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1
Akhyar, Al Habib Maulana, Afrizal Yuhanef, Dikky Chandra, and Yulindon. "Handover Analysis Of 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) At A Frequency Of 2400 Mhz." Inspiration: Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 13, no. 2 (2023): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35585/inspir.v13i2.11.
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Information technology has now become a primary need for many individuals, facilitating access to various needs, including work, learning, and other activities. Mobile phones allow users to stay connected to the internet without interruption, even when traveling out of town, thanks to their ability to switch between cells or through a process known as handover. The focus of this article is on the impact of handover on 4G LTE networks. The data collection approach in this research uses the drive test method by utilizing the tems pocket application to retrieve internet network data. The research results highlight the importance of understanding how handover can affect 4G LTE network performance. With the role of information technology increasingly dominating everyday life, a deep understanding of technical aspects such as handover has become essential to maintaining the quality and efficient availability of cellular communications services.
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Rangankar, Suresh B., and Nitiket Mhala. "Performing Analysis of Quality of Service Parameters of 4G Long Term Evolution in Health Care System." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 12 (2019): 5008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8556.
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Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a leading 4G wireless broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8. LTE is expected to provide very fast, highly responsive and cost effective data services and appears itself to be the right technology at the right time. LTE is becoming an ultimate choice for 4G services around the world due to its higher data rates and lower latency objectives. E-Health services comprise a wide range of healthcare services delivered by utilizing information and communication technology. In order to help existing and emerging e-Health services over converged next generation network (NGN) architectures, there is a need for network QoS control mechanisms that meet the often stringent requirements of such services. The mobile Health (m-health) is currently uniting major academic research worldwide to achieve innovative arrangements in the areas of healthcare. However, there are several challenges and issues that need to be addressed. In this paper we have proposed m-health care system based on 4G LTE network communication instead of existing 3G communication system. We will be monitoring QoS parameters like Delay, Throughput, Jitter, Energy Efficiency and Packet Data Rate for comparing 3G and 4G LTE usage over health care applications. We will further experiment the parameters with graph based analysis.
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Azizah, Andi. "PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI 4G (LTE & WiMAX)." MUSTEK ANIM HA 5, no. 2 (2016): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/mustek.v5i2.621.
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WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) adalah sebuah forum industri yang mensertifikasi dan menstandarisasi produk-produk yang mengimplementasikan standar IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN. WiMAX merupakan teknologi nirkabel yang dapat mengatasi berbagai aplikasi dengan cakupan MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), Penggunaan WiMAX untuk koneksi backhaul secara teknis dapat dilakukan karena kehadiran WiMAX dapat mengatasi permasalahan pada koneksi backhaul WiFi. Teknologi Long Term Evolution (LTE) merupakan standar terbaru teknologi jaringan bergerak, sebagai kembangan dari GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)/ EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution) dan UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone Standard)/HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access). LTE (Long Term Evolution) mampu memberikan kecepatan downlink hingga 100 Mbps dan uplink hingga 50 Mbps. Telkom dan First Media yang paling potensial mengembangkan WiMAX. Telkom dapat memanfaatkan teknologi WiMAX untuk meng-upgrade jaringan Speedy maupun Flexi. Namun sepertinya Telkom punya pilihan lain. Mungkin Telkom memilih GPON (Gigabit Possive Optical Network) untuk Speedy dan EVDO (Evolution Data Optimized)-LTE untuk Flexi. Berca baru melakukan komersial pada Februari 2011 dengan merk dagang WiGO. Jaringan WiGO tergelar di delapan kota yaitu Medan, Balikpapan, Batam, Denpasar, Makassar, Pekanbaru, Palembang, dan Pontianak. Sampai akhir tahun 2012 WiGO merencanakan 400 BTS WiMAX.
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M. Zaki, Rana, and Hala Bahjat Abdul wahab. "4G Network Security Algorithms: Overview." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, no. 16 (2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i16.24175.
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<p class="0abstractCxSpFirst">Long Term Evolution (LTE) of (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) is one of the modern steps in series of mobile telecommunications systems. That appears to be a strong technology that meets the requirements of fourth-generation (4G) mobile networks and supports authentication and encryption mechanisms between User Equipment (UE) and Message Management Entity (MME). This paper provides an overview of the three most important algorithms that are considered the heart of LTE cryptographic algorithms (SNOW3G, AES, and ZUC) and a comparison between cipher key length and initial vector length to generate keystream depending on the structure used for each algorithm as each algorithm has a time of complexity and space of complexity that differs from the other security algorithm.</p><p class="0abstractCxSpLast"><strong> </strong></p>
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Bisma, Pal singh Ravinder, Gill Jasmeen, and Monika Mehra Dr. "A Hybrid Approach for Optimized Resource Allocation in a Deployed 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJIRCST) 11, no. 1 (2023): 68–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7661031.
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A 4G system is expected to provide an all-inclusive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop, wireless modems, computer, smart phones, and other mobile devices. Although many studies were conducted in the past, there are still many challenges to be met when resource allocation is to be performed in an optimal manner. In the light of the same, a hybrid approach for optimized resource allocation is proposed in a deployed 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. For this to accomplish, firstly a comparative study of the state-of-the-art models has been performed to find out the most optimal method for resource allocation and then propose a hybrid approach to blend the merits of two or more techniques. So, in this article, four main techniques, namely, Binary Phase Shift Keying modulation (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), as modulation techniques have been compared. Since, OFDM outperformed the other modulation techniques, so, it has been integrated with QPSK and OFFT to obtain the most optimal resource allocation. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is simple and robust, and quite promising in the near future for deployed 4G LTE networks.
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Shindou, Hassnaa, Yassine El Hasnaoui, and Srifi Mohamed nabil. "Deep learning-based cellular traffic prediction for 4G long-term evolution networks using three models." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 14, no. 3 (2025): 1820–29. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v14i3.9221.
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Wireless networks can be seen as the essential element of contemporary communication systems, connecting, in one way or another, billions of people and technologies all over the world. As a result, there is more of requirement from the area of application for models, which should be able to help in the analysis of the time series of mobile traffic to enhance the quality of service (QoS) in the present networks as well as in the future ones. The primary objective of this article is to develop effective artificial intelligence (AI) models for traffic load prediction in cellular networks. To achieve this, we employ three models; gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional long short time memory (BiLSTM), and long short time memory (LSTM), to make numerical estimates of the network traffic at 4G long-term evolution (LTE) cell towers. The empirical results indicate that the BiLSTM model outperforms both the LSTM and GRU models, achieving root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and R2 values of 86.64, 67.12, and 93.23%, respectively. Although this research focuses on traffic modeling for 4G LTE networks, the proposed models hold significant value for the development and optimization of the upcoming generations.
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Choudhury, Nupur, Chinmoy Kalita, and Kandarpa Kumar Sarma. "Design of a Scalable 4G Portable Network Using Low Cost SDR And Raspberry Pi." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 20 (August 10, 2021): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2021.20.15.
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Of late, Software Defined Radio (SDR) approach has become an effective means to design high data rate wireless systems for a range of applications. There are methods with which low cost SDR based 4th generation (4G) or long term evolution (LTE) systems can be designed. Using low cost Raspberry Pi systems, the SDR aided 4G systems can be designed for high data rate communication. The work is related to the design of a 4G wireless system using low cost SDR solutions and integrated to a programmable controller based on a Raspberry Pi. Experimental results show that the system is effective in a range of conditions
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Suma H R, Vijayaprakash R M, and Sunil Kumar G. "Advancements and impact of 4G communication: A technological revolution." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 2, no. 1 (2019): 070–76. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2019.2.1.0124.
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The fourth-generation (4G) communication technology revolutionized the telecommunications industry by significantly enhancing data transfer speeds, network reliability, and overall user experience. As a successor to 3G, 4G introduced advancements such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced, enabling higher bandwidth, lower latency, and improved spectral efficiency. These enhancements facilitated seamless mobile broadband services, high-definition video streaming, real-time gaming, and IoT connectivity, transforming both consumer and enterprise applications. This paper explores the technological advancements, key features, and impact of 4G on various sectors, including healthcare, education, finance, and transportation. The study examines statistical data, figures, and bar charts to illustrate the improvements in network performance, global adoption trends, and economic implications of 4G technology. Furthermore, it discusses the role of 4G in bridging the digital divide and preparing the foundation for the transition to 5G.
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Marco Alaez, Ricardo, Jose M. Alcaraz Calero, Qi Wang, et al. "Open-Source Based Testbed for Multioperator 4G/5G Infrastructure Sharing in Virtual Environments." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1984314.
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Fourth-Generation (4G) mobile networks are based on Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technologies and are being deployed worldwide, while research on further evolution towards the Fifth Generation (5G) has been recently initiated. 5G will be featured with advanced network infrastructure sharing capabilities among different operators. Therefore, an open-source implementation of 4G/5G networks with this capability is crucial to enable early research in this area. The main contribution of this paper is the design and implementation of such a 4G/5G open-source testbed to investigate multioperator infrastructure sharing capabilities executed in virtual architectures. The proposed design and implementation enable the virtualization and sharing of some of the components of the LTE architecture. A testbed has been implemented and validated with intensive empirical experiments conducted to validate the suitability of virtualizing LTE components in virtual infrastructures (i.e., infrastructures with multitenancy sharing capabilities). The impact of the proposed technologies can lead to significant saving of both capital and operational costs for mobile telecommunication operators.
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Shutko, Vladimir, Nazar Fomenko, Olena Klyuchko, and Olena Kolganova. "Latest Means of Communications Based on LTE and MIMO Technologies in 3G, 4G Networks: Application for Contemporary Biomedical Practice in Rural Ukraine." Electronics and Control Systems 1, no. 79 (2024): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/1990-5548.79.18444.
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The network organization of the systems of economic entities, which are distributed remotely over large territories, require the creation of high-quality communications for them. The purpose of present work was to demonstrate the possibility of using the latest means of communication based on Long-Term Evolution and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output technologies (LTE- and MIMO- technologies) in 3G and 4G networks to solve contemporary tasks of organizing of high-quality mobile communication in some places of the territory of Ukraine for the works that need biological and medical information in rarely settled, remote regions. The publication provides the author's data on the practical organization of communication in rural areas and considers the following issues. 1- Determination of spatial parameters of the LTE standard network. 2- Preparation of a map of the area. 3- Choosing an LTE network planning option. 4- Principles of construction and operation of LTE networks. 5- P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) functions. 6- MME (Mobility Management Entity) functions. 7- Functions of PCRF. MME (Mobility Management Entity) functions. 8- Functions of PCRF. 9- Peculiarities of using upper and lower frequencies for LTE. 10- Application of MIMO technology in LTE. 11- Application of MIMO technology in 3G and 4G networks. The results of the performed works can be applied for the networked structures development for the use in domestic economy, agriculture, for the science branches like biology, nature protection, and for information systems for such branches. In the result of the work done the type of antenna, other equipment were suggested; they should be used to strengthen 3G and 4G Long-Term Evolution communication in such conditions, as well as suitable 4G antenna for modem or router. Obtained results are suitable for providing of the work of information systems in agriculture, ecological monitoring, other areas of activities, based on biological and medical information; they all need quick data exchange as well as for scientific centers, other settlements, for which such communication possibilities primarily were developed.
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Shim, Yongwoon, and Dong-Hee Shin. "Analyzing the development of 4th generation mobile network in China: actor network theory perspective." info 17, no. 1 (2015): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-09-2014-0041.
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Purpose – This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the process of standards setting based on the case of long-term evolution time division duplex (LTE TDD) deployment in China. Design/methodology/approach – Using actor-network theory (ANT) as a theoretical framework, multi-level analyses are presented to explain the process of adoption of LTE TDD at a global level. Findings – Findings identified the complex interaction between the social and technical aspects of fourth-generation (4G) by highlighting the co-evolving nature, diversity and interface that constitute the next-generation network environment. Research limitations/implications – ANT provides a framework of ideas for describing the process of technology adoption and for developing stories that explain it. Originality/value – The findings shed light on a critical insight of the interrelationships between TD-SCDMA and LTE TDD and identify the policy successes and failures of 4G mobile networks.
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Parthasarathy, Rajamohan, Preethy Ayyappan, and Seow Soon Loong. "5G Wireless Networks Deployment with Emerging Technologies and Research Challenges." Journal of Engineering & Technological Advances 3, no. 1 (2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35934/segi.v3i1.1.
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Over the last couple of decades the world has witnessed gradual, yet steady evolution of mobile wireless communications towards second, third and fourth generation wireless networks. Introduction of digital modulations, effective frequency reuse, penetration of packetbased Internet and rapid advancement in physical layer technologies. Currently all IP based 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE/4G) networks have become a part of everyday life. As a result, a set of new, user-oriented mobile multimedia applications, like mobile video conferencing, streaming video, e-healthcare and online gaming are coming up. These new applications are not only satisfying users’ requirements, but also opening up new business horizons for wireless operators to increase their revenue. Fifth generation mobile communications (5G) are expected to accommodate rapidly increasing mobile traffic aiming at the realization of a “Hyper Connected World” in which all people and surrounding things are connected and information is exchanged between them, and to play the role of a basis of the Internet of everything. The 5G wireless network is expected to become a “Heterogeneous Network” where new wireless access technologies incompatible with 4G and the wireless access technologies for unlicensed band are incorporated with the enhanced technology of 4G (e.g. IMT-advanced). This paper introduces the vision and emerging technology trends of 5G, shows key directions of the research challenges and development of 5G in the future.
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Nnebe, Scholastica Ukamaka, Isaac Ochim Odeh, Chukwunenye Sunday Okafor, and Oluchi Christiana Ugbe. "Evaluating the level of inteference in UMTS/LTE heterogeneous network system." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology 12, no. 2 (2023): 92–102. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v12i2.pp92-102.
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The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.
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Yahaya, Mahmud Muhammad, Yusuf Surajo, and Aminu Haruna Rawayau. "AN ENHANCED RESOURCE ALLOCATION SCHEME FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION ADVANCED NETWORK." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 3 (2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0703-1766.
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The emerging Long-Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) is an extended version of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) fourth-generation (4G) wireless broadband technologies that supports high speed transmission of multimedia applications, like video streaming, multimedia online game, Voice over IP (VoIP), browsing over the web etc. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) does not define a standard packet scheduling strategy in LTE-A. Therefore, it is expected for researchers and network service providers to design efficient schemes. This paper proposed an Enhanced Resource Allocation Scheme (E-RAS) that improves the packet scheduling strategy of LTE-A by addressing issues related to delay and fairness of users with both high and low channel conditions, for both Real Time (RT) and Non-Real Time (NRT) flows. The aim was achieved by using a fair spectrum allocation mechanism that consider the priority of RT flows of cell-centre users, without neglecting the throughput requirements of edge-centre users. Moreover, the proposed algorithm introduces an efficient traffic load balancing mechanism to efficiently regulate traffic load in LTE-A network. To evaluate the proposed scheme, simulation was conducted using the MATLAB programming with LTE-A system level simulator. The result obtained shows that the proposed scheme achieves better delay for RT and NRT traffics by 7% and 11% respectively as against the Resource Allocation Scheme to Optimize the Throughput (RASOT) scheme.
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Budiman, Edy. "Mobile Operator 4G Network Performance in Capital of East Kalimantan during the Covid19 Pandemic." Jurnal Pekommas 6 (December 13, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56873/jpkm.v6i3.4147.
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The 4th-Generation Long Term Evolution or 4G-LTE technology as data access and high-level wireless connections is an offer for internet service providers(ISPs) and competition in an effort to expand the network area in the mainland of Borneo. Although it continues to grow, however, in several urban areas in Kalimantan the cellular network is not evenly distributed. Further exploration studies are needed on the performance of the 4G-LTE network to optimize benefits and satisfy network users 4G LTE technology allows users to no longer be limited in space and become a solution to ensure connection continuity and data access speed. Service provider competition in an effort to increase its network coverage in Indonesia. Although it continues to improve, in practice. This study measures the quality of service experience (QOSE) the received signal power (RSRP/RSRQ) and noise ratio (SNR) on the 4G-LTE networks from three ISPs in the capital city of East Kalimantan Province. Measuring network signal quality using walk-test methods, Samarinda City Geographically It's a hilly and forested area. Measurement data analysis results of the 4G-LTE signals from the three ISPs have changed the RSRP, RSRQ, and SNR values. Some measuring points experienced a decrease in signal strength due to propagation loss factors such as the presence of dense and tall trees or buildings creating propagation to occur: spreading or diffraction and reflection. Another factor is the distance of the BTS or transmitter to the UE(user equipment) causing a weak signal received
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Fricke, Matthias, Andrea Heckwolf, Ralf Herber, Ralf Nitsch, and Stefan Wevering. "Requirements of 4G-Based Mobile Broadband on Future Transport Networks." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2012.2.1261.
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Long term evolution technologies provide new standards in mobile communications regarding available bandwidth. It is expected that users of one radio cell will share more than 100 Mbit/s in future. To take advantage of the full feature set of next generation mobile networks, transport network design has to face new requirements, caused by the architectural changes of LTE technologies. Especially the newly defined X2 interface impacts on the transport network requirements. X2 enables direct communication between evolved base stations (eNBs) and thus, enforces local solutions. At the same time a tendency of locating network elements at fewer, central sites to reduce operational expenditure can be observed, in particular concerning the transport layer. This leads tothe question of how the direct X2 connection of eNBs on the logical layer can be accommodated with a general centralization of transport networks. Our considerations show that for LTE, a centralized transport network is able to realize the local meshing between eNBs. However, for LTE Advanced, the standards currently discussed by the 3GPP initiative could lead to enhanced requirements on the X2 interface latency. Consequently, the implications for the network architecture have to be analyzed in more detail.
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Evalina, Noorly. "Analisis Perbandingan Kualitas Jaringan 4G LTE Operator X Dan Y Di Wilayah Kampus Utama UMSU." Teknologi Rekayasa Jaringan Telekomunikasi (TRekRiTel) 1, no. 1 (2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51510/trekritel.v1i1.396.
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A technology appears, namely Long Term Evolution (LTE), which is a fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology. This LTE can provide data transfer speeds of up to 100 Mbps on the downlink side and 50 Mbps on the uplink side. The growth in the number of telecommunication service users in Medan City has caused a decline in network quality, especially 4G LTE technology. By doing a drive test, it can be seen the areas where there is signal strength of a network which aims to improve the signal quality of a network. Benchmark (comparison) of 4G LTE operator service quality is done by measuring, comparing, and analyzing the network quality (performance) of two 4G LTE operators around the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus. The overall throughput value of operator X is only 0> 3 Mbps, while operator Y is 0> 30 Mbps. The very low throughput value is caused by high traffic users during the day, where the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus is actively studying and many students use data services. That way, people can find out the causes of the internet speed problems they feel when using the internet during the day.
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Fadli, Sirait, Wahyu Dani Akhmad, and Pangaribowo Triyanto. "Capacity Improvement and Protection of LTE Network on Ethernet Based Technique." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 16, no. 1 (2018): 200–209. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i1.7674.
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High demands for data rates in mobile communications is the reason for developing broadband wireless access technologies. Long Term Evolution (4G LTE) networks which offer significantly higher data rates and require suitably higher capacity backhaul networks. To prepare for the high data rates usage in 4G LTE, operators are using ethernet services in terms of backhaul connectivity. Protection packet switching developed to anticipated network failure on ethernet based network technology. The failures in the network include the link fails to connect to each network element, the network element fails to transfer the data to the destination, or the quality drops below the standard. In this paper we used two ethernet based technique, namely Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP with ring protection to anticipated network failure on these techniques. Furthermore, we measured performance of network by measuring and comparing the throughput, latency and jitter between Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP. We used bandwidth capacity 240 Mbps as plant bandwidth link and worked in MIMO 2 2. The results of measurements indicated that MPLS-TP with ring protection is the best technique to enhanced the performance of LTE network.
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DR.A.K., KURESHI. "INTERFERENCE CONTROL AND RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN FEMTOCELL." IJIERT - International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology ICITER- 16 PUNE (June 20, 2016): 142–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1463595.
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<strong>Recently advancement in 4th generation (4G) heterogeneous networking has opened the door for the deployment of femtocells in a large scale. The deployment of femtocells in the existing macrocell networks and in 4G networks will significantly increase due to femtocells offer increase the coverage,the capacity and user friendly mode of operations in the both home and office environments. So,these low power home - based access points are going to change the landscape of the mobile technology,and the network business in the coming years.The objective of project is to study and propose the different logical indoor femtocells architectures for the LTE (long term evolution) - advanced,and examine for the impact of these different femtocell architecture changes on the service delivery to end users.</strong> <strong>https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=140902</strong>
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Zakaria, Zikri Kurniawan. "Long Term Evolution Network Planning Using The Backhaul Microwave Link in The Village Wangunharja Lembang District." [CEPAT] Journal of Computer Engineering: Progress, Application and Technology 2, no. 01 (2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/cepat.v2i01.5810.
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Wangunharja village has an area of 832 ha and a population of 8256. In this village, 4G LTE network coverage still does not reach the entire region. Therefore, LTE network planning is needed to expand coverage in the area. This study was carried out by analyzing and planning LTE networks use microwave backhaul in Wangunharja Village. The first step is to check the quality of the signal along the main line of the village. Then, plan for capacity and LTE network coverage to determine the number of sites needed. Next, microwave backhaul planning is carried out with work frequency based on the distance of the backhaul link. Based on the LTE network planning the calculations show that two sites are required to cover the Wangunharja Village area. Furthermore, planning simulations are carried out using simulation software, and the values of the three parameters measured have met the operator's KPI standards. With a microwave link distance of 2.87 km, the operating frequency of the microwave antenna operates at 11 GHz.The results of microwave link calculations and simulations for the value of the received power level are -18.95 dBm, with a gain antenna of 45.8 dBi obtained fading margin of 49.04 dBm so that the availability value or level of availability in one year is 99.999%.
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Srikanth Kamath, H., Sreelakshmi ., Muthyala Siri Chandana Reddy, and Chelsea Camilo Monteiro. "Overview of Device-to-Device Communication and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (2018): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24546.
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5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G LTE (Long-Term Evolution) standards. 5G technology needs to be specified, developed, and deployed by a variety of industry players including network equipment vendors, network operators, semiconductor vendors, and device manufacturers. The scope of 5G will range from mobile phones to next-generation automobiles. Device to Device (D2D) Communication is regarded as a promising technology in 5G to provide low power, high data rate and low latency. Introducing D2D poses many challenges and risks to the longstanding cellular architecture, which is centred on the base station.
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V. Suma and Wang Haoxiang. "Optimal Key Handover Management for Enhancing Security in Mobile Network." December 2020 2, no. 4 (2021): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jtcsst.2020.4.002.
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The 3GPP long term Evolution or System Architecture Evolution (LTE/SAE) was designed for the dispositioning of the mobile networks towards 4G. The significant hurdle of 4G is about cementing the privacy and security gap. Due to the disclosures in the connectivity of public networks, a single malicious device could jeopardize the operation of a whole network of devices. The key deliverance handling within the 3GPP LTE/SAE is developed to unauthorize the keys that are being attacked and, in result, to alienate the miscreant keys off the chain of network. The proposed article recognizes the attacks that jeopardize the safe connectivity among the stops in the network chain and details the vulnerability of the key deliverance administration to desynchronization attacks. Even though the periodic upgrade of the root could prove to be a fundamental part of the system, the work proposed brings an emphasis on reducing the impact of desynchronization attacks which currently are unable to be prevented efficiently. The main focus of the design is to shed light on the ways the network operators work to confirm the optimal intervals for the periodic updates to reduce the signal weightage while providing secure user mobility. The analysis and model simulations intend to disclose the influence of the period of root key upgrade on integral operational levels such as constellation and user experience.
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Alawi, Mahmoud, Raed Alsaqour, Maha Abdelhaq, et al. "Adaptive QoS-Aware Multi-Metrics Gateway Selection Scheme for Heterogenous Vehicular Network." Systems 10, no. 5 (2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10050142.
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A heterogeneous vehicular network (HetVNET) is a promising network architecture that combines multiple network technologies such as IEEE 802.11p, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), and third/fourth generation cellular networks (3G/4G). In this network area, vehicle users can use wireless fidelity access points (Wi-Fi APs) to offload 4G long-term evolution (4G-LTE) networks. However, when using Wi-Fi APs, the vehicles must organize themselves and select an appropriate mobile gateway (MGW) to communicate to the cellular infrastructure. Researchers are facing the problem of selecting the best MGW vehicle to aggregate vehicle traffic and reduce LTE load in HetVNETs when the Wi-Fi APs are unavailable for offloading. The selection process utilizes extra network overhead and complexity due to the frequent formation of clusters in this highly dynamic environment. In this study, we proposed a non-cluster adaptive QoS-aware gateway selection (AQAGS) scheme that autonomously picks a limited number of vehicles to act as LTE gateways based on the LTE network’s load status and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application’s QoS requirements. The present AQAGS scheme focuses on highway scenarios. The proposed scheme was evaluated using simulation of Urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator version 2 (NS2) simulators and benchmarked with the clustered and non-clustered schemes. A comparison was made based on the end-to-end delay, throughput, control packet overhead (CPO), and packet delivery ratio (PDR) performance metrics over Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) applications. Using VoIP, the AQAGS scheme achieved a 26.7% higher PDR compared with the other schemes.
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Novanana, Sinta, and Alfin Hikmaturokhman. "4G Radio Access Network Simulator for Lab as a Service: Operation, Administration and Maintenance Scenarios in Indonesia." Journal of Electrical, Electronic, Information, and Communication Technology 5, no. 1 (2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jeeict.5.1.68748.
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<p class="Abstract">The 4<sup>th</sup> Generation of Mobile Cellular Communication is known for its connectivity the all-IP based network infrastructures. The infrastructure of 4G consists of radio access network, core network and transport network. 4G (Long Term Evolution – LTE) is the foundation of the 5<sup>th</sup> Generation where the infrastructure would be based on Software defined. The software defined technology is the key to this generation as the virtualization, modularity and abstraction become more popular in the implementation and that the cloud computing is nowadays becoming the trend of technology. To catch up with the latest technology in the higher education environment there’s a need to have Lab as a Service in education to simulate the real network experience. In this paper, there will be scenarios explained using the Open5GS opensource program to have the lab simulation implemented.</p>
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Rathore, Vishal Singh, and Alka Chauhan. "A Reviewed Approach to the 5G Mobile Technology." Journal of Advance Research in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2395) 1, no. 2 (2014): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nneee.v1i2.262.
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5G or the 5th generation of mobile technology, is a name used in many research papers and projects to denote the next phase after the upcoming 4G standards. Currently the term 5G is not official. In this generation researches are being made on WORLD WIDE WIRELESS WEB (WWWW), DYNAMIC ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS (DAWN) and REAL WIRELESS WORLD. New standard technology releases are in development beyond 4G but are not considered as new mobile technologies, because 4G implementation and complaint handling regarding the 4G system are still under development. This paper is focused on network Architecture of 5G Technology and evolution from 1G to 5G. The fifth generation will provide very high speed and affordable broadband wireless connectivity and services like documentation, supporting e-transactions etc.
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Rathore, Vishal Singh, and Alka Chauhan. "A Reviewed Approach to the 5G Mobile Technology." Journal of Advance Research in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2395) 1, no. 1 (2014): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nneee.v1i1.264.
Full textAbstract:
5G or the 5th generation of mobile technology, is a name used in many research papers and projects to denote the next phase after the upcoming 4G standards. Currently the term 5G is not official. In this generation researches are being made on WORLD WIDE WIRELESS WEB (WWWW), DYNAMIC ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS (DAWN) and REAL WIRELESS WORLD. New standard technology releases are in development beyond 4G but are not considered as new mobile technologies, because 4G implementation and complaint handling regarding the 4G system are still under development. This paper is focused on network Architecture of 5G Technology and evolution from 1G to 5G. The fifth generation will provide very high speed and affordable broadband wireless connectivity and services like documentation, supporting e-transactions etc.
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Kalhoro, Shadab, Fahim Aziz Umrani, Mustahsan Khanzada, and Liaquat Ali Rahoo. "Matched Filter Based Spectrum Sensing Technique for 4G Cellular Network." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 4 (2019): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1904.10.
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Modern and fast developments of wireless technologies have directed to a great demand for resources. It can be seen in the study that the range of existing spectrum is not used effectively, therefore the frequency band should be observed to ensure proper usage and to have the information of primary or licensed user is very much essential. In this research work uplink of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is observed through MF (Matched Filter) spectrum sensing technique of CR (Cognitive Radio) network. This method examines the existence of signals in minimum possible time, reduces the hindrances between secondary users, increases accurateness of sensing and provides finest choice of threshold. In Uplink the System model which is used is known as SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access). Entire simulation/results are prepared in MATLAB environment. This study also provides graphical contrast of simulated and theoretical results of matched filter and energy detection technique.
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M., Dr Duraipandian. "Long Term Evolution -Self Organizing Network for Minimization of Sudden Call Termination in Mobile Radio Access Networks." Journal of Trends in Computer Science and Smart Technology 2, no. 2 (2020): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jtcsst.2020.2.003.
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Nowadays the mobile devices have become a more vital requisite and very crucial portion of our lives daily routine. The sudden call termination that happens unexpectedly (call drops) is a circumstance were the enduring calls get cut without any prior indication. The evolution of the services associated with the 3G and the 4G based on the voice and the data has ended up in high conflicts between the companies of the telecommunication to increase the consumer rate leading to major occurrence of the termination in the calls. Such abrupt un-notified call cessation still remains as an unanswered question in the telecommunication industry all over the world. Manifold measures and the researches put forth to devise the solution to the issue of un-notified call cessation for the mobile radio access networks were not successful as every methodology had its own advantages and as well as disadvantages. The laid out research made efforts to discover the reasons that for this un-notified sudden termination of calls, and examines the problem related with the termination of calls in each phase of the radio technology and puts forth the Self Organizing Network in the LTE for minimizing the factors that are related to the call termination and enhances the quality of the voice calls. Further brings down the expenses on the capital and the operations on terms of structural and the configuration attributes.
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Mata, Derek, Raffael Pillai, Ryan Sandoval, et al. "Autonomous Flight of High-Endurance UAVs to Monitor Powerlines." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 14, no. 1 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.309699.
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In this project, the authors will develop a highly efficient UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) architecture for long endurance flights. The authors propose an IoT (internet of things) model that will connect a network of drones using a 4G LTE (long-term evolution) connection. The researchers also propose the use of MEC (mobile edge computing) stations, smart GCSs (ground control stations) for battery replacement, and wireless charging via powerline magnetic field harvesting. The authors will be applying these ideas to a powerline monitoring mission profile, creating a large sensor network with computer vision capabilities to detect powerline faults and report them to the proper authorities.
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Lydiah Moraa Machora. "Cyber-security and performance Issues in 4G LTE network." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 12, no. 2 (2024): 622–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2024.12.2.0328.
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The 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) network represents a substantial challenge in wireless communication technology, providing slightly improved data transfer rates, decreased response time, and heightened connectedness from the 3G network. Nevertheless, there are significant worries surrounding the cybersecurity of these sophisticated network. The convergence of people, procedures, and technology to defend business, persons, or networks against digital attacks is known as cybersecurity. Cybersecurity is essential to protect organizational assets from risks such as but not limited to personal data breaches, unauthorized access leading to reputational and financial impact (Sandhu 2021). Previously isolated systems are now interconnected and sharing data. (Möller 2023) states that this connectedness also poses some inconveniences as well, whenever a device joins the Internet, it becomes publicly discovered. Once these devices are discovered, they become open to cyberattacks (Singh & Kumar, 2020 and Aphane, 2023). Cybersecurity has become an essential part of our daily lives due to the increasing frequency and severity of cyberattacks. Cybersecurity consultants face a significant challenge in measuring the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures in organizations in terms of performance in the 4G LTE networks. Another challenge could be finding a cybersecurity architecture that is effective and can fit different situations (Mbelli and Dwolatzky, 2016; Carcary, Doherty & Conway, 2019). The main aim of this study was to look on cybersecurity and performance issues on the 4G LTE networks, develop a comprehensive cybersecurity architecture that can be used by cybersecurity consultants when measuring cybersecurity effectiveness, performances and the solutions in security, privacy and performance. The following section will provide a brief overview of cybersecurity architectures, then followed by the research methodology utilised in this study. The proposed cybersecurity architecture presented and followed by the research methodology, summary of the results and implications of the study.
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Zaldivar-Herrera, Julio Ernesto, Luis Pastor Sánchez-Fernández, and Luis Manuel Rodríguez-Méndez. "Network Long-Term Evolution Quality of Service Assessment Using a Weighted Fuzzy Inference System." Mathematics 12, no. 24 (2024): 3985. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12243985.
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The United Nations has pushed for improved mobile connectivity, ensuring that 97% of the world’s population lives within reach of a mobile cellular signal. This is within the framework of objective nine regarding industry, innovation, and infrastructure for sustainable development. The next challenge is for users to know the quality of this service. The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network’s quality of service (QoS) is evaluated with key performance indicators (KPI) that only specialists can interpret. This work aims to assess the QoS and effectiveness of the fourth-generation (4G) LTE network using a weighted fuzzy inference system. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is integrated to rank the fuzzy rules. The KPIs that are considered for the evaluation are download speed, upload speed, latency, jitter, packet loss rate, reference received signal power (RSRP), and reference received signal quality (RSRQ). The evaluated data were collected collaboratively with end-user equipment (UEs). Different usage scenarios are contemplated to define the importance according to the positive impact of the QoS of the LTE mobile network. The advantage of the weighted fuzzy inference system concerning the fuzzy inference system is that each KPI is assigned a different weight, which implies having rules with hierarchies. In this way, the weighted fuzzy inference system provides two indices of quality and effectiveness. It can be a valuable tool for end users and regulatory bodies to identify the quality of the LTE mobile network.
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Hakkou, Samia, Tomader Mazri, and Nabil Hmina. "Improvement of the LTE handover algorithms in terms of quality of service." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 3 (2022): 1720–29. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i3.pp1720-1729.
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With the emergence of new possibilities and user requirements in the field of mobile technology, long term evolution (LTE) is the most popular as it offers high-speed service. LTE is a 4G wireless network developed by the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP). The implementation of LTE is strongly affected by the quality of service (QoS) when transfer management is the main issue. Handover management allows communication to be maintained when switching from one base station to another. In this paper, we explain that there are several types of transfers that are not efficient in terms of quality of services such as throughput, signal-to-interference-plusnoise ratio (SINR), and latency. For this purpose, we thought of creating a new algorithm on the A1 and A3 events and the reference signal received quality (RSRQ). Our algorithm is effective compared to other already available algorithms using the NS3 network simulator.
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Naufal, Daffa Dean, Harry Ramza, and Emilia Roza. "Optimization of Energy Consumption in 5G Networks Using Learning Algorithms in Reinforcement Learning." MALCOM: Indonesian Journal of Machine Learning and Computer Science 3, no. 2 (2023): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.57152/malcom.v3i2.959.
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The 5G network is an evolution of the 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) fast internet network that is widely adopted in smart phones or gadgets. 5G networks offer faster wireless internet for various purposes. This research is a literature review of several articles related to machine learning, specifically regarding energy consumption optimization with 5G networks and reinforcement learning algorithms.The results show that various techniques have evolved to overcome the complexity of large energy intake including integration with 5G networks and algorithms have been completed by many researchers. Related to electricity consumption, it was found that during 5G use cases, in a low site visitor load scenario and while reducing power intake takes precedence over QoS, power savings can be made by 80% with 50 ms latency, 75% with 20 ms and 10 ms latency, and 20% with 1 ms latency. If QoS is prioritized, then power savings reach a maximum of five percent with minimum impact in terms of latency. Moreover, with regards to power performance, it has been observed that DQN-assisted motion can offer improvements.
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Zaenab, Shakir, Al-Thaedan Abbas, Alsabah Ruaa, Salah Monera, AlSabbagh Ali, and Zec Josko. "Performance analysis for a suitable propagation model in outdoor with 2.5 GHz band." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 3 (2023): 1478∼1485. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i3.5006.
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As demand for mobile wireless network services continues to rise, network planning and optimization significantly affect development. One of the critical elements in network planning is predicting pathloss. Thus, propagation models predict pathloss in indoor and outdoor environments. Choosing the appropriate propagation model for the area out of existing models is essential for network planning. Selected propagation models suitable with 2.5 GHz, such as Friis free space propagation model (FSPL), Stanford University Interim (SUI), Ericsson, Okumura, and COST-231 Hata models, are utilized for evaluation and compared with empirical data collected from long-term evolution (LTE) networks in urban areas. The best acceptable model is chosen based on statistical results such as mean, standard deviation, and root mean square errors (RMSE). The analytical results show Cost-231 Hata model fits the empirical pathloss with a minimum RMSE of 5.27 dB.
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Yuhanef, Afrizal, Dikky Chandra, and Isnurisi Isnurisi. "Analisis Kualitas Jaringan 4G LTE: Studi Kasus antara Telkomsel dan Tri Melalui Metode Drive Test." Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro 22, no. 2 (2023): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/emitor.v22i2.22819.
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Nanggalo Subdistrict is one of the sub-districts located in the city of Padang, West Sumatra Province. The advantages of data transfer speeds owned by 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) make telecommunications operators compete with each other to provide the best service quality, but there is still a decrease in network quality in the Nanggalo District area at Telkomsel and Tri operators. So it is necessary to do a drive test to measure and find out the network quality of the two operators. Measuring the quality of a 4G network with RSRP, SINR, and Throughput parameters and how to retrieve data is a benchmark. The software used is TEMS Pocket to take measurement data during the drive test, TEMS Discovery Software to process the data of the test drive results. The comparison results were obtained in Nanggalo District for Tri operator to have better network quality, which can be seen in the SINR parameter has a percentage value of 43.17% and Throughput with a percentage value of 83.56% while Telkomsel operator have a SINR value with a percentage of 17.58% and throughput with a percentage value of 36.59%.
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Lazăr, Răzvan-Gabriel, and Constantin-Florin Căruntu. "Comparative Analysis Between 4G LTE and 5G NR: An Evaluation of Cellular Communications For V2X Technology." Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Electrical Engineering, Power Engineering, Electronics Section 69, no. 1 (2023): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bipie-2023-0001.
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Abstract Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technologies are to allow vehicles to exchange information with each other, with the network, but also with other road users, based on secure, reliable, and high-capacity communication links. The use of C-V2X leads to improved road safety and traffic efficiency, over-the-air software updates, pollution reduction, and remote driving, which in the end support the implementation of autonomous vehicles. The main cellular communication standards used within the C-V2X technology are the following: 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (NR). This paper follows both a theoretical analysis of cellular communications in the V2X technology, through a comparative analysis of the contribution of each of them concerning the offered technical specifications, and a practical part, where various performance indicators were validated using the Simu5G simulator, which can simulate wireless communication networks and network components with a behavior close to that experienced in real-life.
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S., Atchaya, Selvanayaki S., and Deepika S. "4G Wireless Technology." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 2 (2018): 1643–45. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd10712.
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Mobile Communication has been developed rapidly since last few decades. The growth of the wireless broadband technologies in the modern years was the answer of increasing demand for mobile Internet and wireless multimedia application such as live TV, live Movies, video conferencing etc. Mobile communication plays a vital role in telecommunication industry. During a common wide area radio access technology and supple network architecture WiMAX and LTE has facilitate convergence of mobile and fixed broadband network S. Atchaya | S. Selvanayaki | S. Deepika "4G Wireless Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10712.pdf
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Koroma, Mohamed, and Ibrahim Abdulai Sawaneh. "A 4G LTE Evolved packet Core Planning and Deployment in Freetown Sierra Leone." Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 3, no. 3 (2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ajir20231.
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Wireless broadband subscribers have tripled in the past two decades in the world. It subsequently adds more burden on the network traffic, thereby pressuring the current 2G / 3G wireless network infrastructural development in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The existing 2G / 3G network infrastructures in Freetown offer limited resources for download and upload speed of 12.54Mbps and 2.59Mbps, respectively, to active subscribers. The exponential increase in the country’s population has adverse effects on the subscriber’s database. Therefore, a considerable task is faced by the country’s telecommunication network infrastructures to devise an improvement and efficient technologies to augment the current system to handle the numerous issues. Three active private mobile network operators (X, Y, & Z) and one Government-owned operator (W) exist in the country. The only operator that runs across the country is operator X, and it has the highest number of subscribers. The country has just rollout it Long Term Evolution (LTE) by the private MNOs.
 The research is to encourage the Sierra Leone National Telecommunication Commission (NATCOM), a telecommunication regulatory body, to mandate all MNOs in the country to roll out the 4G LTE core network infrastructure in Freetown. ARIMA model is used to analyze the throughputs (kbps) prediction to ascertain 4G LTE rollout using the Python programming language is an effective alternative. Statistical data from operator X for ten years for Freetown municipality from January 2010 - November 2019 was collected. The research concludes that 4G LTE deployment or upgrade was necessary for the Freetown municipality.
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Alquhayz, Hani, Nasser Alalwan, Ahmed Ibrahim Alzahrani, Ali H. Al-Bayatti, and Mhd Saeed Sharif. "Policy-Based Security Management System for 5G Heterogeneous Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (November 14, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4582391.
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Advances in mobile phone technology and the growth of associated networks have been phenomenal over the last decade. Therefore, they have been the focus of much academic research, driven by commercial and end-user demands for increasingly faster technology. The most recent generation of mobile network technology is the fifth generation (5G). 5G networks are expected to launch across the world by 2020 and to work with existing 3G and 4G technologies to provide extreme speed despite being limited to wireless technologies. An alternative network, Y-Communication (Y-Comm), proposes to integrate the current wired and wireless networks, attempting to achieve the main service requirements of 5G by converging the existing networks and providing an improved service anywhere at any time. Quality of service (QoS), vertical handover, and security are some of the technical concerns resulting from this heterogeneity. In addition, it is believed that the Y-Comm convergence will have a greater influence on security than was the case with the previous long-term evolution (LTE) 4G networks and with future 5G networks. The purpose of this research is to satisfy the security recommendations for 5G mobile networks. This research provides a policy-based security management system, ensuring that end-user devices cannot be used as weapons or tools of attack, for example, IP spoofing and man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. The results are promising, with a low disconnection rate of less than 4% and 7%. This shows the system to be robust and reliable.
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Subba, Bevek, Namgay Dema, and Thinley Wangmo. "ANALYSIS ON PREDICTION OF PATH LOSS FOR MOBILE NETWORK IN JNEC, DEWATHANG AT 1800 MHz." Journal of Applied Engineering, Technology and Management 1, no. 1 (2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54417/jaetm.v1i1.24.
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As the mobile cellular subscription is constantly increasing, the demand for good network and data traffic, remains to be high. In order to achieve that, proper network planning is important to enhance reliable mobile network and optimization. Path loss modelling is extensively used in the initial feasibility studies for the proper deployment of telecommunication. Prediction of path loss helps to indicates the field strength of the radio propagation. Path loss is the weakening of signal strength during propagation and can be determined by using different models. Largely affected by the complex terrain, buildings, trees, generally, the path loss is caused by reflection, refraction and diffraction. The evaluation is performed at 1800 MHz frequency which is the operating band of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 4G network service in the region. A comparative study is done between different types of path loss models used in LTE networks in MATLAB. Analysis of path loss for irregular terrain in the region is also being simulated using Radio-mobile. With this study, a person can predict the mobile signal quality and a proper network can be planned.
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Scholastica Ukamaka, Nnebe, Odeh Isaac Ochim, Okafor Chinenye Sunday, and Ugbe Oluchi Christiana. "Evaluating the level of inteference in UMTS/LTE heterogeneous network system." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 12, no. 2 (2023): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v12i2.pp92-102.
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<p>The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.</p>
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Jafer, Shafagh, Stephen Jones, and Ashok Vardhan Raja. "A modeling and simulation framework for UAVs utilizing 4G-LTE cellular networks." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 09, no. 05 (2018): 1850042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962318500423.
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Only a small amount of work has been published on the topic of exploiting existing Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE) cellular communication network infrastructure for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) data links. This paper documents a modeling and simulation (m&s) framework that has been developed utilizing the powerful OMNeT[Formula: see text] simulation tool for assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of this prospect in various UAV scenarios. Using multiple scenarios, we have studied the data rate requirements for communications between small and medium-sized UAVs and base stations. Using this framework, we have shown that the data rate requirements for the links are within the data throughput achieved by LTE networks. The developed framework implements a propagation model endorsed by the 3GPP LTE project team and also accurately models the high mobility of UAVs. The framework is highly configurable and extensible and boasts of automatic aggregation of results and chart plotting. The outcomes of this research may be utilized by industry for rapidly deploying highly mobile, low-cost UAVs in a wide range of applications and scenarios.
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Dixit, Saurabh, and Himanshu Katiyar. "The Design of LTE System." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 8, no. 1 (2016): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2016010105.
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There has been a paradigm shift in the field of mobile communication, with an overwhelming increase in data usage. As more and more users are migrating to Smart-phones, the amount of data being transmitted has increased manifold times. However, such huge amount of data and signal propagation is bound to be detrimental to the ecological balance. Long Term Evolution (LTE), due to its flexibility, and backward compatibility has emerged as the network of choice for 4G and beyond. In this article, the significance of core technologies for LTE network is highlighted, along with the inherent advantage of reducing the energy consumption of cellular network. An Energy Efficient design of LTE is proposed which blends the technologies proposed by 3GPP such as adaptive OFDMA with that of MU-MIMO.
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Mathi, Senthil Kumar, Pavittra Kalyaan, Kanimozhi S., and Bhuvaneshwari S. "Integrating Non-linear and Linear Diffusion Techniques to Prevent Fault Attacks in Advanced Encryption Standard to Enhance Security of 4G-LTE Networks." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 3 (2017): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.10118.
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Long term evolution based fourth generation (4G) mobile technology has provided a platform for fast and efficient wireless communication. The advanced encryption standard (AES) is one of the three cryptographic algorithms used in 4G networks for encryption of sensitive data. In spite of offering high immunity, AES is still vulnerable to few attacks. This weakness in AES algorithm makes 4G susceptible to several security issues. This paper specifically focuses on fault attacks performed on AES. A fault induced in any one of the rounds of AES helps the attacker to derive information about the secret key. In this manner, these fault attacks pose a serious threat to wireless mobile communication as he or she may gain access to any network that is encrypted with AES. In earlier works, various countermeasures have been suggested to prevent them. However, each of these preventive measures has their own limitations and vulnerabilities. This paper proposes an enhanced method of preventing fault attacks in AES by incorporating a combination of non-linear and linear diffusion techniques. This method identifies if a fault has been injected and diffuses the fault well into the matrix, providing no information about the secret key to the attacker. The performance evaluation proves that the proposed prevention method outperforms the others in terms of time, cost and efficiency.
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Cheimaras, Vasileios, Spyridon Papagiakoumos, Nikolaos Peladarinos, et al. "Low-Cost, Open-Source, Experimental Setup Communication Platform for Emergencies, Based on SD-WAN Technology." Telecom 5, no. 2 (2024): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/telecom5020018.
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The rapid advancement of communication technologies underscores the urgent need for robust and adaptable emergency communication systems (ECSs), particularly crucial during crises and natural disasters. Although network-based ECSs have been extensively studied, integrating open-source technologies, such as software-defined wide area networks (SD-WAN) with private long-term evolution (LTE) base stations, is a relatively unexplored domain. This study endeavors to fill this gap by introducing an experimental ECS platform that utilizes a hybrid network, incorporating a VoIP network to enhance open-source and on-premises communications in targeted areas. Our hypothesis posits that a hybrid network architecture, combining SD-WAN and private LTE, can substantially improve the reliability and efficiency of ECSs. Our findings, supported by the open-source OMNeT++ simulator, illuminate the enhanced communication reliability of the network. Moreover, the proposed platform, characterized by autonomous wireless 4G/LTE base stations and an Asterisk VoIP server, demonstrates improved quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE), with minimal data loss. This research not only has immediate practical applications but also bears significant implications for the development of cost-effective, open-source communication networks, optimized for emergencies, critical infrastructure, and remote areas.
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Alomary, Fahad, and Ivica Kostanic. "Evaluation of Quality of Service in 4th Generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) Cellular Data Networks." Universal Journal of Communications and Network 1, no. 3 (2013): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujcn.2013.010305.
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MD.Asif. "POTENTIAL CAPABILITY OF LTE-ADVANCED PHYSICAL LAYER." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES 5, no. 6 (2018): 129–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1290457.
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LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is usually referred as 4G Communication is the evolved version of LTE that is being developed by 3GPP. LTE-A will meet or exceed the requirements of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the Fourth Generation (4G) radio communication standard known as IMT-Advanced. LTE-A is being specified initially as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specifications. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of the LTE-A downlink physical layer characteristics and its performance. The work analyzes a detailed potential ability study of Physical layer in LTE-Advanced based on Release 10 of the 3GPP standard. As performance metrics, Bit Error Rate (BER) and date throughput are evaluated in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for two different Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) schemes as defined in LTE standard under different combination of digital modulation schemes. This study consider a first step to perform hardware implementation of LTE-A system using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology that plays a vital role for mobile communication and wireless communication network.
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Smys, S. "Recent Security Features of 5G Protocol for Real Time Network Domain – An Overview." Journal of ISMAC 3, no. 4 (2022): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.4.003.
Full textAbstract:
Numerous mission-critical applications in the field of information technology will rely on fifth generation (5G) networks in the future. The 5G is projected to bring new technological improvements and innovation. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is the present backbone of 5G. Because of the specific needs of each application that may be met by network slicing, 5G can provide this feature. In comparison to 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and preceded generations, 5G is more adaptable and scalable. However, considerable advances in 5G cyber security are required to minimise the rising threats of hacking. Both the network and the devices linked to 5G are subjected to security problems. 5G communication networks' weaknesses may create many dangerous unknown attacks. However, it depends on the 5G privacy and security key protocol. In addition, several dangerous attacks may be combined to provide a wide range of attack options for hackers. For the 5G communication network, this article provides a complete framework for security analysis. The findings of this study might lead to unique 5G communication exploits. Moreover, artificial intelligence learning has been recently used to create and analyse attack graphs for software-defined and virtualized 5G communication networks.
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Smys, S. "Recent Security Features of 5G Protocol for Real Time Network Domain – An Overview." Journal of ISMAC 3, no. 4 (2022): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/10.36548/jismac.2021.4.003.
Full textAbstract:
Numerous mission-critical applications in the field of information technology will rely on fifth generation (5G) networks in the future. The 5G is projected to bring new technological improvements and innovation. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is the present backbone of 5G. Because of the specific needs of each application that may be met by network slicing, 5G can provide this feature. In comparison to 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and preceded generations, 5G is more adaptable and scalable. However, considerable advances in 5G cyber security are required to minimise the rising threats of hacking. Both the network and the devices linked to 5G are subjected to security problems. 5G communication networks' weaknesses may create many dangerous unknown attacks. However, it depends on the 5G privacy and security key protocol. In addition, several dangerous attacks may be combined to provide a wide range of attack options for hackers. For the 5G communication network, this article provides a complete framework for security analysis. The findings of this study might lead to unique 5G communication exploits. Moreover, artificial intelligence learning has been recently used to create and analyse attack graphs for software-defined and virtualized 5G communication networks.
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Curwen, Peter, and Jason Whalley. "The licensing of mobile operators in European markets and the consequences of new entry for competition." info 17, no. 3 (2015): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-01-2015-0014.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate whether new entry via mobile licensing in Europe has had any longer-term consequences for competition. Design/methodology/approach – A database is presented covering certain recent periods and the issue of licences for the provision of 2G, 3G and 4G mobile services. Findings – It would appear that new entry has had very little overall effect on competition, although Hutchison Whampoa has, almost uniquely, forced a response from incumbents via a strategy of low prices, albeit without gaining significant market share at their expense. Research limitations/implications – Interpretation of databases cannot by its very nature be entirely free from ambiguity. Practical implications – In practice, given that very few 4G (long-term evolution) licence regulations have reserved spectrum for new entrants, it may be presumed that most regulators in European countries have already observed that such new entry as is likely to be attracted will take the form of poorly funded companies from outside the mobile sector rather than incumbents from other countries. Social implications – Choice of incumbent network is being reduced, although mobile virtual network operators remain active. The implications for prices and service quality are for now a matter of debate. Originality/value – The databases underpinning this analysis are not available from other sources in the private or public domain in the form presented in this paper.