Academic literature on the topic '50-year rule'
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Journal articles on the topic "50-year rule"
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Yoder, David T. "Interpreting the 50-Year Rule." Advances in Archaeological Practice 2, no. 4 (2014): 324–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.2.4.337.
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AbstractFor over 40 years, some archaeologists have labored under a distorted interpretation of the 50-year rule in which anything more than 50 years of age becomes “archaeological” and therefore must be recorded and evaluated for eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places. A reexamination of federal law shows that this is a mistaken interpretation. Data from the Intermountain Antiquities Computer System indicates that, if this practice continues, the number of featureless historical sites requiring documentation in the West will greatly increase at a large expense to the public and that most of these costs will be associated with sites not considered significant in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, or culture. Solutions are presented that will give archaeologists greater flexibility in recording material culture more than 50 years of age, allowing us to redirect our efforts to resources of greater interest while making the practice of archaeology more defensible to the public. These problems are symptomatic of a larger issue that relates to how cultural remains from the latter part of the twentieth century and beyond will be valued. The discipline of archaeology must begin candid conversations about the relative importance of such recent material culture and its management implications.
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Yang, Ji-Ann. "Analysis of Concentrations of Loans by Using Book Circulation Data in Korea University Library." Publications 8, no. 4 (2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/publications8040053.
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In this paper, data of almost 8 million loans of books recorded for 15 years by the Korea University Library are analyzed by using big data analytic techniques. During this period, book circulation decreased with an average annual rate of decline of 4.4%. The use factor of books in each Dewey decimal classification (DDC) class was evaluated to measure how efficiently books were used by library users. Loan frequencies of books were analyzed and meaningful results regarding loan concentrations and the half-lives of books were obtained. It was observed that 50% of the total loans in each year were for 20% of all borrowed books in that year. This phenomenon will be called the 20/50 loan rule, and the set of the top 20% most borrowed books, whose cumulative loan frequencies reach 50% of total loans, will be called a core collection. The 20/50 loan rule shows the loan concentration of library books. The extent of loan concentration gets stronger if loans for two or more consecutive years are concerned. It was found that with high probability, books in a core collection at a specific year are also categorized as a core collection in next years. Moreover, books categorized as a core collection in consecutive years have longer half-lives compared with all other circulating books.
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Johnson, Jeff, Phillip N. Johnson, Eduardo Segarra, and David Willis. "Water conservation policy alternatives for the Ogallala Aquifer in Texas." Water Policy 11, no. 5 (2009): 537–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.202.
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Texas groundwater law is based on the rule of capture; however, recent legislation provides groundwater conservation districts with the authority to implement groundwater use rules to manage aquifers. The objective of this study was to develop optimization models to analyze effects of groundwater policies on the Ogallala Aquifer and evaluate economic impacts on the Southern High Plains of Texas. The results of this study indicate that a policy that restricts the quantity of groundwater pumped conserved more water over the 50-year time horizon than implementation of a water use fee, but at a higher cost to local economies.
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Soetopo, Widandi, Ussy Andawayanti, Rini Wahyu Sayekti, and Janu Ismoyo. "The comparison study for the models of reservoir release rule for irrigation. Case study: Sutami Reservoir." Journal of Water and Land Development 36, no. 1 (2018): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0015.
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AbstractThree models of release rule for operating a large reservoir for irrigation water supply are discussed in this paper. The models are a 50-grid storage continuous line restricted release rule, a single rule curve release rule, and a multi 4 rule curves release rule. These three models are to be optimized by stochastic simulation using 30 year inflow data with the maximization of the average monetary annual production in the irrigation area as the objective function. The purpose of this study is to look for the proper release rule for operating the Sutami Reservoir. The optimization is done first by the random search stochastic simulation model to generate a number of alternative solutions. Using these solutions as a generation of solutions, the genetic algorithm model is the applied to improve the solution. Afterward the best of solutions are checked by the Add-Ins Solver of MS-Excel 2010 to see if they can still be improved further. The results show that the 4 rule curves model gives the best solution with the average monetary annual production in the irrigation area of USD 72.248 million.
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Antonina Łuszczykiewicz. "Dealing with Colonial Past." Politeja 16, no. 2(59) (2019): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.59.08.
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This paper is dedicated to reconstructing the image of the British colonial rule in India in modern Hindi cinema. The main stress in the analysis is laid upon the depiction of the political and cultural impact of the British rule on common Indian people, as well as the colonizers’ attitude towards the independence movement. Consequently, the author intends to enquire, how movies made after 2000 – among which Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001), Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005), Water (2005) and Rang De Basanti (2006) are given special attention – deal with the difficult colonial past from an over 50-year-long perspective. Moreover, the author explains, how modern Hindi cinema shapes Indian viewers’ opinions on the British rule, intending to strengthen their patriotic feelings and national pride.
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Kangrang, Anongrit, Haris Prasanchum, and Rattana Hormwichian. "Development of Future Rule Curves for Multipurpose Reservoir Operation Using Conditional Genetic and Tabu Search Algorithms." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6474870.
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Optimal rule curves are necessary guidelines in the reservoir operation that have been used to assess performance of any reservoir to satisfy water supply, irrigation, industrial, hydropower, and environmental conservation requirements. This study applied the conditional genetic algorithm (CGA) and the conditional tabu search algorithm (CTSA) technique to connect with the reservoir simulation model in order to search optimal reservoir rule curves. The Ubolrat Reservoir located in the northeast region of Thailand was an illustrative application including historic monthly inflow, future inflow generated by the SWAT hydrological model using 50-year future climate data from the PRECIS regional climate model in case of B2 emission scenario by IPCC SRES, water demand, hydrologic data, and physical reservoir data. The future and synthetic inflow data of reservoirs were used to simulate reservoir system for evaluating water situation. The situations of water shortage and excess water were shown in terms of frequency magnitude and duration. The results have shown that the optimal rule curves from CGA and CTSA connected with the simulation model can mitigate drought and flood situations than the existing rule curves. The optimal future rule curves were more suitable for future situations than the other rule curves.
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Yau, Rebecca K., Savannah G. Dennis, Barry P. Boden, Robert C. Cantu, James A. Lord, and Kristen L. Kucera. "Catastrophic High School and Collegiate Cheerleading Injuries in the United States: An Examination of the 2006-2007 Basket Toss Rule Change." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 11, no. 1 (2018): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738118807122.
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Background: Cheerleading is a specialized athletic activity that can lead to catastrophic injuries. Cheerleading rules are in place to maximize safety of participants. The purpose of this study was to describe catastrophic cheerleading injuries among high school and collegiate-level participants in the United States and to explore whether the 2006-2007 basket toss rule change was effective at reducing the number of catastrophic injuries. Hypothesis: The 2006-2007 basket toss rule change contributed to a reduction in the number of catastrophic injuries among high school and collegiate cheerleaders. Study Design: Case series. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Data on catastrophic cheerleading injuries were collected by the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research from July 2002 to June 2017. Information collected included cheerleader, event, and injury characteristics. The impact of the 2006-2007 rule change banning the basket toss on any hard surfaces was assessed by comparing injury rates and 95% CIs before and after the rule change. Results: There were 54 catastrophic cheerleading injuries, or 3.6 injuries per year. From July 2002 through June 2017, the injury rate was 2.12 per 1,000,000 cheerleaders (95% CI, 1.56-2.69). Most cheerleaders sustained serious injuries (n = 27; 50%) during practice (n = 37; 69%) to the head (n = 28; 52%) and cervical spine (n = 17; 32%). From July 2002 through June 2017, basket tosses were the stunt that accounted for the highest proportion of injuries (n = 19; 35%). The basket toss injury rate decreased from 1.55 to 0.40 per 1,000,000 cheerleaders among both high school and collegiate cheerleaders after the rule change. Conclusion: Catastrophic injury rates in cheerleading decreased dramatically after the 2006-2007 rule change banning basket tosses from being performed on any hard surfaces. In particular, there was a nearly 4-fold reduction in the rate of catastrophic basket toss injuries.
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Anand, Atul, Kuan Ken Lee, Andrew R. Chapman, et al. "High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin on Presentation to Rule Out Myocardial Infarction: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial." Circulation 143, no. 23 (2021): 2214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.052380.
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Background: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays enable myocardial infarction to be ruled out earlier, but the safety and efficacy of this approach is uncertain. We investigated whether an early rule-out pathway is safe and effective for patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Methods: We performed a stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial in the emergency departments of 7 acute care hospitals in Scotland. Consecutive patients presenting with suspected acute coronary syndrome between December 2014 and December 2016 were included. Sites were randomized to implement an early rule-out pathway where myocardial infarction was excluded if high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I concentrations were <5 ng/L at presentation. During a previous validation phase, myocardial infarction was ruled out when troponin concentrations were <99th percentile at 6 to 12 hours after symptom onset. The coprimary outcome was length of stay (efficacy) and myocardial infarction or cardiac death after discharge at 30 days (safety). Patients were followed for 1 year to evaluate safety and other secondary outcomes. Results: We enrolled 31 492 patients (59±17 years of age [mean±SD]; 45% women) with troponin concentrations <99th percentile at presentation. Length of stay was reduced from 10.1±4.1 to 6.8±3.9 hours (adjusted geometric mean ratio, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.73–0.83]; P <0.001) after implementation and the proportion of patients discharged increased from 50% to 71% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.45–1.75]). Noninferiority was not demonstrated for the 30-day safety outcome (upper limit of 1-sided 95% CI for adjusted risk difference, 0.70% [noninferiority margin 0.50%]; P =0.068), but the observed differences favored the early rule-out pathway (0.4% [57/14 700] versus 0.3% [56/16 792]). At 1 year, the safety outcome occurred in 2.7% (396/14 700) and 1.8% (307/16 792) of patients before and after implementation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.74–1.40]; P =0.894), and there were no differences in hospital reattendance or all-cause mortality. Conclusions: Implementation of an early rule-out pathway for myocardial infarction reduced length of stay and hospital admission. Although noninferiority for the safety outcome was not demonstrated at 30 days, there was no increase in cardiac events at 1 year. Adoption of this pathway would have major benefits for patients and health care providers. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03005158.
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Govender, Paulene, Michael J. Brooks, and Alan P. Matthews. "Cluster analysis for classification and forecasting of solar irradiance in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 29, no. 2 (2018): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2018/v29i2a4338.
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Clustering of solar irradiance patterns was used in conjunction with cloud cover forecasts from Numerical Weather Predictions for day-ahead forecasting of irradiance. Beam irradiance as a function of time during daylight was recorded over a one-year period in Durban, to which k-means clustering was applied to produce four classes of day with diurnal patterns characterised as sunny all day, cloudy all day, sunny morning-cloudy afternoon, and cloudy morning-sunny afternoon. Two forecasting methods were investigated. The first used k-means clustering on predicted daily cloud cover profiles. The second used a rule whereby predicted cloud cover profiles were classified according to whether their average in the morning and afternoon were above or below 50%. In both methods, four classes were found, which had diurnal patterns associated with the irradiance classes that were used to forecast the irradiance class for the day ahead. The two methods had a comparable success rate of about 65%; the cloud cover clustering method was better for sunny and cloudy days; and the 50% rule was better for mixed cloud conditions.
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Santic, Danica, and Marija Martinovic. "The Luznica settlements: Geographic-historical and spatial-demographic transformation." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 87, no. 2 (2007): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0702115s.
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Luznica is situated in southeaster Serbia and is consists of 52 settlements. In this paper are emphasized four main stages in evolution of Luznica: initial (from the old ages until the period of Turkish rule), early stage (period of Turkish rule), central stage (from the liberation to the end of The Second World war), and modern stage that lasts for more than 50 years. The specific demographic development from the year of 1879. until modern days is denoted with changes in natural increase and migration. That is caused by the influences of the environmental factors, and also social-historic, economic, socio-psychological and other factors. Since the 60-s this territory is the good example of the area with high altitude and negative appearances in demographic development (depopulation and intensive emigration).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "50-year rule"
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Koller, Emily Jeanne. "Listed, obliterated or status unknown : an analysis of the 50-year rule, 1966-2010." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3556.
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The report evolves from previous work in the field that questions the efficacy of the 50-year rule, or criterion consideration G, of the National Register of Historic Places program to register and protect modern and recent past resources. Proponents of the recent past argue that by restricting evaluation of historic architecture to only that which is 50-years or older is leading to widespread endangerment and demolition of buildings and sites with periods of significance from the postwar era. This report studies the use of criterion G in-depth since the inception of the National Register program and attempts to identify and quantify the resources lost through continued adherence to the 50-year rule.
The analysis is done in two parts. Part one examines the history of the use of criterion G by tracking patterns in the National Register of Historic Places data between 1966 and 2010 to determine how and where the case for exceptional significance has been made. Part two challenges the capacity of the existing framework of the 50-year rule and the NRHP program to protect the recent past by surveying the current status of a 145 AIA award-winning buildings from the 1960s. Most are virtually undiscovered in the canon of American architectural history, and all could likely be found as exceptionally significant. The study finds more than 75% of the AIA award-winners standing and possessing good integrity, but only 6% actually listed on the Register. The report concludes that we are losing less to outright demolition than estimated, but lack of context studies and an inconsistent vocabulary for postwar architecture is preventing the registration of intact resources from the 1960s that could greatly benefit from the awareness and recognition that is the primary purpose of the National Register.<br>text
Books on the topic "50-year rule"
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Chafer, Tony, and Alexander Keese, eds. Francophone Africa at fifty. Manchester University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719089305.001.0001.
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2010 marked the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the ‘Year of Africa’. All France’s colonies in sub-Saharan Africa gained their independence in that year. This book brings together leading scholars from across the globe to review ‘Francophone Africa at Fifty’. It examines continuities from the colonial to the post-colonial period and analyses the diverse and multi-faceted legacy of French colonial rule in sub-Saharan Africa. It also reviews the decolonization of French West Africa in comparative perspective and observes how independence is remembered and commemorated fifty years on.
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Waechter, Gabriele. Composition Notebook: 50 Year Storm Journal Notebook Blank Lined Ruled 6x9 100 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Hough, Catherine L. Chronic critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0377.
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Chronic critical illness (CCI) is common and describes a state of prolonged critical illness, in which patients have persisting organ failures requiring treatment in an intensive care setting. There are many different definitions of CCI, with most including prolonged (> 96 hours) mechanical ventilation. Advanced age, higher severity of illness, and poor functional status prior to critical illness are all important risk factors, but prediction of CCI is imperfect. Although requirement for mechanical ventilation is the hallmark, CCI encompasses much more than the respiratory system, with effects on metabolism, skin, brain, and neuromuscular function. During CCI, patients have a high burden of symptoms and impaired capacity to communicate their needs. Mortality and quality of life are generally poor, but highly variable, with 1-year mortality over 50% and most survivors suffering permanent cognitive impairment and functional dependence. Patients at highest and lowest risk for mortality can be identified using a simple prediction rule. Caring for the chronically critically ill is a substantial burden both to patients’ families and to the health care system as a whole. Further research is needed in order to improve care and outcomes for CCI patients and their families.
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Beast, Funny. 50 Years of Being Awesome: 600 Months 50-Year-Old 50th Birthday Gift for 50 Year, Day, Minute, Second Birthday Gift for Man & Woman. Blank Lined Vintage Notebook Journal for Writing Notes-6x9 Inch 110 Pages White Paper Wide Ruled Retro Notebook Gift. Independently Published, 2020.
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book, Andrzej Hansen. Composition Notebook: Gift for 50 Year Old Classic Rock 1970 50th Birthday Trending Gift Mother Father Day Journal/Notebook Blank Lined Ruled 6x9 100 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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AUSTIN, Marvin. Notebook: 50Th Birthday Gifts America Great March 1970 50 Year Old Best Just Birthday Gift Ideas Funny Cute Teenages Matching Composition College Notebook and Diary to Write in / 120 Pages of Ruled Lined and Blank Paper / 6 X 9. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "50-year rule"
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"The 50-Year Rule." In Crafting Preservation Criteria. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203080832-14.
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Valentine, Scott. "Wind Power in the United States." In Wind Power Politics and Policy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199862726.003.0009.
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There is a lot of money on the line in America’s energy sector and where there is money, there is politics. In 2011, Exxon reported revenues of US$486 billion and after-tax profits of US$41 billion. Only 27 nations generated more GDP than Exxon generated in revenues. As of 2011, Exxon reported over US$214 billion invested into property, plant, and equipment. In short, there are a lot of sunk costs to defend. In the coal sector, America’s Peabody Energy, which is the world’s largest private sector coal company, posted US$8.077 billion in revenue in 2012. Understandably, America’s energy sector is one of the most hotly contested marketplaces in the world and in this marketplace, fossil fuel interests rule the roost. On the other hand, 9/11 and the ensuing military response have engendered a change in the ideological underpinnings of American energy security efforts. Even conservative factions that have typically supported a free trade energy policy have now begun to talk about the importance of ensuring control over domestic energy security. One study by Oak Ridge National Laboratory estimated that between 1970 and 2004, American dependence on foreign oil has cost the country $5.6–$14.6 trillion. This reflects both the cost of the oil and the direct economic consequences of macroeconomic shocks and transfers of wealth. Another more recent study estimated that oil dependence in the United States exceeded US$500 billion for 2008 alone. These claims are supported by trade data. The United States purchases more than 60% of its oil from foreign sources each year and the cost of petroleum products is the single largest contributor—48%—to the country’s US$700 billion trade deficit. Supply costs aside, one study recently concluded that the military costs in the Persian Gulf needed to protect oil assets and infrastructure range from US$50 billion to $100 billion per year; a second, independent study put the figure at between US$29 billion and $80 billion per year. The United States is spending billions each year to protect a supply chain that is in part responsible for financing terrorist activities such as the 2001 attack on New York’s World Trade Center buildings.
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Lyketsos, Constantine G. "Brain Tumors, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, HIV/AIDS, and Wilson’s Disease." In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195309430.003.0021.
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This chapter deals with four diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) for which neurologists are primarily involved as consultants. It follows the same approach as the chapters that focus on single diseases but does so more briefly. Brain tumors are estimated to have an incidence of 12/100,000 per year (Scharre, 2000). The incidence is highest in old age, peaking between 60 and 80 years of age. Almost 50% of intracranial tumors are gliomas, 10% to 15% are meningiomas, 5% to 7% are pituitary adenomas, and 5% to 6% are metastatic tumors. Brain tumors produce signs and symptoms in a variety of ways, including direct invasion, compression, hemorrhage, and edema. Motor, sensory, visual, and gait disturbances are frequent manifestations of brain tumors. In addition, headache and focal or generalized seizures are quite common. The psychiatric manifestations of brain tumors reflect their location; the type of brain damage they produce; patients’ reactions to their symptoms or diagnosis; and the effects of treatments such as steroids, chemotherapy, and radiation. Tumors in specific brain regions have been linked to specific psychiatric manifestations. Frontal lobe tumors are most closely associated with behavioral changes,sometimes referred to as the frontal lobe syndrome or executive dysfunction syndrome. Temporal lobe tumors are most closely associated with personality change, irritability, and hallucinations (especially auditory), as well as with a variety of language disorders. Patients with language disorders associated with temporal lobe tumors can experience catastrophic reactions when their deficits interfere with communication. Parietal lobe tumors typically are associated with cognitive deficits such as apraxia, neglect syndromes of the contralateral body or space, and unformed visual hallucinations such as streaks or flashes of light. When evaluating brain tumor patients with psychiatric symptoms and signs, careful evaluation and differential diagnosis are critical. In hospitalized and seriously ill patients, it is especially important to rule out delirium, particularly when the psychiatric phenomena are intermittent and vary in intensity. Serial observations and repeated mental status examinations are the basis for the diagnosis of delirium, but an electroencephalogram (EEG) is also helpful, because in most cases of delirium it reveals generalized slowing involving brain areas far from the location of the brain tumor.
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Styan, David. "Chad’s political violence at 50: bullets, ballots and bases." In Francophone Africa at fifty. Manchester University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719089305.003.0016.
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David Styan interprets the evolution of political violence in Chad between independence in 1960 and its fifty-year anniversary of 2010. Styan first looks at the successive phases of military rule and their effect on violent practices. The author argues that, given the repeated attempts to violently seize state power in N’Djamena, Chad is probably the least cohesive state produced by the decolonization of French Equatorial Africa in 1960. Styan links these observations to Idriss Déby’s efforts to extend his two decades as president through an electoral victory in 2011, in which the author sees a clear relationship between violence, power, and electoral legitimization. In this context, the chapter comes to the role of France’s ongoing political and military links with Chad, contributing to the maintenance and regulation of internal political violence. Styan notably questions the effects of the defence accords between N’Djamena and Paris, and of the presence of the French units of Opération Epervier, thereby linking post-colonial violence to supposedly neocolonial politics.
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Benchettouh, Ahmed, Sihem Jebari, and Lakhdar Kouri. "Spatial Estimation of Soil Erosion Risk Using RUSLE/GIS Techniques and Practices Conservation Suggested for Reducing Soil Erosion in Wadi Mina Catchment (Northwest, Algeria)." In Soil Erosion - Current Challenges and Future Perspectives in a Changing World. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96190.
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To meet the pressing water needs in Algeria, the state has put in place a strategy consisting of the creation of hydraulic infrastructure for the mobilization of surface water resources. In fact, 74 dams are currently in operation; these structures are silting up at a rapid pace, generating an estimated annual loss of 45 million m3. Sidi Mhamed Benaouda dam located in the Oranian hill, with a water capacity of respectively 241 million m3 plays a crucial economic role in this region. The protection of this dam against erosive processes is a pressing economic goal. To do this, the RUSLE/GIS approach was used to map the erosive hazard. The results obtained in the Mina catchment, following a subdivision of 1315 homogeneous land parcels, show a total annual loss of 60 million tons/year with an average loss of 11.2 t/ha/year. About 50% of the catchment area was predicted to have very low to low erosion risk, with soil loss between 0 and 7.4 t/ha/year. Erosion risk is moderate over 13.9% of the catchment, where calculated soil loss is between 7.4 and 12 t/ha/year. Erosion risk is high to dangerous over 36.1% of the catchment, where calculated soil loss is more than 12 t/ha/year. According to this study, it appeared clearly that we must intervene quickly by using reliable and effective conservation techniques.
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Marco Colino, Sandra. "3. The relationship between European Union and United Kingdom competition law." In Competition Law of the EU and UK. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198725053.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on the current interaction between European Union and UK law. EU law is currently a source of UK law. However, the relationship between the two regimes is expected to change in the future as a consequence of the UK’s decision to withdraw from the EU. The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 stipulates that the European Communities Act 1972 will be ‘repealed on exit day’, which would be 29 March 2019 provided that the two-year period since Article 50 TEU was triggered is not extended. Once the European Communities Act 1972 has been repealed, EU law will cease to be a source of UK law. No major immediate changes to the national competition legislation are to be expected, but future reforms could distance the UK system from the EU rules.
Conference papers on the topic "50-year rule"
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Dawson, Richard W., Darrell Iler, and Kevin Koch. "New AAR Procedure Permitting Freight Car Life Beyond 50 Years." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82848.
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The Interchange Rules of the Association of American Railroads (AAR) limit the life of freight cars to 50 years from the date originally built. Recently, however, the AAR has instituted a new provision under Interchange Rule 88 that permits cars to operate for up to 65 years since their built date. The procedure incorporates two basic portions; demonstrating that the carbody has the structural integrity to last for a total life of 65 years and upgrading specific components on each car. After applying to the AAR Equipment Engineering Committee (EEC) requesting that ILS be granted to a particular group of cars, the car owner has two optional methods to demonstrate the structural integrity of the selected cars. The first option is to perform structural inspections on a specified number of representative cars and to perform a full-scale fatigue test on a test car. In place of the fatigue test, the second option is to perform structural inspections on a larger number of cars and conduct follow-up inspections every five years after receipt of approval. The physical fatigue test incorporates modern engineering best practices by utilizing finite element modeling and full-scale accelerated fatigue testing (AFT). Following the creation of a representative model, several load conditions, both real and worst-case, are then applied to determine the high-stress locations. Using instrumentation at the high-stress locations, a full-scale test is conducted with the car operating in a typical service environment. The objective of full-scale testing is to obtain real strain data and input loads produced by typical environment conditions. AFT enables the required load cycles to be applied to the test car in a dynamic test fixture in weeks or months versus years of actual service. A rapid accumulation of fatigue-damaging cycles representative of the remaining years necessary to bring the total life of the test car to 65 years are applied to the car. The requirements for the components to be replaced or upgraded under Rule 88 are similar to those for new cars and for rebuilt cars. Some components, such as air brake control valves, are to be upgraded to more recent standards. Others are to be replaced in kind with reconditioned parts. Even though the carbody is permitted to operate beyond 50 years, components must still comply with existing AAR and Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) age limits. In addition to obtaining Increased Life Status (ILS) from the AAR, the car owner must also apply to the Federal Railroad Administration for authorization to operate the cars beyond the 50-year limit of the FRA Freight Car Safety Standards. This paper will demonstrate the approval process, including AFT testing, as applied to two groups of flat cars in auto rack service, and a group of 60-foot flat cars.
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Janosch, Jean-Jacques, Michel Huther, Nigel Taylor, Steve Maddox, and Mustafa Kocak. "European Fitness-for-Service Network (FITNET): Fatigue Module Development." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67565.
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FITNET is a four-year European thematic network with the objective of developing and extending the use of fitness-for-service (FFS) procedures for welded and non-welded metallic structures throughout Europe. It is partly funded by the European Commission within the fifth framework program and it was launched in February 2002. The network currently consists of about 50 organisations from 17 European countries and supported by institutions from USA, Japan and Korea. Further information can be found in the FITNET TN website: http://www.eurofitnet.org. The FITNET FFS Procedure is built up in four major analysis modules namely fracture, fatigue, creep and corrosion. The first official draft is available in early 2006 in the form of an official CEN document. Industrial components are as a rule exposed to fluctuating loads and hence consideration of fatigue damages accumulation or of fatigue crack growth is a critical issue. The aim of this paper is to present the features and the main analysis routes of the FITNET FFE Fatigue Module of the FITNET FFS Procedure to assess the fatigue life of the load carrying metallic components manufactured with and without welds. The paper includes an industrial case from ship structure for the application of two fatigue assessment routes.
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Chandra, Santanu, Samarth S. Raut, Mauro Malve, Christine M. Scotti, and Ender A. Finol. "Phase Contrast MRI Derived Boundary Conditions for Patient Specific AAA Fluid Flow Modeling." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206603.
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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease among Caucasian males above the age of 60 and its rupture is the 10th leading cause of death in the U.S. [1] An AAA is commonly defined as a 50% local increase in diameter of the normal infrarenal aorta, and is located below the renal arteries and the iliac bifurcation. At present the measured maximum diameter or the rate of increase of the diameter over time are used as clinical parameters to judge the suitability of surgical intervention to prevent rupture. As a clinical diagnosis rule, aneurysms with diameter less than 4 cm are kept under periodic surveillance and between 5 cm and 6 cm, or expansion rates greater than 1 cm / year, are recommended for surgical or endovascular intervention. Unfortunately, retrospective studies reveal that about 33% of ruptured aneurysms had a maximum diameter less than 5 cm at the time of the rupture [2]. This demonstrates that the correlation between a critical diameter and rupture risk assessment of AAAs has its limitations and thus opens the opportunity for further research on other critical parameters that may be suitable for future diagnosis and rupture prediction. Our ongoing computational efforts [3] focus on this issue as we propose the use of patient specific fluid-structure interaction (FSI) models to investigate the potential of individual flow-induced wall stress as a key biomechanical parameter that can be used for rupture risk evaluation. In this work we report on the setup of the computational protocol for patient specific analysis and assess the effect of modeling parameters on the derivation of individual inflow and outflow boundary conditions for AAA fluid flow simulation and validation.
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Ingistov, Steve. "Fog System Performance in Power Augmentation of Heavy Duty Power Generating Gas Turbines Model 7EA." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0305.
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Ambient air temperature plays significant role in performance of a Gas Turbine. Frequently Gas Turbines in electrical power generation are single rotor and are directly coupled to the Electrical Generators. These machines normally operate 8,000 hours per calendar year under the 100% load. The control of the combustion air flow is achieved by modulating compressor Inlet Guide Vanes (IGV). The single shaft axial compressor consumes as a rule of thumb more than 50% of turbine useful expansion work. Axial compressor is high-volume, moderate discharge pressure machine. Its power demand to discharge ambient air to the turbine combustion system is very dependent on ambient conditions such as pressure, temperature and relative humidity. The optimization of the axial compressor aerodynamic loading under various ambient conditions is therefore mandatory. During the hot and humid summer days, especially from the noon time to 6:00 PM, the demand for the power is at its maximum. This Paper describes selection, design and installation of the Inlet Air Cooling System. (IACS). The selected IACS is fine water mist, FOG. FOG System (FS) was selected because of its efficiency and because the clean water was available. FS incorporates Fog Generating Skid (FGS) and Fog Curtain (FC). FC is comprised of lateral lines with equally spaced. FOG Nozzles (FN). The FN is specially designed to generate individual “Fog Cones” that efficiently dissipate the water particles in the space. Fine water particles are atomized by incoming air in the Inlet Air (IA) duct. The homogenous mixture of FOG and IA is required to enhance the water mist particles evaporation process. In cases when the FS works in tandem with Evaporative Cooler (EC) most of the FOG particles are “injected” into the compressor suction. The injected FOG particles start to evaporate during the IA compression process. The water evaporation process simultaneously causes cooling of the IA being compressed. The result is reduced compression work and improved performance of GT.
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Wolff-Boenisch, Domenik. "A case study on student perception of online lecturing." In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.12710.
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This case study looks at implications of transitioning live to recorded lectures, a subject that has acquired an acute importance given COVID19 and the unexpected need to move lectures online. Over a period of six years, from 2015 to 2020, a questionnaire was handed out at the end of a ‘unit’ on environmental geoscience; a ‘unit’ at Australian universities represents a ‘course’ in the European and American tertiary system. This is a 2nd semester, 3rd year core unit of an Applied Geology course meaning that (most of) the polled students were about to acquire a bachelor of science finishing their undergraduate studies. The students were asked multiple questions related to iLectures and their attitude towards this asynchronous content delivery approach as integral part of a flipped classroom. Provided that such a STEM unit with 40-120 students can be deemed representative of the wider student community, the findings indicate that students in general have come to terms with online lectures, way before COVID19 gave them no other choice. Acceptance rates for iLectures were over 50 % across all years, except for 2020, a clear indication that COVID19 marred the online experience, probably due to oversaturation and isolation. The majority of the students saw benefits in this asynchronous lecturing approach, irrespective of whether the rationale behind it had been explained in detail. Despite seeing benefits of the flipped classroom and recorded lectures, one out of three students preferred live lectures. This number has increased after COVID19 to 40 %, yet another sign of the negative impact of the pandemic on online lecturing. This inference is unrelated to the quality of the recordings which was deemed high. Other than the conspicuous pandemic effect, the data show enough scatter to rule out any sustained trend of student attitudes across the years. This demonstrates the heterogeneous demographics of the students taking this unit. Finally, the importance of meaningful extended lecture notes to complement the recordings is highlighted.
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Lifeng, Zhou, Cheng Zhaoyu, Cai Jiafan, and Tang Yi. "In-Service Inspection Technology Research on CANOPY Seal Weld of Control Rod Drive Mechanism in PWR." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66999.
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The cracking of CANOPY Seal Weld (CSW) of the Control Rod Drive Mechanism (CRDM) ever occurred and led to Boric acid solution leakage in nuclear power plant worldwide. The failure analysis on above failure CSW shows that stress corrosion crack (SCC) is main failure mode of CSW, and the crack usually originate from the weld root and grows along weld or HAZ under PWR service environment. The CSW structure parameter presented here are as following, the wall thickness is 2–3 mm, radius of curvature of cross-section is 6–12 mm, and the gyration radius is 50–100mm. In the latest year, CSW is required to implement surface examination (i.e. Visual Test or Penetration Test) during the plant outage. The flaw is that the CSW won’t be repaired till its failure is detected; therefore effective preventive maintenance can’t be performed. The specific inspection technology is developed for NDT volume testing method, aiming to detect the root crack occurred in weld and its adjacent base metal. This paper introduces the CSW structure, in-service inspection requirements, and technical solutions. The NDT technology corresponding UT, ET and CCTV was finally applied as applicable technical solution with automatic scanning devices to detect CSW crack. Ultrasonic inspection technology uses high-frequency water immersion focusing probes with frequency higher than 10MHz which is investigated to detect the defect in the weld root area. Meanwhile, Eddy current inspection technology is applied to detect the surface crack or subsurface crack with orthogonal difference array probes, which helps to distinguish false signals detected by UT in outer surface. Ultrasonic inspection technical solutions based on high-frequency water immersion focusing methods and the key technical parameters are discussed emphatically in this paper. By testing on blocks with characteristic artificial reflectors, characteristic rule of ultrasonic signals in different areas and sizing methods for crack is investigated respectively. It show that UT has higher detecting sensitivity for crack of where the height reaches 0.5mm and the length reaches 4mm, and sizing is accuracy and reliable for crack when the height over than 1 mm and the length over than 4mm. CSW is not incorporated in-service scope referring to ASME code or Chinese in-service code, and the acceptance criterion of weld flaw is also not found. So, the integrity shall be evaluated as far as CSW with flaw is concerned. Thus, the stress analysis and temperature field are carried out on the CSW mentioned above, and the structural integrity assessment is simultaneously performed based on ASME code. Finally, the acceptance criteria are recommended for both volumetric and planar flaw.
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Zaiets, V. "Calculation of External Radiation in Dry Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Container." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16295.
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Zaporozhye Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) commissioned a Spent-Fuel Dry-Storage Facility (SFDSF) with a 50-year service life. The SFDSF design is based on the proven technology of the US Duke Engineering & Services Company and meets international standards, rules and regulations on nuclear and radiation safety [1]. The objectives of this paper are calculation of the external neutron and γ-radiation of a single container, and prediction of radiation characteristics during a storage period up to 50 years. The calculations were made for VSC-24 special ventilated containers manufactured by Sierra Nuclear Corporation (USA) [2]. The analysis shows that the change in gamma energy spectrum results in a faster decrease in dose with time which is in agreement with observations in the SFDSF. The γ-radiation dose rate is mainly composed of 0.5 to 2.5 MeV quanta.
Reports on the topic "50-year rule"
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Hernández, Ana, Magaly Lavadenz, and JESSEA YOUNG. Mapping Writing Development in Young Bilingual Learners. CEEL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.article.2012.2.
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A growing interest in Two-Way Bilingual Immersion (TWBI) programs has led to increased attention to bilingualism, biliteracy, and biculturalism. This article describes the writing development in Spanish and English for 49 kindergarten students in a 50/50 Two-Way Bilingual Immersion program. Over the course of an academic year, the authors collected writing samples to analyze evidence of cross-linguistic resource sharing using a grounded theoretical approach to compare and contrast writing samples to determine patterns of cross-linguistic resource sharing in English and Spanish. The authors identified four patterns: phonological, syntactic, lexical, and metalinguistic awareness. Findings indicated that emergent writers applied similar strategies as older bilingual students, including lexical level code-switching, applied phonological rules of L1 to their respective L2s, and used experiential and content knowledge to write in their second language. These findings have instructional implications for both English Learners and native English speakers as well as for learning from students for program improvement.