Relevant bibliographies by topics / 4IR

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic '4IR'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "4IR"

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Oke, Adekunle, and Fatima Araujo Pereira Fernandes. "Innovations in Teaching and Learning: Exploring the Perceptions of the Education Sector on the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR)." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6020031.

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Business operations are undergoing drastic changes due to the disruptive effects of technology innovations; however, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the acceptability and consequences of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) in the education sector. Using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), this study explores the readiness of the education sector for 4IR. We adopted face-to-face semi-structured interviews to explore the views of 33 key stakeholders in the education sector, to understand the readiness and acceptability of 4IR in the sector. Findings show that the education sector, especially in Africa, is unprepared for 4IR, although there are indications for opportunities to harness the potential of the much-anticipated 4IR. Moreover, our study demonstrates a mutual symbiotic relationship between the education sector and technology innovations. The findings show that 4IR can facilitate students’ learning experience and transforms the workplace, although there is a need to assess the learning environment, to understand the facilitators and barriers to 4IR diffusion. The findings indicate the opportunity for the education sector to harness the innovations associated with 4IR through research and teaching to enhance learners’ experience; however, this may require a significant improvement in education curricula, as well as investments. The findings contribute to the theory and practice of technology in education and the limited literature on 4IR in the education sector, particularly in Africa.
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Mayer, Claude-Hélène, Cemonn Wegerle, and Rudolf M. Oosthuizen. "The Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Managers’ Sense of Coherence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083857.

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The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) disrupts the world of work, new technologies change the nature of individuals’ work and their tasks, and therefore it is necessary to determine how managers cope with these changes, specifically relating to their salutogenesis. There is a lack of research conducted on the salutogenesis of managers in times of the 4IR. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of managers’ sense of coherence (SOC) in terms of the adjustments and developments of the 4IR, and their in-depth understanding of their SOC. This study employs a hermeneutical research design with a qualitative approach by using a semi-structured interview. The method used to analyze the data was content analysis. From the data analysis, the findings indicate that a majority of the managers tend to have an understanding of the 4IR and what implications of the 4IR will have on the world of work and their job description, the necessary resources to cope with the 4IR, and find the 4IR meaningful, therefore, managers have a strong SOC level during the 4IR. The recommendations for future studies suggest that research could be conducted how managers and lower-level managers’ SOC differ, which will provide insight into what different methods are required for the different level of managers.
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Chaka, Chaka. "Skills, competencies and literacies attributed to 4IR/Industry 4.0: Scoping review." IFLA Journal 46, no. 4 (December 2020): 369–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0340035219896376.

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Much has been said about the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) or Industry 4.0 since its launch in 2011. In addition, certain skills have been touted as specifically 4IR or Industry 4.0 skills. Amidst all this, not much work has been done that focuses on and identifies what those skills are from a cross-disciplinary perspective. The current scoping review study set out to identify skills, competencies and literacies attributed to 4IR/Industry 4.0 by 64 peer-reviewed journal articles drawn from diverse subject disciplines. Three of its findings are worth mentioning. First, skills and competencies attributed to 4IR by the reviewed journal articles are generic soft skills often dubbed the 21st-century skills such as communication, creativity and problem solving. Second, of the hard skills, programming skills feature predominantly as the 4IR skills from the reviewed articles. Thirdly, information literacy is under-represented and under-cited as a skill for 4IR in the reviewed articles.
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Ajagunna, Ibrahim, Fritz Pinnock, and Evette Smith Johnson. "The Fourth Industrial Revolution." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 12, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-11-2019-0071.

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Purpose This paper aims to re-examine the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and the realities for maritime and tourism-dependent countries. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyzed all the papers presented in the issue and provided summaries for each to facilitate a general synopsis. Findings In addition to examining the reality of 4IR in the context of the maritime and tourism industries and education, the various papers presented contain inter-linkages of purpose, concept and arising issues that are paramount to the success of any industrial concern in the face of 4IR. Originality/value While the focus of all papers stems from 4IR and the realities for maritime and tourism dependent countries, they also serve to emphasize the implications for these industries, if they fail to attend to the immediate and future applications of 4IR.
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Moon, Sungkon, Namhyuk Ham, Sungjin Kim, Lei Hou, Ju-Hyung Kim, and Jae-Jun Kim. "Fourth industrialization-oriented offsite construction: case study of an application to an irregular commercial building." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 2271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2018-0312.

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PurposeThis study, a research project, aims to examine the distinct characteristics of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), with a focus on construction. Following this examination, the paper presents a field study to evaluate the impact of the 4IR on the construction process.Design/methodology/approachThe first half of this project is dedicated to defining the 4IR by reviewing existing literature. The other half of the project presents a case study to demonstrate the concept of the 4IR and measure the effect of its application. To validate the defined concept of the 4IR, the study focuses on the following: autonomous system for producing drawings and robotics in construction.FindingsThe intensive literature review revealed three unequivocal features of the 4IR: defined tasks, undefined tasks and improvement possibilities. The following case study showed that the incorporation of the three 4IR features resulted in improved productivity and efficiency during the construction of the podium for the Lotte World Tower. For example, the macro-based autonomous system achieved 5.52 shop drawings per hour, highlighting the potential impact of independent, autonomous machinery.Originality/valueThe originality of this project stems from its attempt to quantify the effectiveness of applying autonomous technologies to a practical project. While previous works in this field have focused on system development and improvement, this paper presents an autonomous system at work in an actual project, in which junior engineers were able to be entirely replaced. The system was successful in independently creating numerous required shop drawings. The value of this analysis is to generate scientific evidence to evaluate the efficacy of the adoption of 4IR-oriented technologies.
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Ogunlela, Oyebanjo, and Robertson Tengeh. "The fourth industrial revolution and the future of entrepreneurial university in South Africa." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i3.1103.

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Globally, digital disruption has accelerated in the last few years. It is argued that this technological revolution would fundamentally alter our interactions with one another, our work, and our lives. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) can blur the boundaries between the physical and biological worlds. Although the extent of the effect is unclear, many anticipate massive changes in the economic and educational spheres. Given the close relationship between the economy and the drivers of entrepreneurship in universities, the survival of entrepreneurial universities remains contingent on the influence and preparedness of the 4IR. This review aimed to ascertain South African entrepreneurial universities’ readiness for the 4IR. Systematic literature analysis was adopted for this study; it draws on journal articles, books as wells as online publications relating to disruptive innovation, entrepreneurial universities, and 4IR. The paper argues that there is a need for a radical overhaul of the current curriculum, as retraining lecturers to prepare for 4IR disruptions.
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Abdulraheem-Mustapha, Mariam Adepeju. "4IR and Right to Education in Nigeria: Synergybetween Legal Instruments and Stem Education." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 11, 2021): 2286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1198.

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Laws and policies have important roles to play in advancing the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) through Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) research in Nigeria. STEM education and knowledge brings about development by converging scholars across the world with recent research discoveries. In order for Nigeria to reap the maximum benefits from the 4IR, its legal system must come in line with the principles advanced by the 4IR. It is important to state that the laws which have been enacted before the contemporary era are inadequate and obsolete. Education (STEM education inclusive) which will benefit the most from thenewrevolution would demand new legal instrumentsthat are adequate and effective to cater for the legal and policy demands of the 4IR by bringing forth a more current and inclusive legal protection for all the relevant beneficiaries. Using doctrinal methodology, thispaperexamines4IR and right to education in Nigeria with a view to establishing the relationship between the legal instruments and STEM education with the objective of advancing the agenda of the relevance of all fields of education for the next generation.The paper is divided into six sections and the findings show that, education (STEM education inclusive) is bedeviled with many challenges andthe extant laws are inadequate to solve them.Thus, making the goal of 4IR unachievable in Nigeria. To reach the greatest dexterities in all works of life, the paper concludes by bringing the significance of laws and policies that wouldaccommodate free STEM education in secondary and tertiary school levels in order to answer the call for 4IR. It recommends research collaboration across STEM fields for integrated curriculum and an amendment of the Constitution. It also advocates for gender equality and investing more in STEM education for having a transformative shift in Nigeria for the purpose of achieving 4IR.
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Moloi, Tshele J., and Mogalatjane E. Matabane. "Reimagining the Sustainable and Social Justice Mathematics Classrooms in the Fourth Industrial Revolution." International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 19, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.12.15.

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In this conceptual paper, we provide some ways to think about sustainability and a social justice approach to teaching of mathematics in Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) classrooms. We imagine the mathematics classrooms in 4IR not only to provide sustainable education, but also to promote core values and qualities of social justice. The teaching of mathematics for social justice is a pedagogy that seeks to expose students to issues concerning power between social groups. It is an approach to teaching that seeks to enable students not only to maintain the status quo, but also to acquire the necessary skills to challenge current practices and offer alternatives. While there is an increasing emphasis on incorporating technology into the teaching and learning of mathematics to produce educated citizenry that will be able to function in 4IR, it is equally important that one guards against unintended consequences brought about by 4IR and not deny access to learners from a low socio-economic environment. Using critical discourse analysis, the paper argues that, as we usher 4IR into the mathematics classroom, one should also be mindful of the social skills that constitute humankind. Social skills and human capital are good foundations for understanding mathematical concepts, and critical skills need to operate effectively and productively in 4IR. Moreover, social skills such as persuasion and emotional intelligence are in higher demand across industries and in education sectors than narrow technical skills, which include, among others, programming or equipment operation and control.
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Yusuf, Byabazaire, Lynne Masel Walters, and Siti Nazuar Sailin. "Restructuring Educational Institutions for Growth in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR): A Systematic Review." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 15, no. 03 (February 18, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i03.11849.

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Industrial Revolutions basically have transformed human lives. We have gone from hand production to mechanized production into computerization or automation of concepts into products (Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)). However, 4IR urges the process of transferring data from digital domains and offline reality via interconnected systems to improve lives. The technologies in 4IR enter into varying areas, such as the economy, medicine and education. Educational institutions have contributed greatly to reshaping future technologies by being the test laboratories for innovations. In the meanwhile, there is an immense need for looking beyond the traditional educational approach. This can be achieved by strategically employing the trending technologies to prepare students and educators with the right kind of knowledge and set of skills. It is imperative to ask questions about how the delivery of education will be undertaken and how educational institutions will be restructured by the 4IR to prepare students for the challenges ahead.
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Prastowo, Andi. "Profil Guru Pembelajar Di Indonesia Dalam Merespon Tantangan Pendidikan Era Revolusi Industri 4.0." Madrasah 12, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/mad.v12i2.9061.

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All sectors of community life in Indonesia, including the education sector, have been impacted by the change from the transition of the 3rd Industrial Revolution era to the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) era, from the 20th to the 21st century. These changes have changed the paradigms, challenges and needs of teachers. However, the teacher profile that is in line with the educational needs of the 4IR Era is still being debated by academics today. This article examines the profile of teacher teachers in Indonesia in response to the needs of the 4IR era. This study uses a structured literature review research method. The findings from the study revealed that the profile of teacher-learners in Indonesia that is relevant to the challenges and needs of the 4IR Era are teachers should have a growth mindset, continue to learn and develop themselves while inspiring others to do the same. They are also having educational skills, personal skills, social skills, and professional, as well as digital skills.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "4IR"

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Wessels, Carina Helena. "To IOT or not IOT : a critical analysis of the key legal considerations applicable in internet of things of implementations in the mining industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60113.

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The research introduces the fourth industrial revolution philosophically, exploring the application of innovation and automation in broad terms and the Internet of Things (IoT) specifically within the mining industry. It explains the business and societal motivation for such interventions, highlighting some of the key benefits. It further explores the inadvertent risks, some of which have already manifested in mining applications and others which can be inferred from other industrial and social applications. A critical analysis is conducted of the application of the South African Mine Health and Safety Act and Regulations on such applications in the mining environment, as well as considering key other pieces of South African legislation. A comparative analysis with Australian legislation confirms that Western Australia has recognised the need for regulation and have started regulating, primarily mining automation, at least. Through these analyses it is established that a legislative vacuum exists, despite the general application of many requirements in relation to safety considerations during the utilisation of IoT applications. The paper concludes by recommending collaboration between the Department of Mineral Resources and the Chamber of Mines to seek ways to lead legislative and regulatory developments in this space in order to enable the sustainability of the South African mining industry. In particular, the research suggests the emphasis should be to legally encourage and permit the implementation of IoT solutions in the mining industry in as many instances as reasonably possible, whilst consecutively addressing the new and emerging risks created through such.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Bin, Nasir Muhammad Akash, and Abubakar Ismail Sada. "Stimulating Internationalization through digitalization : Digital competence in Swedish manufacturing SMEs." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387820.

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Digital competence used to be a confusing concept, until recently when some researchers coined a comprehensive definition of digital competence and formulated a conceptual framework in an SME context. However, the framework was only at a conceptual level and required to be tested with the empirics of a qualitative or quantitative study. By an abductive qualitative approach, this research explored existing theories on digital competence and formulated a new digital competence framework in Swedish manufacturing SME perspective. Moreover, with cross-sectional study design, this research explored the role of digital competence in the internationalization process of six Swedish manufacturing firms, which is unprecedented in academic literature. Our findings indicate that digital competence is an evolving concept which develops gradually with technological advancements and requires a combination of three integral components: i) Digital technologies (basic and advanced level digitalization), ii) Automation of organizational processes, iii) Human resources who have the latest digital skills and are duly motivated to use these skills. This research affirms that after attaining digital competence Swedish manufacturing SMEs can sustain a competitive advantage in their international markets and it successfully facilitates in the firm’s internationalization process.
Digital kompetens brukade vara ett förvirrande koncept fram till nyligen när vissa forskare utarbetade en omfattande definition av digital kompetens och formulerade en konceptuell ram i ett små och medelstora sammanhang. Ramverket var dock endast på en konceptuell nivå och krävdes att testas med empiriken i en kvalitativ eller kvantitativ studie. Genom ett abduktivt kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt undersökte denna forskning befintliga teorier om digital kompetens och formulerade en ny digital kompetensram inom svenskt tillverkningspolitiskt perspektiv. Vidare undersökte denna undersökning rollen som digital kompetens i internationaliseringsprocessen av sex svenska tillverkningsföretag, vilket är enastående i den akademiska litteraturen. Våra resultat tyder på att digital kompetens är ett utvecklande koncept som utvecklas gradvis med tekniska framsteg och kräver en kombination av tre integrerade komponenter: i) Digital teknik (grundläggande och avancerad digitalisering), ii) Automatisering av organisationsprocesser, iii) Personal som har de senaste digitala färdigheterna och är vederbörligen motiverade att använda dessa färdigheter. Den här forskningen bekräftar att svenska tillverkare små och medelstora företag efter att ha uppnått digital kompetens kan upprätthålla en konkurrensfördel på sina internationella marknader och framgångsrikt underlättar företagets internationaliseringsprocess.
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Qhola, Lipolelo. "The medicinal chemistry of Cyclo (D-PHE-4I-PRO) and Cyclo (L-PHE-4I-PRO)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011619.

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Cyclic dipeptides have been widely used as pharmaceutical agents due to their favourable properties and the fact that they are more stable and membrane permeable than their linear analogues. These characteristics make cyclic dipeptides attractive to protein-based drug developers (Martins & Carvalho, 2007). In this research study, the method of Milne et al. (1992) was used to synthesize the protected linear dipeptide esters. This was followed by boiling the unprotected, linear dipeptide esters under reflux in an oil bath (Sec-butanol: toluene (4:1)). This method gave good yields and pure cyclic dipeptides. Scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry were used for evaluation of the physiochemical properties of the cyclic dipeptides. High-performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to determine the purity of the cyclic dipeptides. The structures of the cyclic dipeptides were elucidated using infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular modeling and computational chemistry. The aim of the study was to determine the possible therapeutic activity of cyclo(D-Phe-4I-Pro) and cyclo(L-Phe-4I-Pro) with regard to antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetes and haematological effects. Both cyclic dipeptides showed a significant growth inhibition of Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal microorganisms in the antimicrobial study. Anticancer studies showed that both cyclic dipeptides caused growth inhibition of the MCF-7, HT-29 and HeLa cancer cell lines. Both cyclic dipeptides showed no antidiabetic activity. Haematological studies revealed that both cyclic dipeptides caused a significant effect on the clotting time and platelet aggregation. They caused an increase in clotting time and also inhibited platelet aggregation.
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McGillvray, Patrick J. "Integration of Systems Management Departments 0TR, 4TR, and 8TR token ring local area networks." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA304520.

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Solomon, Daniel Maurice. "Effects of Mission Overloads on Fatigue Crack Growth in Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1532083676103601.

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Neumann, Ulf Peter. "Untersuchungen zur Effizienz einer CTLA-4Ig Therapie in Kombination mit adoptivem Zelltransfer zur Vermeidung von Abstoßungsreaktionen im Modell der orthotopen Rattenlebertransplantation." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/13865.

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Einleitung: CTLA-4Ig blockiert CD28-vermittelte co-stimulatorische Signale und inhibiert kompetitiv in vitro und in vivo immunologische Reaktionen. Der signifikante immunsuppressive Effekt von CTLA4-IG konnte in verschiedenen tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung von Toleranz nach Organtransplantation aufgezeigt werden. Allerdings waren die Ergebnisse nach CTLA-4Ig Therapie in den nachfolgenden Untersuchungen variable und ein Großteil der transplantierten Organe wurde letztendlich abgestoßen. Neuere Studien zeigen das die Effizienz der CTLA-4Ig Therapie von dem Zeitpunkt der Gabe abhängen. Weiterhin gibt es Anhalte dafür, daß dieser Effekt durch spenderabgeleitete Transfusionen noch verstärkt werden kann. Für uns stellte sich daher die Frage ob durch die Kombination von CTLA-4IG und Applikation spenderabgeleiteter Splenozyten ein additiver immunsuppressiver Effekt zu erreichen ist und untersuchten dies im Modell der Rattenlebertransplantation (ORLT). Methodik: Wir führten Rattenlebertransplantationen (ORLT) im arterialisierten, voll allogenen Modell Da (RT1a) auf Lew (RT1l) in Standardtechnik durch. Die Ratten erhielten in verschiedenen Gruppen vor/nach der Transplantation CTLA-4Ig oder die Kombination von CTLA-4Ig mit spenderabgeleiteten oder unspezifischen Milzzellen. Ergebnisse: Bei der Vorbehandlung der Empfänger, entweder mit spenderabgeleiteten Zellen oder CTLA-4Ig, ließ sich eine Verbesserung des Transplantatüberlebens, aber keine Langzeitakzeptanz des Transplantates erreichen. Erst die Kombinationstherapie vor der Transplantation gewährleistete ein langfristiges Organüberleben ohne Zeichen für chronische Rejektionen nach mehr als 150 Tagen. Die Therapie mit spenderabgeleiteten Zellen am Tag der Transplantation oder verzögert nach 4 Tagen nach Transplantation veränderte die Überlebenszahlen nicht. Die verzögerte postoperative Therapie mit CTLA-4Ig, wie sie auch von anderen Gruppen durchgeführt wurde, resultierte in unseren Versuchen in einem verlängertem Überleben, führte aber nur bei 2/7 Tieren zur langfristigen Transplantatakzeptanz. Die zusätzliche Applikation nicht abgeleiteter Milzzellen verbesserte die Ergebnisse nicht signifikant. Transplantatakzeptanz bei allen Tieren ließ sich wiederum nur durch die Kombination spenderabgeleiteter Zellen und CTLA-4Ig erreichen. Spenderabgeleiteter Mikrochimärismus trat bei allen Tieren, also auch bei Kontrolltieren trotz ablaufender Abstoßung am 6. POD nach ORLT auf. Am 12. POD zeigten tolerante Gruppen noch spenderabgeleitete Zellen, wohingegen diese bei abstoßenden Gruppen nicht mehr nachweisbar waren. Im Langzeitverlauf waren diese spenderabgeleiteten Zellen auch in toleranten Tieren nur noch vereinzelt nachzuweisen. Eine Verschiebung der Zytokinantwort von TH1- Richtung TH2-Zytokinen konnte bei langfristig überlebenden Tieren nicht aufgezeigt werden. Im Gegenteil, die TH1-Antwort mit INF-g und IL-12b war bei toleranten, kombiniert mit CTLA-4Ig und adoptivem Zelltransfer behandelten Ratten früher und stärker ausgeprägt, aber schneller wieder rückläufig als bei unbehandelten Kontrollen. Dies galt nicht für IL-2, das in allen Gruppen, die mit CTLA-4Ig behandelt wurden, stark unterdrückt war. Langfristig überlebende Tiere zeigten mehr als 150 Tage nach ORLT nahezu keine Expression dieser TH1-Zytokine mehr, wohingegen IL-4 deutlich exprimiert wurde. Dies spricht gegen eine ausschließliche Verschiebung der Zytokinantwort nach TH2 und betont die Bedeutung von TH1-Zytokinen in der initialen Phase der Toleranzentwicklung. In toleranten Tieren mit adoptivem Zelltransfer zeigte sich im Vergleich zu abstoßenden Tieren eine stärkere Ausprägung von Apoptose in den Transplantaten, die zeitlich parallel zu der mRNA-Expression der TH1-Zytokine verlief. Dies läßt darauf schließen, daß Apoptose aktivierter T-Zellen der Mechanismus ist, der die additiven Effekte der CTLA-4Ig-Behandlung und des adoptiven Zelltransfers vermittelt. Die CTLA4-Ig Behandlung verhindert effektiv Abstoßungsepisoden nach ORLT. Die Effizienz der Behandlung kann durch die Applikation von spenderabgeleiteten Zellen noch signifikant verbessert werden. Hierbei spielt die Herunterregulation von IL-2 und Hochregulierung von INF-g eine maßgebliche Rolle, wohingegen der spenderabgeleitete Chimärismus von nachgeordneter Rolle zu sein scheint. Parallel zu dem Nachweis von IFN-g finden sich mehr apoptotische Zellen am Tag 6 in den Transplantaten der später toleranten Ratten, verglichen mit den abstoßenden Kontrolltieren. Dies weist in diesem Modell, im Gegensatz zu anderen Theorien, auf einen immunaktivierten Mechanismus mit nachfolgender Apoptose aktivierter Lymphozyten hin
Blockage of co-stimulatory CD28-mediated signals by CTLA4-Ig inhibits in vitro and in vivo immune responses. However, in recent trials monotherapy with CTLA4-Ig failed to introduce long-term survival in several animal transplant models. The study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of CTLA-4Ig treatment with additional application of donor splenocytes in preventing rejection and improving graft function in rat liver allografts. DA rats (RT1a) were used as donors and Lew (RT1l) rats as recipients in an orthotopic liver transplantation model (ORLT). Recipients were divided in 3 groups depending on the start of treatment: The first group was treated prior to transplantation with CTLA-4Ig (0.5 mg i.p.) alone or in combination with donor derived or donor unspecific 2.5 x 108 splenocytes. The second group was treated simultaneously at transplantation with CTLA-4Ig or received no further treatment and served as controls. The third group received an ORLT and was treated postoperatively on day 3 and 4 with CTLA4-Ig alone or in combination with donor derived or unspecific spleen cells. Only the combination of CTLA-4Ig and donor derived cells pre- or postoperatively led to a 100% graft survival in the long-term. The treatment with CTLA-4Ig alone at each time point led to prolonged graft survival but not to a long-term graft survival. The additional administration of donor unspecific cells could improve these results, however, the differences were not significantly different between these groups. All rats without any treatment died within 12 days after ORLT. When treating the rats with donor derived spleen cells prior to transplantation the survival was significantly prolonged. The application of donor unspecific cells alone pre- and postoperatively had no effect on the survival rates. Microscopic and macroscopic studies of the liver demonstrated no signs of ongoing rejection after 150 days in rats treated with the combination of CTLA4-Ig and donor derived cells. All other long term survivors demonstrated signs of chronic rejection with bile duct loss. Immunohistological staining for DA specific surface antigen demonstrated donor specific chimerism with no predominance in any group. In the early postoperative course, the expression of IL-2 in liver specimen was significantly reduced in all groups receiving CTLA-4Ig. In contrast to this the tolerant rats surviving long-term showed a marked expression of IFN-g in the early course after ORLT. Additionally, these rats showed on day 6 after ORLT more apoptosis in the liver graft specimens compared to rejecting controls. CTLA4-Ig treatment is highly effective in rat liver transplantation and ensure long term survival. Pretransplant or delayed treatment with CTLA4-Ig alone prolongs survival but does not introduce long term tolerance. The effectiveness of the treatment can be markedly improved by the additional application of donor derived cells. The downregulation of IL-2 is mainly involved in the development of tolerance whereas detection of donor specific chimerism is not correlated to the development of tolerance in our study. Additionally an activation induced cell death via IFN-g may be involved in the tolerance induction. Although the mechanisms are still not completely understood immunomodulation by adaptive cell transfer and costimulatory blockage is an interesting and promising option for the future of clinical liver transplantation.
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Mindak, Mary. "An analysis of firms impacted by FASB Interpretation No. 46R — Consolidation of variable interest entities." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1241117373.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: P.K. Sen. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 27, 2009). Keywords: Fin 46R; consolidation; disclosure; variable interest entities. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Robayna, Matthew S. "When incentives aren't enough : challenges in Chapter 40R Massachusetts Smart Growth Zoning Overlay District Act implementation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118237.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-61).
The Greater Boston area has some of the highest housing costs in the country, a trend which has only intensified through the nation's recovery from the recent global financial crisis. Greater Boston has a fragmented municipal system, with individual cities and towns controlling their own land use regulations. This fragmentation has led to a system where cities and towns regulate land use in an uncoordinated manner, leaving the entire region with a shortage of housing and raising housing costs. In 2004, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts enacted Chapter 40R, the Smart Growth Overly District Act, to incentivize communities to implement zoning districts that allow dense housing by right. To date, very few communities in Greater Boston have enacted Chapter 40R districts, and once those districts are enacted, very few of the newly-zoned units are built. This thesis seeks to explore the causes behind these phenomena. Communities in the region are loath to implement 40R districts because of an aversion to growth, in particular multifamily development. Misconceptions about program requirements may also prevent town planners from using 40R as a planning tool for their communities. Developers don't often utilize 40R as a permitting mechanism because it is riskier to implement than Chapter 40B permitting. Even when 40R districts are established, units are not always built because of market conditions or land availability. While 40R has produced successful developments across the state, this report calls into question whether an incentive-based development policy is sufficient to deal with the region's current housing shortage.
by Matthew S. Robayna.
M.C.P.
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Guo, Yina. "Microstructure and texture characterisation of linear friction welding of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4386/.

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Linear friction welding (LFW) of two α - β titanium alloys, Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti6246) was studied, focusing on micro-hardness measurement, microstructure and texture characterisation. It has been found that in the as-welded condition Ti6246 has lower micro-hardness values in the weld region than in the base material, while for Ti64 the weld region is harder. The change in hardness is greatly related to the microstructures formed after welding. In cnetre weld zone (CWZ), in the autogenous Ti6246 weld, the microstructure consists of fine β grains with needle shape orthorhombic α″. In the autogenous Ti64 weld, relatively large acicular martensitic α′ phase was found. A very strong texture component, where the basal pole is concentrated in the sample normal direction and one of the {11 20}α poles is concentrated in the oscillation direction, is identified in both the CWZ and thermo-mechanically affected zone. Comparison between the α texture and the β texture suggests that the strong texture component T is the consequence of the deformation β texture developed at high temperature and the preferred variant selection during the β→α transformation. The texture was found to have significant influence on the fracture toughness of the weld region.
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Wang, Yuqi M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "State zoning legislation and local adaptation : an evaluation on the implementation of Massachusetts Chapter 40R Smart Growth Legislation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90113.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-88).
The Smart Growth Zoning Overlay District Act (M.G.L. Chapter 40R, the Legislation) was issued in March 2005 with the mission to substantially increase the supply of housing, especially for low- and moderate-income households, and to incentivize Smart Growth land development patterns. Municipalities participate in this program by voluntarily adopting a Smart Growth zoning district in their local zoning ordinance/by-laws which allows dense housing development as-of-right. Participating municipalities will receive a Zoning Incentive Payment upon creating the district, based on the additional number of housing units allowed as-of-right under 40R compared with base zoning, and a Density Bonus Payment for each new unit built in the district. They will also have priority when competing for other state discretionary subsidies. As of December 2013, thirty-three 40R Smart Growth Overlay Districts (40R District) have been approved in thirty-two Massachusetts communities, with an aggregate area of 1,436 acres, and a total number of 12,350 Future Zoned Units; another three 40R districts are pending or under review. Ten 40R Districts have projects (or project phases) that have been built and put into use. This study aims to give a diagnostic evaluation on the current and potential effectiveness of the Legislation in achieving the goals of facilitating quality housing production and promoting Smart Growth. The evaluation is set in the context of housing development and land planning in Massachusetts, which is also the background of the Legislation, and based on four 40R cases from four different municipalities, each of which has adopted local zoning ordinance/by-laws, created a 40R district, and completed development under 40R. In each case, the Smart Growth qualities of the development are evaluated against a set of qualitative criteria developed from the Smart Growth principles outlined in the Legislation, with reference to prevailing Smart Growth standards used in the profession and feedback from 40R's implementers. The role of 40R in leading to these development results are then analyzed, which highlights the prospect of 40R's application and impact in the future. The main conclusions are: Generally speaking, 40R plays an important role in helping communities achieve their own vision of Smart Growth and housing production by resolving the site, financial, or other development obstacles that are imbedded in the local development context and base zoning. This success is achieved through incentive-based stakeholder cooperation, an indispensable part of the entire 40R zoning and (project) permitting process. Also, the Legislation provides a very general and broad description of Smart Growth principles, and therefore each community may interpret and define Smart Growth standards according to local needs. Being flexible, adaptable and context-sensitive is key to creating opportunities where various stakeholders find common interests in establishing partnerships around 40R. Moreover, when used appropriately, 40R as a zoning tool, could potentially have larger impacts in facilitating Smart Growth and housing production over a longer period than other policies that are based on a single project. However, in some cases, being flexible and sensitive to local context seems to have gone too far, and as a result, offset some of the benefits promised by 40R, such as housing being in close proximity to jobs and amenities, streamlining the permitting process, etc. The reasons for this drawback come from both 40R itself and the context in which 40R operates. Some requirements of 40R are too vague and allow a zoning district or project to gain 40R status and incentive payments even though it fails to meet most of the Smart Growth principles outlined in the Legislation. The recent amendment to the 40R Regulations tries to solve this problem by setting more straightforward and explicit requirements; the results of these changes remain to be seen. In terms of barriers, there are general concerns about and oppositions to Smart Growth from the neighborhood, local government, and development community, who tend to use their power as stakeholders to resist Smart Growth policies. They are particularly resistant to a zoning policy like 40R for fear that it will allow Smart Growth types of development as-of-right. The home-rule tradition and a lack of regional planning for Smart Growth land use further weaken the legislative and regulatory foundations of 40R. 40R has limited leverage to overcome these context barriers; its effectiveness in facilitating Smart Growth will remain confined by the development context at least in the near future. Key words: Smart Growth, Zoning, Chapter 40R, Massachusetts.
by Yuqi Wang.
M.C.P.
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Books on the topic "4IR"

1

Farr, J. Michael. 300 Best Jobs w/out 4yr Degree. Indianapolis: JIST Publishing, 2005.

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This chosen place: Finding Shangri-La on the 4UR. Niwot, Colo: University Press of Colorado, 1997.

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Inspectorate, Great Britain Department for Education Her Majesty's. King Alfred's College, Winchester, SO22 4NR: Primary initial teacher training. London: Office for Standards in Education, 1998.

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Ossa, William. Material characterization of superplastically formed titanium (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo) sheet. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1987.

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Great Britain. Department for Education. Her Majesty's Inspectorate. Secondary initial teacher training partnership based on King Alfred's College, Winchester, SO22 4NR: Design and technology. London: Office for Standards in Education, 1998.

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Read, D. T. Postweld heat treatment criteria for repair welds in 2-1/4Cr-1Mo superheater headers: An experimental study. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1988.

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Great Britain. Department for Education. Her Majesty's Inspectorate. Secondary initial teacher training partnership based on King Alfred's College, Winchester, SO22 4NR: Design and technology - reinspection. London: Office for Standards in Education, 1998.

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Carneiro, Clara. As farpas da quarta: 4R - Quarta República : no limiar da Utopia ... Lisboa: Bnomics, 2009.

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4R Plant Nutrition: A manual for improving the management of plant nutrition. Norcross, GA: International Plant Nutrition Institute, 2012.

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Confluences: José Antonio Sosa, MagÃ1/4i González, Miguel Santiago, Evelyn Alonso. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana editoriale, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "4IR"

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Vermeulen, Andreas François. "Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)." In Industrial Machine Learning, 415–532. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5316-8_13.

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Villars, P., K. Cenzual, J. Daams, R. Gladyshevskii, O. Shcherban, V. Dubenskyy, N. Melnichenko-Koblyuk, et al. "[NH4]4Ir[NO3]Cl6." In Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter, 734. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44752-8_620.

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Tugizimana, Fidele, Jasper Engel, Reza Salek, Ian Dubery, Lizelle Piater, and Karl Burgess. "The Disruptive 4IR in the Life Sciences: Metabolomics." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 227–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48230-5_10.

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Mishra, Vidisha, and Gergana Vladova. "It’s Personal: 4IR and the Future of Learning." In The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Ethics, 151–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57020-0_12.

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Amadi-Echendu, Joe. "A Guideline for Technology Commercialisation in the 4IR Era." In Entrepreneurship, Technology Commercialisation, and Innovation Policy in Africa, 153–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58240-1_7.

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Lorenzo, Gloria, Yolanda Díaz Villarrubia, and Regina Llopis. "4IR and Ethical Impacts: Startups Ecosystems and Gender Equality." In The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Ethics, 253–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57020-0_19.

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Di Sia, Paolo. "Chapter 19. Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and Functionalized MNPs." In Analytical Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles, 489–503. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839162756-00489.

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Razak, Dzulkifli Abdul. "The Disruptive Futures of Education—Post-COVID-19 Pandemic." In The Promise of Higher Education, 407–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67245-4_60.

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AbstractThe year 2020 is mostly known to many as an inflection point. A metaphorical vision to look far ahead, with clarity, taking on the various “disruptions” that have been much touted, namely, the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Since its pronouncement, four years ago, during the 2016 World Economic Forum in Davos, the world of higher education has been inundated with demands to introduce the so-called ‘Education 4.0’.
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Alade, Kehinde, and Abimbola Windapo. "4IR Leadership Effectiveness and Practical Implications for Construction Business Organisations." In The Construction Industry in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 62–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26528-1_7.

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Gumbi, Lucas, and Hossana Twinomurinzi. "SMME Readiness for Smart Manufacturing (4IR) Adoption: A Systematic Review." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 41–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44999-5_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "4IR"

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Katterbauer, K., and A. F. Marsala. "A Novel 4IR Framework for Interwell Saturation Mapping." In EAGE 2020 Annual Conference & Exhibition Online. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202010313.

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Ocholla, Dennis N., and Lyudmila Ocholla. "Responsiveness of Academic Libraries in South Africa to Research Support in the 4th Industrial Revolution: A Preliminary study." In The Book. Culture. Education. Innovations. Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/978-5-85638-223-4-2020-169-177.

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At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in 2016, the concept of the 4th Industrial revolution (4IR) was coined by Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, with the reference that it would be building on «the Third, the digital revolution» and would be «characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological». Thus, the ‘smart’ technologies will spearhead the revolution. We acknowledge that the 4IR will impact on everything, everywhere, including research and libraries. In this paper we conceptualize 4IR, and compare current academic/university library services/trends in South Africa with 4IR requirements through the analysis of 26 public university library websites. The findings show that the libraries are responding well to the revolution through their services, with remarkable of innovation and creativity on display. The study expects library services to be responsive, resourced and accessible anytime and anywhere, and provides a framework for further research and exploration in the region and perhaps elsewhere.
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Sahibuddin, Shamsul Bin. "Keynote Speech 1 : Ai For 4ir: Sofware Engineering Challenges." In 2019 2nd International Conference of Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic2ie47452.2019.8940877.

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Setyaningsih, Endang. "Adapting Elementary School Curriculum Innovation in Line By 4IR and Cultures." In 2nd Educational Sciences International Conference (ESIC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200417.019.

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Katterbauer, Klemens, Ali A. Al-Yousif, and Alberto Marsala. "Intelligent Reconciliation of Well Logs – A Pathway Towards 4IR Assisted Log Interpretation." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/202621-ms.

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Teixeira, Bianca, Daniel Schwabe, Flavia Santoro, Fernanda Baião, Maria Luiza Campos, Leticia Verona, Carlos Laufer, Simone Barbosa, Sérgio Lifschitz, and Rosa Costa. "Privacy and Transparency within the 4IR: Two faces of the same coin." In WWW '19: The Web Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3308560.3317592.

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"Information and Knowledge Management Publication Trends in Preparing Society for the 4IR." In 21st European Conference on Knowledge Management. ACPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ekm.20.128.

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Adelabu, Oluwafemi Samuel, and Angus Donald Campbell. "APPROPRIATE KNOWLEDGES: AN EXPLORATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN INDUSTRIAL DESIGN CURRICULA IN THE ERA OF 4IR." In The 22nd International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education. The Design Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35199/epde.2020.37.

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Biller, Stephan. "The operational butterfly effect: How IoT data + AI help deliver on the promise of 4IR." In 2019 IEEE 15th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coase.2019.8843176.

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FAMILUA, Ayokunle Damilola. "A Review of Communication Technologies for Efficient Communication in the Smart Grid of the 4IR Era." In 2019 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powerafrica.2019.8928755.

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Reports on the topic "4IR"

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Jagannathan, Shanti, and Dorothy Geronimo. Reaping the Benefits of Industry 4.0 through Skills Development in High-Growth Industries in Southeast Asia: Insights from Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam. Asian Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr200328.

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This synthesis report explores the implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) on the future of the job market in Southeast Asia. It is part of the series of reports that assesses how jobs, tasks, and skills are being transformed in industries with high relevance to 4IR technologies in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam. The series provides recommendations to strengthen policies, skills, and training as well as new approaches, strategies, and actions to enhance the readiness of each country’s workforce for 4IR.
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Jagannathan, Shanti, and Dorothy Geronimo. Reaping the Benefits of Industry 4.0 through Skills Development in Indonesia. Asian Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr200327.

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This report explores the implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) on the future of the job market in Indonesia. It assesses how jobs, tasks, and skills are being transformed in food and beverage as well as in automotive manufacturing. These two industries have high relevance to 4IR technologies and both are important to Indonesia’s national employment, economic growth, and international competitiveness. They are also likely to benefit considerably from the transformational effect of 4IR, if there is adequate investment in jobs, skills, and training. The report is part of series developed from an Asian Development Bank study on trends in skills demand in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam.
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Jagannathan, Shanti, and Dorothy Geronimo. Reaping the Benefits of Industry 4.0 through Skills Development in the Philippines. Asian Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr200326.

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This report explores the implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) on the future of the job market in the Philippines. It assesses how jobs, tasks, and skills are being transformed in the information technology-business process outsourcing industry and electronics manufacturing industry. These two industries have high relevance to 4IR technologies and are important to the country’s employment, growth, and international competitiveness. They are likely to benefit from the transformational effect of 4IR, if there is adequate investment on jobs, skills, and training. The report is part of series developed from an Asian Development Bank study on trends in skills demand in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam.
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Stankovic, Mirjana, Ali Hasanbeigi, and Nikola Neftenov. Use of 4IR Technologies in Water and Sanitation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Edited by Marcello Basani, Anamaría Núñez, and Raphaëlle Ortiz. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002343.

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Jagannathan, Shanti, and Dorothy Geronimo. Reaping the Benefits of Industry 4.0 through Skills Development in Viet Nam. Asian Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr200308.

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This report explores the implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (41R) on the future of the job market in Viet Nam. It assesses how jobs, tasks, and skills are being transformed, particularly in logistics and agro-processing. These two industries are important for the country’s employment, economic growth, and international competitiveness and are also highly relevant for 4IR technologies. The report is part of series developed from an Asian Development Bank study on trends in skills demand in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam.
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Jagannathan, Shanti, and Dorothy Geronimo. Reaping the Benefits of Industry 4.0 through Skills Development in Cambodia. Asian Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr200325.

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This report explores the implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) on the future of the job market in Cambodia. It assesses how jobs, tasks, and skills are being transformed, particularly in tourism and garment manufacturing as the top two industries with the largest employment in the country. These two industries are likely to benefit from the transformational effect of 4IR, if there is adequate investment in jobs, skills, and training. The report is part of series developed from an Asian Development Bank study on trends in skills demand in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam.
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Zinkle, S. J., A. F. Rowcliffe, and C. O. Stevens. High temperature tensile properties of V-4Cr-4Ti. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/330605.

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Chung, H. M., H. C. Tsai, and D. L. Smith. Fabrication of 500-kg heat of V-4Cr-4Ti. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/114936.

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Park, J. H., G. Dragel, R. A. Erck, and D. L. Smith. Solubility of hydrogen in V-4Cr-4Ti and lithium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/270424.

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Chung, H. M., L. Nowicki, and J. Gazda. Impact properties of 500-kg heat of V-4Cr-4Ti. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/115706.

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