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Journal articles on the topic '4D development'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 17 July 2025

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1

Tanaka, Hirokazu, and Mutsuko Sasaki. "Four-dimensional Ultrasound Evaluation of Fetal Neurobehavioral Development." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 3 (2010): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1146.

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Abstract The introduction of four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound techniques would facilitate fetal behavioral assessment in three-dimensions in realtime during pregnancy. We describe the latest 4D sonographic studies on fetal behavior, especially fetal whole-body movements and facial expressions in all three trimesters of pregnancy and the continuation of behavior from the fetal to neonatal period. Moreover, we introduce a new scoring system (KANET, Kurjak Antenatal Neurological Test) for assessment of the fetal neurological status using 4D ultrasound. 4D ultrasound also facilitated the evaluatio

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Yamasaki, Kenichi, Naoki Suzuki, Asaki Hattori, Akihiro Takatsu, and Akihiko Uchiyama. "The Development of 4D Muscle Model for 4D Quantitative Movement Analysis." Journal of Japan Society of Computer Aided Surgery 2, no. 1 (2000): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5759/jscas1999.2.22.

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Li, Xin, Jianzhong Shang, and Zhuo Wang. "Intelligent materials: a review of applications in 4D printing." Assembly Automation 37, no. 2 (2017): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-11-2015-093.

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Purpose The paper aims to promote the development of intelligent materials and the 4D printing technology by introducing recent advances and applications of additive layered manufacturing (ALM) technology of intelligent materials and the development of the 4D printing technology. Also, an arm-type ALM technology of shape memory polymer (SMP) with thermosetting polyurethane is briefly introduced. Design/methodology/approach This paper begins with an overview of the development and applications of intelligent materials around the world and the 4D printing technology. Then, the authors provide a

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Indaryanti, Rosita Budi, Harsono Harsono, Sutama Sutama, Budi Murtiyasa, and Bambang Soemardjoko. "4D Research and Development Model: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Review." Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah 25, no. 1 (2025): 91–98. https://doi.org/10.31599/na7deq07.

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The 4D model—Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate—is a widely recognized framework for research and development (R&D), particularly in educational innovation. This systematic literature review (SLR) examines the implementation trends, challenges, and opportunities of the 4D model across various fields, analyzing 50 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2013 and 2023 using PRISMA guidelines. Results indicate that the 4D model is predominantly applied in educational contexts, such as curriculum design and instructional material development, with limited adoption in non-educati

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Lupeikis, Kęstutis, and Algimantas M. Mačiulis. "4D ARCHITEKTŪROJE." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 35, no. 1 (2011): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tpa.2011.04.

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Recently, among other processes in modern architecture, a lot more attention is expressed towards the fourth dimension (4D). This process is caused as an opposition to pragmatic functionalism, utilitarity, unification, formal deconstructyvism, sophistication. The expression of 4D in contemporary architecture is an intention to change the face of modern architecture, giving it more expressiveness, modern innovation. It results in specific aims and priorities of architectural expression. Architecture of today contains a variety of artistic areas (video, installation, painting, sculpture, graphic

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Lukin, Izeia, Saioa Musquiz, Itsasne Erezuma, et al. "Can 4D bioprinting revolutionize drug development?" Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 14, no. 10 (2019): 953–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2019.1636781.

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Gorbi Irawan, Ade, Ni nyoman Padmadewi, and Luh Putu Artini. "Instructional materials development through 4D model." SHS Web of Conferences 42 (2018): 00086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184200086.

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This research aimed at developing Instructional materials for the second semester students in economy faculty of Panji Sakti University. This research was a Research and Development (R & D) study. The type of the research was 4D model The steps of this study were: (1)Define,(2) Design, (3)Develop, and (3)Disseminate. In the “Define” step, There were two questionnaires employed in the research: (1) needs analysis questionnaire (2) expert judgment questionnaire. The needs analysis questionnaire was distributed to the students to identify the target needs and the learning needs of the student

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Herr, Meryl. "The 4D-R Method of Imagining the Future, Part 2: Considerations on Design, Development, and Use." Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 14, no. 2 (2017): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073989131701400213.

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To fill a methodological gap in vocational discipleship methods, the author developed the 4D-R method for vocational discipleship. The author then embedded the 4D-R method in a reflective journal and conducted a qualitative study to understand adult evangelical Christians' experience with the 4D-R method. This article presents findings related to the design, development, and use of the 4D-R method.

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Zhang, Li, and Tian-liang Jin. "Predictive value and accuracy of prenatal four-dimensional color ultrasound for fetal abnormal development." Medicine 102, no. 32 (2023): e34553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000034553.

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To investigate the value and accuracy of prenatal GE-E10 ultrasound Equipment in predicting fetal abnormal development. 160 pregnant women and women who received prenatal ultrasound examination were selected. Before delivery, all pregnant women were examined by conventional two-dimensional and four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound. 18 fetuses with abnormal development were detected by gold standard in 160 pregnant women. Sensitivity and specificity of two-dimensional color ultrasound in diagnosing fetal abnormal development were 78.38% and 82.60%. The sensitivity and specificity of 4D color ultraso

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Izeli, Maíra Gabriela Borges, Marcos Hexsel Grochau, Fabio Tatsuya Gomes Makino, et al. "Impact of 4D FWI for development and production of a Brazilian presalt carbonate reservoir." Leading Edge 44, no. 7 (2025): 532–39. https://doi.org/10.1190/tle44070532.1.

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The use of 4D seismic data for increasing production and recovery factor (RF) in siliciclastic oil field reservoirs is well established. However, in the carbonate rocks of the Brazilian presalt, which are stiff, deep (approximately 5 km), and heterogeneous, the 4D signal is weaker and presumably would require higher repeatability between base and monitor acquisitions. In a pilot project with streamer (preproduction) and nodes acquisitions, processing algorithms were tested to overcome the low repeatability. The 4D full-waveform inversion (FWI) proved to be effective in providing high-quality 4

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Zhang, Xin, Xiang-Yu Huang, Jianyu Liu, et al. "Development of an Efficient Regional Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation System for WRF." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 12 (2014): 2777–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00076.1.

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Abstract This paper presents the development of a single executable four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) system based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model through coupling the variational data assimilation algorithm (WRF-VAR) with the newly developed WRF tangent linear and adjoint model (WRFPLUS). Compared to the predecessor Multiple Program Multiple Data version, the new WRF 4D-Var system achieves major improvements in that all processing cores are able to participate in the computation and all information exchanges between WRF-VAR and WRFPLUS are moved direc

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Canaria, C. A., and R. Lansford. "4D Fluorescent Imaging of Embryonic Quail Development." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2011, no. 11 (2011): pdb.top066613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top066613.

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Vilventhan, Aneetha, and R. Rajadurai. "4D Bridge Information Modelling for management of bridge projects: a case study from India." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 10, no. 3 (2019): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-05-2019-0045.

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Purpose The rapid development of the construction industry requires effective ways to monitor and control the project, and the use of 4D BIM is found to be very efficient. The purpose of this paper is to consider development, application and evaluation of 4D Bridge Information Modelling (BrIM) models for an ongoing bridge project. Design/methodology/approach An ethnographic action-based case study research methodology is adopted in this study. An ongoing bridge construction project in India is chosen and the 4D BrIM application is evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively using planned p

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Bharani Kumar, S., S. D. Sekar, G. Sivakumar, J. Srinivas, R. Lavanya, and G. Suresh. "Modern concepts and application of soft robotics in 4D printing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (2021): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012056.

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Abstract Recent developments in (AM) additive developed normally Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a term used to describe printing that is three-dimensional in nature, have enabled researchers to use traditional production methods to create previously unthinkable, complex shapes. Usage of smart materials by the way of adopting the external stimuli in printing is part of a 3D-printing research division called 4D-printing.4D-printing allows for the development of dynamically controllable shapes on-demand by the addition of sometime as another dimension. The potential of 4D-printing has been si

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Bovteev, S. V. "Current state and prospects for the usage of 4D modeling in the sphere of construction in the Russian Federation." Вестник гражданских инженеров 20, no. 2 (2023): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2023-20-2-65-74.

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The article considers the history of emergence and development of the 4D modeling in the practice of design and construction. The possibilities of 4D modeling and areas of application of 4D models in international construction practice at present are analyzed. Regulatory requirements for 4D modeling in the Russian Federation are scrutinized. An analysis of 4D modeling software is provided. An assessment is made of the possibilities of using 4D modeling in domestic construction in the current conditions characterized with sanctions pressure and the need for import substitution of foreign softwa

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Amoyedo, Sunday, Emmanuel Ekut, Rasaki Salami, Liliana Goncalves-Ferreira, and Pascal Desegaulx. "Time-Lapse Seismic for Reservoir Management: Case Studies From Offshore Niger Delta, Nigeria." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 19, no. 03 (2016): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/170808-pa.

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Summary This paper presents case studies focused on the interpretation and integration of seismic reservoir monitoring from several fields in conventional offshore and deepwater Niger Delta. The fields are characterized by different geological settings and development-maturity stages. We show different applications varying from qualitative to quantitative use of time-lapse (4D) seismic information. In the first case study, which is in shallow water, the field has specific reservoir-development challenges, simple geology, and is in phased development. On this field, 4D seismic, which was acquir

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Md. Jewel Rana, Khan Rajib Hossain, ,. Xinle Yao, Md Abu Shyeed and Ummay Hani. "Study on 4D Printing Shape Memory Polymers in the Field of Biomedical Progress." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 8, no. 12 (2023): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst0812020.

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Shape memory polymers are intelligent materials that produce shape changes under external stimulus conditions, and 4D printing is based on deformable materials and 3D printing. A comprehensive technology, shape memory polymer in deformable materials is the most widely used, and the current 4D printing shape memory polymer is in various collars. The domain has applications, especially in the biomedical field, which has excellent application value. 4D printing technology breaks through the personalized technology in traditional medicine. The bottleneck provides a new opportunity for the further

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Antezana, Pablo Edmundo, Sofia Municoy, Gabriel Ostapchuk, et al. "4D Printing: The Development of Responsive Materials Using 3D-Printing Technology." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 12 (2023): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15122743.

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Additive manufacturing, widely known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the production of biomaterials. While conventional 3D-printed structures are perceived as static, 4D printing introduces the ability to fabricate materials capable of self-transforming their configuration or function over time in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, or electric field. This transformative technology has garnered significant attention in the field of biomedical engineering due to its potential to address limitations associated with traditional therapies. Here, we delve into an in-depth re

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Kim, Kwan Hoon, Jae Hoo Kim, Jin Hong, and Sung Woon Cha. "Development of Dynamic Four-Dimensional Printing Technology for Patterned Structures by Applying Microcellular Foaming Process." Polymers 16, no. 16 (2024): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16162242.

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Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds the dimension of time to 3D-printed specimens, causing movement when external stimuli are applied. This movement enables applications across various fields, including the soft robotics, aerospace, apparel, and automotive industries. Traditionally, 4D printing has utilized special materials such as shape-memory polymers (SMPs) or shape-memory alloys (SMAs) to achieve this movement. This study explores a novel approach to 4D printing by applying microcellular foaming processes (MCPs) to 3D printing. This study primarily aims to design and fabricate patterned s

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Junk, Stefan, Henning Einloth, and Dirk Velten. "4D Printing: A Methodical Approach to Product Development Using Smart Materials." Machines 11, no. 11 (2023): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11111035.

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In 4D printing, an additively manufactured component is given the ability to change its shape or function in an intended and useful manner over time. The technology of 4D printing is still in an early stage of development. Nevertheless, interesting research and initial applications exist in the literature. In this work, a novel methodical approach is presented that helps transfer existing 4D printing research results and knowledge into solving application tasks systematically. Moreover, two different smart materials are analyzed, used, and combined following the presented methodical approach t

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Zheng, Tao, Nancy H. F. French, and Martin Baxter. "Development of the WRF-CO2 4D-Var assimilation system v1.0." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 5 (2018): 1725–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1725-2018.

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Abstract. Regional atmospheric CO2 inversions commonly use Lagrangian particle trajectory model simulations to calculate the required influence function, which quantifies the sensitivity of a receptor to flux sources. In this paper, an adjoint-based four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) assimilation system, WRF-CO2 4D-Var, is developed to provide an alternative approach. This system is developed based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system, including the system coupled to chemistry (WRF-Chem), with tangent linear and adjoint codes (WRFPLUS), and with data assimilation (W

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Shigetani, Takayuki, Motoyoshi Kurokawa, Hiroyuki YOSHIKAWA, Shigeho NODA, and Ryutaro Himeno. "Development of the Graphics Cluster with 4D Visualizer." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 24, Supplement1 (2004): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.24.supplement1_309.

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Johnson, Cassandra M., Alice S. Ammerman, Linda S. Adair, et al. "The Four Domain Food Insecurity Scale (4D-FIS): development and evaluation of a complementary food insecurity measure." Translational Behavioral Medicine 10, no. 6 (2020): 1255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa125.

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Abstract The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) is a valuable tool for measuring food insecurity, but it has limitations for capturing experiences of less severe food insecurity. To develop and test the Four Domain Food Insecurity Scale (4D-FIS), a complementary measure designed to assess all four domains of the food access dimension of food insecurity (quantitative, qualitative, psychological, and social).Low-income Black, Latina, and White women (n = 109) completed semi-structured (qualitative) and structured (quantitative) interviews. Interviewers separ

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Regev, Avital, Shlomit Goldman, and Eliezer Shalev. "Semaphorin-4D (Sema-4D), the Plexin-B1 ligand, is involved in mouse ovary follicular development." Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 5, no. 1 (2007): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-5-12.

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Bakhtiari Moghaddam, A. "PO-2314 Development of an anthropomorphic 4D Phantom for multimodal imaging, 4D radiation and SGRT." Radiotherapy and Oncology 182 (May 2023): S2083—S2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(23)67229-9.

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Lobud, Ainnayah, and Susilowati. "Relationship between ratio of 2nd and 4th digit lengths (2D:4D) and malocclusion in 13-15-years-old children: a case study at Unismuh Junior High School, Makassar." Makassar Dental Journal 9, no. 2 (2020): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35856/mdj.v9i2.323.

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Background: Malocclusion is a condition that is not in accordance with the process of growth and development that can be seen with the disharmony of the relationship between the teeth, relationship of jaw arches, face and overall. The 2D:4D ratio can be corelated with hormones that have a role in growth.Therefore, ratio 2D:4D can be used as an early marker of disease, intelligence, reproductive ability and probability of jaw growth patterns. Objective: To know the relationship between the ratio of second and fourth digit lengths (2D:4D) and the types of malocclusion on the students of Unismuh

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Aldawood, Faisal Khaled. "A Comprehensive Review of 4D Printing: State of the Arts, Opportunities, and Challenges." Actuators 12, no. 3 (2023): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act12030101.

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Over the past decade, 3D printing technology has been leading the manufacturing revolution. A recent development in the field of 3D printing has added time as a fourth dimension to obtain 4D printing parts. A fabricated design created by 3D printing is static, whereas a design created by 4D printing is capable of altering its shape in response to environmental factors. The phrase “4D printing” was introduced by Tibbits in 2013, and 4D printing has since grown in popularity. Different smart materials, stimulus, and manufacturing methods have been published in the literature to promote this new

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Chadwick, E., S. Javed, R. W. Laing, and S. E. M. Langley. "418 Time matters – the development of 4D brachytherapy." European Urology Supplements 11, no. 1 (2012): e418-e418b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(12)60415-1.

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Hoa, Suong Van. "Development of composite springs using 4D printing method." Composite Structures 210 (February 2019): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.12.003.

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Vyas, Krunal, and Khushali Swaminarayan. "Tracking and Development of Fetal using 4D Sonography." International Journal of Medical Science 6, no. 3 (2019): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23939117/ijms-v6i3p102.

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Lin, Ke Chang, Yi Qing Ni, Xiao Wei Ye, and Kai Yuan Wong. "Development of a Visualized Data Management System for Life-Cycle Health Monitoring of Civil Structures." Advances in Science and Technology 83 (September 2012): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.83.188.

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The data management system (DMS) is an essential part for long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) systems, which stores a pool of monitoring data for various applications. A robust database within a DMS is generally used to archive, manage and update life-cycle information of civil structures. However, many applications especially those to large-scale structures provide little support for visualizing the long-term monitoring data. This paper presents the development of an efficient visualized DMS by integrating 4-dimension (4D) model technology, nested relational database, and virtual rea

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Duliaba, Nataliia. "Main Directions of Technological Transformations in the 4D Industry." Economic journal Odessa polytechnic university 1, no. 31 (2025): 96–103. https://doi.org/10.15276/ej.01.2025.10.

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The article reveals the main directions of technological transformations within the 4D industry, which includes digitalization, decentralization, dematerialization and democratization of production processes. The key digital technologies (artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, big data analytics, digital ecosystem, augmented virtual reality, digital twins, blockchain, autonomous robots), their advantages and challenges for business are analyzed. The prospects for the development and use of innovative technologies of the 4D industry in socio-economic processes and production activities ar

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Yousef, Rahaf, and István Valánszki. "Developing a conceptual framework for studying people-place relationship." Journal of Landscape Architecture and Garden Art, no. 69 (December 11, 2023): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36249/4d.69.4399.

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The development of research on people-place relationships is a complex and multi-disciplinary field, and over time has evolved in different ways across different disciplines. Despite this development, research on the impact of geographical and cultural context on the conceptualization and management of people-place relationships is still lacking. The article seeks to contribute to the development of a conceptual framework for place-based constructs of attachment by investigating the impact of geographical context on the conceptualization and operationalization of people-place relationships. Th

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Siegmann, Eva-Maria, Pauline Olm, Bernd Lenz, et al. "Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Is Not Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease in the Elderly." Brain Sciences 13, no. 9 (2023): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091229.

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The development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is influenced by sex hormones—estrogens and androgens in particular. However, the impact of prenatal sex hormone exposure is less clear; very few investigations have examined the relationship between the second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D), a putative proxy for the ratio of prenatal estrogens to androgens, and AD, with inconsistent results among the few that have. Therefore, we aimed to investigate this relationship using methodologically robust metrics. In a 2 (sex) × 4 (group) MANOVA incorporating 108 participants (30 AD patients, 19 patien

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Wang, Hongli, Juanzhen Sun, Xin Zhang, Xiang-Yu Huang, and Thomas Auligné. "Radar Data Assimilation with WRF 4D-Var. Part I: System Development and Preliminary Testing." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 7 (2013): 2224–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00168.1.

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Abstract The major goal of this two-part study is to assimilate radar data into the high-resolution Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF) for the improvement of short-term quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) technique. In Part I the development of a radar data assimilation scheme within the WRF 4D-Var system (WRF 4D-Var) and the preliminary testing of the scheme are described. In Part II the performance of the enhanced WRF 4D-Var system is examined by comparing it with the three-dimensional va

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Indarta, Yose, Fadhli Ranuharja, Sukardi Sukardi, Agariadne Dwinggo Samala Samala, and Ika Parma Dewi. "Web Application Development for Syari Online Shop Using 4D Model Development." Sinkron 7, no. 2 (2022): 720–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v7i2.11376.

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: Haransaf shop is a shop that sells clothes and all Muslim/Muslim knick-knacks. Depending results of observations and data searches directly to the field with increasing requests. The use of technology in data processing of Haransaf Online Store Transactions has not been effective and efficient so that reporting takes a long time. The recording of the Haransaf store report still uses a manual system, which is still written on notes and then recorded in the sales book. The focus of this research is on an attractive interface, ease of use, and delivery of product information to consumers by uti

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Hassib, Md Abdul, Md Rakibul Islam, Md Rejaul Karim, Md Sharjid Hasan, and Khan Rajib Hossain. "RESEARCH PROGRESS OF 4D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY." Kufa Journal of Engineering 15, no. 3 (2024): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150307.

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4D printing technology represents a major advance in additive manufacturing, in which materials can dynamically change shape or properties over time in response to external stimuli. Recent years have seen phenomenal advances in the field of 4D printing technology, which has revolutionized production and design. This review provides a concise overview of the research progress in 4D printing technology, focusing on its principles, applications, and challenges. Researchers have looked into a variety of materials, such as composites and smart polymers that may change programmably in response to li

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Masrizal, M. Giatman, Fahmi Rizal, Yeka Hendriyani, and Meiyaldi Eka Putra. "Development of DPIB Basics E-Module at SMK Dhuafa Padang." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 10, no. 7 (2023): 4027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i7.8298.

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In this research, the 4D model development stages (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) were used which include needs analysis, design, development, and dissemination. The validation results of media experts and material experts show that this E-Module is very suitable with a validity percentage of 75.78% by experimental group experts and 64.67% by control group experts. These results indicate that the E-Module developed through the 4D model is suitable for use in the learning process. The development of E-Modules in vocational schools can be an effective solution to overcome the challeng

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Franco Urquiza, Edgar Adrian. "Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Polymer-Fused Deposition Modeling on Textiles: From 3D Printing to Innovative 4D Printing—A Review." Polymers 16, no. 5 (2024): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050700.

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Technological advances and the development of new and advanced materials allow the transition from three-dimensional (3D) printing to the innovation of four-dimensional (4D) printing. 3D printing is the process of precisely creating objects with complex shapes by depositing superimposed layers of material. Current 3D printing technology allows two or more filaments of different polymeric materials to be placed, which, together with the development of intelligent materials that change shape over time or under the action of an external stimulus, allow us to innovate and move toward an emerging a

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Yang, Zhongda, Jian Li, Yanling Guo, et al. "Biomass materials and their application in 4D printing." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 7, no. 5 (2025): 052003. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/add81c.

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Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing technology is a revolutionary development that produces structures that can adapt in response to external stimuli. However, the responsiveness and printability of smart materials with shape memory properties, which are necessary for 4D printing, remain limited. Biomass materials derived from nature have offered an effective solution due to their various excellent and unique properties. Biomass materials have been abundant in resources and low in carbon content, contributing to the then-current global green energy-saving goals, including carbon peaking an

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Velez, M. P., T. E. Arbuckle, P. Monnier, and W. D. Fraser. "Is maternal periconceptional smoking associated with 2D:4D digit ratio in their children?" Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 8, no. 5 (2017): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174417000320.

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The 2nd--4th finger ratio (2D:4D) has been proposed as a potential indicator of greater androgen exposure during fetal development. Maternal periconceptional smoking may alter the homeostasis of fetal androgens, which could in turn result in differential development of 2D:4Ds in utero. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of maternal periconceptional smoking (i.e. 1 year before through the first trimester of pregnancy) on the 2D:4D of children within The Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study. Maternal smoking history was obtained through questionnai

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Kosowatz, John. "Biotechnology Anticipates 4D Printing." Mechanical Engineering 142, no. 04 (2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2020-apr1.

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Abstract Rapid advancements in 3D printing that have fueled the development of advanced manufacturing applications are well-known. New printing techniques and their ability to print objects from a growing variety of materials such as plastics, metals, ceramics, and more allow developers and manufacturers to speed prototyping, streamline supply chains, and produce complex designs not previously possible. Even so, there are limits to what can be done because the materials are rigid. This article explores if 4D printing, the layer-by-layer manufacturing of parts that can change over time, is the

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Sagar, K. G. "4D Printing Technology in the Medical Sector: A Future Narrative." Advancement in Mechanical Engineering and Technology 6, no. 3 (2023): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10142851.

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<i>The area of 4D printing technology is now seeing significant advancements and has the promise of transforming the medical industry. The phenomenon of 4D printing involves the creation of things that possess the capability to dynamically alter their form and functionality in response to various external stimuli, including but not limited to temperature, light, or pH. This characteristic renders them very suitable for a diverse array of medicinal applications, encompassing: The use of 4D printed devices presents a promising approach for medication administration, offering enhanced precision a

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Pham, Long V., Rodrigo Velázquez-Moctezuma, Ulrik Fahnøe, et al. "Novel HCV Genotype 4d Infectious Systems and Assessment of Direct-Acting Antivirals and Antibody Neutralization." Viruses 14, no. 11 (2022): 2527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14112527.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 is highly prevalent in the Middle East and parts of Africa. Subtype 4d has recently spread among high-risk groups in Europe. However, 4d infectious culture systems are not available, hampering studies of drugs, as well as neutralizing antibodies relevant for HCV vaccine development. We determined the consensus 4d sequence from a chronic hepatitis C patient by next-generation sequencing, generated a full-length clone thereof (pDH13), and demonstrated that pDH13 RNA-transcripts were viable in the human-liver chimeric mouse model, but not in Huh7.5 cells. Howeve

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Azhari, Andry. "STIMULATING YOUNG LEARNERS; PHOTOGRAPHIC MEMORY THROUGH 4D FLASHCARDS TO STRENGTHEN THEIR RIGHT HEMISPHERE." Lingua Litera 7, no. 1 (2022): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55345/stba1.v7i1.122.

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Abstract This research aimed to explain how stimulating young learners’ Photographic Memory through 4D flashcards can strengthen the students’ right hemisphere. In every step of human development, there area number of experiences happened that can not be just forgotten. In that process, brain characters process a number of activities. Giving the right stimulus at an early stage of age gives a very great impact on the next human development process. There are several methods that we can apply for balancing the right hemisphere capability, one of them by using flashcards as a medium that u

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Shie, Ming-You, Yu-Fang Shen, Suryani Dyah Astuti, et al. "Review of Polymeric Materials in 4D Printing Biomedical Applications." Polymers 11, no. 11 (2019): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111864.

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The purpose of 4D printing is to embed a product design into a deformable smart material using a traditional 3D printer. The 3D printed object can be assembled or transformed into intended designs by applying certain conditions or forms of stimulation such as temperature, pressure, humidity, pH, wind, or light. Simply put, 4D printing is a continuum of 3D printing technology that is now able to print objects which change over time. In previous studies, many smart materials were shown to have 4D printing characteristics. In this paper, we specifically review the current application, respective

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Alsaadi, Mohamad, Eoin P. Hinchy, Conor T. McCarthy, et al. "Liquid-Based 4D Printing of Shape Memory Nanocomposites: A Review." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 1 (2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010035.

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Significant advances have been made in recent years in the materials development of liquid-based 4D printing. Nevertheless, employing additive materials such as nanoparticles for enhancing printability and shape memory characteristics is still challenging. Herein, we provide an overview of recent developments in liquid-based 4D printing and highlights of novel 4D-printable polymeric resins and their nanocomposite components. Recent advances in additive manufacturing technologies that utilise liquid resins, such as stereolithography, digital light processing, material jetting and direct ink wri

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Bunevicius, Adomas. "The Association of Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Disease Markers 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7698193.

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Objective. Intrauterine sex hormone environment as indicated by the second to the fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D) can be associated with cancer risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association of 2D : 4D with cancer diagnosis, malignancy, and age at presentation. Methods. Studies that evaluated the association of 2D : 4D with cancer risk were collected from Pubmed/MEDLINE and Clarivate Analytics databases. Nineteen studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Results. The 2D : 4D ratio was studied in prostate cancer, breast cancer, testicular cancer, gastric

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Maidin, Shajahan, Kuek Jin Wee, Mohamad Afiq Sharum, Thavinnesh Kumar Rajendran, Latifah Mohd Ali, and Shafinaz Ismail. "A REVIEW ON 4D ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING - THE APPLICATIONS, SMART MATERIALS & EFFECT OF VARIOUS STIMULI ON 4D PRINTED OBJECTS." Jurnal Teknologi 85, no. 5 (2023): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v85.19889.

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Additive Manufacturing, often known as 3D printing, is a process that uses a variety of materials to manufacture highly accurate items layer by layer. However, this technology has its limitations. One such limitation is the inability to print components larger than the printer's size due to the limited size of the build chamber. 4D additive manufacturing or 4D printing is an innovative development based on 3D printing that allows objects to be reshaped after printing, using stimuli-responsive materials that require external stimuli. This article present a review on 4D printing. Four databases,

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Khin, Thandar Aung, Aung Thurein, and Rafiza Abdul Razak. "A CONCEPT PAPER: “THE DEVELOPMENT OF SKY ARMS: A NOVEL SYSTEM FOR ALLEVIATING EDEMA USING THE 4D DEVELOPMENT MODEL”." International Journal of Innovation and Industrial Revolution 6, no. 19 (2024): 86–96. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijirev.619007.

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Millions of people worldwide suffer from oedema, a condition that frequently shows up as swelling in the upper extremities and is characterized by an abnormal buildup of fluid in tissues. Efficient management of oedema is crucial for alleviating symptoms and improving patient outcomes, typically achieved through elevating the limbs to aid in fluid drainage. However, current methods, such as traditional arm slings and bandages connected to IV stands, have significant drawbacks, including limited adaptability, discomfort, inadequate support, and environmental issues due to frequent bandage chang

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