Journal articles: '4-point bending test'

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Topič, Jaroslav, Jan Bartoš, Lubomír Kopecký, Karel Šeps, Zdeněk Prošek, and Jan Trejbal. "Cement Composite Reinforced with Synthetic Fibers: Comparison of Three-Point and Four-Point Bending Test Results." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.332.

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Presented article deals with the influence of PET fiber production on the bending strength of cement-based composite when incorporated into the fresh mortar, and comparison of results of 3-point and 4-point bending test. Cement paste samples were reinforced with 2 wt. % of primary or recycled PET fibers. The bending test was performed on prismatic samples with dimension of 40 × 40 × 160 mm. It was found that samples with recycled PET fibers, compared to primary ones, exhibit a decrease in bending strength. In the case of 4-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers exhibited higher bending strength than reference samples without any fibers. However, in the case of 3-point bending tests, the samples with recycled PET fibers had lower bending strength than the reference ones. The results suggest that recycled PET fibers could be used as an alternative to reinforce cement-based composites.

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Lee, Chang-Chun, Jacky Huang, Shu-Tong Chang, and Wei-Ching Wang. "Adhesion investigation of low-k films system using 4-point bending test." Thin Solid Films 517, no. 17 (July 2009): 4875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.03.135.

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Somà, A., and M. M. Saleem. "Elastic–plastic characterization of microstructures through pull-in 4 point bending test." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 29, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 025004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/aaf60d.

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Kunecký, Jiří, Václav Sebera, Jan Tippner, Hana Hasníková, Michal Kloiber, Anna Arciszewska-Kędzior, and Jaromír Milch. "Mechanical Performance and Contact Zone of Timber Joint With Oblique Faces." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 4 (2015): 1153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563041153.

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The goal of the work was to evaluate mechanical performance of full-scale timber beams containing scarf joint with a dowel. Work focused on standard testing using modular system to obtain effective stiffness and strength of the beams with and without the joint. The work further researched a contact zone between two timber parts of the joint – at the scarf face. This was carried out using non-destructive optical technique – digital image correlation (DIC) and newly developed algorithm. The joint was made of Norway spruce, dims. 6×0.2×0.24 m and was loaded by two modes: a) 3-point bending and b) 4-point bending. During the loading, a sequence of images was acquired for further investigation of contact zone using the proposed algorithm. The joint with scarf and dowel provided enough effective stiffness, ie. 73–93% for 3-point bending test and 71% for 4-point bending with respect to MOE measured on reference solid beams. Effective strength of the joint was also relatively high and in a range of 55% and 60% with respect to reference solid beams in both 3-point and 4-point bending tests. Contact length differed for loading modes. Mean contact length in symmetrical 4-point bending was about 40%, for asymmetrical 3-point bending test, it was approx. 20% on face closer to support and 44% on a face closer to loads.

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YAMADE, Yoshiaki, and Teruo KISHI. "Acoustic Emission Study for Fracture Origin of Sintered Mullite in 4-Point Bending Test." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 98, no. 1135 (1990): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.98.273.

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Damayanti, M., J. Widodo, T. Sritharan, S. G. Mhaisalkar, W. Lu, Z. H. Gan, K. Y. Zeng, and L. C. Hsia. "Adhesion study of low-k/Si system using 4-point bending and nanoscratch test." Materials Science and Engineering: B 121, no. 3 (August 2005): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2005.03.030.

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Ključar, Luka, Mario Gonzalez, Kris Vanstreels, Andrej Ivanković, Michael Hecker, and Ingrid De Wolf. "Effect of 4-point bending test procedure on crack propagation in thin film stacks." Microelectronic Engineering 137 (April 2015): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2014.09.006.

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Chang, T. S., and Edward B. Magrab. "An Improved Procedure for the Determination of the Elastic Constants of Component-Lead-Board Assemblies." Journal of Electronic Packaging 113, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905432.

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An improved means of obtaining the elastic constants of component-lead-board assemblages from two three-point bending tests and one four-point torsion test is proposed. The suggested method models the three-point bending test as an orthotropic plate and uses the experimentally obtained bending and torsion results in a standard nonlinear least square procedure to determine the rigidities in the x and y directions and the Poisson’s ratios directly. Numerical simulation of the method indicates that the beam model overestimates the elastic modulii by 4 to 7 percent and the corresponding rigidities by 7 to 13 percent.

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Bastiurea, Marian, Magdalena Silvia Rodeanu, Dumitru Dima, Monica Murarescu, and Gabriel Andrei. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Composite with Graphene and Graphite through Three-Point Bending Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (October 2014): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.22.

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Graphenes have aroused great interest among the scientists lately, due to their special physical properties which are supposed to be transferred to composite materials [1,2,3,6]. Some polymers show low mechanical properties which can be improved by adding various types of materials [9,13]. Using nanoparticles, an enhancement of mechanical, thermal and electrical properties can be obtained, even for small contents of additives [10,11,12,14,15,16]. The evaluation of mechanical properties of polymer composites with graphene can be achieved relying on the three-point bending tests [4]. This work presents a few conclusions resulting from the three points bending tests of the polyester composites with graphene and graphite [7,8].

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Daxner, Thomas, Franz G. Rammerstorfer, Javier Segurado, and Heinz E. Pettermann. "Numerical Simulations of the Creep Deformation of MMCs in 4-Point Bending Mode." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 125, no. 1 (December 31, 2002): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1525253.

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The 4-point bending test is a widely used method to determine material parameters. No commonly accepted evaluation methodology is available for materials showing non-linear deformation mechanisms. In the present study micro- and macro-mechanical simulation models of continuously reinforced metal matrix composites are employed to investigate thermo-elasto-plasticity and creep in such experiments. The overall deflection behavior and the underlying mechanisms are identified revealing the interaction of various micromechanical phenomena. Comparisons to a set of experimental results are presented.

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Aso, Setsuo, Hiroyuki Ike, Ken-Ichi Ohguchi, Yoshinari Komastu, and Nobuo Konishi. "Bending Strength of Cast Materials Reinforced with Hard Particles." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.404.

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Particle reinforcement via the insertion of hard particles is a promising process in materials reinforcing. Particle-reinforced spheroidal graphite martensitic cast iron (SGMC), in which mixed particles of cermet and cemented carbide are dispersed, was achieved by an insertion process. A four-point bending strength test was applied to evaluate the particle composite material. An evaporative pattern process was used on the bending-test specimen to form a composite layer in the central part. Using a combination of three sizes of cermet particles and two sizes of cemented-carbide particles, the bending strength was found to increase with each small-particle combination. The Weibull coefficient m of the four-point bending strength of the particle-reinforced composite material (PRCM) ranged from 4 to 13, and m was large in the specimen with large bending strength.

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Baxter, M. G., Rhys Pullin, Karen M. Holford, and S. L. Evans. "Detection of Fatigue Crack Growth in Aircraft Landing Gear, 4 Point Bend Test Specimens." Key Engineering Materials 293-294 (September 2005): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.293-294.193.

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This investigation considers the identification of fatigue crack growth in aerospace grade steel using Acoustic Emission (AE) techniques. Four specimens with small radius crack initiation sites were investigated under four-point bending (SENB4). A linear array of 4 resonant AE sensors was utilised to locate the crack growth. Detection and location of fatigue crack growth in aerospace grade steel SENB4 specimens using appropriate AE techniques was successful. Time of arrival (TOA) linear location has provided an invaluable tool for separating AE signals arising from fatigue crack growth from the notch from those emanating from the loading points. Analysis of the AE feature data from the notch has allowed initial categorisation of AE from fatigue crack growth. AE data from this research was found to correspond with that reported in previous studies [1] examining Compact Tension (CT) specimens.

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Souza, Renato, Roberto Duarte, Manuel Alves, Juliana Daguano, Santos dos, and Kurt Strecker. "Cyclic fatigue behaviour of hydrothermally aged 3Y-TZP ceramics in 4-point bending tests." Processing and Application of Ceramics 15, no. 2 (2021): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac2102184s.

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Fatigue is one of the most important properties to be considered in ceramic dental implants due to cyclic mechanical stresses arising from the chewing process. In this work, the fatigue behaviour of hydrothermally degraded ZrO2-based ceramics stabilized with 3mol% Y2O3 (3Y-TZP) was studied in 4-point bending tests. Samples of 3Y-TZP were compacted (100MPa), sintered at 1475 ?C for 2 h, polished and hydrothermally degraded in an autoclave as described in the ISO-13356 standard. The samples were characterized by their relative density, crystalline phase composition, microstructure and surface roughness. The highly dense (>99.6%TD) sintered 3Y-TZP ceramics has only tetragonal t-ZrO2 phase, even after hydrothermal ageing. Furthermore, the ceramic materials presented a Vickers hardness of 12.7?0.2GPa, a fracture toughness of 7.1?0.3MPa?m1/2 and a 4-point bending strength of 940.1?67MPa. Based on the bending test results 5 different stress levels for the fatigue tests were selected and conducted by cyclic 4-point bending obtaining the S-N curve. Weibull statistics was used for the statistical analysis. The fatigue tests indicate that the limit of fatigue resistance of this 3Y-TZP ceramics is around 550MPa, i.e. higher than the limits established in the ISO-13356 standard for the use of Y-TZP ceramics for the manufacture of implants. The fatigue behaviour of the investigated 3Y-TZP ceramics was related to the toughening mechanisms acting in Y-TZP ceramics, such as transformation toughening related to t?m phase transformation and microcracking.

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Shafigullin, Lenar N., A. R. Ibragimov, and A. I. Saifutdinov. "Investigation into the Effects of High Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Thermal Spray Coatings Applied by Plasma Spraying." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 1151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1151.

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C. C. Berndt advanced investigations of mechanical properties of thermal spray coatings under 4-point bending. He found that this investigation method is sensitive to the mechanical properties of thermal spray coatings.This paper contains the detailed investigation results for thermal spray coatings of zirconium dioxide under 4-point bending, i.e. tests of the specimens subjected to spraying at varying conditions and pre-test soaking with the various duration at 1100 °С.It was established how the mechanical properties of thermal spray coatings changed depending on the spraying mode and high temperature soaking. The test results show that the double heat treatment of coatings is more preferable than one-time heat treatment as it make the properties change linearly. It is more easily controllable during operation of the components with thermal spray coating.

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Yamashita, Minoru, Noriyuki Sawada, and Toshio Hattori. "Impact Behavior of Biaxially Compressed Wood." Materials Science Forum 673 (January 2011): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.673.247.

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The wood bar with square cross-section was biaxially compressed with respect to the cross-sectional plane and the impact 4-point bending test was performed using the compressed wood. The wood material used was sap wood of Sugi, which is a kind of Japanese cedar. The biaxial compression apparatus which enabled to prevent the gap generation between the material and the tool was used. The fixation of wood specimen was also processed. The bar length was 100 mm and the edge length in cross-section was 15 ~ 25 mm. In the 4-point bending test, the distance between the supports and the stress points were 80 mm and 40 mm. The stress points were impacted by a light-weight drop-hammer with 3.0 kg mass. The impact velocity was 2 m/s. The surface strain was measured by a strain gage. When the Young’s modulus was estimated by assuming a linear elastic property, it attained about 32 GPa, which was more than 4 times of the uncompressed wood. The stress – strain hysteresis loop was more remarkable under the impact condition. It was found that the compressed wood provided not only a high rigidity, but also a good property in dissipation of vibration energy.

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M. Zhe, O. Dezellus, G. Parry, M. Braccini, and J. C. Viala. "Modified 4-Point Bending Test for Adhesion Measurement at the Interface of Iron Coated with Aluminum Casting Alloy." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 26, no. 1-3 (January 1, 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016942411x559049.

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Dehghan, Zohreh, and Amir Modarres. "Evaluating the fatigue properties of hot mix asphalt reinforced by recycled PET fibers using 4-point bending test." Construction and Building Materials 139 (May 2017): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.082.

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Yoon, Han Ki, Young Ju Lee, Yi Hyun Park, Joon Soo Park, and Akira Kohyama. "Mechanical Properties and Fabrication of Silicon Carbide Ceramic by NITE Method." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.699.

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Nano infiltration transient eutectic ceramic (NITE-SiC) was fabricated by hot pressing method using Al2O3 and Y2O3 as sintering additives. The ratio of the Al2O3/Y2O3 additives was changed between 6:4 and 4:6. The densification and mechanical properties were investigated for the sintered temperature. The starting powder was high purity β -SiC nano-powder with an average particle size of 30nm. The bending strength characterization and densification of NITE-SiC was investigated by the FE-SEM and three point bending test.

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Seno, Aldyandra Hami, Eko Koswara, Hendri Syamsudin, and Djarot Widagdo. "Analysis of Bending Loads on Bamboo-Balsa and Bamboo-Polypropylene Honeycomb Composite Sandwiches." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.94.

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This research was done to evaluate the bending behavior (load-deflection curve and failuremode) of sandwich structures using Tali Bamboo strips as sandwich skin material. Bending tests wereconducted on sandwich specimens with end grain balsa (3-point bending) and polypropylene (PP)honeycomb cores (4-point bending) to evaluate their bending behavior. From the test results,analytical and numerical models were developed to simulate the observed bending behavior. Themodels are able to simulate the pre-failure bending behavior and failure modes (core shear failure) ofthe specimens. It is also shown that for thin (length/thickness > 20) sandwiches the models are moreaccurate since shear effects are less prominent. With the obtained models a predictive comparison isdone between the PP and balsa cored specimens since the testing configuration for each type wasdifferent. The analysis results show that balsa cored specimens are able to withstand higher transversebending loads due to the higher shear strength of the balsa core. These prediction results are to beproven by specimen testing which is the subject of future research.

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Rovnaník, Pavel, Cecílie Mizerová, Ivo Kusák, and Pavel Schmid. "Self-Sensing Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Composite with Carbon Black during Bending Test." Solid State Phenomena 296 (August 2019): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.167.

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Aluminosilicate materials are generally considered electrical insulators. In order to achieve enhanced electrical conductivity these materials must doped with suitable conductive admixtures such as carbon black. These composites gain the importance in the new field of applications such as self-sensing materials or self-monitoring structures. This paper presents a study on self-sensing properties of alkali-activated slag composite with 2 and 4% of carbon black as conductive filler during repeated flexural and till fracture loading in the configuration of three-point bending test. The results showed that best performance of the self-sensing properties was achieved with 4% of carbon black, though both the compressive and flexural strengths were deteriorated.

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Liodaki, Eirini, Robert Wendlandt, Klaus Waizner, Brigitte E. Schopp, Peter Mailänder, and Felix Stang. "A biomechanical analysis of plate fixation using unicortical and bicortical screws in transverse metacarpal fracture models subjected to 4-point bending and dynamical bending test." Medicine 96, no. 27 (July 2017): e6926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000006926.

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Yu, Jian Bo, Zhong Ming Ren, B. Q. Wang, and Y. W. Zhang. "Effect of Sintering Systems and Colloidal Silica Sols on the Mechanical Properties of Oriented Silica-Based Ceramic Core Materials." Advanced Materials Research 177 (December 2010): 418–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.418.

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A series of silica -based ceramic cores sintered at 1150°C, 1200°C for different times were prepared, and this study compared the three-point bending strength of room temperature and 900°C with commercially available colloidal silica sols systems. Three-point bend specimens 60 × 10 × 4 mm were cast by vacuum hot pressing and tested in a special mechanical testing machine with high temperature test system of ceramics. The effect of sintering systems and colloidal silica sols on the mechanical properties of ceramic core was discussed. It could be concluded that specimens sintered at 1150°C for 5h have an obtainable maximum bending strength and those immersed in colloidal silica sols contents showed doubled bending strength in the present research.

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Law, M., and D. Nolan. "Test Methods to Assess Transverse Weld Metal Hydrogen Cracking." Advanced Materials Research 41-42 (April 2008): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.41-42.427.

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Hydrogen cracking in steel weldments can drastically reduce the toughness and ductility of welds in steel structures. Unfortunately, the development of the hydrogen economy will also see materials being increasingly exposed to hydrogen, in processes such as during hydrogen production and transportation. Thus, test methods are required which allow for a reproducible assessment of hydrogen embrittlement in weld material. In this article, rectangular test specimens made from weld bead on plate samples were subject to 4-point bend testing to investigate the relationship between applied stress, hydrogen content and embrittlement. This test concentrates the stresses in the weld bead, thus reducing the effects of premature HAZ cracking and enabling failure to develop in the weld metal, and showed good reproducibility. This test may form the basis for an industry test. Another test method is described using an un-machined weld bead on plate. A method of calculating the stresses and strains in this specimen in 4-point bending was developed.

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Harrer, Walter, Robert Danzer, Peter Supancic, and Tanja Lube. "Influence of the Sample Size on the Results of B3B-Tests." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.176.

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The ball-on-three-balls (B3B)-test is a biaxial strength test for brittle materials. The results of B3B-tests are very stable against small geometrical inaccuracies of the specimens or the test support. In contrast to conventional bending tests there exists only a small influence of friction and edge defects are not relevant. These advantages, compared to beam tests, make the testing of mini-specimens with volumes of a few mm3 feasible. For this investigation silicon nitride specimens of different sizes were tested by use of the B3B-test. The maximum tensile stresses and the effective volumes and effective surfaces of the specimens were determined. The obtained results are compared directly and with the results of conventional 4-point-bending tests and are discussed in the framework of the Weibull-Theory. Additionally fracture surfaces of B3B-specimens and bending specimens were investigated fractographically to identify possible fracture origins.

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Akiyama, Hiroyuki, Makoto Uchida, and Yoshihisa Kaneko. "Evaluation of Effect of Sample Size and Layer Direction on Mechanical Property of Specimen Manufactured by FDM-Type 3D Printer." Key Engineering Materials 794 (February 2019): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.794.324.

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In the present study, we investigate the effect of the sample size and layer direction on mechanical properties of the specimen fabricated by the FDM-type 3D printer under 4-point bending test. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) was employed as a source material. Bending tests were performed under several experimental conditions of layer direction, dimension of the specimens and supporting distance. The relationship between bending load and displacement depended strongly on the layer direction. Young’s modulus increased with increasing supporting distance, particularly, when the filaments were parallel to the loading direction. The strain distribution during the bending test was evaluated by DIC. When the supporting distance was short, strain distribution obtained from DIC became different from the theoretical distribution. This result indicated that the prominent shear deformation occurs in the bending of the printed material when the supporting distance is short. Subsequently, FEM analysis was performed to remove the error in the estimation of Young’s modulus due to the shear deformation, and the correcting equation was proposed.

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Zhang, Liufeng, and Yinghua Yang. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Short-Term Behavior of Partially Precast and Partially Encased Composite Beams." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2020-0021.

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AbstractIn this paper, the short-term behavior of a new partially pre-cast and partially encased composite (PPEC) beam is studied. This paper reports the results of a 4-point bending test on a full-scale PPEC beam and sets out the load displacement response, short-term stiffness, peak load capacity and failure mode of the proposed PPEC beam. In addition, a finite element analysis of the PPEC beam is carried out, and the numerical simulation results are compared with the test results. The results show that the finite element model can reflect the bending response of the PPEC beam. In this paper, three different calculation methods are used to compare the deflection of the PPEC beam. The results show that the values calculated by the bending-shear coupling method formula agree relatively well with the test results.

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Kostelecká, Michaela, Miroslav Vokáč, and Daniel Dobiáš. "The Resistance Tests of Glass-Cement Plates in High Temperatures." Key Engineering Materials 586 (September 2013): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.586.182.

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The glass-cement plates have made great progress today. They extend the possibilities of technical requirements in solutions of complex structures. The higher aesthetic requirements are available with the plates and in another point of view they contribute significantly to economic aspect in construction. The article describes the tests of high temperatures resistances of glass-cement plates. The first part is focused on determining the values of tensile strength in bending for samples subjected to annealing at temperatures 200, 300, 400 and 500 ° C in endurance at the highest temperature level for 24 hours. The results will be compared with values obtained for the reference samples. The bending strength was performed according to the norm ČSN EN 1170-4 Precast concrete products - Test method for glass-fibre reinforced cement - Part 4: Measuring bending strength, "Simplified bending test" method. The mean strength in bending of reference samples was equal to 11.3 MPa. The strength is decreasing with temperature of firing and dependence is very closed to linear relationship with slope approx. 1.87 MPa per 100 °C. Furthermore, the thermal dilatometric analysis was performed on the plates in the temperatures till 540 °C in the second part.

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Yoshihara, Hiroshi. "Comparison of results obtained by static 3- and 4-point bending and flexural vibration tests on solid wood, MDF, and 5-plywood." Holzforschung 67, no. 8 (December 1, 2013): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0016.

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Abstract The flexural Young’s modulus of western hemlock, medium-density fiberboard, and 5-plywood (made of lauan) has been determined by conducting three- and four-point bending tests with various span lengths and by flexural vibration test. The Young’s modulus was significantly influenced by the deflection measurement method. In particular, the Young’s modulus was not reliable based on the difference between the deflections at two specific points in the specimen, although this test is standardized according to ISO 3349-1975 and JIS Z2101-2009.

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Kovaleva, I. O., V. I. Makarenko, O. V. Silkova, O. V. Makarenko, and H. V. Kostenko. "IMPACT OF AMMONIUM PYROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMATE ON BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FEMORAL BONE IN RATS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF COMBINED EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF FLUORIDE AND SODIUM NITRATE." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 21, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.21.1.89.

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This article describes the effect of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, on the biomechanical characteristics of femoral bones in rats under the conditions of combined excess intake of fluoride and sodium nitrate. The series of experiments were performed on 30 white Wistar rats weighing 190-240 g, divided into 3 groups: 1st group included intact animals, 2nd group included animals exposed to the combined administration of sodium fluoride (10 mg/kg body weight) and sodium nitrate (500 mg / kg body weight) for 30 days; the 3rd group included rats, who starting from the 15th day of intoxication were injected with an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate is a dose of 76 mg / kg 3 times a week. The investigation of the biomechanical properties of the femur was performed according to a 2-point scheme (linear rupture test) and a 3-point scheme (bending test) using a rupture machine RMU-0.05-1 with an assessment of rupture load (strength) and bone elongation (elasticity); we also applied a 4-point scheme (bending test) using the deformation test setup MRC-1 with following calculation of the Young's modulus, tensile strength, relative residual deformation to failure and relative elongation to failure. The administration of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate under the conditions of the experiment significantly increased the tensile load at linear rupture and bending by 35.3 and 23.5%, respectively, compared with the results in the 2nd group. The relative elongation of the femoral bones in the test for linear rupture and flexion was more pronounced than the values of the 2nd group by 7.9 and 18.6%. When testing for bending according to the 4-point scheme using the deformation setup MRK-1, we revealed a probable increase in the Young's modulus of elasticity by 19.8% compared to the results in the 2nd group. However, the indicators of the limit of elasticity and strength, the relative elongation of the extreme fibers before fracture did not change significantly. This enables us to conclude that ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, the inhibitor of the NF-κB transcription factor, used under the conditions of combined administration of fluoride and sodium nitrate can serve an effective osteoprotective agent, which increases the strength and elasticity of the femoral bones.

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Wang, Wen Jing, Meng Wang, Guang Xue Yang, and Ji Long Xie. "Experimental Investigation of Fretting Fatigue of Train Axles under Rotating Bending." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1110.

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In railway transportation, the press fit of wheel and axle is typically causing fretting damage and it is also an important issue relative to the safety of railway. To examine the fretting damage of the interference fit of wheel and axle the fretting fatigue test under 4-point rotating bending loads is carried out based on samples, as well as the fretting fatigue damage rule is studied. The test results show that the fretting causes the fatigue limit to decrease significantly and all of the fracture sections occur at the contact edges of the fitting zone with the sleeve.

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von der Ohe, C. B., R. Johnsen, and N. Espallargas. "A multi-degradation test rig for studying the synergy effects of tribocorrosion interacting with 4-point static and cyclic bending." Wear 271, no. 11-12 (September 2011): 2978–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2011.07.002.

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Chegenizadeh, Amin, Minn-Oo Aung, and Hamid Nikraz. "Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Effect on Asphalt Performance." Buildings 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080315.

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The asphalt industry is increasingly developing with greater focus on sustainability. This study focuses on the benefits of a binder modification of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) by adding a rubber—ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)—into a class 320 bitumen. This study observes the advantages that occur for the rutting and fatigue performance of the samples. The binder modification was made by incorporating 0, 2, 4 and 6% binder weight into each sample. The tests performed on the samples were the wheel-tracking test and the four-point beam bending test. The results revealed varied outcomes, with the four-point beam bending test showing the 6% sample having the highest initial stiffness and modulus of elasticity but the lowest cycle to failure. Therefore, the best performer was determined as the 4% sample, which performed consistently throughout, having the highest cumulative dissipated energy and second-highest initial flexural stiffness, modulus of elasticity and cycle to failure results. There was a clear indication of the best performer for the wheel-tracking test, with the 4% sample having the lowest rut depth, although there were signs of further improvement to be achieved within the 4–6% range. In addition, drain-off tests were conducted on the mixtures, and the addition of EPDM significantly reduced the SMA drain-off values. Overall, the best improvements through binder modification for an SMA mix with EPDM concerning fatigue and rutting resistance came from a 4% incorporation.

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Kim, Dong Hal, W. Hwang, Hyun Chul Park, and W. S. Park. "Fatigue Characteristics of Composite Antenna Structure." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.1109.

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The objective of this work was to design Surface Antenna Structure (SAS) and investigate fatigue behavior of SAS that was asymmetric sandwich structure. This term, SAS, indicates that structural surface becomes antenna. Constituent materials were selected considering electrical properties, dielectric constant and tangent loss as well as mechanical properties. For the antenna performance, SSFIP elements inserted into structural layers were designed for satellite communication at a resonant frequency of 12.5 GHz and final demonstration article was 16 x 8 array antenna. In cyclic loading, flexure behavior was investigated by 4-point bending and 4-point bending fatigue test. Fatigue life curve of SAS was obtained. Experimental results were compared with single load level fatigue life prediction equations (SFLPEs) and in good agreement with SFLPEs. SAS concept is the first serious attempt at integration for both antenna and composite engineers.

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NAM, KI WOO, MI KYUNG KIM, HAE SOOK KIM, JIN WOOK KIM, and SEOK HWAN AHN. "BENDING STRENGTH OF Si3N4 MONOLITHIC AND Si3N4/SiC COMPOSITE CERAMICS AND ELASTIC WAVE CHARACTERISTICS BY WAVELET ANALYSIS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206041227.

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This paper describes the investigation of bending strength and elastic wave signal characteristics of Si 3 N 4 monolithic and Si 3 N 4/ SiC composite ceramics with crack healing ability. The elastic wave signals, generated during the compression load by a Vickers indenter on the brittle materials, were recorded in real time, and the AE signals were analyzed by the time-frequency analysis method. The three-point bending test was performed on the Si 3 N 4 monolithic and Si 3 N 4/ SiC composite ceramic specimens with/without crack-healed. Consequently the bending strength of the crack-healed specimens at 1300°C was completely recovered up to that of the smooth specimens. And the frequency properties of crack-healed specimens tended to be similar to the distribution of the dominant smooth specimens frequency. This study suggests that the results of the signal information for the anisotropic ceramics show a feasible technique to guarantee structural integrity of a ceramic component.

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Oh, Sang Yeob, Hyung Seop Shin, and Chang Min Suh. "Evaluation of Biaxial Bending Strength in Damaged Soda-Lime Glass." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 08n09 (April 10, 2003): 1329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203018958.

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In applications of brittle materials such as soda-lime glass and ceramics, they are usually subjected to a multi-axial stress state. Brittle materials with cracks or damage caused by foreign impacts are apt to fracture abruptly from cracks because of their low fracture toughness. Depending upon the crack pattern developed, the strength using a multi-axial stress state might be different from the one using a uniaxial stress. As a result, when a small size crack was introduced by Vicker's indentation, the residual strength using a biaxial stress state obtained by the ball-on-ring test was greater than that using a uniaxial stress by the 4-point bending test. In the case of the specimens cracked by a spherical impact, there was overall decrease in the bending strength with increasing an impact velocity.

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Surya Kiran, M. Phani, I. Balasundar, K. Gopinath, and T. Raghu. "Parametric study on factors influencing the stiffness of honeycomb sandwich panels using impulse excitation technique." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 21, no. 1 (January 13, 2017): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636216686649.

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Metallic thermal protection systems are used to protect the airframe and pay load from aerodynamic and aerothermal heating in hypersonic cruise vehicles that are powered with advanced scramjet engines. Metallic thermal protection systems is a composite structure that contains honeycomb sandwich panels at the top and bottom and a variety of thermal insulating materials placed in between them. Several design factors influence the structural and thermal performance of the honeycomb sandwich panels. Panel bending stiffness is one important structural property that is generally estimated using a destructive 3-point or 4-point bending test. In this study, a numerical model based on the impulse excitation nondestructive evaluation technique has been developed to estimate the effect of various design parameters that affect the bending stiffness of the honeycomb sandwich panels. The results obtained are analyzed using standard statistical procedures. A major advantage of this method lies in evaluating the panel stiffness at the design stage without resorting to actual fabrication of the panels for destructive testing.

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Kim, Jeong-Kyu, Eun-Kyung Lee, Mi-Sung Kim, Jae-Hong Lim, Kyu-Hwan Lee, and Young-Bae Park. "Interfacial Adhesion Energy of Ni-P Electroless-plating Contact for Buried Contact Silicon Solar Cell using 4-point Bending Test System." Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.6117/kmeps.2012.19.1.055.

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Śmiglewicz, Anna, Magdalena Jabłońska, Adam Płachta, Kinga Rodak, and Rafał Michalik. "The Effect of High Strain Rate on Properties and Microstructure of the Fully Austenitic High Mn Steel." Solid State Phenomena 246 (February 2016): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.246.55.

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In the paper, results of impact bending tests of a high-manganese steel of X30MnAlSi26-4-3 grade are presented. The tests were carried out using a flywheel machine, suitable for dynamic tensile tests and impact bending tests in the range of linear velocity of the forcing element from 5 ÷ 40 m/s. The obtained test results were compared with the results of impact resistance of the studied steel determined using Charpy machine. Structural investigations were carried out using light microscope and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Creating a mechanical twins at different strain rates was analyzed. The surfaces of fractures formed in the break point during bending tests were analyzed, and they indicate a presence of mixed transcrystalline fractures with a predominance of plastic fractures. Substructure studies revealed the presence of mechanical twinning induced in a high strain rate for the X30MnAlSi26-4-3 steel.

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Kiattiwongse, W., Anak Khantachawana, and P. Santiwong. "Effect of Direct Electric Resistance Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of NiTi Orthodontic Arch Wires." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.249.

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Two types of rectangular orthodontic archwires; NiTiTM and 40oCuNiTi, were heat treated by Direct Electric Resistance Heat Treatment (DERHT) using different electric currents for 4 s. Their mechanical properties were then evaluated by micro hardness and three-point bending tests. After applying 4.5-5.5 A current, the hardness of NiTiTM increased with the increased current, whereas the change in hardness of 40oCuNiTi was slight. When 6 A current was applied, the hardness of the midspan of both wires significantly decreased. From the three-point bending test, unloading forces of NiTiTM increased after treating with 5.5 A current, while those of 40oCuNiTi decreased. However, both specimens lost their superelasticity when applied with 6 A current. In conclusion, after DERHT, various changes in mechanical properties can be noted in the different types of nickel titanium archwire.

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Huang, Zhengjun, Ying Zhang, Yuan Li, Dong Zhang, Tong Yang, and Zhili Sui. "Determining Tensile Strength of Rock by the Direct Tensile, Brazilian Splitting, and Three-Point Bending Methods: A Comparative Study." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 2, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5519230.

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To accurately obtain the tensile strength of rock and fully understand the evolution process of rock failure is one of the key issues to the research of rock mechanics theories and rock mass engineering applications. Using direct tensile, Brazilian splitting, and three-point bending test methods, we performed indoor and numerical simulation experiments on marble, granite, and diabase and investigated the tensile strength and damage evolution process of several typical rocks in the three different tests. Our experiments demonstrate that (1) the strength is about 10% greater in the Brazilian splitting than in the direct tensile, while the tensile modulus is lower; it is the highest in the three-point bending, which is actually subjected to the bending moment and suggested as one of the indexes to evaluate the tensile strength of rock; (2) the strength in splitting tests is strikingly different, while the strain law is basically similar; the direct tensile test with precut slits is more attainable than that with no-cut slits, with an uninfluenced strength; (3) the failure modes of rocks using different methods are featured by different lithology, while their final modes are basically the same under the same method; (4) PFC and RFPA numerical simulation tests are effective to analyze the internal crack multiplication and acoustic emission changes in the rock as well as the damage evolution process of rock in different tests.

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Tanzadeh, Javad, Rashid Tanzadeh, Hossein Nazari, and Navid Kamvar. "Fatigue Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Mixtures Modified by Optimum Percent of TiO₂ Nanoparticles." Advanced Engineering Forum 24 (October 2017): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.24.55.

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Fatigue, creep and erosion are among the factors which destroy the asphalt mixture and modifying the asphalt binder via additives such as crumb rubber, sulfur, carbon, as well as natural and synthetic polymers has been done in order to improve the strength of asphalt mixture. Knowledge in the field of nanotechnology along with its capability and attractiveness for application as nanoparticles in different industries such as asphalt industry has attracted great attention in recent years. In this study, specific percentages of TiO2nanoparticles, namely 2, 4, and 6, were added to the asphalt binder as the nanocomponent. Done physical common tests such as penetration degree, softening point, flash point and viscosity of the base asphalt binder and modified asphalt binder, the bending beam samples composed of origin asphalt sample and modified asphalt sample with 4% TiO2nanoparticle were subjected in different micro strains to fatigue loads. Results of four point bending fatigue test showed that the addition of TiO2nanoparticles to the asphalt binder increased the fatigue strength in the asphalt samples. Modified asphalt binder is stiffer, more viscous than original asphalt binder and due to TiO2nanoparticles more temperature tolerance and load bearing capacity, modified Asphalt is more resistant under fatigue loads.

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Holý, Milan, David Čítek, Petr Tej, and Lukáš Vráblík. "Flexural Strength of Thin Slabs Made of UHPFRC." Solid State Phenomena 292 (June 2019): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.292.224.

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This paper focuses on the determination of the flexural strength of thin slabs made of the Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). The load-bearing capacity in bending of elements reinforced only with steel fibers (used as a scattered reinforcement) is primarily influenced by the orientation and distribution of the fibers. A size-effect occurs by these elements. Some special bending tests were executed within the development of precast bridge deck segments for an innovative timber-concrete composite bridge system. The bending tests were executed on the slab strips under similar boundary conditions as by the bridge deck segments. The slab strips of various thickness of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 mm were tested in 4-point bending tests with span 1900 mm and in 3-point bending tests with span 600 mm. Half of the test specimens was tested in casting position, the other half was tested upside down. The obtained values of the flexural strength were compared to values from reference bending tests of the beams 150 x 150 x 700 mm, 100 x 100 x 400 mm and 40 x 40 x 160 mm. An influence of the different size of the tested specimen, of the slab thickness, of the span size and of the positioning of the slab with respect to the direction of casting on the flexural strength are evaluated. The experiments are further supported by numerical simulation.

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Marques, Ana S., Pedro M. Amaral, Luís Guerra Rosa, and Jorge Cruz Fernandes. "Study of Aggregate Size Effect on Fracture Toughness of Petreous Macrocomposites (Concrete)." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1342.

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The present study investigates the effect of rock aggregate size on the fracture toughness of a petreous macrocomposite material (concrete). The effect of aggregate size on the fracture properties of concrete was studied by analysing the fracture toughness KIC results obtained using single edge notched beam (SENB) specimens submitted to 4-point bending test. The results were obtained according to the methodology proposed by Srawley and Gross for monolithic ceramic materials. Additionally, the effect of aggregate size has been analysed by performing fractographic examination of unnotched beam specimens also submitted to 4-point bending test. KIc values obtained via linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) theory applied to the fractographic data were comparable to those obtained by SENB method. The obtained results show that the fracture toughness of concrete depends on the aggregate particle size, although KIC is not linearly related with the particle size. Fracture behaviour depends on the interaction between the used mortar (a mixture of portland cement with sand and water) and the different rock (aggregate) particle sizes. This kind of studies allows further extending the knowledge on the failure mechanisms of concrete, which permits to improve the characteristics of these macrocomposite materials by understanding the effects related to the modification of their structure.

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Zhu, Guo Jun, Shao Peng Wu, Ran Liu, and Lei Zhou. "Study on the Fatigue Property for Aged Asphalt Mixtures by Using Four Point Bending Tests." Materials Science Forum 614 (March 2009): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.614.289.

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The effects of aging on the fatigue property of polymer modified asphalt mixtures are investigated in this paper. Two kinds of aging procedures are adopted for the aging of specimens prepared with polymer modified asphalt mixtures. One is the short-time aging which means that the hot asphalt mixtures was heated in the oven for 4 hours at 135°C before compacted; The other called natural aging, with the original specimen exposed in the sunlight and subjected to the rain and temperature change for 3, 6 and 9 months. Four-Point Bending Test was conducted to evaluate fatigue properties of aged asphalt mixtures at 15°C compared with the original specimens. Test results indicate that the fatigue line of aged specimens have the same tendency as the original asphalt mixtures. However, the life of aged specimen is decreased significantly when compared with the original ones, especially of the natural aged specimens.

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Jeong, Ju Won, Young Ik Yoo, Jung Ju Lee, Jae Hyuk Lim, Kyung Won Kim, and Do Soon Hwang. "Development of a Novel Deployment Hinge Mechanism for a Spacecraft Using Axiomatic Design." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.863.

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This paper presents a novel hinge mechanism for deployment of spacecraft subsystems such as antennas, solar arrays. By using Axiomatic design theory, the conceptual design of the hinge mechanism is suggested, which has not only high deployed stiffness and low deployment shock but also does not require lubrication and accurate fabrication. That is, optimization of deployment torque and maximization of the deployed stiffness can be possible since this suggested hinge mechanism is decoupled design. And the suggested hinge mechanism is fabricated and tested to evaluate the feasibility. Quasi-static analysis is performed to optimize deployment torque for low deployment shock by using FEM. Also, the bending stiffness is measured by 4 point bending test.

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Xin, Jingzhou, Jianting Zhou, Fengbin Zhou, Simon Yang, and Yi Zhou. "Bearing Capacity Model of Corroded RC Eccentric Compression Columns Based on Hermite Interpolation and Fourier Fitting." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010024.

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With an extension in service years, bridges inevitably suffer from performance deterioration. Columns are the main components of bridge structures, which support the superstructure. The damage of pier columns is often more harmful to bridges than that of other components. To accurately evaluate the time-varying characteristics of corroded columns, this paper proposes a new model for the bearing capacity evaluation of deteriorated reinforced concrete (RC) eccentric compression columns based on the Hermite interpolation and Fourier function. Firstly, the axial compression point, the pure bending point and the balanced failure point were selected as the basic points, and the deteriorated strength of these basic points was calculated by considering factors such as concrete cracking, reduction of reinforcement area, buckling of the steel bar, bond slip and strength reduction of confined concrete. After that, the interpolation points were generated by a piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomial, and the explicit expression of the interpolation points fitting function was realized by the trigonometric Fourier series model. Finally, comparison studies based on measured data from forty-five corroded RC eccentric compression columns were conducted to investigate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. The results show that: (1) the prediction results for bearing capacity of corroded RC columns are in good agreement with the measured data, with the average ratio of predicted results to test results at 1.06 and the standard deviation at 0.14; (2) the proposed model unifies the three stress states of axial compression, eccentric compression and pure bending, and is consistent with the continuum mechanics characteristics; (3) the decrements of axial load carrying capacity for 10% and 50% of the corrosion rate are 31.4% and 45.2%, while in flexure they are 25.4% and 77.4%, respectively; and (4) the test data of small-scale specimens may overestimate the negative effect of corrosion on the bearing capacity of actual structures. The findings in this paper could lay a solid starting point for structural life prediction technologies based on nondestructive testing.

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Shi, Jiajun, Yunfeng Pan, Hedong Li, and Jun Fu. "Effects of Water Immersion on the Adhesion between Adhesive Layer and Concrete Block." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (October 30, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7069757.

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The effectiveness of load transfer in the CFRP-adhesive-concrete system highly relies on the integrity of the interfacial bond between adhesive layer and concrete. In the present paper, the effects of water immersion on the mode I fracture energy of the adhesion between CFRP adhesive and concrete were investigated experimentally and numerically. Four-point bending test was conducted to measure the mode I fracture energy of the interfacial layer between adhesive and concrete. The moisture content distribution and the hygrothermal stress were determined by using the finite element method (FEM). The mode I fracture energy was found decreasing with increasing immersion time. The difference between the mode I fracture energy at 2 weeks and 4 weeks is rare. The failure mode of the four-point bending test specimen shifts from concrete failure to interfacial debonding. The moisture content at the adhesive/concrete interface reaches equilibrium after 2 weeks of water immersion. The hygrothermal stress between adhesive and concrete is smaller than the tensile strength of concrete. Deterioration of the physical bond leads to the degradation of bonding strength. The reduction of the mode I fracture energy is more severe than that of the mode II fracture energy.

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SUEMASU, Hiroshi, Shintaro TAKIZAWA, Tetsuya MORIMOTO, and Masahiro HOJO. "Probabilistic Evaluation of Interlaminar Tensile Strength of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminate Measured by 4-point Bending Test of L-shape Specimen." Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials 41, no. 3 (2015): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.6089/jscm.41.94.

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Yamazaki, Yasuhiro, and Takehito Mizuno. "Effect of Surface Morphologies of Interface on Adhesion Strength in a Metal/Epoxy Joint." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.260.

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Metal/polymer joints as well as metal/metal joints bonded by epoxy adhesive have been widely used for automotive, electrical device and others. In the present study, the adhesion strength of a stainless-steel/epoxy joint was evaluated by using of the shear test and the 4-point bending test. Three kind of the surface finishing condition of the stainless steel were selected, and the effect of the surface morphologies of the interface on the adhesion strength in the metal/epoxy joint was investigated. The relationship between the interface morphology and the loading mode in the metal/epoxy joint was discussed.

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Kinoshita, Hiroyuki, Koichi Kaizu, Miki Fukuda, Tokunaga Hitoo, Keisuke Koga, and Kiyohiko Ikeda. "Development of the Green Composite Consists of Woodchips, Bamboo Fibers and Biodegradable." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.322.

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From the viewpoint of the effective utilization of natural resources, the green composite which is produced by solidifying woodchips has been developed[1][2][3]. However, since this composite was solidified by the compressive load without the binder, the composite was very brittle and had no water resistance [4]. In this study, to improve these defects, the biodegradable resin is used as an adhesive and bamboo fibers are used as reinforced fibers. By using woodchips with two kinds of the particle size, bamboo fibers with three kinds of the length and a biodegradable adhesive, several kinds of specimens changed those mixing ratio were produced. The composite consists of the ingredients which are friendly to the environment. By the four-point bending test and Charpy impact test, the bending strength and impact strength of the composites were examined. From the experimental results, it was found that the high bending strength and high energy absorption were obtained in case where woodchips with the small particle size and long bamboo fibers were used. The proposed composite has the high strength, and the practical application is also possible.

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Journal articles on the topic '4-point bending test'

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