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Xavier Eurico de Alencar, Liciana, Ulisses de Mendonça Braga-Neto, Eduardo José Moura do Nascimento, Marli Tenório Cordeiro, Ana Maria Silva, Carlos Alexandre Antunes de Brito, Maria da Paz Carvalho da Silva, Laura Helena Vega Gonzales Gil, Silvia Maria Lucena Montenegro, and Ernesto Torres de Azevedo Marques. "HLA-B*44 Is Associated with Dengue Severity Caused by DENV-3 in a Brazilian Population." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/648475.
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Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles have been correlated with susceptibility or resistance to severe dengue; however, few immunogenetic studies have been performed in Latin American (LA) populations. We have conducted immunogenetic studies of HLA class I and II alleles in a cohort of 187 patients with DENV-3 infection and confirmed clinical diagnosis of either severe dengue, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), or the less severe form, dengue fever (DF), in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. An association analysis was performed using Fisher’s association test, with odds ratios (ORs) calculated using conditional maximum likelihood estimates. HLA-B*44 (P=0.047, OR = 2.025, 95% CI = 0.97–4.24) was found to be associated with increased susceptibility to DHF in response to DENV-3 infection. In addition, HLA-B*07 (P=0.048, OR = 0.501, one-sided 95% CI = 0–0.99) and HLA-DR*13 (P=0.028, OR = 0.511, one-sided 95% CI = 0–0.91) were found to be associated with resistance to secondary dengue infection by DENV-3. These results suggest that HLA-B*44 supertype alleles and their respective T-cell responses might be involved in susceptibility to severe dengue infections, whereas the HLA-B*07 supertype alleles and DR*13 might be involved in cross-dengue serotype immunity.
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Iark, Andrea dos Santos, Vanessa Koga, Eliana Carolina Vespero, Renata Katsuko Takayama Kobayashi, and Tereza Cristina Rocha Moreira de Oliveira. "First report of CTX-M-44 in Escherichia coli isolated from chicken meat produced in Brazil." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 04 (April 30, 2018): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.9824.
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Sharif, M., M. Nasrolahei, S. P. Ziapour, S. Gholami, H. Ziaei, A. Daryani, and A. Khalilian. "Toxocara catiinfections in stray cats in northern Iran." Journal of Helminthology 81, no. 1 (March 2007): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x07214117.
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AbstractA cross-sectional survey was undertaken to study the prevalence and intensity of infection withToxocara catiin 100 stray cats, from April to October 2004 in urban areas of Sari, northern Iran. A total of 44 cats (44%) were found to be infected withT. cati. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of infection relative to host age and weight (P = 0.000). There was also a significant difference in the intensity of infection relative to body weight and urban sites (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the prevalence of infection relative to host gender, urban sites and season (P>0.05), nor in the intensity of infection between host gender, age and season (P>0.05). The intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 32 worms per cat, with a mean of 7.30 ± 6.82.
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Ahmad, J. "Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from the Arabian Sea. Part 44. Two new monorchiid trematodes (Digenea: Monorchiidae)." Zeitschrift f�r Parasitenkunde Parasitology Research 71, no. 2 (1985): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00926274.
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Ehsan, H., K. A. Rashid, W. Van Dongen, and H. A. Van Onckelen. "Cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate in Gastrothylax crumenifer and Explanatum explanatum." Journal of Helminthology 71, no. 2 (June 1997): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00015820.
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AbstractA rapid and reliable method based on immuno-affinity chromatography and preparative high pressure liquid chromatography was used for extraction and purification of cAMP from the two trematode species Gastrothylax crumenifer and Explanatum explanatum. The purified cAMP was quantified by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in an amount of 44 and 83 picomole/g fresh weight of Gastrothylax crumenifer and Explanatum explanatum respectively.
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James, E. R., S. B. Lucas, and A. R. Dobinson. "Pathology associated with vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni in mice using cryopreserved radiation-attenuated schistosomula." Journal of Helminthology 59, no. 1 (March 1985): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00034490.
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AbstractTwenty-one mice were injected intramusclarly with 2000 Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula irradiated at 20 Krad and cryopreserved; three mice were killed on each of days 0, 2, 5, 9, 19, 28 and 44 days after infection and muscle from the site of injection in the left hind leg, the lungs and livers removed for histological examination. Schistosomula were seen in sections from the leg muscle from days 0 to 19 inclusive, in the lungs from day 2 to day 28 inclusive and in the livers from days 9 to 28 inclusive. Most schistosomula were seen in sections of the leg muscle with considerably fewer parasites occurring in the lungs and especially the livers. Granulomatous reactions comprising cosinophils, polymorphs, plasma cells and macrophages were first seen in the leg muscle on day 2, in the lungs on day 5 and in the liver on day 19. The peak infiammatory reactions appeared to occur between days 5 and 9, 9 and 19 and 28 and 44 respectively in the three tissues. The pathology is discussed in relation to the dose of irradiation required to attenuate the schistosomula for optimal immunogenicity.
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Zahner, H., Anja Taubert, Achim Harder, and Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna. "Effects of Bay 44-4400, a new cyclodepsipeptide, on developing stages of filariae (Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi, Litomosoides sigmodontis) in the rodent Mastomys coucha." Acta Tropica 80, no. 1 (September 2001): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(01)00144-9.
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Stewart-Johnson, Alva, Francis Dziva, Woubit Abdela, Saed Rahaman, and Abiodun Adesiyun. "Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pigs and workers at abattoirs in Trinidad and Tobago." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 05 (May 31, 2019): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10552.
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Introduction: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a major cause of zoonotic infections, has emerged globally in livestock, particularly pigs. People with occupational contact with food producing animals are at high risk of colonization. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA in pigs and abattoir workers throughout Trinidad and Tobago as well as their resistance to other antimicrobial agents.
Methodology: Nasal and skin behind the ear swabs from pigs and nasal swabs from humans were enriched in Mueller Hinton broth with 6.5% sodium chloride, followed by phenol red mannitol broth with 75 mg/L aztreonam and 5 mg/L ceftizoxime. The enriched sample was then plated on both CHROMagar MRSA and Brilliance MRSA. All incubation was at 37ºC for approximately 24 h. Suspect MRSA isolates were confirmed as MRSA using the Penicillin-Binding Protein (PBP2a) test kit and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the mecA gene. Resistance of the S. aureus and MRSA isolates to 16 antimicrobial agents was determined using the disc diffusion method.
Results: Of the 929 pigs and 44 humans sampled, MRSA strains were isolated at a frequency of 0.9% (8/929) and 2.3% (1/44) respectively. All isolates exhibited resistance to one or more of the 16 antimicrobial agents.
Conclusions: The study demonstrated that pigs and workers at slaughter houses in Trinidad and Tobago harbour multidrug resistance S. aureus and MRSA. This is of public health significance as occupational exposure of humans can lead to an increased risk of infection and therapeutic failure.
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Abdela, Seid Getahun, Ermias Diro, Feleke Tilahun Zewdu, Fentaw Tadese Berhe, Wendimagegn Enbiale Yeshaneh, Koku Sisay Tamirat, Hannock Tweya, Collins Timire, and Johan Van Griensven. "Delayed diagnosis and ongoing transmission of leprosy in the post-elimination era in Boru Meda hospital, Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 06.1 (June 30, 2020): 10S—15S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11706.
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Introduction: Following the recommendation of the Global Leprosy Strategy, Ethiopia targeted to reduce the incidence of new leprosy cases, and the proportion with severe disability (grade 2) from 13.6% in 2016 to < 1% in 2020. This study assessed the clinical profile of new leprosy cases and the sequelae of previously treated ones 20 years after leprosy was eliminated as a public health problem in the country.
Methodology: Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of all leprosy patients seen at the dermatology clinic of Boru Meda Hospital from August to December 2018.The data were captured using a standard data collection form.
Results: Over the study period, 57 (27.4%) new cases and 151 (72.6%) previously treated cases were seen.The median age was 44 years (interquartile range 32-57). Among the newly diagnosed cases, two were under the age of 15 years , 51 (89.5%) were multibacillary and 34 (59.6%) had grade 2 disability. This included visual impairment in 10 (17.5%) and neurological complications in 44 (77.2%). Of the 151 previously treated cases, 104 (68.9%) presented with disabilities, including 97 (64.2%) with grade 2. Amongst previously treated cases, 130 (86.1%) had neurological complications. In addition, 53 (35.1%) had vision impairment.
Conclusions: This study showed evidence of ongoing leprosy transmission and delayed diagnosis in the country. This calls for operational research to determine the underlying reasons and provide ways forward. At the same time, the high burden of disabilities in previously treated cases should be addressed.
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Abo-Shehada, M. N., and Y. Ziyadeh. "Prevalence of endoparasites in dog faecal deposits in Jordan." Journal of Helminthology 65, no. 4 (December 1991): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00010920.
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ABSTRACTOf 756 dog faecal deposits collected from the road side and public places in five Jordanian Governorates 466 (61·6%) harboured parasite ova, oocysts and/or larvae. Of these, 67·7%, 26·8%, 4·1% and 1·4% revealed one, two, three and four different types of parasite ova, oocysts or larvae in the same sample, respectively. Examination of the infected samples revealed that 44·1% contained taeniid ova, 19·8% Dipylidium caninum, 19% Toxocara canis, 8% Sarcocystis spp. oocysts, 5% hookworm larvae, 1·5% Diphyllobothrium latum, 0·1% Capillaria spp. and 0·1% Trichuris vulpis eggs.
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Sheweita, S. A., S. A. Mangoura, and A. G. El-Shemi. "Different levels of Schistosoma mansoni infection induce changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes." Journal of Helminthology 72, no. 1 (March 1998): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00001012.
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AbstractMost carcinogens and xenobiotics are metabolized primarily by the mixed function oxidase system which includes cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and aryl hydrocarbon [benzo(a)pyrene] hydroxylase. The present study investigates the influence of infection with different levels of Schistosorna mansoni cercariae on the hepatic levels of reduced glutathione, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase in addition to the enzymes of mixed function oxidase. Cercariae infection levels of 60, 120, 180, 300 and 600 per mouse increased: (i) the hepatic content of cytochrome P450 by 27%, 38%, 72%, 57%, 48% respectively; (ii) the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity by 44%, 64%, 76%, 90%, 51% respectively; and (iii) the hepatic level of reduced glutathione by 67%, 83%, 103%, 60%, 38% respectively. The cytochrome b5 content did not change at the lowest level of infection but increased at the other four levels by 45%, 76%, 49% and 38% respectively. The activity of glutathione S-transferase increased at the first three levels by 42%, 40%, 27% respectively and decreased at the last two levels by 28% and 52% respectively. On the other hand, the activity of glutathione reductase did not change at any level, whereas, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity decreased at the last two levels by 44% and 54%. The alterations in the activities of phase I & II of drug-metabolizing enzymes as a result of infection with different levels of S. mansoni may thus change the liver's capacity to detoxify many endogenous compounds and may also potentiate the deleterious effects of aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. benzo(a)pyrene, upon the liver and probably other organs. Such alterations may also change the therapeutic actions of drugs that are primarily metabolized by the P450 system, when administered to patients with schistosomiasis.
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Shah, Syed Raza, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Muhammad Tanveer Alam, Adnan Salim, Mehwish Hussain, and Areeba Altaf. "End Stage Renal Disease: Seroprevalence of Hepatitises B and C along with Associated Aetiology and Risk Factors in Children." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/936094.
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Background. End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) normally requires dialysis or transplantation for survival. Since ESRD patients are on long term dialysis, infections such as Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are commonly reported.Methods. This was a retrospective study carried out at a government hospital during a 12-month period from January 2013 to December 2013. The data was collected using a predesigned pro forma to note the etiology, gender, age, and HBsAg and anti-HCV test result of each patient.Results. 444 children suffering from ESRD were included in our analysis. The mean age of sample was 12.7 ± 4.1 years. Sixty percent (n=262) of the children were boys. The most common etiology of ESRD was kidney stones (n=44, 29.3%). HBV was positive in 11 children (2.5%) while HCV was positive in 13 (2.9%).Conclusion. This study asserts the need for carrying out further work to confirm these findings and expand our recommendations. It is imperative to reliably determine the burden of HBV and HCV disease and to determine the aetiology of their spread especially in children with ESRD.
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Saha, SS, DR Bhowmik, and MMR Chowdhury. "Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes in buffaloes in Barisal district of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 11, no. 2 (June 13, 2014): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i2.19137.
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A total 270 samples were collected from July 2012 to December 2012 from three upazilas (Barisal sadar, Bakergonj and Mehendigonj) of Barisal district to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes. Samples were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin and shifted to Parasitology laboratory of the department of Pathology and Parasitology under the Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine (ANSVM) faculty of Patuakahli Science and Technology University. Samples were examined by direct smear method and simple sedimentation method of fecal sample examination technique. Among 270 samples 107 (39.6%) samples were found positive for gastrointestinal helminthes. Five types of helminthes were identified namely Fasciola gigantica (26.17%), Amphistomes (60.75%), Neoascaris vitulorum (1%), Schistosoma bovis (1%), Trichostrongylus axei (2%). The prevalence of mixed infection with Fasciola gigantica and Amphistomes was 9.34%. No cestode was found in this study. Comparative study among three different upazila shows highest prevalence in Barisal sadar (44%) and lowest in Mehendigonj (25%). Geographical location of different char island of Sadar upazila and season of sample collection may be the cause of highest prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes in Sadar upazila of the district. Study period covered rainy season and part of winter season only. Highest parasitic ova were found in rainy season (44.32%) than winter season (29.41%). The age specific prevalence were 12.15%, 14.02%, 40.19%, 33.65% in 0-6 months, 7 months-2 years, 3 years- 6 years & 7 years - above respectively. History of administering anthelmintic (Levamisole hydrochloride) to the calf may be the cause of lowest prevalence of parasitic infection at early age in the study area. In this study, highest number (60.75%) of Amphistomes was found among positive cases. Some important Amphistomes of buffalo are Paramphistomum, Cotylophoron, Gigantocotyle, Gastrothylax etc. are difficult to differentiate through fecal sample examination. So, to understand the detail epidemiology, at least a year study using gross morphological examination with molecular characterization of helminthes is needed.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i2.19137Bangl.J.Vet.Med. (2013).11(2): 131-135
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Harder, Achim, and Georg Samson-Himmelstjerna. "Activity of the cyclic depsipeptide emodepside (BAY 44–4400) against larval and adult stages of nematodes in rodents and the influence on worm survival." Parasitology Research 87, no. 11 (November 2001): 924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360100479.
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Ulger, Mahmut, Mehmet Sami Serin, Seda Tezcan Ulger, Gonul Aslan, Ahmet Ilvan, Eyup Naci Tiftik, and Gurol Emekdas. "Possible relation between expression of circulating microRNA and plasma cytokine levels in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 07 (July 28, 2022): 1166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.15831.
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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening infection and early diagnosis is critical for treatment and prevention of transmission. There is evidence of correlation between miRNA expression and cytokine regulation during TB infection. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between expression levels of miRNAs in plasma and cytokine levels as a potential biomarker for genetic predisposition and/or early diagnosis of TB infection.
Methodology: The expression levels of 86 miRNAs were examined in plasma samples of 44 TB patients and 44 healthy controls by qRT-PCR using BioMarkTM 96.96 Dynamic Array (Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA) system. The levels of plasma TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12/P40 were examined with ELISA.
Results: We identified dysregulation of 18 miRNAs which included upregulation of miR-1, miR-7-5p, miR-9-5p, miR-10a-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-106b-5p, miR-128-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-193a-5p, miR-200b-3p, miR-205-5p, miR-210-3p, and miR-296-5p, and downregulation of miR-15b-5p, miR-16-5p, and miR-25-3p in plasma samples of patients with pulmonary TB (p < 0.05). A significant correlation between the expression levels of miR-1, miR-7-5p, miR-9-5p, miR-10a-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-15b-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-143-3p, miR-193a-5p, miR-200b-3p, miR-210-3p and cytokine levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 was identified (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: We demonstrated that altered expression levels of plasma miRNAs consistent with immunological response have the potential to serve as non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of pulmonary TB. Additional investigations with larger sample sizes will be required to confirm our findings and to determine if miRNAs can be possible targets for TB management strategies.
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Martínez-Vega, Pedro Pablo, Manuel Emilio Bolio-Gonzalez, Roger Iván Rodríguez-Vivas, Eduardo Gutierrez-Blanco, Carlos Pérez-Osorio, Sandra Luz Villegas-Perez, and Carlos Humberto Sauri-Arceo. "Associated Factors to Seroprevalence ofEhrlichiaspp. in Dogs of Quintana Roo, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4109467.
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The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence toEhrlichiaspp. in dogs from Xcalak, Quintana Roo, Mexico, and the associated factors. Serum samples were obtained from 118 dogs and used in an indirect immunofluorescent assay test for the detection of antibodies againstEhrlichiaspp. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about possible variables associated with seroprevalence. These variables were analyzed through Chi2test and logistic regression. Dog seroprevalence of antibodies againstEhrlichiaspp. was 64% (75/118). Fifty-two percent (61/118) of dogs had tick infestation which was identified asRhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. Anemia was observed in 36% of dogs. Leucopenia (2.5%), thrombocytopenia (70%), and hemorrhage (14%) were also observed. Thirty-one percent (23/75) of dogs with anemia, 4% (3/75) of dogs with leucopenia, 80% (60/75) of dogs with thrombocytopenia, 17% (13/75) of dogs with hemorrhages, and 59% (44/75) of dogs with ticks were positive forEhrlichiaspp. antibodies. The factors associated with seroprevalence were age (1–3 and >3 years old, OR = 7.77 and OR = 15.39, resp.), tick infestation (OR = 3.13), and thrombocytopenia (OR = 3.36). In conclusion, seroprevalence ofEhrlichiaspp. was high in the community of Xcalak and its associated factors were age, tick infestation, and thrombocytopenia.
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Sari, Ika Puspa, Sacha Audindra, Aqila S. Zhafira, Arin A. Rahma, Cut V. Syarira, and Sri Wahdini. "Nutritional Status of School-aged Children with Intestinal Parasite Infection in South Jakarta, Indonesia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (February 18, 2021): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5711.
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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection still high in Indonesia and lead to nutritional disorder, especially in the school-aged children.
AIM: This research conducted to find the association of intestinal parasitic infection to the nutritional status of the children.
METHODS: This was a cross sectional study, conducted in January 2016 in one primary school in South Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia, by collecting the children’s stool from 1st to 5th grade. Direct examination of the stool was conducted in the Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, by Lugol and eosin staining. Nutritional status categorized using BMI chart. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Statistical Product, and Service Solutions version 20.
RESULTS: From the total 157 stool examined in the laboratory, there were 60 (38.2%) children positively infected with various kinds of intestinal parasites. Mostly the infection is caused by Blastocystis hominis, which infects 44 children (69.4%). The other infection is caused by Giardia lamblia (15.3%), Trichuris trichiura (1.4%), and hookworm (1.4%), and mixed infection of B. hominis and Escherichia coli (4.2%) and B. hominis with G. lamblia (4.2%). From the total of infected children, 17 children (28.3%) have BMI below 5th percentile, and it was considered as malnourished. Moreover, 67 uninfected children have normal nutritional status. Statistically, there is an association between intestinal parasitic infection and nutritional status in school-aged children in South Jakarta (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The incidence of intestinal parasitic infection in school-aged children is 38.2%. Moreover, 28.3% of the infected children were malnourished and it is suggested that children with intestinal parasite infection have low nutritional status.
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Papazahariadou, M. G., A. F. Koutinas, T. S. Rallis, and S. T. Haralabidis. "Prevalence of microfilaraemia in episodic weakness and clinically normal dogs belonging to hunting breeds." Journal of Helminthology 68, no. 3 (September 1994): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00014413.
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AbstractBlood samples from 50 dogs with episodic weakness and 50 clinically normal dogs, all belonging to hunting breeds, were examined for microfilariae using the modified Knott's method. The prevalence of microfilaraemia in dogs belonging to the episodic weakness group was 10% for Dirofilaria immitis, 30% for Dirolfilaria repens and 8% for Acanthocheilonema reconditum. In the clinically normal group, the figures were 14% for Dirofilaria repens and 4% for Acanthocheilonema reconditum. The overall percentage of dogs with microfilaraemia in the episodic weakness group was 44 and that of the clinically normal group 16, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.01). The prevalence of microfilaraemia due to the nonpathogenic filarial species (Dirofilaria repens, Acanthocheilonema reconditum) was 34% and 16% for the episodic weakness group and the clinically normal dogs, respectively, with no significant difference.
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Amornpojnimman, Thanyalak, Nuttha Sanghan, Nichanan Ekpitakdamrong, Prut Koonalinthip, Sumonthip Leelawai, and Pornchai Sathirapanya. "Angiostrongylosis meningomyelitis without blood eosinophilia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 1933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.14975.
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Gnathostoma spinigerum usually cause eosinophilic meningitis with associated peripheral blood eosinophilia. A 44-year-old man developed acute paraplegia with bowel and bladder dysfunction. Spinal magnetic resonance images showed a long T2W hyperintensity signal from the 1st to 8th spinal thoracic level. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed eosinophilia and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein, whereas differential leucocytes count in peripheral blood was unremarkable. Positive immunoblot tests for A. cantonensis antibody in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were reported. The patient had neither history of recent traveling to the high endemic areas of the parasite in Thailand, nor consumption the parasitic hosts. Immediate treatment with intravenous pulse methylprednisolone and oral albendazole resulted in complete recovery. Despite an unremarkable differential leucocytes count, absence a history of parasitic hosts consumption, and a less common presentation with meningomyelitis, A. cantonensis should be considered when cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia presents.
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Marcos, L. A., A. Bussalleu, A. Terashima, and J. R. Espinoza. "Detection of antibodies against Fasciola hepatica in cirrhotic patients from Peru." Journal of Helminthology 83, no. 1 (March 2009): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x08067205.
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AbstractThe prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection, in endemic countries, in patients with established cirrhosis is unknown. We hypothesized that, in endemic countries, the presence of fascioliasis may be detected in a serum pool of cirrhotic patients. Forty-four previously stored serum samples of patients with established liver cirrhosis, in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru, were collected from 1998 to 2003 and assessed for hepatitis B, C and fascioliasis antibodies (Fas2 ELISA). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was positive in 8.8% (n = 34), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) in 32.5% (n = 34), hepatitis C antibodies (anti-HCV) in 9.1% (n = 33), and 9.1% (n = 44) were Fas2 ELISA positive. This disease is an example of an emerging tropical infection which can be present in chronic liver diseases, requiring greater clinician awareness especially in endemic rural areas. Further clinical studies are warranted.
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Woo, Ho-Choon, Myung-Deuk Seo, and Sung-Jong Hong. "Surface ultrastructure of juvenile and adult stages of Centrocestus armatus." Journal of Helminthology 72, no. 3 (September 1998): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00016461.
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AbstractCentrocestus armatus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) develops rapidly and produces eggs at 3 days postinfection in albino rats. Excysted metacercariae are pear-shaped and concave ventrally, with 42–44 peg-like circumoral spines. The entire body surface is densely covered with scale-like serrated spines. On juveniles, serration of the tegumental spines is greatest in the middle of the ventral and dorsal surfaces, and decreases anteriorly and posteriorly. Ciliated sensory papillae are concentrated around the oral sucker. Several nonciliated sensory papillae (type II papillae) occur equidistantly on the acetabulum and are arranged in a linear symmetry on the dorsal surface. On adults, the serration of the tegumental spines decreases to 14–17 tips on the ventrolateral surface. The high density of tegumental spines on posterior half of the body and the distribution of type II papillae on dorsal surface are considered to be characteristic of C. armatus.
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Callum, Jack, Duin McDiarmid, Yu Gao, Mark Armstrong, Edna Iavro, and Andrew Steer. "Prevalence of scabies in Sanma Province, Vanuatu." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 8 (June 11, 2019): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz045.
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Abstract Background Scabies is a common, under-reported condition in the Pacific with acute and chronic complications. In this study we explored the prevalence of scabies in Sanma Province, Vanuatu. Methods We randomly selected 30 villages from nine government zones across three islands and examined residents present within these villages for scabies. Bivariate analysis and multilevel models were conducted to investigate associated demographic and household factors. Results Of 1879 participants examined, 563 had scabies (30%, 95% CI 27.9 to 32.1) with the highest prevalence in children aged 6–10 y (38.8%, 95% CI 33.9 to 44). Conclusions Scabies is a significant issue in Sanma with very high prevalence in children.
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Eberhard, M. L., E. Ruiz-Tiben, and S. V. Wallace. "Dracunculus insignis: experimental infection in the ferret,Mustela putorius furo." Journal of Helminthology 62, no. 3 (September 1988): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00011640.
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ABSTRACTThe laboratory study of dracunculiasis has suffered from the lack of a suitable, readily available animal model. We have been able to experimentally infect ferrets,Mustela putorius furo, with the North American dracunculid,Dracunculus insignis. Ferrets were inoculated with 75 to 100 infective larvae and were necropsied 90 to 240 days later. Guinea worms were recovered from 10 (56%) of 18 ferrets. A total of 44 worms were recovered, for an average of 4.4 worms per infected ferret. Gravid female worms were recovered as early as 128 days postinoculation. Thirteen (87%) of 15 gravid female worms were recovered from the extremities. Living male worms were recovered at 200 days of age, indicating that not all male worms die shortly after mating. First-stage larvae recovered from gravid females as early as 200 days of age were found to be infective to the copepod.Acanthocyclops vernalis. These observations suggest that the ferret is an excellent laboratory animal for dracunculiasis research.
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Nollen, P. M. "The mating behaviour of Echinostoma paraensei grown in mice." Journal of Helminthology 70, no. 1 (March 1996): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x0001511x.
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AbstractAdults of Echinostoma paraensei grown in mice were exposed to 3-H-tyrosine and transplanted to uninfected mice singly or with unexposed worms. The presence of sperm labelled with the radioactive tyrosine in the seminal receptacles of labelled and unlabelled worms recovered after 5 days indicated the mating pattern of this species. Of nine isolated, labelled worms recovered, four had self-inseminated (44%). Of the 39 unlabelled found with eight labelled worms, only eight exhibited labelled sperm for a cross-insemination rate of 21%. Six of these eight labelled worms had self-inseminated (75%) in addition to the cross-insemination. This pattern of mating is termed unrestricted, unlike the restricted mating seen in three species of eyeflukes, which will not self-inseminate in groups. In contrast to the other species of echinostomes investigated, very little sperm was found in the seminal receptacles of the serially sectioned E. paraensei. Adults were always found in the duodenum, even when transplanted in the ileum.
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Masraf, Hannah, Temesgen Azemeraw, Meseret Molla, Christopher Iain Jones, Stephen Bremner, Moses Ngari, James A. Berkley, et al. "Excess mortality among people with podoconiosis: secondary analysis of two Ethiopian cohorts." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 1035–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa150.
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Abstract Background While morbidity attributable to podoconiosis is relatively well studied, its pattern of mortality has not been established. Methods We compared the age-standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) of two datasets from northern Ethiopia: podoconiosis patients enrolled in a 1-y trial and a Health and Demographic Surveillance System cohort. Results The annual crude mortality rate per 1000 population for podoconiosis patients was 28.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.3 to 44.8; n=663) while that of the general population was 2.8 (95% CI 2.3 to 3.4; n=44 095). The overall SMR for the study period was 6.0 (95% CI 3.6 to 9.4). Conclusions Podoconiosis patients experience elevated mortality compared with the general population and further research is required to understand the reasons.
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Belal, Mouhammad, Ayman Al-Mariri, Lila Hallab, and Ibtesam Hamad. "Detection of Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) from medicinal plants and spices in Syria." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 02 (February 15, 2013): 082–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2222.
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Introduction: Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging food-borne pathogen that causes severe meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants. These infections have been reported from different parts of the world. The epidemiology and reservoir of Cronobacter spp. are still unknown, and most strains have been isolated from clinical specimens and from a variety of foods, including cheese, meat, milk, vegetables, grains, spices, and herbs. Methodology: Our study aimed to detect and isolate Cronobacter spp. from different Syrian samples of spices, medicinal herbs and liquorices, depending on the pigment production and biochemical profile of isolates and PCR technique. This PCR method, which provides a powerful tool for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of Cronobacter spp., is considered a reliable alternative to traditional bacteriological methods. Results and conclusions: This study revealed that the percentage of Cronobacter spp. was 94%, 52%, and 32% in liquorice, spices and medicinal herbs, respectively. In addition, it assured that the optimal enhancing growth temperature was 44°C, and optimal enhancing growth pH was 5.
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Turhan, Vedat, Mesut Mutluoglu, Ali Acar, Mustafa Hatipoglu, Yalcın Onem, Gunalp Uzun, Hakan Ay, Oral Oncul, and Levent Gorenek. "Increasing incidence of Gram-negative organisms in bacterial agents isolated from diabetic foot ulcers." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 10 (October 15, 2013): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2967.
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Introduction: In the present study, we sought to identify the bacterial organisms associated with diabetic foot infections (DFIs) and their antibiotic sensitivity profiles. Methodology: We retrospectively reviewed the records of wound cultures collected from diabetic patients with foot infections between May 2005 and July 2010. Results: We identified a total of 298 culture specimens (165 [55%] wound swab, 108 [36%] tissue samples, and 25 [9%] bone samples) from 107 patients (74 [69%] males and 33 [31%] females, mean age 62 ± 13 yr) with a DFI. Among all cultures 83.5% (223/267) were monomicrobial and 16.4% (44/267) were polymicrobial. Gram-negative bacterial isolates (n = 191; 61.3%) significantly outnumbered Gram-positive isolates (n = 121; 38.7%). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas species (29.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%), Enterococcus species (11.5%), Escherichia coli (7.1%), and Enterobacter species (7.1%), respectively. While 13.2% of the Gram-negative isolates were inducible beta-lactamase positive, 44.2% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. Conclusions: Our results support the recent view that Gram-negative organisms, depending on the geographical location, may predominate in DFIs.
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Frontera, E., F. Serrano, D. Reina, M. Alcaide, J. Sánchez-López, and I. Navarrete. "Serological responses to Ascaris suum adult worm antigens in Iberian finisher pigs." Journal of Helminthology 77, no. 2 (June 2003): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2002163.
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AbstractAdult Ascaris suum were dissected to obtain different worm components (body wall, body fluid, ovaries, uterus and oesophagus) which were used as antigens when testing 95 sera of naturally A. suum-infected Iberian pigs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB). Pigs with patent Ascaris infections had significantly lower ELISA optical density values than pigs without adult worms when using the body fluid and the body wall as antigens. A poor negative correlation was found between adult intestinal worm burden or eggs in faeces and specific antibody responses, measured by ELISA and WB using all antigens. By WB, the recognition of specific bands was variable, but three groups of bands with molecular weights of 97 kDa, 54–58 kDa and 42–44 kDa were generally recognized by sera from naturally infected pigs as well as from hyperimmunized pigs when using the five antigen extracts. The ELISA and WB techniques may be used for immunodiagnosis, using somatic adult worm antigens, to declare young pigs to be Ascaris-free but cannot be used for individual Ascaris-diagnosis in adult Iberian pigs.
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Bumbulis, Michael J., and Peter W. Pappas. "Partial purification and characterization of a soluble acid phosphatase from the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta." Journal of Helminthology 65, no. 2 (June 1991): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00010543.
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ABSTRACTAn acid phosphatase activity (APA; EC 3.1.3.2) was demonstrated in homogenates of adult Hymenolepis diminuta. The APA was soluble based on the observation that it did not sediment at 130 000 g. APA was partially purified using a combination of differential centrifugation, ammonium sulphate precipitation, chloroform extraction, and gel and fast-protein-liquid-chromatography. This combination of techniques resulted in a preparation with a specific activity approximately 500 times greater than the crude enzyme preparation. The temperature and pH optima of the partially purified APA were 44°C and pH 5·0. The enzyme appeared to be a monomer with a molecular weight of approximately 62 000. APA had a higher affinity for a greater activity towards aromatic than aliphatic phosphoesters and phosphoryl transferase activity was demonstrable using 1-butanol and ethylene glycol as acceptors. APA was inhibited significantly by sodium dodecyl sulphate, fluoride, molybdate and tartrate, but CuSO4 and Fast Garnet GBC were poor inhibitors. The precise cellular localization and function of this enzyme remains unknown since it possesses characteristics of both cytoplasmic and lysosomal APA's of other organisms.
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Lôpo, Sônia Sampaio, Paula Matos Oliveira, Iuri Usêda Santana, Geisa Barbosa Pena, Maria Betânia Torrales, Rita Elizabeth Mascarenhas, Bernardo Galvão-Castro, and Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi. "Evidence of a higher prevalence of HPV infection in HTLV-1-infected women: a cross-sectional study." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 45, no. 3 (June 2012): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822012000300005.
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INTRODUCTION:HTLV-1 infection increases susceptibility to other infections. Few studies have addressed the co-infection between HPV and HTLV-1 and the immune response involved in this interaction. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cervical HPV infection in HTLV-1-infected women and to establish the risk factors involved in this co-infection. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Salvador, Brazil, between September 2005 and December 2008, involving 50 HTLV-1-infected women from the HTLV Reference Center and 40 uninfected patients from gynecological clinic, both at the Bahiana School of Medicine. HPV infection was assessed using hybrid capture. HTLV-1 proviral load was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The mean age of HTLV-1-infected women (38 ± 10 years) was similar to that of the control group (36 ± 13 years). The prevalence of HPV infection was 44% in the HTLV-1-infected group and 22.5% in uninfected women (p = 0.03). HTLV-1-infected women had lower mean age at onset of sexual life (17 ± 3 years versus 19 ± 3 years; p = 0.03) and greater number of lifetime partners compared with the control group (4 ± 3 versus 2 ± 1; p < 0.01). In the group of HTLV-1-infected patients, there was neither difference in HTLV-1 proviral load between HPV-infected women and the uninfected. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HPV infection was higher in HTLV-1-infected women. Further studies should be performed to evaluate the progression of this co-infection.
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Omatola, Cornelius Arome, Bernard Anyebe Onoja, and Joseph Agama. "Detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Febrile Patients in Ankpa, Kogi State, Nigeria." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2020 (February 11, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5136785.
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Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has become a significant public health problem in developing countries, and the high rate of morbidity and mortality from acute and chronic infections is worrisome. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence of HBV and associated risk factors in Ankpa, Kogi State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods. Sera randomly collected from 200 participants in three public hospitals in Ankpa were screened for HBsAg using commercially available HBsAg rapid test kit (Swe-Care (R), China). Structured questionnaires were used to obtain sociodemographic details and history of exposure to risk factors. Results. Seventeen (8.5%) of the 200 patients were positive for HBsAg. Males had higher prevalence (10.89%) than females (6.06%). The age group with the highest rate of infection was 24–44 years. Patient’s occupation and marital status were significantly higher in relation to HBsAg seropositivity. Risks of HBV infection in Ankpa are sharing of sharp objects (OR = 11.62, 95% CI, 3.59–37.59), multiple sexual partners (OR = 3.39, 95% CI, 1.23–9.38), blood transfusion (OR = 13.74, 95% CI, 4.22–44.71), surgeries (OR = 3.02, 95% CI, 1.03–8.83), alcoholism (OR = 6.94, 95% CI, 2.32–20.75), mouth-to-mouth kissing (p=0.001), and contact with HBV patient (OR = 4.14, 95% CI, 1.01–17.06). People without prior knowledge of HBV infection were more infected. Conclusion. This study reaffirms the endemicity of HBV in a part of sub-Saharan African country. Public health practitioners should focus attention on apparently healthy patients in developing countries. We suggest inclusion of HBsAg screening for patients coming for routine hospital care.
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Moehario, Lucky H., Tasia Esterita, Valencia Shirleen, Thomas Robertus, and Yohanna Angelina. "Association of Acinetobacter Baumannii with invasive procedures in hospitalized patients in Jakarta." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 1455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12525.
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Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii, a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative opportunist has been known among the cause of nosocomial infection. Risk factors of infection related to A. baumannii have been reported elsewhere. This study aimed to find the association of A. baumannii positive culture and invasive procedures in patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit and Hospital ward in Jakarta. Methodology: This study was a retrospective, 1:1 matched case-control study with total sampling method from in-patients in the ICU and the Internal Medicine Wards (IMW) of a Private Hospital, North Jakarta in 2015 - 2018. Data retrieved were positive culture of A. baumannii. Positive cultures of multi-sensitive bacteria were included as a control group. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: A total of 88 in-patients were studied, and A. baumannii isolates were identified from 44 patients. Most of A. baumannii showed resistant to almost all antibiotics tested, except for colistin. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association of A. baumannii positive culture and the use of ventilator in the ICU (p = 0,039), and with urinary catheters in the IMW (p = 0,022). Multivariate analysis showed that length of stay also has a significant association to A. baumannii positive culture in the ICU. Conclusion: The use of ventilators and urinary catheters showed a significant association with Acinetobacter baumannii positive culture in patients in the ICU and in the IMW respectively. All of the A. baumannii isolates were susceptible to colistin.
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Rafila, Alexandru, Alexander Indra, Gabriel Adrian Popescu, Günther Wewalka, Franz Allerberger, Serban Benea, Ioana Badicut, Richard Aschbacher, and Steliana Huhulescu. "Occurrence of Clostridium difficile infections due to PCR ribotype 027 in Bucharest, Romania." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 06 (June 11, 2014): 694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4435.
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Introduction: Little is known about prevailing ribotypes of Clostridium difficile infection in Romania where CDI is not a mandatory notifiable disease. Methodology: We studied 64 non-duplicate C. difficile isolates from patients hospitalised at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania between March 2011 and March 2012. Results: Sixty-three of the 64 C. difficile isolates produced toxins A and B whereas 44 (69%) isolates produced a binary toxin. Ribotype 027 accounted for 43 (68%) of the 63 toxigenic strains. The remaining 20 isolates belonged to ribotypes 018 (n = 9), 012 (n = 3), and, with one isolate each, 014, 031, 081, 416, 433, 500, 507 and PR03035 (new ribotype). Information on hospital mortality was available for 62 of the 64 patients; among these 62 cases, 4 (6.4%) ended fatal. Recurrence was documented for 11 (18.3%) of the 60 patients for whom this information was available. Multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of the 43 isolates of ribotype 027 yielded a unique cluster for the Romanian isolates when compared to Austrian or Italian isolates. Conclusion: Our findings sustain the hypothesis of a recent emerged outbreak of C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 infections in the area of Bucharest.
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Quadros, Rosiléia Marinho de, Jary André Carneiro Júnior, and Carlos José Raupp Ramos. "Toxocara cati (zeder, 1800) em felinos selvagens na região serrana de Santa Catarina, Brasil." Pubvet 16, no. 9 (September 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v16n09a1207.1-7.
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Os animais silvestres hospedam uma ampla gama de parasitas que são agentes de doenças primárias ou oportunistas. O estudo da parasitologia de animais silvestres é essencial, pois esses animais são hospedeiros e reservatórios, influenciando o ecossistema e o ambiente natural e doméstico. De agosto de 2007 a 2012, sete felinos selvagens adultos foram encontrados mortos em rodovias federais e estaduais. Entre eles, havia três Puma concolor (dois machos e uma fêmea), dois Leopardus tigrinus (um macho e uma fêmea) e dois Puma yagouaroundi (dois machos). P. concolor apresentou as maiores taxas (56,35%) de infecção parasitária (111 em 197), seguido por P. yagouaroundi com 22,34% (44 em 197) e L. tigrinus, que apresentou 21,32% (42 em 197). No entanto, quanto ao sexo desses parasitas, 55,84% (110 de 197) de T. cati eram fêmeas e 44,16% (87 de 197) eram machos. A detecção de ascarídeos em felinos selvagens traz contribuições essenciais para a ecologia, relações entre parasitas, presas e predadores. Essas espécies precisam de grandes extensões para seu deslocamento e busca de alimentos e, portanto, representam uma ameaça aos carnívoros domésticos, à saúde humana e, acima de tudo, uma grave ameaça aos felinos ameaçados de extinção como os apresentados neste artigo.
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Kashefieh, Mehdi, Hassan Hosainzadegan, Shabnam Baghbanijavid, and Reza Ghotaslou. "The Molecular Epidemiology of Resistance to Antibiotics among Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Azerbaijan, Iran." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9195184.
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Introduction. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections in the world. This study was conducted to investigate the molecular epidemiology of drug resistance in clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae in Azerbaijan, Iran. Materials and Methods. A total of 100 nonduplicated isolates were obtained from the different wards of Azerbaijan state hospitals, Iran, from 2019 to 2020. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done. The DNA was extracted, and the PCR for evaluation of the resistance genes was carried out. Results. The highest antibiotic resistance was shown to ampicillin (96%), and the highest susceptibility was shown to tigecycline (9%), and 85% of isolates were multidrug resistant. The most frequent ESBL gene in the tested isolates was blaSHV-1 in 58%, followed by blaCTXM-15 (55%) and blaSHV-11(42%). The qepA, oqxB, and oqxA genes were found to be 95%, 87.5%, and 70%, respectively. We detected tetB in 42%, tetA in 32%, tetD in 21%, and tetC in 16%. Seventy isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole, and the rate of resistance genes was sul1 in 71%, followed by sul2 (43%), dfr (29%), and sul3 (7%). The most common aminoglycoside resistance genes were ant3Ia, aac6Ib, aph3Ib, and APHs in 44%, 32%, 32%, and 31.4%, respectively. The most frequent resistance gene to fosfomycin was fosA (40%) and fosX (40%) followed by fosC (20%). Conclusion. The results of this study indicate the high frequency of drug resistance among K. pneumoniae isolated from hospitals of Azerbaijan state. The present study shows the presence of high levels of drug-resistant genes in various antibiotics, which are usually used in the treatment of infections due to K. pneumoniae.
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Meo, Sultan Ayoub, Abdulaziz Hassan Alsomali, Abdullah Abdulrahman Almushawah, and Anusha Sultan Meo. "Epidemiological Trends of Human Monkeypox Cases in Northern, Southern, Western, and Eastern Regions in Europe: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (September 7, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4042962.
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Background. The growing amount of monkeypox cases in non-endemic regions raises concerns in societies as a potential pandemic. This study highlights the prevalence and epidemiological trends of a human monkeypox outbreak in various regions in Europe. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The data about the monkeypox outbreak in European countries were recorded by the World Health Organization (WHO), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports. The period prevalence-based data were recorded from Jan 1, 2022, to July 7, 2022, and analyzed, and epidemiological trends were established in different European regions and countries. Results. In Europe, the human monkeypox rapidly spread in all the four subregions and involved 30 European countries, infecting 6077 people. The rising number of monkeypox cases is identified in Western Europe, 2599 (42.76%); Southern Europe, 1932 (31.79%); Northern Europe, 1487 (24.46%); and Eastern Europe, 59 (0.97%). In Western Europe, significant cases are found in Germany (1304), France (604), the Netherlands (352), Belgium (168), and Switzerland (131). In Northern Europe, it is found in the United Kingdom (1351), Ireland (44), Sweden (28), and Denmark (26); in Southern Europe, it is found in Spain (1256), Portugal (415), and Italy (233). However, a smaller number of cases are found in Eastern European states, Hungary (22), Poland (13), and Romania (12). The results further revealed that the number of monkeypox cases per million people in Northern Europe was 14.40%; Southern Europe, 13.49%; Western Europe, 13.26%; and Eastern Europe, 0.70%. The highest monkeypox cases per million population are found in Portugal, 40.70; Gibraltar, 29.68; Spain, 26.86; the United Kingdom, 19.90; Malta, 18.12; the Netherlands, 20.54; Germany, 15.56; Switzerland, 15.14; Belgium, 14.50; France, 9.27; and Ireland, 8.90. Conclusions. In a short period, the monkeypox cases swiftly spread in 30 non-endemic European countries and involved all four European regions. The healthcare authorities must take timely decisions to control the outbreak of human monkeypox disease, as the world cannot afford the global burden of human monkeypox outbreak as another potential pandemic.
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Batista, Patricia, Vitor Duque, Ana Luzio-Vaz, and Anabela Pereira. "Anxiety impact during COVID-19: a systematic review." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12730.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 epidemic has been causing serious physical, but also psychological effects in society. This systematic review sought to identify studies that describe COVID-19 related anxiety, and to understand the impact of anxiety assessment in defining strategies to be implemented in future studies.
Methodology: This systematic review included cross-sectional studies with no publication year limit. It was performed a systematic search through three databases, namely, PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science using the descriptors “COVID-19” and “anxiety”. PRISMA criteria reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses were applied. Eligible articles were selected in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were: research articles related with anxiety measurement during the COVID-19 outbreak; interventions to reduce anxiety; and published in English.
Results: From 44 references, just four scientific articles were accepted for inclusion within this review. These studies were analyzed regarding their sample, methodology, instruments used, and its results.
Conclusions: This systematic review was based on published data at the onset of the pandemic, and it could serve as a basis for the development of implementations plans to improve anxiety disorders. The importance of this theme, the implications and potential directions for future investigations will be discussed.
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Kaya, Onur, Fusun Zeynep Akcam, Ibak Gonen, Onur Unal, and Tennure Ceylan. "Risk factors for bacteremia due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a Turkish hospital." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 07 (July 15, 2013): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2788.
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Introduction: Bloodstream infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogens has become a serious concern worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for bacteremia due to ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in a Turkish hospital. Methodology: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with E. coli bacteremia in a tertiary care centre from January 2007 to October 2011. Data from patients such as demographic features, underlying conditions, and antibiotic exposure were analysed. Results: A total of 113 patients with bacteremia due to E. coli were included and data from patients with ESBL-producing E. coli (case patients) were compared to those with non-ESBL-producing E. coli (control patients). The frequency of ESBL producers was 38.9% (44/113). Exposure to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, history of intra-abdominal surgery intervention, and presence of central venous catheteter and urinary catheteter were more frequently detected among case patients (P < 0.05). Independent risk factors for bacteremia due to ESBL-producing E. coli were exposure to fluoroquinolones (OR 13.39, 95% CI 1.28-140.03) and cephalosporins (OR 3.48, 95% CI 1.03-11.74). Conclusions: Previous use of fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin in patients with bacteremia caused by E. coli increased the risk for ESBL-producing strains.
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Percin, Duygu, Yasemin Ay Altintop, and Bulent Sumerkan. "Ten-year surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in central Turkey prior to the introduction of a conjugate vaccine." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 09 (May 4, 2010): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.834.
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Introduction: The aim of this study was to characterize the serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in central Turkey. Methodology: A total of 332 invasive S. pneumoniae isolates were identified, serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by routine microbiological methods. Results: The most common serogroups/serotypes were 1, 19, 3, 18, 6, 14, and 7 in rank order. Serogroup/serotype coverage of the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, and the 7-, 10-, and 13-valent conjugate vaccines were 96%, 44%, 78.6%, 96.4%, respectively. Overall, 20 (6%) of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, 1 (0.3%) to cefotaxime, 20 (6%) to erythromycin, 13 (4%) to cloramphenicol, and 120 (36%) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole. Among cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) isolates, 20 (18.5%) were resistant to penicillin (26.3% and 11.5%, respectively, of child and adult meningitis cases; p≥0.05). Conclusions: Although the seven-valent conjugate vaccine is expected to protect less than half of children younger than three years of age, of the incorporation of this vaccine into the routine immunization program of Turkey is advised to continue. However, the 13-valent conjugate vaccine, including serotypes 1, 3, 5, and 7, has the most potential prevent the highest burden of invasive pneumococcal diseases in this age group.
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Costa-Pereira, R., F. Paiva, and L. E. R. Tavares. "Variation in the parasite community of the sardine fishTriportheus nematurus(Actinopterygii: Characidae) from the Medalha lagoon in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 3 (March 18, 2013): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x1300014x.
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AbstractIn July 2009 and July 2010 (two dry periods separated by an atypically large flood in the Pantanal wetland of Brazil), 34 and 33 specimens of the sardine fishTriportheus nematuruswere collected, respectively, for the study of the metazoan parasite community of this species. Parasite ecological and community descriptors were calculated for both host samples, and possible similarities were tested statistically. Five species of metazoan parasites were identified, four of which were common to both host samples. A total of 61 metazoan parasites were collected from all fish hosts (17 specimens in July 2009 (mean: 0.5 ± 0.66 parasites/fish) and 44 specimens in July 2010 (mean: 1.33 ± 1.41 parasites/fish)). The nematodeProcamallanus hilariiand the monogeneanAnacanthorussp. were the most prevalent and abundant species in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The mean total abundance and species richness were significantly higher in 2010. Parasite communities in both samples ofT. nematuruswere characterized by species with low prevalence, abundance, mean total abundance and species richness, thus indicating low parasite diversity. Significant differences in the prevalence and abundance ofP. hilariiandAnacanthorussp. between the two samples allowed the discrimination of infracommunities, which were united in two distinct groups. This appears to be the first evidence that the peculiar hydrological dynamics of the southern Pantanal wetland (Brazil) exert an important influence over the structure of the parasite community.
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Nwosu, C. O., A. F. Ogunrinade, and B. O. Fagbemi. "Prevalence and seasonal changes in the gastro-intestinal helminths of Nigerian goats." Journal of Helminthology 70, no. 4 (December 1996): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00015625.
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AbstractA total of 120 gastro-intestinal tracts and 960 faecal samples were examined to assess the prevalence and seasonal changes in the gastro-intestinal helminth parasites of Red Sokoto (maradi) goats slaughtered at Ibadan between May 1991 and April 1992. Egg types of strongyles, Strongyloides, Trichuris, Skrjabinema, Dicrocoelium and Moniezia were encountered in 93%, 83%, 44%, 0.9%, 2.3% and 31% of the faecal samples respectively. However, only strongyle, Strongyloides and Trichuris eggs occurred in large numbers and were more common during the rainy season than in the dry season. The parasites recorded and their prevalences were Haemonchus contortus (90.0%), H. ovis (5.0%), Strongyloides papillosus (80.8%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (78.3%), T. axei (69.2%), Trichuris ovis (72.5%), T. globulosa (38.3%), Oesophagostomum columbianum (67.5%), Cooperia curticei (58.3%) Gaigeria pachyscelis (40.8%), Skrjabinema ovis (5.0%), Nematodirus battus (5.8%), Moniezia expansa (29.2%), M. benedeni (10.0%), Paramphistomum spp. (5.0%) and Cysticercus tenuicollis (33.3%). Haemonchus ovis is reported for the first time in Nigeria. Mixed infections were most prevalent. Young goats were more commonly infected and had higher worm counts than adult goats. Only Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Strongyloides and Cooperia spp. occurred in large numbers. Irrespective of the age of the goats, higher worm counts were generally encountered during the rainy season than in the dry season. The results are discussed in relation to the control of helminthiasis in grazing animals in Nigeria.
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Raičević, Jelena G., Ivan N. Pavlović, and Tamara A. Galonja-Coghill. "Canine intestinal parasites as a potential source of soil contamination in the public areas of Kruševac, Serbia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12694.
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Introduction: Environmental contamination by infected canine faeces presents an indirect source of contamination in people. In this research the presence of parasitic elements in canine faeces found in the public areas of Kruševac was examined.
Methodology: During May and October 2018, 282 samples were collected from different public areas (ten kindergartens, six public squares and four parks). The examination of faeces was performed by means of direct smear and flotation. For statistical testing of the difference between the frequencies of attributes χ2 test was applied.
Results: Out of 282 samples, 221 (78.4%) were positive, of which 17/20 (85.0%) from kindergartens, 125/160 (78.1%) from parks and 79/102 (77.5%) from public squares. The presence of Ancylostomatidae spp. was discovered in 113 (40.1%) samples, Toxocara canis in 82 (29.1%), Dipylidium caninum in 76 (27.0%), Giardia intestinalis in 45 (16.0%), Taenia spp. in 44 (15.6%), Amoeba spp. in 32 (11.3%), Trichuris vulpis in 19 (6.7%), Toxascaris leonina in 18 (6.4%), Strongyloides stercoralis in 17 (6.0%), Isospora spp. in 7 (2.5%) and Cryptosporidium spp. in 3 (1.1%). In May there were 115/141 (81.6%) positive samples, whereas in October there were 106/141 (72.5%) positive ones. No positive sample with three or four parasites was found in October.
Conclusions: This study shows that canine faeces from public areas in Kruševac can be the cause of a significant environmental contamination by eggs of canine intestinal parasites as well as of human infections.
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Buha, Ivana, Vesna Škodrić-Trifunović, Marina Anđelković, Sonja Pavlović, Miša Vreća, Mihailo Stjepanović, Jelena Milin-Lazović, Marko Simić, Gordana Antonijević, and Vesna Spasovski. "Association between active pulmonary tuberculosis and miRNA-146a: A preliminary study from Serbia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 08 (August 30, 2022): 1317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.16721.
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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant public health problem. The role of small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), was investigated extensively in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection as well as in a variety of other pathophysiological processes in recent years. It was found that miRNAs act as regulators of both early reaction to MTB infection and in process of adaptation of the host immune cells during latent course of the disease. Molecule miRNA-146a is expressed exclusively in immune cells and it has the most prominent role in modulation of innate immunity.
Methodology: We investigated the level of expression of miRNA-146a using an RT-qPCR technique in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 44 patients with active pulmonary TB and 17 healthy individuals. We also analyzed the significance of miRNA-146a rs2910164 SNV for expression profile of miRNA-146a, in order to investigate potential usage of miRNA-146a as a biomarker for TB.
Results: There was statistically significant decrease of expression of miRNA-146a in TB group compared to control group. When gender cohorts were analyzed, the expression levels in TB male and TB female subgroup were significantly lower than the expression levels in the same gender control subgroups.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that miRNA-146a plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of TB, suggesting that miRNA-146a could be used as a biomarker for active pulmonary TB.
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Talukder, Sudipta, Md Mehedi Hasan, Amit Kumar Mandal, Syeda Tanjina Tasmim, Mst Sonia Parvin, Md Yamin Ali, Azimun Nahar, Md Zahorul Islam, and Md Taohidul Islam. "Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella in chickens, sewage, and workers of broiler farms in selected areas of Bangladesh." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 08 (August 31, 2021): 1155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.14100.
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Introduction: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and AMR pattern of Salmonella isolated from broiler chickens, farm sewage, and farm workers. This study also aimed at identifying the risk factors for Salmonella infection in chickens.
Methodology: Cloacal swabs (n = 50) from broiler chickens, farm sewage (n = 50), and hand washed water of farm workers (n = 50) were collected along with data on farm management and antimicrobial usage from 50 broiler farms of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts. All samples were analysed for the presence of Salmonella using selective media and PCR assay. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done for ten antimicrobials by disk diffusion test. Risk factor analyses were carried out by multivariable logistic regression using SPSS.
Results: The overall Salmonella prevalence was 66% (99/150). Salmonella prevalence were 82% and 72% in cloacal swabs and farm sewage samples, respectively. From hand washed water, 44% of the samples were positive for Salmonella. Salmonella infection in broiler chickens was significantly associated with farming experience (≤ 5 years) and age of birds (≥ 11 days). Similar pattern of antimicrobial resistance was observed in Salmonella isolated from three types of samples, and high resistances were observed to colistin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime. Moreover, isolates from all the three sources showed high percentage of multidrug-resistance (80.6% to 97.6%).
Conclusions: The findings of this study reveal that antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella are prevailing at animal-human-environment interface, which needs an integrated approach to limit further spread of AMR.
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Melo, Elizabete Santos, Marcela Antonini, Christefany Régia Braz Costa, William Sorensen, Elucir Gir, and Renata Karina Reis. "Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in people living with HIV in São Paulo, Brazil." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 01 (January 31, 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11326.
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Introduction: HIV infection as a chronic disease has emerged from treatment advances over the past three decades. From this perspective, the diseases associated with AIDS are not a main threat for patients who use Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). A new set of HIV associated complications have emerged resulting in comorbidities related to aging and ART exposure as cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factors in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Brazil.
Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at all Specialized Care Services for people living with HIV in the Southeast of Brazil. A sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire was used and cardiovascular risk assessed through the Framingham Score. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression.
Results: The majority were male, over 40 years old and they showed a mean age of 44 years. Current hypertension, diabetes, altered body mass index, presence of metabolic syndrome and altered abdominal circumference were also associated with cardiovascular risk. After regression analysis, male sex, older age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were related as predictive factors for a higher cardiovascular risk.
Conclusions: The results demonstrate that combination of the prevention of modifiable risk factors with considerable changes in lifestyle are determining factors for success in the therapeutic of PLWH. High levels of motivation are essential for behavioral changes, and nurses are ideally position to provide safe care with nonpharmacological strategies for CVD risk reduction.
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Pilger, Daniel, Jörg Heukelbach, Alexander Diederichs, Beate Schlosser, Cinthya Pereira Leite Costa Araújo, Anne Keysers, Oliver Liesenfeld, and Hermann Feldmeier. "Anemia, leukocytosis and eosinophilia in a resource-poor population with helmintho-ectoparasitic coinfection." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 04 (November 10, 2010): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1688.
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Introduction: Eosinophilia and anemia are very common hematological alterations in the tropics but population-based studies scrutinizing their value for diagnosing parasitic infections are rare. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural district in northeast Brazil where parasitic infections are common. Stool and blood samples were collected and individuals were clinically examined for the presence of ectoparasites. Results: In total, 874 individuals were examined. Infection with intestinal helminths occurred in 70% (95% CI 67 - 75), infestation with ectoparasites in 45% (95% CI 42 - 49) and co-infection with both helminths and ectoparasites was found in 33% (95% CI 29% - 36%) of all inhabitants. Eosinophil counts ranged from 40/µl to 13.800/µl (median: 900/µl). Haemoglobin levels ranged from 4.8 g/dl to 16.8 g/dl (median: 12.5 g/dl), and anemia was present in 24% of the participants. Leukocytosis was found in 13%, eosinophilia in 74%, and hypereosinophilia in 44% of the participants. Eosinophilia was more pronounced in individuals co-infected with intestinal helminths and ectoparasites (p < 0.001) and correctly predicted parasitic infection in 87% (95% CI 84%-90.7%) of all cases. Conclusions: Eosinophilia is strongly associated with the presence of intestinal helminthiases and accentuated by co-infestation with ectoparasites. Our study confirms in a population with high prevalence of intestinal helminthiases and ectoparasites that eosinophilia can be used to accurately diagnose current parasitic infection and initiate treatment.
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Lira, Myrella Cariry, Paricia Emília Naves Givisiez, Francisca Geovânia Canafístula De Sousa, Marciane Magnani, Evandro Leite De Souza, Denis Augusto Spricigo, Wondwossen Abebe Gebreyes, and Celso José Bruno De Oliveira. "Biofilm-forming and antimicrobial resistance traits of staphylococci isolated from goat dairy plants." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 09 (September 30, 2016): 932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6714.
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Introduction: Biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance is of increasing importance to the maintenance and spread of foodborne pathogens in the food industry. This study aimed to investigate the ability to form biofilm and the antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci contaminating small-scale goat milk dairy plants. Methodology: Sixty isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance against 20 drugs by the microdilution method. Biofilm-forming traits were assessed by the microtiter plate method (MtP), Congo red agar method (CRA), and icaD gene detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: High antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin (60/60; 100%), penicillin G (21/60; 35%), and erythromycin (15/60; 25%) was observed, but all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/K-clavulanate, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, linezolid, and moxifloxacin. No resistance to oxacillin or vancomycin was seen among Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-seven isolates (27/60; 45%) were considered to form biofilm according to MtP, and similar biofilm-producing frequencies were observed in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (20/44; 45.4%) and S. aureus (7/16; 43.7%). The icaD gene was observed only in S. aureus isolates. There was no association between biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance. A higher frequency of biofilm-producing staphylococci was found in isolates from bulk tank milk and hand swabs. On the other hand, isolates from pasteurized milk showed lower frequency of biofilm formation. Conclusions: Staphylococci contaminating goat dairy plants are potential biofilm producers. The results suggest no association between the ability to form biofilm and antimicrobial resistance.
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Fried, B., and E. L. Ponder. "Effects of temperature on survival, infectivity and in vitro encystment of the cercariae of Echinostoma caproni." Journal of Helminthology 77, no. 3 (September 2003): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2003178.
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AbstractThe effects of temperature on survival, infectivity and in vitro encystment of Echinostoma caproni cercariae in artificial spring water (ASW) were studied. Effects of aging cercariae in ASW at various temperatures showed that at 23°C cercariae achieved 50% survival in 24 h, compared to 92 h at 12°C. Cercariae aged in ASW at 28 and 37.5°C showed 50% survival at 16 and 10 h, respectively. Cercariae aged at different temperatures for various times were used to infect juvenile Helisoma trivolvis (Colorado strain) snails maintained in ASW at 23°C. Index of infectivity was based on counting encysted metacercariae in the snails at 8 to 12 h post-infection. Cercariae aged at 23, 28 and 37.5°C showed 50% encystment at 6, 8 and 4 h, respectively. Cercariae aged at 4°C showed 50% encystment in 10 h and cercariae aged at 12°C showed 50% encystment beyond 16 h. Cercariae showed maximal longevity and infectivity in snails when aged at 12°C in ASW. For E. caproni, as in other digeneans, the infective period of cercariae is markedly shorter than the maximal life-span at any given temperature. Studies on in vitro encystment of E. caproni cercariae in Locke's solution:ASW (1:1) showed that encystment was optimal at 23°C (78% encystment) and that it declined to 44% at 28°C and became almost nil (0.02%) at 12 or 37.5°C.
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Niyibizi, Jean Baptiste, and Emmanuel Kamana Gatera. "Diagnostic Performance between Histidine-Rich Protein 2 (HRP-2), a Rapid Malaria Diagnostic Test and Microscopic-Based Staining Techniques for Diagnosis of Malaria." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2020 (March 27, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5410263.
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Malaria presents a diagnostic challenge in most tropical countries such as Rwanda. Microscopy remains the gold standard for diagnosing malaria, but it is labor intensive and depends upon the skill of the examiner. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been developed as an easy, convenient alternative to microscopy. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Rukara Health Center which is located in Eastern Province, Kayonza district, Rwanda. One hundred and fifty suspected cases of malaria, who attended Rukara Health Centre, during the period, from 21st June to 30th July 2018, were included in this study. HRP-2 RDTs (CareStart™ Malaria HRP-2 (Access Bio, Inc., Somerset, New Jersey, USA)), for malaria were performed. Thick smears were prepared and Giemsa-stained as recommended; then slides were observed under microscopy and reported quantitatively; RDTs were reported qualitatively (positive or negative). Both RDTs and thick smear results were recorded on data collection sheet. This study included a total of 150 study participants, 87 (58%) females and 63 (42%) males. The patients included in the study did not receive any antimalarial drug. The mean age of the study participants was 31.6 ± 12.4 with the majority of participants being between 25 and 44 years and the minority being above 65 years. The sensitivity of RDT (HRP-2) was calculated and found to be 95.0%, whereas the sensitivity of Giemsa microscopy was 100%. The specificity of RDT (HRP-2) was calculated and found to be 59.2%, whereas the specificity of Giemsa microscopy was 100%. Negative and positive predictive values of RDT are 85.4% and 82.7%, respectively. Negative and positive predictive values of Giemsa microscopy were both 100%. According to the results of the current study, the sensitivity, specificity, and both positive and negative predictive values of Giemsa microscopy are higher than those of histidine-rich protein 2-based rapid diagnostic test for malaria. The results obtained in histidine-rich protein 2-based rapid diagnostic test for malaria parasites should be confirmed with tests with high specificity. Further studies should determine the most appropriate type of rapid diagnostic test of malaria diagnosis to be used in combination with Giemsa microscopy. In addition, sensitivity and specificity of RDT (HRP-2) and Giemsa microscopy should be assessed against molecular biology techniques.
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Gebrewold, Gashaw, Timothy J. Colston, Ashebir Abebe, Karifa Kourouma, Robinah Najjemba, Demise Mulugeta, Hailu Lumma, et al. "Distribution of snake species and snakebites in hotspots of Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 08.1 (August 31, 2022): 45S—51S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.15973.
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Introduction: In Sub-Saharan Africa, snakebites are a public health problem. In Ethiopia, clinical cases have been described, but little information exists on snakebites burden and its geographical distribution. The aim of this study was to document the spatial distribution of venomous snakes and snakebites in Ethiopia.
Methodology: In a cross-sectional observational study, venomous snakes were collected during snake catching activities in six Ethiopian hotspot areas between April 2015 and September 2020. Species and habitat were described. In the hotspot areas, routine health information data on reported snakebites was collected in 78 districts and subsequently used to map annual incidence per district.
Result: A total of 333 snakes were collected and 14 species were identified. The most prevalent species were Bitis arietans, Bitis arietanus somalica, Echis pyramidum, known as vipers, and Naja pallida, known as cobra. The highest number of snakes (75) was observed in the Northwest and Eastern parts of Ethiopia, mostly in cultivation and man-made farm land, wooded and moist dry savanna. In each hotspot a wide variety of species was observed, although composition was different. The highest snakebite incidence overlapped with the high snakes densities in Northwest Ethiopia. The snakebite annual average incidence at district level was very heterogeneous and ranged from < 15 cases/100,000 inhabitants (44% of the districts) to 309.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants.
Conclusions: Snake diversity and distribution, linked to high incidence of snakebites in the hotspots, suggests a close interconnection between human, animal and environmental systems and could inform the need for antivenoms per geographical locality.