspension ( 1ml NPK suspension / seed) and untreated seeds (1 ml distilled water/ seed) serving as control sown in pots filled with potting soil and also in a randomized plot ( 55 feet) in the field. In free amino acid composition, isoleucine is the precursor for 4-hydroxyisoleucine compound and its concentration was enhanced by 47.79 % (potted plants) and 26.46 % (field plants) over control and by 27.02 % (potted plants) and 13.03 % (field plants) over positive control. 4-hydroxyisoleucine content was quantified using LCMS method in both potted and field plants. An increase of 37.02 % (potted plants) and 23.61 % (field plants) in 4-hydroxyisoleucine concentration in dual treated plants over control and positive control was observed.

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5

Atul, N. Bedekar, Pise Abhinay, Naik Adesh, and Bhosale Paresh. "Standardisation of Fenugreek extract using 4-hydroxyisoleucine as a marker compound." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 86, Feb 2009 (2009): 192–94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5824358.

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Department of Chemistry, B. N. Bandodkar College of Science, Thane-400 601, Maharashtra, India <em>E-mail </em>: atulbedekar@ gmail.com <em>Manuscript received 20 December 2005, revised 7 August 2006, accepted 23 October 2008</em> 4-Hydroxylsoleucine is reported as bioactive compound, which is responsible for antidiabetic activity of Fenugreek. Our present work includes standardization and preparation of different extracts, which are enriched with 4- hydroxyisoleucine. The paper Includes some unexpected observation in extraction pattern of 4-hydroxyisoleucine with different solvents. The quantitative estimation of 4-hydroxyisoleucine is done by spectrophotometry on the basis of its reaction with ninhydrin.

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6

Saleh, Ali Alqadoori, Ali Dawood Farah, and A. Al-fahham Ali. "Active Ingredients and Antidiabetic Activity of Fenugreek: A Review Article." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH & MEDICAL RESEARCH 03, no. 08 (2024): 594–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13359845.

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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant extensively cultivated in Middle Eastern and South Asian countries where its seeds have been traditionally used as flavoring agents in food and in folk medicine for a variety of ailments, including diabetes. Its active ingredients include proteins, saponins, polyphenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Extracts were found rich in different phytoconstituents, such as trigonelline, diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, 3-hydroxyisoleucine, fenugreekine, saponins, and alkaloids, of which, 4-hydroxyisoleucine and saponins were focused as bioactive molecules. Fenugreek extracts and ingredients exhibit antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Even though fenugreek is known for its thrombolytic action, antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic effects are often cited as its most important therapeutic effects. Furthermore, some of the active principles and hypoglycemic activity of fenugreek have been characterized and reported. The present article aims to provide an overview of the active ingredients and antidiabetic activity of fenugreek.

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7

Shah, Shweta, Subhash Bodhankar, Ramesh Bhonde, and V. Mohan. "Combinative therapeutic approach for better blood sugar level control in alloxan diabetic mice." International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism 14, no. 2 (2006): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000497600.

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In the present study the combined therapeutic approach of using an isolated compound from a herb and an oral hypoglycemic drug in alloxan-induced diabetic mice is investigated. Herbal drugs can have beneficial effects in terms of reducing the dosage, side effects and duration of action of synthetic drugs. The results show that combined therapy with 4- hydroxyisoleucine and pioglitazone is more beneficial than pioglitazone alone and also more beneficial than the combination of 4 hydroxyisoleucine and glyburide in the treatment of diabetes. (Int J Diabetes Metab 14: 104-105, 2006)

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8

Syeda, Rana Nikhat* Prof A.Ravinder Nath V.Rajesh Babu. "EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 4- HYDROXYISOLEUCINE FROM TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM SEEDS." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 06 (2017): 1711–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.822436.

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The objective of the present investigation is to extract, quantify and characterize the active constituent, 4- hydroxyisoleucine in Trigonella foenum graecum seeds using HPLC and HPTLC methods. Aqueous extract of crushed seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum was prepared and subjected to HPLC and HPTLC analysis. HPLC analysis was performed using C18 reverse phase column and Fluorescence detector with an elution gradient composed of 65 mmol Sodium acetate, l.5% tetrahydrofurane (pH 5.7) and methanol. HPTLC analysis was performed using semiautomatic TLC sampler Linomat V (CAMAG) controlled by WinCATS software. A constant application rate of 80 nLs was employed with a band width of 3.0mm and distance between two bands was 6.2 mm. The plates were developed in 20 × 10 cm twin trough glass chamber containing 25mL of mobile phase as mixture of butanol: acetic acid: water (4: 1: 1, v/v/v) and detected at λ 254nm and 570 nm. HPLC analysis of Standard concentrations of 4-hydroxyisoleucine exhibited a linear plot with average retention time of 8.13 min and sample analysis revealed a retention time of 8.19 min. HPTLC analysis revealed Rf value of 0.45 for both standard and the seed extract at λ 254nm and 570 nm. Keywords: Trigonella, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, HPLC, HPTLC, Fluorescence detector, Retention time, Rf value.

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9

Wadhwa, Geetika, Kowthavarapu Venkata Krishna, Rajeev Taliyan, et al. "Pre-clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling study of 4-hydroxyisoleucine using validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." RSC Advances 10, no. 10 (2020): 5525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08121f.

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10

Hibi, Makoto, Takashi Kawashima, Tomohiro Kodera, et al. "Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis l-Isoleucine Dioxygenase for Production of Useful Amino Acids." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 19 (2011): 6926–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05035-11.

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ABSTRACTWe determined the enzymatic characteristics of an industrially important biocatalyst, α-ketoglutarate-dependentl-isoleucine dioxygenase (IDO), which was found to be the enzyme responsible for the generation of (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine inBacillus thuringiensis2e2. Depending on the amino acid used as the substrate, IDO catalyzed three different types of oxidation reactions: hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and sulfoxidation. IDO stereoselectively hydroxylated several hydrophobic aliphaticl-amino acids, as well asl-isoleucine, and produced (S)-3-hydroxy-l-allo-isoleucine, 4-hydroxy-l-leucine, (S)-4-hydroxy-l-norvaline, 4-hydroxy-l-norleucine, and 5-hydroxy-l-norleucine. The IDO reaction product ofl-isoleucine, (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, was again reacted with IDO and dehydrogenated into (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-methyl-4-ketopentanoate, which is also a metabolite found inB. thuringiensis2e2. Interestingly, IDO catalyzed the sulfoxidation of some sulfur-containingl-amino acids and generatedl-methionine sulfoxide andl-ethionine sulfoxide. Consequently, the effective production of various modified amino acids would be possible using IDO as the biocatalyst.

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11

Korthikunta, Venkateswarlu, Jyotsana Pandey, Rohit Singh, et al. "In vitro anti-hyperglycemic activity of 4-hydroxyisoleucine derivatives." Phytomedicine 22, no. 1 (2015): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2014.09.007.

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12

Alcock, Nathaniel W., David H. G. Crout, Maria V. M. Gregorio, Edward Lee, Graham Pike, and Christopher J. Samuel. "Stereochemistry of the 4-hydroxyisoleucine from Trigonella foenum-graecum." Phytochemistry 28, no. 7 (1989): 1835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97870-1.

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13

Broca, Christophe, René Gross, Pierre Petit, et al. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine: experimental evidence of its insulinotropic and antidiabetic properties." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 277, no. 4 (1999): E617—E623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.4.e617.

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We have recently shown in vitro that 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-OH-Ile), an amino acid extracted from fenugreek seeds, potentiates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. The present study was designed to investigate whether 4-OH-Ile could exert in vivo insulinotropic and antidiabetic properties. For this purpose, intravenous or oral glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs and OGTTs, respectively) were performed not only in normal animals but also in a type II diabetes rat model. During IVGTT in normal rats or OGTT in normal dogs, 4-OH-Ile (18 mg/kg) improved glucose tolerance. The lactonic form of 4-OH-Ile was ineffective in normal rats. In non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDD) rats, a single intravenous administration of 4-OH-Ile (50 mg/kg) partially restored glucose-induced insulin response without affecting glucose tolerance; a 6-day subchronic administration of 4-OH-Ile (50 mg/kg, daily) reduced basal hyperglycemia, decreased basal insulinemia, and slightly, but significantly, improved glucose tolerance. In vitro, 4-OH-Ile (200 μM) potentiated glucose (16.7 mM)-induced insulin release from NIDD rat-isolated islets. So, the antidiabetic effects of 4-OH-Ile on NIDD rats result, at least in part, from a direct pancreatic B cell stimulation.

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14

Sauvaire, Y., P. Petit, C. Broca, et al. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine: A Novel Amino Acid Potentiator of Insulin Secretion." Diabetes 47, no. 2 (1998): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.47.2.206.

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15

Haeri, Mohammad Reza, Mohammad Izaddoost, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, and Kenneth White. "Improved isolation of 4-hydroxyisoleucine from Trigonella foenum graecum seeds." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 47, no. 1 (2011): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-011-9867-7.

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16

Sauvaire, Y., P. Petit, C. Broca, et al. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine: a novel amino acid potentiator of insulin secretion." Diabetes 47, no. 2 (1998): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.47.2.206.

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17

Kassem, Tarek, Valérie Rolland, Jean Martinez, and Marc Rolland. "Two key chiral intermediates in a new 4-hydroxyisoleucine synthesis." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 56, no. 8 (2000): 1037–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010827010000740x.

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18

Broca, Christophe, Michèle Manteghetti, René Gross, et al. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine: effects of synthetic and natural analogues on insulin secretion." European Journal of Pharmacology 390, no. 3 (2000): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00030-3.

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19

Broca, Christophe, Vincent Breil, Céline Cruciani-Guglielmacci, et al. "Insulinotropic agent ID-1101 (4-hydroxyisoleucine) activates insulin signaling in rat." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 287, no. 3 (2004): E463—E471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00163.2003.

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ID-1101 (4-hydroxyisoleucine), an amino acid extracted from fenugreek seeds, exhibits an interesting glucose-dependent insulin-stimulating activity. The present study was undertaken to investigate a possible extrapancreatic effect of ID-1101 on insulin signaling and action besides its previously described insulinotropic action. Insulin-sensitizing effects of ID-1101 were investigated in rat in vivo by three different approaches: 1) using euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps in two different rat models of insulin resistance, i.e., Zucker fa/fa rats and rats fed a sucrose-lipid diet; 2) measuring liver and muscle phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity after an acute injection of ID-1101 in normal and insulin-resistant diabetic rats; and 3) after chronic treatment in two rat models of insulin resistance. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp experiments revealed that ID-1101 can improve insulin resistance through an increase of peripheral glucose utilization rate in sucrose-lipid-fed rats and by decreasing hepatic glucose production in Zucker fa/fa rats. Moreover, we demonstrated that a single injection of ID-1101 activates the PI 3-kinase activity in liver and muscle from normal rats but also in muscle from diabetic rats. Finally, chronic ID-1101 treatment significantly reduced insulinemia in type 2 diabetic rats and reduced the progression of hyperinsulinemia in insulin-resistant obese Zucker fa/fa rats. These findings clearly demonstrate that ID-1101 can reduce insulin resistance through activation of the early steps of insulin signaling in peripheral tissues and in liver. In summary, ID-1101, besides its insulinotropic effect, directly improves insulin sensitivity, making it a potentially very valuable therapeutic agent for diabetes treatment.

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20

Zafar, Mohammad Ishraq, and Feng Gao. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine: A Potential New Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." BioDrugs 30, no. 4 (2016): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40259-016-0177-2.

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21

Narender, Tadigoppula, Anju Puri, Shweta, et al. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine an unusual amino acid as antidyslipidemic and antihyperglycemic agent." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16, no. 2 (2006): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.003.

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22

Hari, N., and V. Mohan. "Isolation of (2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine from Trigonella foenum graecum Seeds." Asian Journal of Chemistry 26, no. 10 (2014): 3082–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.16831.

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23

Zhang, Chenglin, Yanjun Li, Jie Ma, et al. "High production of 4-hydroxyisoleucine in Corynebacterium glutamicum by multistep metabolic engineering." Metabolic Engineering 49 (September 2018): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.09.008.

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24

Rolland, Marc, Tarek Kassem, Valérie Rolland, and Jean Martinez. "Full stereochemical understanding in a new (2R,3R,4R)-4-hydroxyisoleucine synthesis." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 57, no. 12 (2001): 1415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270101014597.

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25

Smirnov, Sergey V., Tomohiro Kodera, Natalya N. Samsonova, et al. "Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to produce (2S, 3R, 4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 88, no. 3 (2010): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2772-3.

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26

Kumaraswamy, Gullapalli, Neerasa Jayaprakash, and Balasubramanian Sridhar. "An Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of (2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine and Its Stereoisomers." Journal of Organic Chemistry 75, no. 8 (2010): 2745–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo100233u.

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27

Haefelé, Catherine, Claude Bonfils, and Yves Sauvaire. "Characterization of a dioxygenase from Trigonella foenum-graecum involved in 4-hydroxyisoleucine biosynthesis." Phytochemistry 44, no. 4 (1997): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(96)00620-6.

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28

Sergent, Didier, Qian Wang, N. André Sasaki, and Jamal Ouazzani. "Synthesis of hydantoin analogues of (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine with insulinotropic properties." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18, no. 15 (2008): 4332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.081.

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29

Avalos-Soriano, Anaguiven, Ricardo De la Cruz-Cordero, Jorge Rosado, and Teresa Garcia-Gasca. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine from Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): Effects on Insulin Resistance Associated with Obesity." Molecules 21, no. 11 (2016): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21111596.

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V, GHARAVI Kashani, Bashiri Sadr Z, and Haghighi Jirandeh T. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine from Fenugreek: Preparation of high pharmacological strength extract and assay method development." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 10, no. 6 (2021): 09–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2021.v10.i6a.14243.

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31

Zhang, Chenglin, Jie Ma, Zhixiang Li, et al. "A strategy for L-isoleucine dioxygenase screening and 4-hydroxyisoleucine production by resting cells." Bioengineered 9, no. 1 (2017): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2017.1304872.

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32

Gaur, Vaibhav, Subhash L. Bodhankar, Vishwaraman Mohan, and Prasad Thakurdesai. "Antidepressant-like effect of 4-hydroxyisoleucine from Trigonella foenum graecum L. seeds in mice." Biomedicine & Aging Pathology 2, no. 3 (2012): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomag.2012.07.002.

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Du, Ping, Shuai Yan, Xiao-Long Qian, et al. "Engineering Bacillus subtilis Isoleucine Dioxygenase for Efficient Synthesis of (2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, no. 49 (2020): 14555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06544.

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Shi, Feng, Meiling Zhang, Yongfu Li, and Huimin Fang. "Sufficient NADPH supply and pknG deletion improve 4-hydroxyisoleucine production in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 115 (August 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.04.003.

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Hibi, Makoto, Koji Takahashi, Junko Kako, et al. "Attempt to simultaneously generate three chiral centers in 4-hydroxyisoleucine with microbial carbonyl reductases." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 7 (2018): 1327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.044.

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Rolland, Marc, Tarek Kassem, Valerie Rolland, and Jean Martinez. "ChemInform Abstract: Full Stereochemical Understanding in a New (2R,3R,4R)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine Synthesis." ChemInform 33, no. 16 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200216185.

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37

Tan, Shuyu, Feng Shi, Haiyan Liu, et al. "Dynamic Control of 4-Hydroxyisoleucine Biosynthesis by Modified l-Isoleucine Biosensor in Recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum." ACS Synthetic Biology 9, no. 9 (2020): 2378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.0c00127.

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38

Safari, Ghasem, Ali Niazi, Nader Farsad-Akhtar, and Nasser Mahna. "Engineering 4-hydroxyisoleucine biosynthesis by ectopic expression of bacterial IDO gene in fenugreek and tobacco." Industrial Crops and Products 156 (November 2020): 112839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112839.

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39

Maurya, Chandan Kumar, Rohit Singh, Natasha Jaiswal, K. Venkateswarlu, Tadigoppula Narender, and Akhilesh Kumar Tamrakar. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine ameliorates fatty acid-induced insulin resistance and inflammatory response in skeletal muscle cells." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 395, no. 1-2 (2014): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.018.

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40

Shi, Feng, Tengfei Niu, and Huimin Fang. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine production of recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum under optimal corn steep liquor limitation." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 99, no. 9 (2015): 3851–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6481-9.

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41

Singh, A. B., A. K. Tamarkar, Shweta, T. Narender, and Arvind Kumar Srivastava. "Antihyperglycaemic effect of an unusual amino acid (4-hydroxyisoleucine) in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice." Natural Product Research 24, no. 3 (2010): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410902836693.

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42

Danapur, Vijay. "Preliminary Phytochemical and Pharmacognostic Studies on a Well Known Medicinal Plant Trigonella foenum-graecum." International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 3, no. 4 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000192.

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Fenugreek is commonly used as a spice in cooking and in small quantities is categorized as “Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)” by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Fenugreek is a member of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family and is commonly cultivated in India, Egypt, the Middle East and North Africa. The seeds of the plant have been used as a traditional remedy for numerous conditions including gastrointestinal disorders, gout, wound healing and inflammation, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Bioactive compounds isolated from fenugreek seeds include saponins (ie: fenugreekine, diosgenin), alkaloids (i.e.,: trigonelline, gentianine, carpaine), amino acids, some of which act as insulin secretogogues (i.e.,: 4-hydroxyisoleucine, arginine), coumarins, mucilaginous fibers (galactomannan), nicotinic acid and other vitamins and minerals.

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Fuller, Scott, and Jacqueline M. Stephens. "Diosgenin, 4-Hydroxyisoleucine, and Fiber from Fenugreek: Mechanisms of Actions and Potential Effects on Metabolic Syndrome." Advances in Nutrition 6, no. 2 (2015): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007807.

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Aouadi, Kaïss, Anne-Dominique Lajoix, René Gross, and Jean-Pierre Praly. "Multi-Step Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Analogues of Insulin Secretagogue (2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2009, no. 1 (2008): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200800744.

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Chen, Zhaoying, Zhenyu Lin, Yiyang Gao, et al. "Serum metabolite profiles of thyroid autoimmunity patients in early pregnancy." PeerJ 12 (November 19, 2024): e18534. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18534.

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Background Research on serum metabolite profiles in thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) patients during early pregnancy is currently limited. Aim & Methods The current study aimed to identify differential serum metabolites and assess the relationship between pregnancy outcomes and metabolic abnormalities in individuals with TAI. This research included 26 pregnant women with TAI and 30 healthy controls (HC). We employed a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) to analyze changes between the two groups. Results Newborns in the TAI patients had lower birth weights than those in the control group (P = 0.007). We identified 92 differential metabolites (including 50 upregulated and 42 downregulated) belonging to amino acids, fatty acyls, glycerophosphocholines, steroid and other categories and four significantly enrichment Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways including taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism. We further identified 15 characteristic metabolites (6-Methylquinoline, D-erythrose 4-phosphate, 4-Hydroxyisoleucine, phosphatidylcholine (PC)(16:2e/16:0), N3,N4-Dimethyl-L-arginine, N-desmethyltramadol, 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde, sphingomyelin (SM)(d14:3/28:2), gamma-Glutamylleucine, NSI-189, 3-(1-cyano-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-2-yl)-3-oxopropyl propionate, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) 16:0, cis-Aconitic acid, polyamide (PA)(18:1/18:2) and fatty acyl esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA)(17:0/18:0)) using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Correlation analyses revealed that 6-Methylquinoline, D-erythrose 4-phosphate, gamma-Glutamylleucine, and LPI 16:0 exhibited a positive correlation with anemia before delivery, while 3-(1-cyano-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-2-yl)-3-oxopropyl propionate had a negative correlation. LPI 16:0 displayed a positive correlation with uric acid (UA) during both middle and late pregnancy, whereas 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde exhibited a negative correlation with UA in late pregnancy. Cis-Aconitic acid showed a positive correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in middle pregnancy. Conversely, 6-Methylquinoline and 4-Hydroxyisoleucine had a negative correlation with birth weight. Thyroid autoantibodies were found to be associated with 14 metabolites identified using LASSO, with the exception of PA (18:1/18:2). Conclusions Our findings provide new evidence supporting the early screening of serum metabolites and their potential for predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with TAI.

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Agatha Ngukuran Jikah and Gift Onyinye Christopher. "The bioactive constituents and biological properties of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum (Fenugreek): A comprehensive review." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 13, no. 1 (2024): 2140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.1.1679.

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Fenugreek; the extremely nutritional plant of the Fabaceae family ranks amongst the oldest therapeutic plants used in traditional medicine. The plant has a broad –spectrum of pharmacological and biological activities which are traceable to its bioactive compounds and protective nutrients contained such as; flavonoids, diosgenin, saponins, galactomannans, trigonellin, essential oils, coumarins, 4-hydroxyisoleucine and scopoletin. These bioactive compounds elicit nutraceutical, immunomodultory, antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-hyperlipidemic, hypoglycaemic, anticarcinogenic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive effects via various mechanisms against common chronic diseases. Moreover, the plant also has protective effects on the digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine, and reproductive systems. This article considers the role of fenugreek contained bioactives on human milk production and lactation. The other biological activities are also discussed.

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Thakurdesai, PrasadArvind, PadmajaB Kalshetti, Ramesh Alluri, and Vishwaraman Mohan. "Effects of 4-hydroxyisoleucine from fenugreek seeds on depression-like behavior in socially isolated olfactory bulbectomized rats." Pharmacognosy Magazine 11, no. 44 (2015): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.168980.

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Kumari, Saroj, Minakshi Sarswati, and Madhu Vati. "Beneficial effects of 4-hydroxyisoleucine and vitamin E against hepatic damage induced by acetaminophen in male rats." International Journal of Surgery 100 (April 2022): 106307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106307.

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Shi, Feng, Zhengyu Fan, Shuping Zhang, Yinghao Wang, Shuyu Tan, and Yongfu Li. "Optimization of ribosomal binding site sequences for gene expression and 4-hydroxyisoleucine biosynthesis in recombinant corynebacterium glutamicum." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 140 (October 2020): 109622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109622.

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Rawat, Arun Kumar, Venkateswarlu Korthikunta, Sudeep Gautam, et al. "4-Hydroxyisoleucine improves insulin resistance by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and act through AMPK and Akt dependent pathway." Fitoterapia 99 (December 2014): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2014.10.006.

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