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1
Peterson, David. "The depth of fields: Managing focus in the epistemic subcultures of mind and brain science." Social Studies of Science 47, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312716663047.
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The ‘psy’ sciences emerged from the tangled roots of philosophy, physiology, biology and medicine, and these origins have produced heterogeneous fields. Scientists in these areas work in a complex, overlapping ecology of fields that results in the constant co-presence of dissonant theories, methods and research objects. This raises questions regarding how conceptual clarity is maintained. Using the optical metaphor ‘depth of field’, I show how researchers in all fields marginalize potential threats to routine scientific work by framing them as either too broad and imprecise or too narrow and technical. The appearance of this defocusing and devaluing across sites suggests a general aspect of scientific cognition, rather than a by-product of any specific scientific dispute.
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Dung, MA Le Anh. "THE HUMAN ISSUES IN EASTERN PHILOSOPHY." International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 05, no. 05 (2022): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2022.0433.
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The East (China and India) is known as a cradle of human civilization. Since ancient times, this place has achieved many brilliant development achievements in all fields of social life, especially philosophy. During the process of formation and development, Eastern philosophy has taken people and human-related issues as the object of study. Theories on people are very rich and diverse in order to clarify the human issues in many different aspects. The paper uses the methodology of the materialist dialectic with comprehensive principle, development one, specific history one and methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis to clarify the basic contents of the human issue in ancient Eastern philosophy, specifically the contents of human origin, human nature, socio-political attitudes of people in ancient Chinese and Indian society.
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Douglas, Conor M. W. "Managing HuGE Expectations." Science & Technology Studies 18, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55178.
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This paper examines the rhetorical processes by which spokespersons and practitioners of human genome epidemiology (HuGE) try to articulate and legitimate their methods and approaches, while solidifying their future in American public health as a discipline at the intersection of epidemiological and genomic discourses. Based on works within the ‘dynamics of expectations’ this examination seeks to expand on the temporal understanding of expectations by identifying the specific rhetorical strategies used to manage emerging techno-sciences. Understanding such specific strategies is necessary for analysts working around fields of science that are highly contested and lodged in a prospective discourse, such as the climate sciences, information technologies, and other areas of biotechnology.
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Radu, Mirela. "Medicine versus philosophy." Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 120, no. 2 (August 2, 2017): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2017.120.2.5.
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The ancient Greek medicine was based on the principle that philosophy influences all natural sciences as a whole. The doctor had, first of all, a humanistic formation followed by study of applied sciences specific to medicine. If humanism is purely theoretical, medicine is an applied science and the two-philosophy and medical knowledge, despite the apparent antinomy are able to create a union to the benefit of humanity. Medicine is the art of treating patients, identifying diseases and malady prevention. In its endeavor, medicine is based on the findings of numerous other fields such as physics, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, etc. Philosophy, on the other hand, can be defined as an attempt to understand human life as a whole. It is inevitable that the two ways of dealing with human beings to have influenced each other and the history of mankind. Both forms of knowledge have a major impact and influence on the world. Philosophy, understood in its older meaning, urged towards the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases of the soul whereas medicine, relying on philosophical teachings is aimed at healing the body and study its psychosomatic features.
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Gomboso, Marco. "Experience and the Absolute in the Light of Idealism." Idealistic Studies 50, no. 1 (2020): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/idstudies202062113.
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The question of whether the true character of reality is monistic or pluralistic spans almost the entire history of metaphysics. Though little discussed in recent decades, it presents problems that are nowadays considered of the utmost importance. Think, for instance, of the ultimate nature of elements such as matter, elemental particles or physical fields. Are they self-sufficient? Do they depend on a higher reality? A major discussion regarding the metaphysical grounds of such questions took place in Britain during the late nineteenth century. It saw Francis Herbert Bradley (1846–1924) and James Ward (1843–1925) trying to understand the nature of experience. By recalling that specific discussion, this article seeks to show why the monistic character of reality prevails.
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Kelly, Kimberly, and Linda Grant. "Penalties and premiums: The impact of gender, marriage, and parenthood on faculty salaries in science, engineering and mathematics (SEM) and non-SEM fields." Social Studies of Science 42, no. 6 (September 11, 2012): 869–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312712457111.
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The prevalence of gender wage gaps in academic work is well documented, but patterns of advantage or disadvantage linked to marital, motherhood, and fatherhood statuses have been less explored among college and university faculty. Drawing from a nationally representative sample of faculty in the US, we explore how the combined effects of marriage, children, and gender affect faculty salaries in science, engineering and mathematics (SEM) and non-SEM fields. We examine whether faculty members’ productivity moderates these relationships and whether these effects vary between SEM and non-SEM faculty. Among SEM faculty, we also consider whether placement in specific disciplinary groups affects relationships between gender, marital and parental status, and salary. Our results show stronger support for fatherhood premiums than for consistent motherhood penalties. Although earnings are reduced for women in all fields relative to married fathers, disadvantages for married mothers in SEM disappear when controls for productivity are introduced. In contrast to patterns of motherhood penalties in the labor market overall, single childless women suffer the greatest penalties in pay in both SEM and non-SEM fields. Our results point to complex effects of family statuses on the maintenance of gender wage disparities in SEM and non-SEM disciplines, but married mothers do not emerge as the most disadvantaged group.
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Lvov, Alexander A. "The specificity of historical-philosophical research in the Humanities." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 3 (2021): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.307.
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In interdisciplinary contemporary science, knowledge is obtained from a close collaboration of specialists with various competences. Philosophy appears to be effective in clarifying the meaning of concepts, discerning the normative and the empirical, determining whether the differences in the positions of the participants depend on how they use words or the essence of the argument. Philosophers actively help to develop various fields of the humanities and social sciences and they are in demand in the sciences. They admit themselves that the history of philosophy is the unifying factor for all the areas, although the areas of their research are diverse. The article considers the question of whether it is possible to talk about a specific influence exerted by professional historians of philosophy on other disciplines. Restricted to the humanities, it traces the streams that exist in the dialogue between the humanities and historical-philosophical studies, and also considers what contribution the historians of philosophy make in the field of historical sciences, in various areas of political research, in gender studies, anthropology, theology and religious philosophy, as well as the articulation of practical philosophy as a way of life. Despite the fact that the history of philosophy is thought of as an auxiliary discipline, the contribution of the historians of philosophy to the development of related and indirectly related fields of scholarship is significant: they reconstruct the genealogy of meaning and as a result, the concepts or ideas are clarified within their native cultural environment.
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Di Giulio, Marco. "Did Elitists Really Believe in Social Laws? Some Epistemological Challenges in the Work of Gaetano Mosca and Vilfredo Pareto." Topoi 41, no. 1 (October 11, 2021): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-021-09764-z.
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AbstractThe epistemological standards of contemporary social sciences refute ‘functional’ and ‘law-like’ explanations, whereas mechanism-based causal explanations have become widely accepted in various fields of inquiry. The paper supports the hypothesis that authors Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca, despite their deference to positivist epistemology, significantly anticipated these developments. Indeed, with their emphasis on history, contexts and agents, elitists ushered into the debate of their time some arguments that realist epistemology fully developed, emphasising the role of context-specific and, often, not directly observable explanatory features. To illustrate the ante litteram epistemological realism of elitist thinkers, the paper reconstructs the positions of Mosca and Pareto concerning two major themes of that time, in which elitists challenged the mainstream ideas and values of most of their peers with epistemological arguments that refuse a linear notion of causality.
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Brenna, Brita. "Clergymen Abiding in the Fields: The Making of the Naturalist Observer in Eighteenth-Century Norwegian Natural History." Science in Context 24, no. 2 (April 28, 2011): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889711000044.
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ArgumentBy the mid-eighteenth century, governors of the major European states promoted the study of nature as part of natural-resource based schemes for improvement and economic self-sufficiency. Procuring beneficial knowledge about nature, however, required observers, collectors, and compilers who could produce usable and useful descriptions of nature. The ways governments promoted scientific explorations varied according to the form of government, the makeup of the civil society, the state's economic ideologies and practices, and the geographical situation. This article argues that the roots of a major natural history initiative in Denmark-Norway were firmly planted in the state-church organization. Through the clergymen and their activities, a bishop, supported by the government in Copenhagen, could gather an impressive collection of natural objects, receive observations and descriptions of natural phenomena, and produce natural historical publications that described for the first time many of the species of the north. Devout naturalists were a common species in the eighteenth century, when clergymen and missionaries involved themselves in the investigation of nature in Europe and far beyond. The specific interest here is in how natural history was supported and enforced as part of clerical practice, how specimen exchange was grafted on to pre-existing institutions of gift exchange, and how this influenced the character of the knowledge produced.
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Nersessian, Nancy J. "Interdisciplinarities in Action: Cognitive Ethnography of Bioengineering Sciences Research Laboratories." Perspectives on Science 27, no. 4 (August 2019): 553–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00316.
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The paper frames interdisciplinary research as creating complex, distributed cognitive-cultural systems. It introduces and elaborates on the method of cognitive ethnography as a primary means for investigating interdisciplinary cognitive and learning practices in situ. The analysis draws from findings of nearly 20 years of investigating such practices in research laboratories in pioneering bioengineering sciences. It examines goals and challenges of two quite different kinds of integrative problem-solving practices: biomedical engineering (hybridization) and integrative systems biology (collaborative interdependence). Practical lessons for facilitating research and learning in these specific fields are discussed and a preliminary set of interdisciplinary epistemic virtues are proposed as candidates for cultivation in interdisciplinary practices of these kinds more widely.
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Blaettler, Christine. "Cloud Aesthetics: An Epistemological Challenge, Aesthetics from Below, and the Question of History." Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures 5, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53397/hunnu.jflc.202101002.
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Clouds are often appealed to when an objection is raised to the rationalist knowledge paradigm of the clear and distinct, as formulated by René Descartes. In such cases, clouds serve to establish an anti-classically oriented, non-hierarchical and non-determinative, chaostheoretically informed counter-paradigm. Itself informed by this tendency, this essay proposes to examine clouds as an epistemological challenge, capable of exposing specific tensions in science, philosophy, and art alike. These fields negotiate questions of perception and representation, hence aesthetic problems, on the basis of which this contribution formulates an “aesthetics from below.” Such an aesthetics does not proceed from aesthetic theories, nor is it based on fuzzy concepts; rather, it begins with reflection on perception-based experience and specifically historical artifacts and seeks to lead these toward the work of theory. In this essay, this is accomplished through an examination of the significance of clouds in Siegfried Kracauer’s philosophical reflections on history.
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Barashkov, Viktor V., Denis A. Begchin, and Ivan P. Davidov. "Modern European Philosophy of Symbolic Forms of Religious and Artistic Consciousness." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 6 (2021): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-6-74-84.
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The article deals with the philosophical issues in the field of religious art. The revision of the theories of secularization in the late 20th – early 21st centuries allowed philosophers speak not only about the autonomy of art in relation to religion, but also about the dialogue between these two “symbolic forms of consciousness” (according to E. Cassirer) and the fields of culture. The aim of this article is to offer an analysis of the corpus of selected texts of both Russian and foreign specialists of the last quarter of the 20th – early 21st centuries who worked in related fields (iconology, spatialization, semiotics of culture and art, philosophy of culture, and theology). The subject matters of the article is the philosophical, religious, cultural, art history, semiotic, theological, and anthropological theories of authors whose works were in the representative sample of this study. The literature can be divided into several categories: 1) publications that discuss the relationship between the “secular” and “sacred” in modern culture; 2) publications that describe the essential features of modern temple construction and give a broad interpretation of the concept of “sacred spaces”; 3) publications that describe and analyse specific manifestations of the dialogue between art and religion. The main methods are the method of description and the method of complex philosophical and religiological analysis. The originality of the research lies in the attempt to systematize various points of view on the place and role of religion and art in a post-secular society. The goal is to offer a wide panorama of modern theories of the interaction of religion, architecture, and fine art. Tthe main tasks are complex analysis, classification and qualification of research approaches of the authors under consideration.
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KWON, Kiseok. "Composition and Genealogical Relation Network of the Medical Family in the Late Joseon Dynasty." Korean Journal of Medical History 30, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 221–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2021.30.221.
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Uiyeokju Palsebo is a genealogy record that contains the eighth generation of patrilineal ancestors, maternal grandfathers, and fathers-in-law of technical officials who worked in three fields: medicine, linguistics, and mathematics. This book covers members of influential families who monopolized the positions of technical officers. In that respect, it seems to have had an effect like a kind of 'white list'. This paper identifies the range of families based on common ancestors above eight generations according to the editing method of this book, attempting various statistical analysis. The results of the analysis shows that it is possible to determine the size of the medical families, which varied according to the number of medical bureaucrats and the distance of kinship between them. Most of the families had workers in the three fields of medicine, linguistics, and mathematics, but there were also ‘families more specialized in medicine’ that produced a large number of medical figures. The ancestors of medical figures were mainly engaged in the three fields of medicine, linguistics, and mathematics, but there were also a small number of officials in charge of “unhak(including astronomy, geography, and fortune-telling),” law, art, and transcription. For distant ancestors from common ancestors to the fifth generation, the proportion of technical officers was small, but for relatively close ancestors, the proportion of technical officers, especially medical officers, increased. It can be seen that the status as a medical officer tends to be hereditary further down the generations. The fields of activity of the maternal grandfathers and fathers-in-law of medical figures were more concentrated in the medical field. This can be the result of confirming the influence of the marital relationship network that was formed in the close period with the medical persons being investigated. In this paper, only medical figures were considered as primary research subjects, but their macroscopic networks were relatively evenly spread out in the three fields of medicine, linguistics, and mathematics. In this network, Uiyeokju Palsebo contained homogeneous hierarchies that could continuously dominate a specific field of government office.
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Ukolova, V. I. "School of History." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(38) (October 28, 2014): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-79-86.
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The current international processes and events, world politics at the beginning of the 21 century have once again clearly demonstrated that their meaning often emerges through the historical context without which the understanding of what is happening is hardly possible. Rector of MGIMO A.V. Torkunov in his talk on International relations as an educational discipline remarked that "as for sciences the basis of professionalism is mathematical skills and competencies, for international relations such a basis is history". Historical disciplines are taught at MGIMO from the very start of education process. MGIMO is one of the leading centers of research in the fields of history, political sciences and humanities. Here, in different years academics E.V. Tarle, L.N. Ivanov, V.G. Trukhanovskiy, A.L. Narochnitskiy and other prominent scholars and historians taught. Historical School of MGIMO has united important areas of historical science: the history of political processes in the twentieth century, modern history, the history of international relations and diplomacy, historical regional studies and cultural studies, oriental, philosophy and theory of history. The best traditions of the MGIMO historical school incorporated by its founders, make the foundation of its development at present. In 1992, the Department of MGIMO world and national history was established. The principle innovation was the combination of two components - historical education and historical science. This made it possible to present the story of Russia as an important part of the world history, opened up prospects for the implementation of comparative history, the synthesis of specific historical approaches and generalized global vision of civilization and human development. The historical school has realised a number of research projects, including "Alexander Nevsky" and the multi-volume "Great Victory", the work continues on a research project "Russia in the Modern World", and on a project "Synchronous History", etc.
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Herndon, J. M. "Inseparability of science history and discovery." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 1, no. 1 (April 12, 2010): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-1-25-2010.
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Abstract. Science is very much a logical progression through time. Progressing along a logical path of discovery is rather like following a path through the wilderness. Occasionally the path splits, presenting a choice; the correct logical interpretation leads to further progress, the wrong choice leads to confusion. By considering deeply the relevant science history, one might begin to recognize past faltering in the logical progression of observations and ideas and, perhaps then, to discover new, more precise understanding. The following specific examples of science faltering are described from a historical perspective: (1) Composition of the Earth's inner core; (2) Giant planet internal energy production; (3) Physical impossibility of Earth-core convection and Earth-mantle convection, and; (4) Thermonuclear ignition of stars. For each example, a revised logical progression is described, leading, respectively, to: (1) Understanding the endo-Earth's composition; (2) The concept of nuclear georeactor origin of geo- and planetary magnetic fields; (3) The invalidation and replacement of plate tectonics; and, (4) Understanding the basis for the observed distribution of luminous stars in galaxies. These revised logical progressions clearly show the inseparability of science history and discovery. A different and more fundamental approach to making scientific discoveries than the frequently discussed variants of the scientific method is this: An individual ponders and through tedious efforts arranges seemingly unrelated observations into a logical sequence in the mind so that causal relationships become evident and new understanding emerges, showing the path for new observations, for new experiments, for new theoretical considerations, and for new discoveries. Science history is rich in "seemingly unrelated observations" just waiting to be logically and causally related to reveal new discoveries.
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Philipps, Axel, and Leonie Weißenborn. "Unconventional ideas conventionally arranged: A study of grant proposals for exceptional research." Social Studies of Science 49, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 884–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312719857156.
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Exceptional research involves exceptional, rather than established, approaches, theories, methods and technologies. Nevertheless, to gain funding for such research, scientists are forced to outline unconventional ideas in ways that still relate to recognized concepts and findings, as well as adhering to the conventional requirements of relevant fields of research. Surprisingly, we know very little about the approaches scientists take to overcome these obstacles. In this article, we investigate how applicants use rhetorical moves and argumentative patterns to rationalize their unorthodox ideas and how they rhetorically combine their hypotheses or ideas with those of previous research that used specific methods and recognized technologies. The study concentrates on neuroscience grant proposals in Germany for a funding programme intended to support exceptional research. In addition, we look for the argumentative patterns favoured by members of and reviewers for the organization’s funding programme in order to understand if the successful applications share rhetorical characteristics. An analysis of 52 applications disclosed four different argumentative patterns: (1) solving practical problems, (2) exploring specific phenomena, (3) expanding confirmed knowledge and (4) offering an alternative theory. Only one persuasive strategy explicitly challenges established theories by proposing alternatives. Despite this, the funding programme continued to ask for radical and extraordinary ideas and many scientists continued to present potentially ground-breaking ideas that did not invalidate earlier work.
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Raj, Kapil. "Images of Knowledge, Social Organization, and Attitudes to Research in an Indian Physics Department." Science in Context 2, no. 2 (1988): 317–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700000624.
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The ArgumentSociologists of Third World science, who share the dominant assumption in the philosophy of science that the “culture” of specific substantive fields of scientific inquiry is invariant across the globe, have, after a period of blind optimism devoted to building a critical mass of scientists in the developing countries, relapsed into a bleaker mood and see the Third World as a peripheral region lacking in “creativity” in its research programs.Challenging the doctrine of the universality of scientific practice by means of an in situ study of an Indian physics laboratory, an attempt is made to bring to light a particular community's shared ideals of knowledge (provided by the specific historico-cultural Indian context) which animate the everyday practice of its field of study and fashion its choice of problems, style of professional communication, attitudes toward experiment, etc. These local ingredients should not be understood as deficiencies with respect to some arbitrary norm (mostly taken as the practice in the particular field of inquiry in the “developed” world) but as what differentiates research practices in different parts of the world.
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Teleutsia, Valentyna, Alla Pavlova, Liliia Sydorenko, Neonila Tilniak, Yuliya Kapliyenko-Iliuk, and Natalia Venzhynovych. "Mode of Understanding the Terms "Concept" and "Folklore Concept" in Modern Humanities." Studies in Media and Communication 10, no. 3 (December 18, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v10i3.5832.
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The urgency of the study is explained by the importance of a thorough study of typology and classification of concepts in terms of modern cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, history, ethnolinguistics, philosophy and psychology, including folklore concept as a set of signs that form a semiotic model of national and cultural experience and allow in-depth study of cultural processes in the light of historical and national factors. The aim of the article is to try to comprehend the concept and folklore concept from the standpoint of modern researchers working in various fields of humanities, to analyse, compare the main aspects of studying the problem, considering industry specific features. The main research method is a theoretical method that involves analysis, synthesis, generalisation of the theoretical basis on this topic, and the subject of study – the term concept as a tool of scientific analysis, mental construct and unit of consciousness. The article identifies the main structural and classification features of concepts, diversity of views on the problem of folklore concept from the standpoint of scholars from different fields of humanities and representatives of different cultural strata, the specific features of Ukrainian folklore are considered in detail on the example of texts of thoughts, historical songs, songs-chronicles, wedding songs, carols, Christmas carols, ballads. The materials presented in this paper will help to clarify the specific features and breadth of the mode of understanding certain cultural, folklore and historical phenomena at the intersection of various humanities and social sciences.
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Ярмоліцька, Наталія, and Віталій Туренко. "RESEARCH OF PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF BIOLOGY IN THE KYIV WORLDVIEW AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY." Молодий вчений, no. 11 (99) (November 30, 2021): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2021-11-99-32.
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The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of the the Kyiv worldview and epistemological philosophical school within which the research of philosophical problems of biology in the second half of the XX century took place. The history of the Kyiv School of Philosophy of Biology was reconstructed, the directions and problems of scientific research carried out in Soviet Ukraine in the second half of the XX century were analyzed by representatives of the Ukrainian scientific community from the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Kyiv University. It is established that scientists of the Kyiv School of Philosophy of Biology, on the basis of materialist dialectics, studied evolutionary methods in biology and general methods of natural science, paid attention to the correct understanding of specific features of biological methods of living nature research and correlation with methods of other sciences. in science. This study is aimed at popularizing and disseminating the achievements of the Ukrainian philosophical heritage, their modern scientific vision for further modernization of scientific research and training of specialists in the fields of philosophy, social sciences, humanities and natural sciences.
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Warren, Chezare A., and Terah T. Venzant Chambers. "The Imperative of Social Foundations to (Urban) Education Research and Practice." Educational Researcher 49, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x20923289.
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This conceptual article aims to clarify the important relationship between the fields of social foundations of education (SFE) and urban education (UE). We argue that SFE (a) enables more precise understandings of urban in one’s preparation to practice in or conduct research with implications for urban schooling contexts and (b) strengthens one’s capacity to identify the questions and pedagogical and methodological approaches central to enacting justice-oriented education research and practice. This article calls attention to three specific SFE subdisciplines—history, philosophy, and sociology of education—as necessary complements to any education program of study, building our argument from an examination of SFE’s relationship to UE specifically. Accessing multidisciplinary perspectives to deeply understand and address vexing challenges posed by (urban) space and place is a central feature of this article.
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Schirrmacher, Arne. "Popular Science as CulturalDispositif: On the German Way of Science Communication in the Twentieth Century." Science in Context 26, no. 3 (July 25, 2013): 473–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026988971300015x.
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ArgumentGerman twentieth-century history is characterized by stark changes in the political system and the momentous consequences of World Wars I and II. However, instead of uncovering specific kinds or periods of “Kaiserreich science,” “Weimar science,” or “Nazi science” together with their public manifestations and in such a way observing a narrow link between popular science and political orders, this paper tries to exhibit some remarkable stability and continuity in popular science on a longer scale. Thanks to the rich German history of scientific leadership in many fields, broad initiatives for science popularization, and a population and economy open to scientific progress, the media offered particularly rich popular science content, which was diversified for various audiences and interests. Closer consideration of the format, genre, quality, and quantity of popular science, and of the uses and value audiences attributed to it, along with their respective evolution, reveals infrastructures underpinning science communication. Rather than dealing with specific discourses, the conditions of science communication are at the center of this article. Therefore I focus on the institutions, rules, laws, and economies related to popular science, as well as on the philosophical, moral, and national propositions related to it, and also on the interactions among this ensemble of rather heterogeneous elements. This approach allows a machinery of popular scientific knowledge to be identified, in Foucauldian terms adispositif, one which is of a particularly cultural nature.
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Quyet, Nguyen Thi. "Perspectives on human beings in chinese philosophy and its historical significance to the cause of educational innovation in Vietnam currently." Argumentos - Revista de Filosofia, no. 28 (July 1, 2022): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36517/argumentos.28.8.
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China is known as a cradle of human civilization. Since ancient times, this place has achieved many brilliant development achievements in all fields of social life, especially philosophy. During the process of formation and development, Chinese philosophy has taken people and human-related issues as the object of study. Theories on people are very rich and diverse in order to clarify the human issues in many different aspects. Chinese philosophic viewpoints on people are widespread, affecting and influencing many other countries in the region, including Vietnam. The article uses the methodology of the materialistic dialectics with principles of comprehensiveness, development, specific history and methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis to clarify the basic contents of the human issue in ancient Chinese philosophy, thereby, drawing its historical significance for the cause of current educational innovation in Vietnam through the development of policies on detecting, fostering, training and employing talents; focusing on moral education, considering moral education as the basic task of all educational processes; promoting the particularly important role of the teacher in the entire educational process; and building a rich and lively system of teaching methods to achieve the highest efficiency in the educational process.
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Güttler, Nils Robert. "Scaling the Period Eye: Oscar Drude and the Cartographical Practice of Plant Geography, 1870s–1910s." Science in Context 24, no. 1 (February 3, 2011): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889710000256.
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ArgumentThe historiography of botanical maps has mainly concentrated on their alleged “golden age,” on maps drawn by famous first-generation plant geographers. This article instead describes botanical maps after the age of discovery, and detects both a quantitative explosion and qualitative modification in the late nineteenth century. By spotlighting the case of the plant geographer Oscar Drude (1852–1933), I argue that the dynamics of botanical mappings were closely linked to a specific milieu of knowledge production: the visual culture of Imperial Germany. The scientific upgrading of maps was stimulated by a prospering commercial cartographical market as well as a widespread practice of mediating between professionals and amateurs via maps in the public sphere. In transferring skills and practices from these “popular” fields of knowledge to scientific domains, botanists like Oscar Drude established maps as an indispensable element of botanical observation. This wholesale dissemination of botanical maps had thus a formative influence on collective perception – the botanist's “period eye” – regarding plant distribution.
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Artemyeva, Olga V. "Thomas Reid’s Conception of Practical Ethics." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 64, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2021-64-7-68-84.
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The article analyzes the concept of practical ethics in the moral philosophy of Thomas Reid (1710–1796). The significance of this study is determined by the fact that Reid, for the first time in the history of ethics, offers an internally differentiated conception of moral philosophy, which includes two parts: the theory of morality and practical ethics. The theory of morality studies the conditions for the possibility of morality (moral psychology and epistemology). Practical ethics is normative, deals directly with the content of morality (duties, rules, and first principles). Both parts of moral philosophy is cognitive in the nature. By distinguishing the theory of morality and practical ethics, Reid expresses a key idea for him: the distinction between good and evil and the fulfillment of duties is attainable to any reasonable person free from the influence of passions and prejudices. They do not need any special philosophical knowledge to fulfill their duty. Reid’s idea was perceived in contemporary ethics as a possible key for overcoming the difficulties that applied ethics faces today: (a) the problem of confirming its philosophical status; (b) the problem of the relevance of its guidelines, which are often perceived as abstract theorizing by specialists in specific fields. Reid showed that in morality, unlike other sciences such as anatomy, there can be no experts, and in order to be relevant, ethics must speak the same language with those to whom it addresses, and about those specific problems that are essential to them.
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Stoliarova, Olga. "The return of metaphysics as a subject matter of historical ontology: analytical review." Digital Scholar Philosopher s Lab 4, no. 1 (2021): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32326/2618-9267-2021-4-1-126-143.
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The article (the publication consists of two parts) presents an analytical and historiographical overview of the problems that are substantively related to the question of the role, meaning and historical fate of metaphysics. The author focuses on the phenomenon of the return of metaphysics to the philosophy of our time. This phenomenon is proposed to be analyzed from the viewpoint of historical ontology, which deals with the ontological presuppositions of knowledge and their historical dynamics. In the first part, the author highlights two directions of the historical development of metaphysical problems, one of which expresses the immediate metaphysical position, and the other represents the criticism of this position. The author associates criticism of metaphysics with the development of science and the philosophy of science. The author shows the difference between the “analytical” and “continental” approaches to metaphysical problems. The consideration of metaphysics as a historical phenomenon is associated with Hegel’s metaphilosophical historicism. The alternative, non-historical, consideration of metaphysics is placed in the context of empiricism and positivism. The concepts of scientific realism are defined as a kind of positivistically restricted analytical metaphysics. The author highlights three points of growth of post-positivist philosophy and pays special attention to the relationship between post-positivist philosophy of science, history of science, metaphilosophical history of ideas, and sociology of science. The author traces the gradual formation of theoretical conditions for the rehabilitation of metaphysics in these research fields. The author demonstrates that the historicization of Kant’s “transcendental subject” creates a specific epistemological perspective that joins historicism with contextualism. Within this perspective, the question of the ontological presuppositions of empirical (primarily scientific) knowledge, their development and change becomes of great importance.
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Sanders, Ed. "THE EMOTIONS OF MEDEA: AN INTRODUCTION." Greece and Rome 68, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383520000200.
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Ancient Greek and Roman emotions have become a field of increasing academic interest over the last few decades. We can particularly refer to such formative scholars in the field as David Konstan, Douglas Cairns, Robert Kaster, and more recently Angelos Chaniotis – though the cast list goes much wider. Early interest in emotions prevalent across classical genres, such as shame, anger, pity, envy/jealousy, and erôs (erotic love, desire), has more recently expanded to include more peripheral emotions such as forgiveness, remorse, and disgust. A number of studies, too, have focused on specific genres. This research has been conducted against a background of much wider interest in emotion studies in fields as diverse as neuroscience, cognitive psychology, anthropology, medicine, philosophy, jurisprudence, history, literary studies, and the performing arts. Many publications by Classicists have demonstrated awareness of this wider body of research, and some of them directly incorporate theoretical findings – particularly from cognitive psychology, but from other disciplines too – into exploration of classical texts and other media.
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Wigura, Karolina. "Namiętności, uczucia czy emocje? Trzy tradycje myślenia o afektach i trzy doktryny afektów w polityce." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 61, no. 4 (October 10, 2017): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2017.61.4.1.
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The author proposes tools for the analysis of affects in politics. First she distinguishes three historical ways of thinking about affective phenomena: the tradition of passion, deriving from ancient Greece; the tradition of feelings, begun by the Greek and Roman stoics; and finally the tradition of emotions, which was fully shaped in the nineteenth century and which most closely corresponds to the contemporary understanding of affective phenomena. The author concentrates on the meeting of two fields—the history of emotions and the philosophy of politics. Each of the three traditions of thinking has its own specific doctrine for dealing with affects, that is, it indicates ways of managing the unusually difficult challenges presented by our emotions. The author describes and critiques these approaches. She believes that although they are often burdened with presentism and anachronism, taking them into account in analyses of the social world—especially in the sphere of contemporary politics—could help understand the nuances of political thought and actions.
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VOSKUHL, ADELHEID. "EMANCIPATION IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE: TECHNOLOGY, RATIONALITY, AND THE COLD WAR IN HABERMAS’S EARLY EPISTEMOLOGY AND SOCIAL THEORY." Modern Intellectual History 13, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 479–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244314000717.
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In his 1968 essay “Technology and Science as ‘Ideology’,” Jürgen Habermas deals more explicitly than in other works with phenomena related to modern technology and science.1He is well known for his social theory, legal theory, and theories of subjectivity and intersubjectivity, and has been a major figure in the intellectual history of modern Europe due to the twin role he has played as both a voice and a representative of the political and philosophical movements of postwar and post-Holocaust West Germany. Exploring the role of technology in his thinking brings into focus technology's ambiguous status in critical social theory as well as the general relationship between intellectual history and the history of technology. The disturbingly open-ended question whether technology is modernity's blessing or its curse has mobilized critics and commentators at least since the Industrial Revolution and has divided them at political, epistemic, and moral levels. Habermas's project sits in the middle of such traditions, and his 1968 essay “updates” long-standing concerns about industrial modernity for the specific technological, philosophical, and political conditions of the early Cold War. Intersections between technology and his signature fields—intersections that he has both forged and contributed to—are found in political theories of technology and democracy (in the forms, for example, of technocracy and technological determinism), epistemologies of scientific knowledge and their relevance for theories of the reasonable subject and of knowledge communities, and theories of secularization and modern state-building.2
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Calkin, Siobhain Bly. "Carleton University." Florilegium 20, no. 1 (January 2003): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.20.031.
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Medieval Studies at Carleton University are in a state of change right now. Recent retirements in some departments have meant that some offerings have disappeared, while recent hirings in other departments have led to an increase in the number and variety of courses offered there. A self-directed interdisciplinary B.A. in Medieval Studies is currently on the books, but has not often been taken up in recent years. Students usually study the Middle Ages as part of a more traditional disciplinary degree program (B.A. in History, B.A. in English). In the History department right now, one course on the Middle Ages is offered, a survey of the history of medieval England, and medieval history is listed as one of the supervised fields for the M.A.. In the College of the Humanities, students have the opportunity to take a more general introduction to the history of the Middle Ages, or a survey of medieval philosophy. Offerings in history and philosophy thus consist mainly of survey courses at the undergraduate level. Survey courses of medieval and Renaissance literature are offered by the French and English departments. Students in French may also take a course in History of the French Language and occasionally a fourth-year seminar in medieval French literature. In the English department, undergraduate students may pursue medieval studies beyond the survey level in a 300-level Chaucer course or in a 400-level seminar in medieval literature whose specific topic varies each year. Graduate courses in medieval literature are also offered each year in the English department's M.A. program. Independent reading courses, too, are offered, while courses such as History of the English Language (which has not been offered in recent years) are being revived. Thus, in some disciplines at Carleton the opportunity to study the Middle Ages has declined, but in others that opportunity has increased and will continue to do so.
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Muldoon, Jeff, Eric W. Liguori, Josh Bendickson, and Antonina Bauman. "Revisiting perspectives on George Homans: correcting misconceptions." Journal of Management History 24, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-06-2017-0027.
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Purpose This paper aims to correct some misconceptions about George Homans. Specifically, it clarifies the relationship between Homans and Malinowski, explains why Homans is rightfully considered the father of social exchange, shows Homans’ perspective on altruism and self-interest and analyses Homans’ place in management’s complex history. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper which synthesizes both primary and secondary sources on Homans, social exchange theory (SET), Malinowski and other Homans’ contemporaries and theories, which, in aggregate, help dispel some common misconceptions in the literature today. Findings This paper disperses several common misconceptions about Homans and his work. First, the findings show that beliefs that Homans was unaware of Malinowski are not justified, as Homans was not only aware of Malinowski but also significantly influenced by Malinowski’s work. Second, this manuscript clarifies that while Homans, for specific reasons, focussed on self-interest, his work accounted for altruism. Lastly, this paper also further cements Homans’ place in history as the father of social exchange. Originality/value Recent misconceptions have emerged in the literature calling to question not only Homans’ legitimacy as the father of social exchange but also some of his views on the theory itself. By clarifying these misconceptions, this paper enables scholars from a variety of management fields to better understand historical foundations of SET and its impact on current research.
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Dutta, Dr Sagarika. "Traumatic History and Transcultural Memory: A Reading of Numair Atif Choudhury’s Babu Bangladesh in the context of Nation formation." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2022): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.71.39.
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In the age of interdisciplinary studies Literary and Memory Studies is an emerging field of interest to young scholars and researchers. The manner in which Memory Studies interlink across various disciplines as history, geography, literature, psychology is worthy of exploring. Cultural memory entails convergence of fields such as cultural history, social psychology, media archaeology, political philosophy, comparative literature and relate past to the present. It is bifocal in nature since it leads to both remembering and forgetting. There are diverse ways in which Memory studies can be located in literary and media studies. My focus is to highlight how an exploration of memory studies further leads to a study of psychological trauma buried deep in the memory of an individual as well as its culture. The experience of undergoing the two World Wars, Holocaust, 9/11 episode, 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, political strife in Afghanistan are major areas that can be studied with the aid of memory studies. I shall highlight on this specific area of memory studies by contextualizing how memory operates by its twin process of remembering and forgetting to bring out the trauma of the civilians of East Pakistan who had witnessed the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. For this purpose Numair Atif Choudhary’s Babu Bangladesh (2019) is chosen to elucidate how the process of nation building is intrinsically connected to the present and past lives of its citizens. The narrative of formation of a new nation is continually questioned and reframed by the oral narratives of the generations of people who have witnessed its creation.
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Lamy, Jérôme. "What Management Does to Space Projects: The Franco-Soviet Project ARCAD 3 in the Late 1970s." Science in Context 24, no. 4 (November 8, 2011): 545–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889711000226.
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ArgumentSpace projects represent, after World War II, the archetype of large-scale organization of scientific practices that are flexible, temporary, and oriented towards specific goals. A new form of activity, the project, emerged through the management of technical means, allocation of skills, and coordination of various players. Project management emerged as the synthesis of a set of social practices designed to subordinate as well as synchronize the initiatives of researchers, engineers, and technicians who had temporarily joined forces. This article presents the genesis and deployment of the Franco-Soviet space program ARCAD 3 whose purpose was to study the magnetosphere with a satellite. This study is situated at the junction of three historiographical dimensions: scientific writings, links between action and graphic forms, and Big Science. The diagrams, organization charts and schedules produced by the French space agency throughout the entire project form the documentary substrata of this analysis. These graphic management tools define the role of each player, designate fields of competence, and specify the temporality of actions. A self-monitoring system as well as surveillance instrument, diagrams, organization charts and schedules are linked to form a certain vision of authority along the lines of the “neoliberal governmentality” defined by Michel Foucault. By defining in advance and in writing all the possible (or impossible) relationships, the chronological order of activities as well as the actions to be performed, graphic project management tools contribute to the transfer of coercive panoptic mechanisms towards a minimal organization of relationships between individuals.
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Casals, Quintí. "El acceso de las mujeres a la Universidad en España: el caso de las primeras universitarias leridanas (1882-1920) = Access of Women to the University in Spain: the Case of the First University Women in Lleida (1882-1920)." CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades 20, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cian.2017.3943.
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Resumen: En el presente artículo estudiamos los casos específicos de las primeras universitarias leridanas que conocemos como paradigmáticos del acceso de las mujeres a la universidad en España a finales del siglo XIX y primeras décadas del XX. Los ámbitos de estudio son Medicina, Farmacia y Filosofía y Letras. Mediante la comparación de las biografías de estas primeras universitarias leridanas buscamos paralelismos que expliquen como en una ciudad pequeña como Lleida, se dio la circunstancia que surgieran algunas de las pioneras españolas en los citados campos de estudio.Palabras clave: Historia universitaria, universitarias, primeras doctoras, primeras licenciadas.Abstract: In this paper we study the specific cases of the first women of Lleida that go to the university like a paradigmatic case of women’s access to the university in Spain in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth. The areas of study are Medicine, Pharmacy and Philosophy. By comparing the biographies of these first university women, we seek parallels that explain how in a small city like Lleida, were given the circumstances for arising some of the Spanish first women in the above fields of study.Keywords: University history, university, first female doctors, first graduates
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McGrath, Paul. "Knowledge management in monastic communities of the medieval Irish Celtic church." Journal of Management History 13, no. 2 (April 17, 2007): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17511340710735591.
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PurposeThis paper aims to use the case of early medieval Irish monasticism to highlight the implicit a historicism of the knowledge management (KM) literature and to show how such a historical study can be used to increase the level of discourse and reflection within the contested and increasingly fragmented field of KM.Design/methodology/approachThe author uses secondary source analysis from a diversity of academic fields to examine the relatively sophisticated processes through which the monks gathered, codified, created, interpreted, disseminated and used religious and secular knowledge. The author then draws out a number of insights from this literature to aid current thinking on and debates within the field of KM.FindingsThe paper presents a church metaphor of KM operating at two levels. Internally the metaphor highlights the deliberate but politically contentious nature of knowledge creation, a process of developing both explicit and tacit knowledge among the monks, revolving around ideologies and cults, and primarily concerned with the avoidance, constraining and settling of controversies and debates. Externally, the metaphor highlights the political use of and the mediation of access to knowledge for the purposes of social position and influence.Originality/valueThis paper is original in providing a detailed consideration of KM activities within a specific early medieval historical context and in drawing from the study to contribute to current thinking within the field of KM.
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Karpenko, I. V., and A. A. Guzhva. "Human Being in the Dimension of the Psychosociocultural Matrix of Philosophizing." Anthropological Measurements of Philosophical Research, no. 20 (December 28, 2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/ampr.v0i20.249565.
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Purpose. The article highlights the demand for critical thinking in everyday life at the present stage of development of globalized culture and emphasizes the role of philosophy as a source of rationality. Philosophizing, which is determined by the psychosociocultural matrix, sets the toposes, vocabulary and rhythms of meaning making, their preservation and transformation. The purpose of the article is to concretize the practices of socio-cultural communication, primarily through the social institute of education, where individuals interact with the psychosociocultural matrix of philosophizing, which mediate the general and individual level in philosophical culture. Theoretical basis of the study are cultural anthropology and phenomenological methods. Originality of the study: based on the philosophy of intersubjectivity, we actualized the rational grounds for formation of adequate judgments in modern culture at the level of everyday life. This justifies the inevitability of the spread of various forms and types of philosophical education, philosophical thinking, ideas and values developed in philosophical communities beyond the narrow circle of professional philosophers. This implies the systemic involvement of philosophers as professionals of meaning-making in solving problems in various non-academic fields – politics, economics, law, etc. The formation of skills of philosophical critical thinking in the process of preparing young people for active civil life is no less important aspect of this. Conclusions lead to an understanding of the existential importance of philosophy and philosophizing and the need for organized forms of knowledge transfer such as the Faculty of Philosophy of the Classical University. There is a mutual interest and interaction of the general culture of society and philosophy as a special kind of culture. Because philosophy actively configures other forms of culture, contributes to the creation of sociocultural identities precisely because of its ability to conceptually reproduce the core of the psychosociocultural matrix that underlies the existence of all these different forms within one society. The sociocultural macro level of philosophical spiritual practices is formed by the psychosociocultural matrix of the philosophical tradition, which retains its longevity from the emergence of philosophy and goes through its history, demonstrating the features of the national reception of philosophy as a national-specific embodiment of sociocultural macro level of the psychosociocultural matrix.
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Mа, Weiyun. "A Review of Chinese Eastern Railway Study in China." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 6 (2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120017866-3.
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The article reviews research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China. The research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China began in the early 20th century, has a history of more than 100 years. The existing research results mainly focus on the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Tsarist Russia's expansion policy, negotiation between China and Russia (Soviet Union) on the railway issue, the contradictions and struggles of Japan and the United States around the railway problem and so on. These documents cover a wide range of issues which almost involve the political, diplomacy, economy and trade, culture and other fields of international relations in the Far East from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, provide a broad vision for the study of Chinese Eastern Railway. But there are problems in the research. Although there are many works on Chinese Eastern Railway, but most discussions are limited to a certain stage, there are few works on the whole history of Chinese Eastern Railway. Not only should we pay attention to the study of the early 20th century in other words the period of the Qing Empire, moreover, we should strengthen the research in the period of the Republic of China and the new China period, this is of great significance to the study of the whole history of Sino — Soviet relations. In addition due to specific historical conditions, part of the Russian data of Chinese Eastern Railway in China was lost, in addition, there is no detailed and authoritative reference book for Russian archives of Chinese Eastern Railway, this situation makes the cited materials in Chinese works appear too old the materials cited in the book seem too old. The authors thank for proofreading and examining the translation A.I. Kobzev, Ph.D. (Philosophy), professor, director of China Department, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, director of TSC of Humanities and Social Sciences and director of Philosophy Department of MIPT (SRI), director of TSC «Oriental Philosophy» of RSUH, Chief researcher of Russian language, literature and culture research center of Heilongjiang University.
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Inčiuraitė, Lina. "The Meaning of Soul in Ælfric’s “Catholic Homilines”." Verbum 1 (February 6, 2010): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2010.1.4938.
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Ælfric’s writings accurately reflect the early medieval or Anglo-Saxon deep contemplation of the universe, for Anglo-Saxon scholar’s ideas were culture-specific. Meanwhile, “Catholic Homilies” reveal the author’s personal style as well as the didactic concerns to teach his audience moral and spiritual values. In his sermons, the Anglo-Saxon abbot of Eynsham has an abiding interest in doctrinal issues namely salvation, baptism, resurrection of the body, the soul and body dualism. The abbot identified the soul with the tenet of immortality. Therefore, the analysis focuses on the meaning of soul in Ælfric’s “Catholic Homilies”. The article advocates an interdisciplinary approach which embraces the fields of cognitive semantics, the history of the English language, culturology, philosophy, and theology. As far as Ælfric’s Sermons are concerned, they are regarded as a considerable and invaluable resource for a wide variety of linguistic and theological investigations. In his “Catholic Sermons”, the importance of soul and its faculties are indicated by the size and diversity of the vocabulary. The research reveals the connotations of sawel, i. e. sawel as a superordinate, and other words (such as gast ‘soul, spirit’, mōd ‘mind, soul, heart, spirit, mood’, gemynd ‘memoria’, gescead ‘ratio and wylla ‘voluntas’) as its hyponyms.
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Isaacman, Allen, and Muchaparara Musemwa. "Water Security in Africa in the Age of Global Climate Change." Daedalus 150, no. 4 (2021): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_e_01870.
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Abstract This essay explores the multiple ways in which the nexuses between water scarcity and climate change are socially and historically grounded in ordinary people's lived experiences and are embedded in specific fields of power. Here we specifically delineate four critical dimensions in which the water crises confronting the African continent in an age of climate change are clearly expressed: the increasing scarcity, privatization, and commodification of water in urban centers; the impact of large dams on the countryside; the health consequences of water shortages and how they, in turn, affect other aspects of people's experiences, sociopolitical dynamics, and well-being, broadly conceived; and water governance and the politics of water at the local, national, and transnational levels. These overarching themes form the collective basis for the host of essays in this volume that provide rich accounts of conflicts and struggles over water use and how these tensions have been mitigated.
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Bernatskyi, Artemii, and Vladyslav Khaskin. "The history of the creation of lasers and analysis of the impact of their application in the material processing on the development of certain industries." History of science and technology 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-1-125-149.
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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the history of the creation of the laser as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of equipment and industrial technologies for processing the materials, the development of certain branches of the economy, and scientific-technological progress as a whole. In preparing the paper, the generally accepted methods, which are widely used in the preparation of historical research works, have been applied: the historical method – for the study and interpretation of the texts of primary sources and the search for other evidence used for research, as well as for the presentation of historical events associated with the development of laser technology; the historical-genetic method – for studying the genesis of specific historical phenomena and analyzing the causality of changes in the development of laser technology; the historical-critical method – for displaying cause-and-effect relationships, reconstructing events that influenced the development of laser technology; the method of historical periodization. The variety of different possible options for the use of lasers did not allow placing all the collected materials within the framework of one paper, and therefore, the authors have decided to dwell on the facts, which, in the opinion of the paper’s authors, are the most interesting, significant, poorly studied, and little known. The paper discusses the stages of: invention of the first laser; creation of the first commercial lasers; development of the first applications of lasers in industrial technologies for processing the materials. Special attention is paid to the “patent wars” that accompanied different stages of the creation of lasers. A comparative analysis of the market development for laser technology from the stage of creation to the present has been carried out. It has been shown that the modern market for laser technology continues to develop actively, as evidenced by the continued stable growth of laser sales over the past 10 years. This indicates that the demand for laser technology is inextricably linked with the development of high technology production and scientific-technological progress. The analysis has shown that recently, the trends in the use of laser technology have changed; in particular, their industrial and medical applications are decreasing, while there is an increase in their use in the fields of sensor production and communication.
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Fuehrer, Bernhard. "The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. Edited by Victor Mair. [New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 1,342+xxiv pp. $75.00; £52.50. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.]." China Quarterly 178 (June 2004): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004390296.
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Following his Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature (1994) and the Shorter Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature (2000), the Columbia History of Chinese Literature intends to complement these two widely used readers. Edited by Victor H. Mair, the 55 chapters of this single-volume history of Chinese literature are chronologically arranged with thematic chapters interspersed. Indeed, a closer look at the chapters reveals that the book at hand follows the traditional dictum of wen shi zhe bu fenjia, i.e. that literature, history and philosophy should not be separated but regarded as one field of studies. Hence the scope of this history goes far beyond the scope of what is traditionally subsumed under the heading of literature. In addition to the topics (all genres and periods of poetry, prose, fiction, and drama) that one expects in a book of this sort, wit and humour, proverbs and rhetoric, historical and philosophical writings, classical exegesis, literary theory and criticism, traditional fiction commentary, as well as popular culture, the impact of religion upon literature, the role of women, and the relationship with non-Chinese languages and peoples (ethnic minorities, Korea, Japan, Vietnam) feature as topics of individual chapters.Most of the chapters are written by leading specialists in those areas and are highly informative as well as concisely presented. Moreover, a number of chapters are thought-provoking enough to inspire questions that may lead towards a more focused research on hitherto neglected or less well-documented topics. In this sense, The Columbia History of Chinese Literature may also be perceived as a potential major impetus for further developments in the study of pre-modern and modern Chinese literature and related fields. Since the volume aims at bringing the riches of China's literary tradition into focus for a general readership, the majority of chapters can probably be best described as outlines of specific developments that should encourage readers to consult more specialized publications.
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Bardají, Anna Gil. "Academic discourse and translation from Arabic." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 55, no. 4 (December 15, 2009): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.55.4.05gil.
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Translation, like any other mechanism of text production, has the intrinsic potential of both producing and reinforcing a specific discourse. In spite of the never-ending debate about the discursive character of academic knowledge and Edward Said’s particular interpretation of Foucault in Orientalism, it is difficult to deny that for a long time many European universities have fostered some of the most important misconceptions about Arab culture(s). In this kind of academic discourse, translation plays a central role. Translated texts are one step further than those texts written about the other, for they are themselves the other (or at least a part of it). We are indebted to countless generations of scholars responsible for most translations from Arabic. Nevertheless, the time has come to ask ourselves some important questions. Which texts have been translated from Arabic by European scholars and why? Which criteria have been used to translate these texts instead of others? What has been the influence of these translations on the target culture? Which representations of Arab culture can we find in these translations and their paratexts (introductions, forewords, reviews, footnotes, etc.)? Arabic studies in Spain have been reviewed by J. T. Monroe, Manzanares de Cirre, López García, etc., yet none of them have approached directly the problem of translation or its implications for the construction of a specific canon. In Spain, this canon has been restricted to the Andalusian heritage for a long time (especially in the fields of history, philosophy, theology, sciences and poetry) and to some universal works, such as The Arabian Nights, and has only opened itself to other spheres of the Arab culture in the last decades. My aim in this paper is to present, from a critical perspective, some of the results of my analysis of a corpus of translations from Arabic — carried out by an eminent Spanish Arabist — and to use these results to understand how translation has helped to construct a specific academic discourse in Spain about Arab culture and particularly about al-Andalus.
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Pons, Josep Maria. "From Galileo to Navier and Clapeyron." ArtefaCToS. Revista de estudios sobre la ciencia y la tecnología 10, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/art2021102520.
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Galileo (1564-1642), in his well-known Discorsi (Galileo, 1638), briefly turning his attention to the fracture of a beam, starts an interesting discussion on the beam’s breakage as well as its location. Could the section and breaking point of a beam have been determined beforehand? Furthermore, is it specific to the material? What Galileo did was not merely challenge a physics problem, but the prevailing knowledge of his time: namely, Aristotelianism on one hand, and Nominalism on the other. As a matter of fact, must the breakage of an element be treated as a universal or is it particular to a given material?
The present essay aims to prove how Galileo, confronting the structural problem and bringing it into the realm of science, was not just raising a problem but, using Salviati’s words, he also established what actually takes place. Many years later, with the progress of physics, strength of materials and theory of structures, figures such as Claude Navier (1785-1836) and Benoît Clapeyron (1799-1864) confirmed once again that the Pisan turned out to be right.
This article intends to combine technical fields such as strength of materials and theory of structures with others like the history of science and philosophy proper. A cooperative approach to these disciplines can be doubtlessly helpful to improve the knowledge, learning and teaching of their different curricula, giving the reader a global, holistic perspective.
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Malkin, Stanislav. "Civil Identity Formation within Contemporary Informational Space (Historical Policy and Educational Practices)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017582-9.
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The main focus of the article was on the impact of current historical policy affecting the foreign and domestic political interests of the Russian Federation (mainly in the fields of interethnic relations and international law) on the educational strategies of the authorities, designed to facilitate or impede the process of forming a Russian civil identity. Specific historical and contemporary examples show that the latter has long been considered as a humanitarian technology for solving state problems in this field, within the contemporary informational space with a cumulative effect in terms of the space of politically engaged versions of different pages of history, especially closely related to the formation of the contemporary world order. Accordingly, the focus of the study is the contradictions between the historical and educational policies of the Russian Federation, which are analyzed through the lens of the evolution of the aims of the authorities in matters of the historical education and historical memory, their norm-legal regulation and institutional support, as well as real educational practices after 1991. The experience of the several years (since 2014) on the introduction of the historical and cultural standard for teaching the school course of the history is considered as a collective attempt by the authorities and society to lead historical and educational policies to a common denominator in terms of the content and value. The special accent in the article concerns the problems of the teacher professional training for the implementation of the state historical and educational policy of the Russian Federation within given framework, considering the specifics of the contemporary informational space. Both methodological and organizational restrictions were identified in secondary and higher schools (primarily at specialized faculties of pedagogical universities), which have a significant impact on the formation of civil identity through historical education, both at the stage of training pedagogical personnel and in the process of studying the school course of the history.
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Classen, Albrecht. "nr="241"A Companion to Medieval Translation, ed. Jeanette Beer. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press, 2019, viii, 200 pp." Mediaevistik 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2020.01.12.
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Medieval literature, philosophy, medicine, and many other fields cannot be imagined without considering the huge role played by translations. Scholars have worked on this field already for many years, leading among them Jeanette Beer, who here brings together a number of authors who address specific aspects pertinent to translation work mostly in medieval literature. While she herself offers a concise introduction, she rounds off the volume with a study of the work by the anonymous compiler of Li Fet des Romans from the early thirteenth century which represents the earliest extant work of ancient historiography translated into a European medieval vernacular. The translator offers most detailed comments about his motivation and translation strategies, which helps us understand considerably how medieval writers approached their task. But back to the Introduction. Here Beer traces the history of the earliest translations, beginning with the famous Strasbourg Oaths from 842, turning to Eulalia, the Valenciennes Fragment, and Marie de France, among others. Subsequently Beer outlines the major highlights of this collected volume, highlighting that the contributors address vernaculars such as Latin (not really a vernacular), French, Anglo-Norman, Italian, English, Old Norse, German, Arabic, and Hebrew. Indeed, some of the chapters cover those languages, but we do not hear anything about German, Arabic, or Hebrew, apart from some very fleeting references. She correctly notes that the world prior to the printing press was deeply determined by textual mouvance which provided enormous flexibility in the rendering and display of texts in the manuscripts. The Introduction concludes with a bibliography and a bibliographical note about the author. This model is applied throughout the entire volume.
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Makaradze, Emzar. "The Role of Women in the Educational System of Turkey after WWII." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i1.14.
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The study of women's issues, the feminist movement, as an academic discipline, and the first curriculum were established in the University of San Diego in 1970. The women’s problems have been mainly studied in the framework of traditional social and humani-tarian disciplines, mostly in literature, philosophy and psychology.The active dissemination of feminist ideas in Turkey after World War II, espe-cially in the late 1970s, and the creation of various feminist societies and journals provided a solid foundation for the establishment of research centers in universities, that study women's issues.There are two directions in the study of women's issues in Turkish universities and academic circles. The first one includes research centers that bring together rep-resentatives of various disciplines and fields of science. They deal with gender, the economic and social status of women, education and health. The second approach combines all those trends that are associated with the social faculty.The level of female activity in Turkey is much lower than in Europe. The status of a woman here is also characterized by its specific development.In the 1980s and 1990s, the feminist movement in Turkey became more and more active. New women's communities, magazines, newspapers, libraries were creat-ed, and women's conferences with an active participation of Turkish women were held both in Turkey and all around the world.It can be concluded that the women's movement in the higher and academic sys-tem of Turkey after World War II led to a new political process that raised the issue of gender equality. The struggle of women for emancipation played an important role in the formation of Turkish society.Despite some achievements regarding women's issues, there is still gender ine-quality, violation of women's rights in Turkish society, what indicates the fact that the women’s problems are still relevant in republican Turkey.
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Tomchuk – Ponomarenko, Nataliia Vladimirovna. "RESEARCH OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ESSENCE OF CORRUPTION AND MEANS OF ITS OVERCOMING." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 1, no. 2(10) (2017): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2017-1-2(10)-207-215.
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Urgency of the research. The solution of problem of increase in war on corruption, at least in relation to limitation of its extent, is still one of the most serious and complicated problems on the path of the establishment of Ukraine as an independent democratic, law-governed and social state. Global political and social and economical changes occurred in Ukraine upon declaration of independence became not only the fundamental of progressive social processes but also of many negative phenomena the most dangerous of which the corruption is. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The increasing interest to scientific comprehensive understanding of corruption was observed gradually within last years; the number of scientific published works rose steeply. The enhanced study of this phenomenon is reflected in papers of Z. Varnalii, M. Honcharenko, O. Dulskyi, A. Zakaliuk, V. Zelenetskyi, O. Kalman, V. Klymenko, M. Korniienko, V. Mandybura, I. Mazur, M. Melnyk. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Due to complexity of understanding of the phenomenon of corruption the field of its scientific research substantially lies within the frameworks of absolutely legal conception. Knowledge about this phenomenon are distributed in many adjacent fields of sciences – political science, social science, philosophy, psychology, political economics, ethics, theory of management, history of political and legal thought and others. However they are rather unsystematized; the substantial features of corruption as the specific institute are not examined thoroughly that has an absolute antisocial orientation; objects and subjects that form and embody it are not clearly defined. The research objective. The purpose of the paper is to research main substantial features of corruption revealing its "qualitative differences" and "specific particulars"; definition of “unethical and ethical” regulations upon which the institute of corruptive relations is bases; outlining of objects and subjects that form and embody them; justification of measures that can cope with corruption and economical crime efficiently. The statement of basic materials. The paper covers the main substantial features of corruption that identify its “qualitative differences” and “specific particulars” and justifies the most efficient ways and organizational and financial means of creation of conditions for overcoming of criminal crime in Ukraine. Conclusions. Summarizing all above-mentioned information it is to be noted that the corruption nowadays evolved into such social and political phenomenon that has to be perceived not just as one of inevitable negative development related to civilization but as an evil that brings about the real threat to national security of mankind. It became the global challenge for the whole human civilization.
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Кovalenko, Oleksandr, and Andrii Yeromenko. "PECULARITIES OF FORMATION OF THE BUSINESS CULTURE IN THE PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE GUIDES." Problems of Modern Teacher Training, no. 1(23) (April 29, 2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2307-4914.1(23).2021.232767.
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The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of business culture in the process of professional training of future guides. This article defines the concept of business culture, its aspects and competencies. This paper also determines that the formation of business culture of the future guide during professional training is more fully reflected in the integration of cultural and competency approaches, because it is within the latter we get a specific form of result – the competence of the future guide in business culture. It states that business culture is a multifaceted, sociocultural phenomenon of modern social life, the understanding of which is reflected in many scientific fields: philosophy, culturology, ethics, history, and psychology. Due to the integration of knowledge, business culture accumulates a new semantic integrity, which is necessary to comprehend the modern reality of social, cultural, business interaction. The article also notes that from the standpoint of education, it is a component of the general culture of the individual and business culture is the professional culture of the specialist. In essence, it considers the business culture of the individual as a value attitude to the objects of business culture, which consists of knowledge, values and norms. In addition, it notes that the effectiveness of the formation of business culture of future guides is determined by the specifics of business culture. They are the formation of business culture competencies: sociocultural, value-based, social creativity, business interaction, business communication, personal and professional growth. It gives an opportunity to rethink the result of the process of forming the business culture of the future specialist of tourist support, namely the guide. The result of the relevant humanistic paradigm of education and the requirements of stakeholders for the training of a specialist is his competence in the field of business culture as a component of general socio-professional competence.
Keywords: culture, business culture, guide, professional training, culturological approach, competence approach, personality culture, professional competence.
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Kosiewicz, Jerzy. "Social Sciences and Common Perceptions of Sport." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 60, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2013-0027.
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Abstract This paper provides a discussion on various aspects and features of the concept of the social sciences of sport. The concept originated recently and was formulated in 2007 during the preparations for the establishment of the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport. The Society, however, was not formed until the beginning of 2009. Among other things, the concept includes such academic disciplines and fields as sport sociology, sport philosophy, sport psychology, sport pedagogy, the history of physical fitness, sport and Olympism, sport politics and the international conditions of sport, sport economics, sport organizations and management, the social and cultural foundations of tourism and recreation, the social relations regarding training and sport tactics, as well as the humanistic theory of martial arts. The author presents a growth in interest of different social aspects and issues of sport at the beginning of the twentieth century. He indicates the significant development of sport during the second half of the last century, especially towards its end and at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The social sciences of sport was also underlined as the reason for the creation of a new, dynamically developing cognitive paradigm. According to the Author, it is mainly connected with the institutional and functional, organizational and methodological conditions of the social science of sport which specifically complemented the educational and research standards for the academic community around the globe. The Author emphasizes the social sciences of sport’s distinctive and autonomous part in sport science due to its specific and detailed merit-related issues and methodological foundations. He also stresses that not only does natural science (particularly biological science) play an important role in sport science, but also that the social science of sport has a vital and fundamental value in it. In his opinion, natural (biological) science in relation to sport refers mainly to one person’s organism, whereas social science refers, for the most part, to the axiological, cultural, symbolical, esthetic, ethical perception of physical exertion. Moreover, research conducted in this field encompasses the professional, pragmatic, utilitarian, cathartic, escapist, ludic, hedonistic, epistemological and recreational aspects of differently perceived professional sports or sport for all. The Author points out that the amount of available courses - lectures, classes, seminars - in the field of social sciences themselves, as well as in the social science of sport, is being gradually reduced, which undoubtedly lowers not only the knowledge, but also the perception, interpretation, explanation and comprehension of sport in the context of the humanistic approach. Furthermore, he indicates this trend’s influential role in the development of common-sense thinking, which makes opinion-forming and valuable comments on the subject of sport undergo cognitive deformations. He points out its negative influence on the listeners, audience and fans’ consciousness, opinion and attitude, as well as on the interpretative context of the observed events - not only ones associated with sport, but also those happening beyond it, for instance in social, family, peer, professional, political and religious life.
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Konkin, A., and I. Romanova. "SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUE IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: domestic and foreign views." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 10 (2022): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-10-79-90.
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Abstract. The authors analyze the existing approaches to the definition of scientific dialogue and scientific diplomacy, define the role of scientific dialogue in solving modern problems in the development of the theory of international relations. The research question is: how could scientific dialogue contribute to the development of modern international relations? The aim of the research is to identify key problems related, on the one hand, to the development of scientific dialogue in contemporary theory of international relations, and, on the other hand, to the formation of scientific diplomacy as one of the tools of contemporary international relations. The hypothesis of the research is that the presence of an adequate scientific dialogue contributes not only to improving the scientific basis for studying international relations, but also to their practice, in particular, to solving the global problems facing humanity. The object of the research is scientific dialogue in the system of international political and social relations. The subject of the research is theoretical and methodological foundations and peculiarities of scientific knowledge formation in the modern system of international relations and world politics. The main way of argumentation is the analysis of individual situations, factors, as well as generalized and specific data. The methodological basis of the research is based on the structural approach, which allows to investigate the problem of the scientific dialogue development in the modern system of international relations and world politics in a multidimensional way. The methods of research are the analysis of scientific sources on the topic under study, as well as data from related fields (philosophy, history, economics). It has been found that the lack of an adequate and informed dialogue between representatives of various national schools of international relations studies plays a negative role in the development of science in general. Based on the results of a theoretical analysis of the role of scientific dialogue in international relations, the most important aspects of its development, problems and prospects in modern political conditions are analyzed. The authors note that the insufficiently high quality of scientific dialogue is due to the lack of adequate information, tense relations between states, prejudice, and a high level of mistrust. On the other hand, the authors also examine the role of scientific diplomacy in shaping the interaction between the scientific and political spheres. Applying the tools of science diplomacy will enable governments to move beyond conventional wisdom about the role of science communities in global politics, and developing a research base in this area will provide an effective starting point for assessing how science, innovation and technology influence the response to the deepest and most pressing problems of global development. Despite the limited number of publications on the subject of scientific diplomacy and scientific dialogue, especially among domestic researchers, innovations and scientific achievements play a significant role in shaping the modern landscape of world politics in the current social and technological conditions, and therefore the chosen topic seems to be relevant. The development of scientific dialogue and scientific diplomacy plays a crucial role in world politics, since without scientific cooperation in the modern world it is impossible to effectively combat global challenges. The need to change the attitude towards the phenomenon and practice of science diplomacy as a platform for discussion and critical practice is also analyzed
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Burganova, Maria A. "LETTER FROM THE EDITOR." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-1-6-9.
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Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 1. 2022, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The issue opens with the article "Al Noor Island - a Place Where Art and Culture Meet Nature" by J. Smolenkova. It is devoted to modern architecture and touches upon the philosophy of architecture ecology as a new concept of contemporary construction. On the example of a unique project implemented on the island of Al Noor in the UAE, the author considers examples of pavilions and sculptural installations, united by the theme of new aesthetics and humanistic mutual influence of nature and architecture as new realities of modern society. In her article "Glasstress: a Transparent Border Between Mimicry and Mimesis", M. Burganova analyses the modern artistic process that began in the middle of the 20th century as part of the craft + art concept using the example of "Glasstress. Window to the Future” exhibition, held in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. The Stalinist Empire style, a unique phenomenon in the architecture of the Soviet period, is analysed by V. Slepukhin in the article "Soviet Architecture of the 1930-1950s". The author determines its place among such architectural styles and trends as Art Nouveau, Rationalism and Constructivism and gives a detailed description. In the article “Palladian Architecture of Denmark in the 17th-18th Centuries”, O. Tsvetkova considers the evolution of architecture in Denmark in the 17th-18th centuries, explores the influence of French classicism and Dutch Palladianism on national manifestations of style. On the example of specific buildings, the chronology of the classical architectural tradition development is traced. The creative continuity of architectural dynasties is studied in the context of the pan-European architectural trends of the time; the history of the Danish architecture development is traced. I. Pavlova continues the theme of dialogues in art in the article “The Role of the ‘English’ Theme in One of the Episodes of L. Tolstoy’s Novel, Anna Karenina". The author expresses the opinion that the development of the "English" theme in the episodes of the races and preparations for them serves to dispell false values, the ephemeral virtues of Tolstoy's contemporary society, pride and arrogance. The author believes that the main role of the "English" theme lies in the development and implementation of the moralistic setting of the novel, the expansion of the content space of the work and depiction of the dramatic image of the era. In the article "V. Borovikovsky’s Sketch ‘God the Father Contemplating Dead Christ’ As a Synthesis of Western European and Orthodox Traditions”, V. Makhonina considers iconographic interpretations of the plot and conducts a stylistic analysis of the work. The article "The Concept - Text - Interpretation Triad in Piano Music of the Second Half of the 20th - 21st Centuries" by O. Krasnogorova is devoted to the problems of the performing arts of modern times in the context of the general system of humanitarian thinking. The concept of interpretation from the standpoint of conceptual metaphors and research in the field of musical semiology are considered by the author. In the article, the broad interpretation of a musical text goes beyond the actual musical text into the area of ??signs, metaphors and metonyms. In the article "Instrumental Performance on Wind and Percussion Instruments in the Context of Traditional Rituals Accompanying Work in China", Huang Shuai analyses traditional Chinese wind and percussion instruments; he considers such issues as instrumental combinations and musicians. The author applies the historical research method, source study and musicological analysis of audio and video materials. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.