Academic literature on the topic '530.1435 20'

Abstract. The meridional Ekman volume, heat, and salt transport across two trans-Atlantic sections near 14.5° N and 11° S were estimated using in situ observations, wind products, and model data. A meridional ageostrophic velocity was obtained as the difference between the directly measured total velocity and the geostrophic velocity derived from observations. Interpreting the section mean ageostrophy to be the result of an Ekman balance, the meridional Ekman transport of 6.2±2.3 Sv northward at 14.5° N and 11.7±2.1 Sv southward at 11° S is estimated. The integration uses the top of the pycnocline as an approximation for the Ekman depth, which is on average about 20 m deeper than the mixed layer depth. The Ekman transport estimated based on the velocity observations agrees well with the predictions from in situ wind stress data of 6.7±3.5 Sv at 14.5° N and 13.6±3.3 Sv at 11° S. The meridional Ekman heat and salt fluxes calculated from sea surface temperature and salinity data or from high-resolution temperature and salinity profile data differ only marginally. The errors in the Ekman heat and salt flux calculation were dominated by the uncertainty of the Ekman volume transport estimates.

Objective. Stimulator-attached dissecting instruments are useful for intraoperative nerve monitoring during thyroidectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of an attachable ring stimulator (ARS) by comparing the electromyography (EMG) amplitudes evoked by an ARS and a conventional stimulator. Methods. Medical records of fourteen patients who underwent thyroidectomy using intraoperative neuromonitoring between June and August 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The amplitudes of V1, R1, R2, and V2 signals were checked using both the ARS and a conventional stimulator, at the same point. Results. Both stimulators were tested on 20 recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) and 20 vagus nerves (VNs). In all the nerves, the amplitudes of V1, R1, R2, and V2 were greater than 500 μV. The mean amplitudes of V1, R1, R2, and V2 checked with the ARS were 1175, 1432, 1598, and 1279 μV, respectively. The mean amplitudes of V1, R1, R2, and V2 checked with the conventional stimulator were 1140, 1425, 1557, and 1217 μV, respectively. Difference between amplitudes evoked by the two stimulators for V1, R1, R2, and V2 was 77, 110, 102, and 99 μV, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the amplitudes between the two groups for V1, R1, R2, and V2. Conclusion. The ARS transferred electric stimulation as effectively as the conventional stimulator. It is an effective tool for repeated stimulation and facilitates continuous feedback regarding the functional integrity of nerves during thyroid surgery.

Развитие технологии продуктов питания на зерновой основе связано с изменяющимися требованиями к качеству и безопасности, обновлением ассортимента, появлением новых, нетрадиционных источников сырья, созданием композитных изделий со сбалансированным составом. Введение в состав зерносмеси семян льна позволяет существенно обогатить и сбалансировать состав получаемых зерновых продуктов, скорректировать жирнокислотный состав полиненасыщенными жирными кислотами (ПНЖК) семейства омега-3 и омега-6. Разработана технологическая схема односортного помола бинарной зерносмеси, состоящей из 93 % крупы пшеничной и 7 % семян льна. Содержание семян льна в смеси было определено исходя из рекомендуемых уровней потребления пищевых и биологически активных веществ. Получены три сорта пшенично-льняной муки с повышенной пищевой ценностью со следующими показателями: сорт А - выход 45-50 %, жир 3,6-4,0 %, белок 13,0-13,5 %, зола 0,55-0,70 %, белизна 50 ед.; сорт Б - выход 20-25 %, жир 5,5-6,0 %, белок 14,0-14,5 %, зола -0,9-1,25 %, белизна 22 ед.; сорт В - выход 70-75 %, жир 4,5-5,0 %, белок 13,6-14,0 %, зола 0,75-0,90 %, белизна 36 ед. The development of grain-based food technology is associated with changing quality and safety requirements, updating the range, the emergence of new, non-traditional sources of raw materials, and the creation of composite products with a balanced composition. The introduction of flax seeds into the composition of the grain mixture makes it possible to significantly enrich and balance the composition of the resulting grain products, to correct the fatty acid composition with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 and omega-6 families. The developed technological scheme of single-grade grinding of a binary grain mixture, consisting of 93 % wheat groats and 7 % flax seeds. The content of flax seeds in the mixture was determined based on the recommended levels of consumption of food and biologically active substances. Three varieties of wheat-flax flour with increased nutritional value were obtained with the following indicators: grade A - yield 45-50%, fat 3.6-4.0 %, protein 13.0-13.5 %, ash 0.55-0.70 %, whiteness 50 units; grade B - yield 20-25 %, fat 5.5-6.0 %, protein 14.0-14.5 %, ash 0.9-1.25 %, whiteness 22 units; grade B - yield 70-75 %, fat 4.5-5.0 %, protein 13.6-14.0 %, ash 0.75-0.90 %, whiteness 36 units.

ABSTRACT. Influenza is known to cause severe respiratory illness in HIV-infected adults, but there are few data describing the relationship between HIV infection and influenza in West African countries such as Ghana. We conducted a prospective cohort study in the Shai-Osudoku and Ningo Prampram districts of Ghana from 2014 to 2016. Beginning May 2014, 266 HIV-infected and 510 HIV-uninfected participants age 18 to 73 years were enrolled and monitored for 12 months. We observed 4 and 11 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons, respectively. The overall rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza among HIV-infected participants was 15.0 per 1,000 person years (PY) (95% CI, 0.3–29.80 per 1,000 PY), whereas that among HIV-uninfected participants was 21.6 per 1,000 PY (95% CI, 8.8–34.3 per 1,000 PY) (incidence density ratio, 0.70; P = 0.56). Our study found no significant difference in the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated illness among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals in Ghana.

Existe uma grande demanda no mercado por produtos naturais derivados de plantas. A atividade antioxidante e os compostos fenólicos proporcionam diversos efeitos benéficos à saúde humana. Além disso, as propriedades antimicrobianas de substâncias presentes em extratos vegetais e óleos essenciais, produzidos por plantas, são reconhecidas empiricamente há séculos e têm sido comprovadas cientificamente nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos, flavonóides totais e capacidade antioxidante e antimicrobiana in vitro de extratos de pétalas de flores comestíveis rosa (Rosa x grandiflora Hort.), girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) e calêndula (Calendula officinalis L.), obtidos por métodos de extração convencional e assistido por ultrassom. Para a extração, foram utilizados dois métodos (convencional e assistido por ultrassom) e duas temperaturas de extração, 20 ºC e 60 ºC. Álcool etílico de cereais foi usado como solvente. Para a caracterização dos extratos, foram realizadas análises de compostos fenólicos totais, teor de flavonóides totais, capacidade antioxidante e atividade antimicrobiana. Os extratos de rosa diferiram das outras espécies quanto ao conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais. Seu extrato obtido pelo método assistido por ultrassom a 60 ºC apresentou maior teor de compostos fenólicos totais (28,99 g EAG mL-1 de extrato), maior teor de flavonóides (20,26 g EQ mL-1 de extrato) e maior atividade antioxidante (IC50 de 0,75 mg mL-1). Os extratos testados não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que os extratos de pétalas de flores podem ser uma alternativa viável como um antioxidante natural em substituição aos antioxidantes sintéticos. Palavras-chave: Calendula officinalis L.; Helianthus annuus L.; Rosa x grandiflora Hort. Abstract There is a great demand in the market for natural products derived from plants. The antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds provide several beneficial effects to human health. In addition, the antimicrobial properties of substances present in plant extracts and essential oils, produced by plants have been recognized empirically for centuries and have been scientifically proven in recent years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the content of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity in vitro of flower extracts of edible rose petals (Rosa x grandiflora Hort.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) obtained by conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. For the extraction, two methods were used (conventional and ultrasound-assisted) and two extraction temperatures were used, 20 ºC and 60 ºC. Cereal ethyl alcohol was used as a solvent. For the extracts characterization, analyzes of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity were performed. Rose extracts differed from the other species for the content of total phenolic compounds. Their extract obtained by the ultrasound-assisted method at 60 ºC presented a higher content of total phenolic compounds (28.99 g EAG mL-1 extract), higher flavonoid content (20.26 g EQ mL-1 extract) and higher antioxidant activity (IC50 of 0.75 mg mL-1). The extracts tested did not present antimicrobial activity. The results of this study demonstrate that flower petal extracts may be a viable alternative as a natural antioxidant in place of synthetic antioxidants. Keywords: Calendula officinalis L.; Helianthus annuus L.; Rosa x grandiflora Hort.

Malnutrisi akut pada kelompok usia balita masih menjadi masalah gizi serius di Indonesia. Sebanyak 10,4% balita di Indonesia mengalami malnutrisi akut dengan 3,5% diantaranya tergolong malnutrisi akut berat. RUTF (Ready to Use Theurapetic Food) merupakan makanan pemulihan yang sudah terbukti efektif menanggulangi masalah malnutrisi akut berat. Pemberian RUTF di Indonesia belum menyeluruh dan masih diperoleh secara import, sehingga perlu adanya inovasi dalam mengembangkan RUTF dengan memanfaatkan pangan lokal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan dan menganalisis zat gizi produk pasta RUTF berbasis pangan lokal yang terdiri dari beras, jagung, kedelai dan tempe untuk menanggulangi masalah status gizi balita yang mengalami malnutrisi akut berat. Desain dari penelitian ini adalah eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial dengan dua kali ulangan. Terdapat dua faktor perlakuan, yaitu jenis serealia dan jenis kacang. Masing-masing faktor terdiri dari dua taraf, yaitu beras dan jagung (Faktor A) serta kedelai dan tempe (Faktor B). Penelitian ini terdiri dari empat formula, yaitu A1B1 (beras-kedelai), A2B1 (jagung-kedelai), A1B2 (beras-tempe), A2B2 (jagung-tempe). Formula dengan perpaduan beras dan kedelai (A1B1) dipilih sebagai formula terbaik berdasarkan hasil organoleptik, kandungan protein dan daya cerna protein in vitro. Hasil analisis kimia pasta RUTF terpilih mengandung kadar air 1,87%, abu 2,80%, protein 14,35%, lemak 32,50%, karbohidrat 45,29%, energi 531 kkal, serat pangan 3,19%, Fe 13,99 mg/100 g, Ca 395,73 mg/100 g dan daya cerna protein in vitro 95,47%. Secara keseluruhan, nilai zat gizi formula terpilih telah memenuhi persyaratan yang direkomendasikan oleh WHO, sehingga produk ini dapat menjadi alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah manutrisi akut berat pada balita.

520 Background: FOLFOX as second-line therapy remains the standard of care in patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC), but its efficacy is suboptimal. Currently, cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy alone or in combination are being tested in patients with pretreated advanced BTC for in clinical trials. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the anticancer of distinct treatment regimen in patients with advanced BTCs who progress after first-line chemotherapy. Methods: Patients diagnosed BTC who received second-line therapy were retrospectively identified at 3 sites across the Zhejiang province between January 1, 2018, and June 31, 2022. Clinicopathological information and therapeutic outcome, including subtype of BTC, response per RECIST v1.1, treatment duration, adverse events (AE), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), were recorded and estimated. Results: A total of 98 patients with BTCs were reviewed and recruited eventually: the chemotherapy group (cohort A, n=30), the chemotherapy plus ICIs group (cohort B, n=25), the TKIs group (cohort C, n=17), and the TKIs plus ICIs group (cohort D, n=26). The median PFS and OS were 2.4 months (95%CI: 1.6–3.2) and 7.0 months (95% CI: 6.4–7.5) for cohort A, 3.9 months (95%CI: 2.8–5.0) and 10.7 months (95% CI: 6.9–14.5) for cohort B, 1.6 months (95%CI: 0.8–2.4) and 7.1 months (95% CI: 0.7–13.5) for cohort C, and 4.7 months (95%CI: 3.1–6.2) and 10.1 months (95% CI: 4.1–16.1) for cohort D, respectively. In the cohort A, B, C, and D, confirmed ORRs were 10%, 20%, 11.8% and 19.2%, separately, and DCRs were 46.7%, 68%, 43.8% and 76.9%, respectively. The efficacy of ICIs plus TKIs was optimal in terms of tumor response and associated with prolong PFS. Six patients (20%), nine patients (36%), five patients (29.4%), and elven patients (42.3%) were experienced ≥ grade 3 treatment-related AEs in cohort A, B, C, and D, respectively. Conclusions: Immunotherapy combination strategy beyond first-line systemic chemotherapy plays a positive role in advanced BTCs. Both TKIs plus ICIs and chemotherapy plus ICIs could be considered as candidates to second-line trails and turn into a competitive second-line treatment regimen for advanced BTCs in clinical practice.

Background: The efficacy of osimertinib as a first-line treatment for patients with poor performance status (PS) remains unclear. Patients & methods: This multicenter retrospective study evaluated patients treated with osimertinib between 2018 and 2020, with PS 2–4. Results: Among 36 patients with PS 2, the median progression-free survival (PFS), 1-year PFS, median overall survival (OS) and 1-year OS were 14.5 months, 65.4%, 18.1 months and 72.7%, respectively. Among 20 patients with PS 3–4, the median PFS, 1-year PFS, median OS and 1-year OS were 3.0 months, 27.1%, 5.0 months and 46.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Osimertinib was not as efficacious as other EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Abstract This study determined horizontal positional errors when using C/A code GPS receivers under forest canopies and in varied terrain. Positional errors were evaluated for a total of 18 sites: three sites for each of six combinations of canopy (conifer, hardwood) and terrain (ridge, slope, valley). Ten replicates were collected at each site for each of 60, 200, and 500 position fixes. Differentially corrected positional accuracies from conifer sites averaged 18.4 ft, which was significantly greater than the 14.5 ft observed for hardwood sites. For differentially corrected data, positional errors generally increased from ridgetop to valley positions. - Errors decreased when the number of position fixes was increased. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):81-84.

Soil heat flux as a function of moisture content in the drying cycles both under irrigated and partially irrigated wheat and in bare black vertisol was studied to relate temporal changes in soil heat fluxes to changes in leaf area index (LAI), soil water content and meteorological parameters. Moisture content dropped as low as 1 to 5 percent by weight at surface layer and 5 to 10 percent by weight at subsurface layers when irrigation was shut off under partially irrigated plot. The peak weekly mean global, net and reflected radiation during the crop growing season in this semi-arid region goes as high as 655, 361 and 179 Wm-2 respectively in the year 1996-97 and 700, 366 and 137 Wm-2 respectively during the year 1997-98. Soil temperature at 1430 hours IST ranged from 27 to 40°C at the surface (5.0 cm) layer under irrigated condition. It was 7 to 10° C and 2 to 3° C higher in the surface and subsurface layers respectively under partially irrigated wheat during the drying cycle. The upward soil heat flux ranged from -3.3 to -29.7 Wm-2 at 0730 hours IST, whereas downward heat flux at 1430 hours IST ranged between 8.4 to 33.9 Wm-2 under irrigated condition. Under partially irrigated condition it varied from -0.7 to -9.2 Wm-2 at 0730 hours IST and from 10.4 to 20.9 Wm-2 at 1430 hours IST; whereas it varied from -4.2 to -17.6 Wm-2 at 0730 hours IST and 6.7 to 24.7 Wm-2 at 1430 hours IST, under bare soil. The maximum mean heat fluxes into 5-20 cm soil depth under irrigated, partially irrigated and the bare soil were 10.2, 5.0 and 6.5 Wm-2 and 9.2, 7.1, and 6.7 Wm-2 respectively in the years 1996-97 and 1997-98. Soil temperature at 1430 hours IST both for irrigated wheat and bare vertisol and global radiation with soil temperature at 0730 hours IST under partially irrigated wheat were found to be the best predictors of soil heat flux. The relationships between soil heat flux and soil water content at different depth intervals along with LAI and other meteorological parameters could be used for estimation of soil heat flux, both for irrigated and partially irrigated wheat and bare soil.

This study explores and examines the geomorphology of a large endorheic basin, approximately twice the size of Luxemburg, situated in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. The main focus is directed on how and when this depression, known as Etosha Pan, came into being. Geomorphological investigation was complemented and guided primarily by the application and interpretation of satellite-derived information. Etosha Pan has attracted scientific investigations for nearly a century. Unfortunately, their efforts resulted into two diverging and mutually exclusive views with respect to its development. The first and oldest view dates back to the 1920s. It hypothesized Etosha Pan as a desiccated palaeolake which was abandoned following the river capture of its major fluvial system, the Kunene River. The river capture was assumed to have taken place in the Pliocene/Early Pleistocene. In spite of the absence of fluvial input that the Kunene contributed, the original lake was thought to have persisted until some 35 ka ago, long after the Kunene severed its ties with the basin. The current size of the basin and its playa status was interpreted to have resulted from deteriorating climatic conditions. The opposing view emerged in the 1980s and gained prominence in the 1990s. This view assumed that there were an innumerable number of small pans on the then surface of what later to become Etosha Pan. Since the turn of the Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, these individual pans started to experience a combined effect of fluvial erosion during the rainy season and wind deflation during the dry period. The climatic regime during that entire period was postulated to be semi-arid as today. This climatic status was used to rule out any existence of a perennial lake within the boundary of Etosha since the Quaternary. Ultimately, these denudational processes, taking place in a seasonal rhythm, caused the individual pans to deepen and widen laterally into each other and formed a super-pan that we call Etosha today. Thus the Kunene River had no role to play in the development of the Etosha Pan according to this model. However, proponents of this model acknowledged that the Kunene once fed into the Owambo Basin and assigned the end of the Tertiary to the terminal phase of that inflow. Findings of this study included field evidence endorsing the postulation that the Kunene River had once flowed into the Owambo Basin. Its infilled valley, bounding with the contemporary valley of the Kunene near Calueque, was identified and points towards the Etosha Pan. It is deliberated that a large lake, called Lake Kunene, existed in the basin during the time. Following the deflection of the Kunene River to the coast under the influence of river incision and neo-tectonic during the Late Pliocene, new dynamics were introduced over the Owambo Basin surface. After the basin was deprived of its major water and sediment budget that the Kunene River contributed, it was left with only smaller rivers, most notably the Cuvelai System, as the only remaining supplier. This resulted in the Cuvelai System concentrating and limiting its collective load deposition to a lobe of Lake Kunene basin floor. The accident of that lobe is unclear, but it is likely that it constituted the deepest part of the basin at the time or it was influenced by neo-tectonic that helped divert the Kunene River or both. Against the backdrop of fluvial action that was initiating the new lake, most parts of the rest of the basin, then denied of lacustrine activity, were intermittently riddled with a veneer of sediment, especially during phases of intensified aeolian activity. In the mean time, the area that was regularly receiving fluvial input started to shape up as a distinct lake with the depositions of sediments around the water-body, primarily via littoral action, serving as embankment. Gradually, a shoreline is formed and assisted in fixing and delineating the spatial extent of the new and much smaller lake, called Lake Etosha. That Lake Etosha is the predecessor of the modern day Etosha Pan. Indicators for a perennial lake found in this study at Etosha include fossil fragments of Clariidae species comparable to modern species measuring some 90 cm, and those of sitatunga dated to approximately 5 ka. None of these creatures exist today at Etosha because of their ecological requirements, which among others, include permanent water. The sitatunga, in addition, is known as the only truly amphibious antelope in the world. Since its inception, the new lake underwent a number of geomorphological modifications. A prominent character amongst these modifications is the orientation of the lake, which has its long-axis oriented in the ENE-WSW direction. It resulted from wave action affected by the prevailing dominant northeasterly wind, which is believed to have been in force since the Middle Pleistocene. Lake Etosha has also witnessed phases of waning and waxing under the influence of the prevailing climatic regime. Over the last 150 ka, the available data intercepted about seven phases of high lake levels. These data are generally in agreement with regional palaeoclimatic data, particularly when compared with those obtained from neighbouring Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana. The last recorded episode of the wet phase at Etosha was some 2,400 years before the present<br>Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Aspekte der Geomorphologie und Landschaftsgeschichte eines großen, heute endorheischen Beckens im zentralen Nord-Namibia, nämlich des Owambo-Beckens als Teil der Kalahari im weitesten Sinne. Der rezent tiefste Teil dieses Beckens umfasst die so genannte Etoscha-Pfanne im gleichnamigen Nationalpark; sie besitzt eine Fläche von etwas zweimal der Größe Luxemburgs. Dabei wurde das Hauptaugenmerk auf die Frage gelegt, wie und wann diese Depression unter Berücksichtigung der tektonischen und klimatischen Entwicklung des Großraums entstanden ist. Hierzu wurden zwischen 2002 und 2004 umfassende Geländestudien von mehreren Monaten Dauer mit unterstützender Luft- und Satellitenbild-Auswertung sowie Kartier- und Laborarbeiten unternommen. Die Region um die Etoscha-Pfanne ist seit fast 100 Jahren Gegenstand wissenschaftlich-geographischer Forschung, wobei die jeweiligen Resultate zu teilweise sehr konträren Hypothesen geführt haben. Die älteste publizierte Theorie (1920er Jahre) geht davon aus, dass es sich bei der Etoscha-Pfanne um den ausgetrockneten Endsee des Kunene-Flusses handelt, welcher seinerseits gegen Ende des Tertiärs oder zu Beginn des Quartärs infolge Flussanzapfung von Westen her zum Atlantik umgelenkt wurde. Diese Umlenkung soll das Ende des Zuflusses und demzufolge die sukzessive Austrocknung des Etoscha-Sees bewirkt haben, der aber – so die Hypothese – noch bis vor ca. 35.000 Jahren bestanden haben soll. Sowohl die Größe der Etoscha-Depression wie auch der Playa-Formenschatz und die umlaufenden Terrassen-Galerien wurden als Indikatoren dieser insgesamt zunehmenden Austrocknung gedeutet. Eine gegensätzliche Theorie wurde ab den 1980er Jahren entwickelt, wonach die Entwicklung des regionalen Flußsystems, insbesondere des Kunene, mit der Entstehung der Pfanne nicht in Verbindung zu bringen sei. Es wurde aber auf die Möglichkeit hingewiesen, dass im Tertiär der Kunene in das Owambo-Becken geflossen sein könnte und somit für Teile der Kalahari-Formation als Beckenfüllung verantwortlich wäre. Vielmehr sei im tektonisch prä-disponierten Beckentiefsten nach-kunenezeitlich eine Megapfanne infolge rückschreitender Hangentwicklung aus kleineren Pfannen entstanden. Offen blieb jedoch die Frage, in welcher Weise sich die wirksame Erosion in unmittelbarer Nähe des Vorflut- oder Haupterosionsniveaus in einem sehr flachen Großrelief als Prozeß etablieren und zum kilometerweiten Rückschreiten der wenige Meter hohen Hänge führen konnte. Dies hat dazu geführt, dass ab den 1990er Jahren der Wirkung des Windes diese erosiven Fähigkeiten zugesprochen wurden. Demnach habe sich etwa ab der Tertiär-Quartär-Wende unter generell gleich bleibenden semi-ariden Umweltbedingungen eine Art Kombinations-effekt aus saisonaler fluvialer Aufbereitung mit ebenso saisonalem äolischen Materialaustrag etabliert. Dieser soll zur sukzessiven Tieferlegung des Pfannenbodens seit dem Ende des Tertiärs infolge von Auswehung geführt haben. Als Indizien hierfür werden u. a. eine mangelnde bzw. sehr dünne Sedimentdecke in der Pfanne sowie die Existenz von äolischen Sandkörpern, den so genannten Lunette-Dünen am Westrand der Pfanne angeführt. Die Existenz eines perennierenden Sees ist in dieser Hypothese explizit ausgeschlossen worden, zumindest für die letzten 140.000 Jahre. Die Ergebnisse der Gelände- und Auswertungsarbeiten vorliegender Studie können beide genannten Hypothesengebäude nur zum Teil bestätigen. Die Untersuchung der Wasserscheidenbereiche zwischen Kunene-System und dem ins Etoscha-Becken entwässernden Cuvelai-Oshana-System insbesondere am westlichsten Zweig, dem Etaka-Fluß, erbrachte das Resultat, dass ein durchgängiges, sehr breites und teilweise verfülltes Paläotal von einem nordwärts fließenden Kunene-Tributär bei Calueque, dem Olushandja, über die Wasserscheide hinweg zum Etaka und damit nach Etoscha führt. Die Rekonstruktion des direkten Wasserscheiden-bereiches ist heute nur noch schwer möglich, da direkt auf der Wasserscheide ein Stausee der nordnamibischen Wasserfernversorgung angelegt wurde. Anhand der wasserbaulichen Planungs- und Bauunterlagen konnte jedoch die Lage relativ genau lokalisiert werden. Die Höhe der Wasserscheide über dem rezenten Normalwasserbett des Kunene beträgt nur 15 Meter und es ist daher anzunehmen, dass die Umlenkung des Flusses keine allzu starke tektonische Aktivität erforderte, zumal das obere Tertiär im subkontinentalen Maßstab als Periode starker Hebung in den Randstufen-bereichen gilt. Der Kunene selbst fließt heute westlich des Anzapfungsbereichs in einem von teilweise starken Längsprofil-Diskontinuitäten gekennzeichneten und tief ausgeräumten Tal, angelehnt an eine tektonische Struktur, die in der angolanischen Literatur als Ruacana-Graben bezeichnet wurde. Auch das intramontane Becken von Ruacana ist wohl als Weiterbildung einer ursächlich tektonisch bedingten Depression nahe der kontinentalen Hauptwasserscheide anzusehen. Das Vorkommen einer noch in geomorphologisch jüngerer Zeit möglichen Durchflussverbindung lässt auf die zeitweise Existenz eines oder mehrerer perennierender Seen schließen, zumindest in Zeiten stärkerer Wasserschüttung im angolanischen Hochland. Genauere zeitliche Einordnungen können nicht gemacht werden, da derzeit noch kein adäquat datierbares Material vorliegt. Unter der Annahme, dass ein solcher Kunene-See mit oder ohne ehemaligem Ausfluss im Beckentiefsten existiert hat, trat nach der endgültigen Ablenkung des Zulaufs definitiv ein Systemwechsel hin zu einer anderen Dynamik auf der Oberfläche des Owambo-Beckens ein. Das durch die Neotektonik bedingte, deutlich verkleinerte und nicht mehr weit ins angolanische Hochland reichende Cuvelai-Oshana- und Gwashigambo-Einzugs-gebiet der Beckendepression muss in deutlich geringerem Maße fremdgesteuert gewesen sein, so dass die autochthonen Niederschlags-bedingungen sich in den Formen stärker niedergeschlagen haben müssen. Dies gilt insbesondere für pleistozäne Trockenphasen, wie sie anderweitig in Namibia vor allem in den jeweiligen Hochglazialen mit Meeresspiegel-Tiefständen und intensivem Benguela-Upwelling als nachgewiesen gelten dürfen. Während dieser Trockenphasen dürfte die fluviale Aktivität sehr stark zum Erliegen gekommen und ein kaum nennenswerter fluvialer Input in die Vorflutbereiche geschüttet worden sein, so dass besonders in den extremen Trockenphasen Auswehungs-prozesse dominiert haben. So sind insbesondere die Längsdünenzüge im zentralen Nordnamibia aber auch in anderen Regionen des Landes auf die Ausbildung oder Reaktivierung im letzten Hochglazial zurückzuführen. Als besonderes Indiz für die neotektonische Aktivität ist die bei Flutereignissen im Satellitenbild erkennbare ostwärtige Neigung der Pfannenoberfläche zu sehen, was auf der Ostseite zu ausgeprägter Kliffdynamik führt. In den Übergangsphasen dürften die Verhältnisse den heutigen mehr oder weniger ähnlich gewesen sein mit saisonalem, episodischem oder periodischem Input sowohl aus der direkten Umgebung des Beckentiefsten wie auch aus dem Oshana-System. Signifikante Unterschiede bestehen jedoch zu den pluvialzeitlichen Verhältnissen, die im Verlauf des Pleistozäns mehrfach aufgetreten sind. Hier herrschten perennierend feuchte Bedingungen in weiten Teilen des Einzugsgebiets, das durch dichten Trockenwald und Feuchtsavannen zu charakterisieren ist. Als Indikatoren für pluvialzeitliche Verhältnisse wurden fossil-führende Sedimente im Pfannenbecken, Strandterrassen und Flussterrassen im unteren Einzugsgebiet untersucht. Die Sedimente erbrachten Fossilfunde von großen Fischen der Gattung Clariidae – die größten Fische, die je entdeckt wurden – und von Land- und Frischwassermollusken in unterschiedlichen Morphopositionen. Ein jünger angeschnittener Nehrungshaken enthielt u. a. Fossilien von Sitatunga, ein klarer Hinweis auf perennierende Seeverhältnisse. Letztere konnten radiometrisch auf ca. 5000 BP datiert werden – ein Datum, welches mit der in der Literatur immer wieder beschriebenen frühholozänen Feuchtphase in Namibia ebenso gut korreliert, wie mit der jüngsten Bodenbildungsphase auf den Strandwällen. Innerhalb der geschilderten Befunde sind die früher als Lunette-Dünen beschriebenen Akkumulationskörper auf der West- und Nordseite der Pfanne ebenso als reliktische Strandwälle anzusprechen wie die identisch strukturierten, längsgestreckten, der heutigen Küste vorgelagerten Inseln, z. B. Logans Island. Letztere repräsentieren sehr wahrscheinlich das Niveau der Strandwälle einer vergangenen Seephase, als das heutige Pfannenbecken bereits bestand aber nicht komplett mit Wasser geflutet war. Sie wurden durch die nachfolgende Seephase, die vermutlich auf 5000 BP datierte, bis auf die Reliktinseln überformt. Die genannten Strandwälle aller Reliefgenerationen enthalten Mollusken der Art Xerocerastus burchelli und einige andere, ebenfalls häufig wechselnde oder feuchte Bedingungen bevorzugende Arten. In den älteren Strandwällen sind diese Fossilien mit carbonatischen Ausfällungen überzogen, teilweise auch vollständig verbacken, in den jüngeren Sedimenten, wie Logans Island oder dem datierten Nehrungshaken, stecken sie in frischer Erhaltung im Sedimentkörper. Lebende Exemplare konnten jedoch nicht aufgefunden werden. Ein weiteres Indiz für die Interpretation der Sedimentkörper als fossile Strandwälle ist darin zu sehen, dass dieselben infolge Bodenbildung fest liegen und lokal durch autochthone Niederschläge gullyartig zerschnitten werden. Indizien für eine rezente äolische Entstehung infolge der Auswehung vom Pfannenboden konnten nicht gefunden werden. Stattdessen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Auswehung allenfalls den Schwemm-bereich des westlichen Hauptzuflusses, den Ekuma, betraf. Insgesamt scheint der Anteil der äolischen Formung weit hinter dem der fluvial-lakustrinen zurückzutreten. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Region des zentralen Nordnamibia mit der Etoscha-Pfanne als rezentem Hauptvorfluter in ihrer tektonisch-strukturellen Prädisposition eine wechselhafte jungkänozoische Relief-geschichte mit alternierenden Pluvialzeiten und Trockenphasen jeweils unterschiedlicher Dimension sowie Übergangsphasen aufweist

Terminal epoxides such as 1 are readily available in high enantiomeric excess. Christopher D. Bray of Queen Mary University of London observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 5890) clean inversion in the conversion of 1 to the aziridine 3 with the reagent 2. Yong-Chun Luo and Peng-Fei Xu of Lanzhou University opened (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 4896) the activated cyclopropane 4 with benzyl azide, then heated the adduct to expel N2, leading to the azetidine 5. Zhenming Du of Roche Shanghai and Michelangelo Scalone of Roche Basel devel­oped (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2014, 18, 1702) practical conditions for the asymmetric hydrogenation of 6 to the pyrrolidine 7. Young Ho Rhee of the Pohang University of Science and Technology showed (Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 16391) that depending on the diol protecting group, addition of allyl silane to 8 could lead to either the cis product 9 or the trans diastereomer (not illustrated). Ohyun Kwon of UCLA used (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 11890) an organocatalyst to add the racemic allene 10 to 11 to give 12 in high ee. Tom Livinghouse of Montana State University cyclized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 14352) the hydrazine 13 into an intermediate organozinc species that was then coupled with allyl bromide to give 14. Yonggang Chen of Merck Process and Xumu Zhang of Rutgers University devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 12761) practical conditions for the reduction of 15 to the piperidine 16. Teck-Peng Loh of the Nanyang Technological University and the University of Science and Technology of China effected (Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 8324) asymmetric phenylation of biomass-derived 17 to give an intermediate that was oxidatively rearranged, then reduced to 18. Robert R. Knowles of Princeton University showed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 12217) that the cyclization of 19 to 20 proceeded with high diastereoselectivity. Maria J. Alves of the Universidade do Minho osmylated (Synlett 2014, 25, 1751) the adduct from the Diels–Alder cycload­dition of 22 to 21 to give 23 in high ee.

With the influx in population and shortage of conventional energy-sources, an exponential-rise of the microalgal oil-production has been observed in the past two decades. The algal bio-oil is used in various industries viz. food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biodiesel plants. The present study is focused towards the production of oil from oleaginous microalgae in photo-bioreactors and open water systems. Moreover, microalgae can thrive in non-cultivable waters like seawater, salt water and even wastewater which make the algal technology more attractive in terms of soil and water preservation. Using sunlight and nutrients like salts of magnesium, potassium, sodium etc. the autotrophic microalgae can grow in large quantities in indoor photo-bioreactors and in open ponds. Microalgae are able to produce approximately 10,000 gallons of oil per acre as compared to the higher plants that produces only 50 gallons per acre (soy), 110 to 145 gallons per acre (rapeseed), 175 gallons per acre (Jatropha), 650 gallons per acre (palm). The biomass productivity is 10 times higher than that of the phytoplanktons and 20–30% higher than that of the terrestrial biomass. In terms of the fatty acid composition, the microalgal oil can well match with the plant-derived oil, mainly C16 and C18 fatty acids. Some microalgae are also rich in valuable polyunsaturated-fatty-acids, which have multiple health benefits.

Kyungsoo Oh of Chung-Ang University cyclized (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 450) the chloro enone 1 with NBS to the furan 2. Hongwei Zhou of Zhejiang University acylated (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2015, 357, 389) the imine 3, leading to the furan 4. H. Surya Prakash Rao of Pondicherry University found (Synlett 2014, 26, 1059) that under Blaise conditions, exposure of 5 to three equivalents of 6 led to the pyrrole 7. Yoshiaki Nishibayashi of the University of Tokyo and Yoshihiro Miyake, now at Nagoya University, prepared (Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 8900) the pyrrole 10 by adding the silane 9 to the enone 8. Barry M. Trost of Stanford University developed (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 1433) the phosphine-mediated cyclization of 11 to an intermediate that on brief exposure to a Pd catalyst was converted to the pyridine 12. Nagatoshi Nishiwaki of the Kochi University of Technology added (Chem. Lett. 2015, 44, 776) the dinitrolactam 14 to the enone 13 to give the pyridine 15. Metin Balci of the Middle East Technical University assembled (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 964) the tricyclic pyridine 18 by adding propargyl amine 17 to the aldehyde 16. Chada Raji Reddy of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology cyclized (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 896) the azido enyne 19 to the pyridine 20 by simple exposure to I2. Björn C. G. Söderberg of West Virginia University used (J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 4783) a Pd catalyst to simultaneously reduce and cyclize 21 to the indole 22. Ranjan Jana of the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology effected (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 672) sequential ortho C–H activation and cyclization, adding 23 to 24 to give the 2-substituted indole 25. In a complementary approach, Debabrata Maiti of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay added (Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 8723) 27 to 26 to give the 3-substituted indole 28. In a Type 8 construction, Nobutaka Fujii and Hiroaki Ohno of Kyoto University employed (Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 1463) a gold catalyst to add 30 to 29, leading to 31.

Hirohisa Ohmiya and Masaya Sawamura at Hokkaido University reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 5350) the copper-catalyzed, γ-selective allylation of terminal alkyne 1 to produce the chiral skipped enyne 3 with high ee. A method to synthe­size asymmetric skipped diene 6 via copper-catalyzed allylic allylation of diene 4 was developed (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 3309) by Ben L. Feringa at the University of Groningen. Prof. Feringa also disclosed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 2140) the regi­oselective and enantioselective allyl–allyl coupling of bromide 7 with allyl Grignard under Cu catalysis in the presence of phosphoramidite 8. James P. Morken of Boston College reported (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1432) the cross-coupling of allylboronate 11 with a mixture of alkenes 10a,b under palladium catalysis to produce diene 13 with high ee. Jian Liao at the Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 4207) the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of indole using the chi­ral bis(sulfoxide) phosphine ligand 15. Yi-Xia Jia at the Zhejiang University of Technology reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 2983) the enantioselective alkyl­ation of indole to produce the trifluoromethyl adduct 19 using nickel catalysis in the presence of bisoxazoline ligand 18. Sarah E. Reisman at the California Institute of Technology disclosed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 7442) the reductive cross-coupling of acid chloride 20 and benzyl chloride 21 using a nickel complex with bisoxazoline ligand 22 and manganese(0) as reductant. Ilan Marek at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 5333) a method for the construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters, such as the one present in aldehyde 25, using a diastereoselective car­bometallation of cyclopropene 24 followed by oxidation and ring opening. Switching from methyl Grignard and copper iodide to MeCuCNLi reverses the diastereoselec­tivity of the carbometallation and allows access to the opposite enantiomer. Matthew S. Sigman at the University of Utah reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 6830) the redox–relay oxidative Heck arylation of alkenyl alcohol 27 with boronic acid 26 using a palladium catalyst and pyridine oxazole ligand 28 to produce the γ-substituted aldehyde 29.

Mark Gandelman of the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology devised (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 1438) a protocol for the decarboxylative conversion of an acid 1 to the iodide 3. Doug E. Frantz of the University of Texas, San Antonio effected (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6128) conversion of a β-keto ester 4 to the diene 5 by way of the vinyl triflate. Pei Nian Liu of the East China University of Science and Technology and Chak Po Lau of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 275) and Robert G. Bergman and Kenneth N. Raymond of the University of California, Berkeley (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 11964) described new Ru catalysts for the isomerization of an allylic alcohol 6 to the ketone 7. Xiaodong Shi of West Virginia University optimized (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 2584) a gold catalyst for the rearrangement of a propargylic ester 8 to the enone 9. Xue-Yuan Liu of Lanzhou University used (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 3157) a Cu catalyst to add the chloramine 11 to the alkyne 10 to give 12. Kasi Pitchumani of Madurai Kamaraj University converted (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 5728) the alkyne 13 into the α-amino amide 15 by reaction with the nitrone 14. Katsuhiko Tomooka of Kyushu University effected (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 20712) hydrosilylation of the propargylic ether 16 to the alcohol 17. Matthew J. Cook of Queen’s University Belfast (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 11104) and Anna M. Costa and Jaume Vilarrasa of the Universitat de Barcelona (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4934) improved the conversion of an alkenyl silane 18 to the iodide 19. Vinay Girijavallabhan of Merck/Kenilworth developed (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 6442) a Co catalyst for the Markovnikov addition of sulfide to an alkene 20. Hojat Veisi of Payame Noor University oxidized (Synlett 2011, 2315) the thiol 22 directly to the sulfonyl chloride 23. Nicholas M. Leonard of Abbott Laboratories prepared (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 9169) the chromatography-stable O-Su ester 25 from the corresponding acid 24.

Erick M. Carreira of ETH-Zürich generated (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 2162) ethyl diazoacetate in situ in the presence of the alkene 1 and an iron catalyst to give the cyclopropane 3. Joseph M. Fox of the University of Delaware inserted (Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 1589) the Rh carbene derived from 5 into the alkene 4 to give the cyclopropene 6, without β-hydride elimination. Masaatsu Adachi and Toshio Nishikawa of Nagoya University reduced (Chem. Lett. 2012, 41, 287) the enone 7 to give the cyclobutanol 8. Intramolecular ketene cycloaddition has been limited to very electron-rich acceptor alkenes. Xiao-Ping Cao and Yong-Qiang Tu of Lanzhou University devised (Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 1975) a protocol that converted 9 into the cyclobutanone 10 with high diastereocontrol. The intermediate is the tosylhydrazone of the ketone, so a reductive workup would lead to the corresponding cycloalkane. Koichi Mikami of the Tokyo Institute of Technology added (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 10329) alkyl cuprates to the prochiral enone 11 to give the enolate trapping product 13 in high ee and with high diastereocontrol. Marcus A. Tius of the University of Hawaii found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 5727) a Pd catalyst for the Nazarov cyclization of 14 to 15. Antoni Riera and Xavier Verdaguer of the Universitat de Barcelona prepared (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 3534) 16 by enantioselective Pauson-Khand addition to tetramethyl norbornadiene. Conjugate addition followed by retro Diels-Alder could potentially lead to the cyclopentenone 17. The intermolecular Pauson-Khand cyclization often gives mixtures of regioisomers. José Barluenga of the Universidad de Oviedo demonstrated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 183) an alternative, the addition of an alkenyl lithium 19 to the Fischer carbene 18 leading to 20. Jian-Hua Xie and Qi-Lin Zhou of Nankai University hydrogenated (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2012, 354, 1105; see also Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 2714) the ketone 21 under epimerizing conditions to give the alcohol 22. Kozo Shishido of the University of Tokushima observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2012, 53, 145) that the intramolecular Heck cyclization of 23 proceeded with high diastereocontrol. Zhi-Xiang Yu of Peking University devised (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 692) an Rh catalyst for the cyclocarbonylation of 25 to 26.

Deep sea fans occur along many continental margins. The Bengal Fan is the world's largest elongated submarine fan area, occupying over 3 x 106 km2 of seafloor in the Bay of Bengal. The Bay of Bengal is bordered by Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Myanamar, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Sumatra. The fan spans an area that is 2800-3000km in length and 830-1430 km in width. At the northern end of the Bay, the sediment cover is estimated to be more than 16 km in thickness (Curray and Moore, 1971, 1974, Moore et al., 1974). Recent drilling on the distal part of the fan just south of the equator during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 116 cored nearly 1 km of sediment without reaching hardrock basement (Cochran et al., 1990). The submarine feature of the Ninetyeast Ridge divides the fan into two major lobes, the main Bengal Fan and the eastern lobe, also known as the Nicobar Fan (Curray and Moore, 1974) (figure 19.1). The fan extends from 20°N latitude and, based on recent sedimentological and channel-system studies, to beyond 9°S latitude (Stow et al., 1990; Hübscher et al., 1997). The great size of the Bengal Fan is related to the history of the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with Eurasia and the subsequent uplift of the Himalayas. The first encounter of the northward-moving Indian Plate with the Asian mainland occurred around 50 million years (my) ago in the early Eocene Epoch (Haq, 1985). The first collision caused the initial uplift in the Himalayan region. Sedimentation in the bay is inferred to have started after this first collision, but extensive sedimentation probably did not begin until the early Miocene (ca. 17 my ago) after a major uplift in the Himalayas (Haq, 1985). Weathering and denudation of the Himalayas has furnished huge volumes of sediments that have built the Bengal Fan, supplied through the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers and their delta (figure 19.2). Sediments are transported largely by turbidity currents across the submerged continental terrace in the proximal part of the fan through a major delta-front canyon, also known as the Swatch-of-No-Ground. Currently, this canyon discharges its load into a single active channel that supplies sediment to the entire length of the fan.

Lucrarea include lista speciilor de coleoptere din familiile: Buprestidae, Cantharidae, Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Coccinellidae, Cucujidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Endomychidae, Erotylidae, Geotrupidae, Histeridae, Laemophloeidae, Lampyridae, Lucanidae, Mycetophagidae, Pyrochroidae, Prostomidae, Scarabaeidae, Silvanidae, Silphidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae și Zopheridae, colectate în perioada 1924 - 2021 din Rezervația „Plaiul Fagului”. La realizarea studiului au fost utilizate colectările personale, colecțiile entomologice a Institutului de Zoologie, a Muzeului Național de Etnografie și Istorie Naturală, a Muzeului Universității de Stat din Moldova, cât și sursele bibliografice disponibile. Sunt citate 223 de specii de coleoptere încadrate în 145 de genuri și 25 de familii. Pentru fiecare specie sunt menționate citările anterioare. Cele mai multe specii au aparținut familiilor Elateridae – 47 de specii din 20 de genuri; Staphylinidae – 44 specii, 32 genuri; Carabidae – 44 specii, 19 genuri și Cerambycidae – 31 specii, 22 genuri. Un număr mai mic de specii au prezentat familiile Scarabaeidae – 11 specii, 10 genuri; Tenebrionidae – 7 specii, 7 genuri; Silphidae – 7 specii, 5 genuri; Coccinellidae – 4 specii, 4 genuri și Cantharidae – 3 specii, 2 genuri. Familiile Buprestidae, Curculionidae și Lucanidae au fost reprezentate de câte 3 specii din 3 genuri fiecare. Familiile, Zopheridae și Histeridae au avut câte 2 specii din 2 genuri, iar familia Geotrupidae cu 2 specii dintr-un singur gen. Celelalte 10 familii: Silvanidae, Endomychidae, Lampyridae, Laemophloeidae, Cucujidae, Erotylidae, Mycetophagidae, Cleridae, Pyrochroidae și Prostomidae s-au remarcat doar prin câte o singură specie. Pentru 111 specii de coleoptere colectate de autor în perioada 2010-2021 este prezentată o scurtă caracteristică cu referire la poziția sistematică, materialul studiat, citările anterioare, microhabitat, trofică și aria de distribuție a speciei. Din cele 223 de specii identificate - 68 au fost noi pentru rezervație, iar 2 specii (Triplax aenea și Prostomis mandibularis) noi și în fauna Republicii Moldova. A fost confirmată prezența pe teritoriul rezervației a speciilor de coleoptere rare: Calosoma sycophanta, Carabus intricatus, Carabus ullrichii, Carabus variolosus, Carabus violaceus, Ocypus olens, Lucanus cervus, Cetonischema aeruginosa, Gnorimus octopunctatus, Oryctes nasicornis, Elater ferrugineus, Ischnodes sanguinicollis, Porthmidius austriacus, Cucujus cinnaberinus, Aromia moschata, Cerambyx cerdo, Morimus asper funereus, Purpuricenus kaehleri și Rosalia alpina, care sunt incluse în edițiea a III-a a Cărții Roșii a Republicii Moldova. Dintre acestea, speciile Carabus intricatus, Gnoriumus octopunctatus, Cetonischema aeruginosa, Liocola lugubris, Lucanus cervus, Cucujus cinnabaerinus, Rosalia alpina, Saperda punctata, Morimus asper funereus, Elater ferrugineus, Ischnodes sanguinicollis, Porthmidius austriacus, Cerambyx cerdo, Rhysodes germari și Rhysodes sulcatus fiind și specii saproxilice indicatoare ale pădurilor de importanţă europeana. Speciile: Carabus variolosus, Cerambyx cerdo, Cucujus cinnaberinus, Rosalia alpina, Morimus asper funereus, Lucanus cervus și Rhysodes sulcatus sunt incluse și în Anexele II și IV din Directiva 92/43/CEE privind conservarea habitatelor naturale și ale faunei și florei sălbatice, Anexa II, a Convenției de la Berna și în situl Natura 2000. Pe teritoriul rezervației au fost identificate peste 50 de specii de coleoptere saproxilice. Pentru a păstra speciile de coleoptere saproxilice și cele rare în ecosistemele forestiere, trebuie păstrat în cadrul ecosistemului buștenii mari împreună cu ramurile acestora, cât și arborii morți pe picior. Rezultatele obținute privind componența și diversitatea speciilor de coleoptere în Rezervația „Plaiul Fagului” confirmă valoarea incontestabilă a ariei naturale cercetate pentru conservarea și restabilirea biodiversității.

Correlations between Nd isotopes and difficult-to-measure (DTM) nuclides, such as Se-79, Tc-99, Sn-126, and Cs-135, predicted using a calculation code have been validated by postirradiation examination (PIE). The calculation was performed with a burnup calculation code, MVP-BURN, using the updated nuclear data library JENDL-4.0. An irradiated PWR fuel with a burnup of 44.9 GWd/t and a cooling time of 7458 days was used as a standard sample. The concentrations of Nd isotopes in the sample solutions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after purification by two consecutive anion-exchange separations. The ratios of Se-79 and Cs-135 to Nd isotopes (Nd-145, Nd-146, and Nd-145+Nd-146) calculated using MVP-BURN were in good agreement with PIE values within the deviations of 8% and 6%, respectively. This indicates that these calculated ratios are applicable to the scaling factors of Se-79 and Cs-135. For Tc-99 and Sn-126, the calculated values were respectively about 50% and 20% higher than the PIE values. These overestimations were mainly caused by the lack of the contribution of an insoluble residue to the measured concentrations.

Introdução: O leiomioma uterino é uma neoplasia benigna das células musculares lisas do miométrio responsiva aos hormônios ovarianos, podendo ser classificada de acordo com a sua posição. Segundo o Ministério da Saúde este tumor acomete 20 a 30% das mulheres em idade fértil, destas, 50% são assintomáticas e, dentre as sintomáticas pode-se ressaltar sangramento genital aumentado, dor pélvica, anemia, infertilidade, aborto de repetição, aumento de volume abdominal. O diagnóstico é clínico complementado por exames de imagem, seguido de estudo anatomopatológico. O tratamento pode ser expectante ou cirúrgico, sendo necessária avaliação individualizada. Relato de Caso: Paciente feminina, 37 anos, G0P0A0, com diagnóstico de leiomioma, medindo 27,66x9,23x24,76 cm em ultrassonografia após 3 anos de evolução. A paciente apresentava pirose, dificuldade em evacuação e distensão abdominal leve. Foi submetida a um procedimento cirúrgico eletivo com incisão inicial em T invertida. Identificado leiomioma de corpo uterino intramural pesando 3712,43 gramas, classificação FIGO 5, aderido ao intestino grosso e ao apêndice, sendo necessária a realização de uma apendicectomia devido à uma apendicite aguda edematosa, e extração em bloco do mioma, útero, ovário direito e trompas congestionadas. A paciente evolui satisfatoriamente no pós-operatório. Discussão: Os leiomiomas ocorrem com maior frequência em mulheres na pré-menopausa, sendo que estas podem ser assintomáticas e diagnosticadas por meio de exames de rotina como a ultrassonografia. Podem gerar sintomas como o aumento do fluxo sanguíneo e duração do período menstrual, bem como metrorragia, dor lombar, dor ou dificuldade miccional ou fecal devido a compressão gerada nos órgãos adjacentes ao útero. Conclusão: Diante do exposto, analisando a origem do leiomioma acerca de sua benignidade e bom prognóstico, torna-se necessária a avaliação e análise entre médico-paciente com o intuito de buscar o melhor tratamento. Podendo este ser através de uma terapêutica cirúrgica, como a histerectomia total, ou através de uma conduta expectante.

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a persistent airway obstruction, is caused by continuous exposure to harmful particles or irritants. Airway inflammation contributes the pathogenesis of COPD. Thymoquinone, has an anti-inflammatory effect. This study aimed to examine the effect of thymoquinone on interleukin-8 (IL-8) level, percentage of FEV1, and COPD assessment test score (CAT) in stable chronic obstructive lung disease. Subjects and Method: A quasi-experiment with pretest and posttest control group was conducted at the outpatient pulmonology unit, Dr. Moewardi, Surakarta, Central Java, from June to August 2019. A sample of 40 patients diagnosed with stable COPD was selected and allocated into two groups: (1) 20 patients treated with a combination of standard therapy and thymoquinone oil capsules 500 mg/ day; and (2) 20 patients treated with standard therapy. The dependent variables were IL-8 level, FEV1, and COPD assessment test score (CAT). The independent variables were treatment status. The data were analyzed by the paired-t-test. Results: The level of IL-8 was lower after treatment with combination of standard therapy and thymoquinone oil capsules 500 mg/ day (Mean= 14.35; SD= 3.95) than before treatment (Mean= 19.62; SD= 12.14), and it was not statistically significant (p= 0.052). The percentage of FEV1 was lower after treatment with combination of standard therapy and thymoquinone oil capsules 500 mg/ day (Mean= 42.36; SD= 14.43) than before treatment (Mean= 42.56; SD= 16.09), and it was not statistically significant (p= 0.943). The CAT score was lower after treatment with combination of standard therapy and thymoquinone oil capsules 500 mg/ day (Mean= 13.70; SD= 4.24) than before treatment (Mean= 13.70; SD= 4.24) than before treatment (Mean= 18.65; SD= 5.92), and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) score significantly decreases with the treatment combination of standard COPD therapy and thymoquinone oil capsules 500 mg/ day. Keywords: Thymoquinone, stable COPD, IL-8, FEV1, CAT score Correspondence: Yusup Subagio Sutanto. Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. Jl. Kolonel Soetarto No. 132 Surakarta, Central Java. Email: dr_yusupsubagio@yahoo.com. Mobile: +62811284165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.34

This study compares the hydraulic performance of rectangular micro heat sinks (MHS) with different in-line and staggered arrangements of micro pin fins (MPF). With fixed MHS dimensions of 50 × 1.5 × 0.1 mm3 (1 × w × h), the height (H) and diameter (D) of MPFs are both set to be 0.1 mm which corresponds to a fixed H/D ratio of 1 in all cases. Four in-line and four staggered arrangements of MPFs with alternative horizontal and vertical pitch ratios (SL/D and ST/D) of 1.5 and 3 are considered. Streamline profiles are used to illustrate the flow patterns and wake regions. Using ANSYS FLUENT v.14.5 for this single phase study, the simulations are done at five Reynolds numbers of 20, 40, 80, 120 and 150, ensuring the flow remains in the laminar flow regime. Considering water as the coolant, a constant heat flux of 30 W/cm2 is applied through the bottom surface of the MHS and the MPFs liquid interacting surfaces. The results show a great dependency of the evaluating parameters on the arrangement type, geometrical specification and Reynolds numbers. For pressure drop, clear comparison could be made regarding each of the geometrical specifications. However, the trends with friction factor depend on geometrical specification and Reynolds number at the same time.

The potency of prostaglandins (PGs) D2, I2 and as inhibitors of platelet aggregation induced by threshold aggregating concentration (TAC) of arachidonic acid (AA) and U-46619 was determined in platelet rich plasma from 20 normal subjects and 20 patients with thrombocytosis (≥500×l09 platelets/L) secondary to myeloproliferative disorders. Patients had a significantly increased response to both AA and U-46619 (p&lt; 0.02) than the control group (i.e. TAC for AA, mean+SD, was 0.41±0.10 mM vs 0.48±0.12 mM ; TAC for U-46619 was 220±155 nM vs 375±102 nM). In contrast, platelet sensitivity to all three inhibitoty PGs was significantly lower in patients than in normal subjects. Indeed the threshold inhibiting concentrations (nM) of PGs against AA were the following: PGD2 20.33±4.16 vs 7.00±2.62 (p&lt; 0.001), PGI2 0.76±0.46 vs 0.34±0.22 (p&lt; 0.01) and PGE1 11.83±3.97 vs 6.50±2.22 (p&lt;0.001). The corresponding inhibitory concentrations (nM) against U-46619 were the following: PGD2 4.67±4.24 vs 0.76±0.30 (p&lt; 0.02), PGI2 1.15±0.96 vs 0.03±0.01 (p&lt; 0.0001) and PGE1 21.12±15.27 vs 0.68± 0.30 (p&lt; 0.0001). Selective pharmacologic inhibition of TxA2 sinthase by 40 μM dazoxiben resulted in 6 out of 11 “responders” in patients and 7 out of 10 in normal subjects, a difference not statistically significant. Serum TxB2 was slightly, but not significantly lower in patients than in controls (360±143 ng vs 390±155 ng/3×109 platelets/mL). It is suggested that in patients with myeloproliferative disorders platelet arachidonate metabolism is normal, but the functional response to aggregating and antiag-gregating prostanoids is altered towards a potential hyperaggrega bility. The relevanbe of this “in vitro” finding to thrombotic or haemorragic complications in these patients remains to be establi shed.

Commercial concentrates (CC) of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors may cause thrombosis or coagulation factor consumption while more highly purified (17 U/mg) factor IX (IX) concentrates do not seem to be thrombogenic (Menache et al, Blood 64:1220, 1984). Monoclonal antibody (MAb) immunoaffinity purified IX of high specific activity from CC or recombinant factor IX sources may also improve therapy. In this report, 400 mg of Affigel-10 linked A-7 MAb was used to bind factor IX in the presence of metal ions (20 mM MgCl2). Elution of IX was with 20 mM EDTA. Thrombogenicity of CC and IX prepared from CC by MAb immunoaffinity was tested. A CC which was thrombogenic in the stasis thrombosis assay (CC #1) produced large thrombi at doses of 50, 50, and 100 U/kg while none were seen with the IX produced from this CC at doses of 106 and 234 U/kg. A heparin treated CC (CC #2) which was not thrombogenic in the stasis-thrombosis assay at doses of 100 U/kg was infused in 4 rabbits at 100 U/kg and platelets, fibrinogen, AT-III antigen, and factors IX, V, and VIII were monitored for 5 hours post-infusion. Immunoaffinity IX from this CC was infused in 4 rabbits at 214-243 U/kg for comparison. Mean platelet count decrease was 20% in CC group and 8% for the IX group. Mean factor V and VIII decreased 26 and 36% respectively with CC while no decrease was seen in the IX rabbits (p &lt; .05). Fibrinogen values and AT-III did not differ for IX or CC groups. Mean factor IX activity at 1 hour increased 1.6 fold for CC and 3 fold for IX. Yields for IX purification were 80 and 85%. Clotting activity was 143 and 101 U/mg and antigen was approximately 200 U/mg. Purification was over 90 fold by MAb immunoaf f inity. There was no detectable factor II, VII or X activity in MAb purified IX. Non-activated PTT was greater than 200 seconds for CC #1 and 158 seconds for CC #2. Column capacity was at least 150 mg. These results demonstrate that factor IX is not the thrombogenic component of some CC. Also, IX prepared by MAb immunoaffinity may have therapeutic advantage for patients at risk for thrombosis and adverse effects of contaminating proteins in commercial concentrates.

Abstract A modified cone calorimeter for controlled atmosphere combustion was used to investigate the gases released from fixed bed rich combustion of solid biomass. The cone calorimeter was used with 50 kW/m2 of radiant heat that simulated a larger gasification system. The test specimen in the cone calorimeter is 100mm square and this sits on a load cell so that the mass burn rate can be determined. Pine wood was burned with fixed air ventilation that created rich combustion at 1.5–4 equivalence ratio, Ø. The raw exhaust gas was sampled using a multi-hole gas sample probe in a discharge chimney above the cone heater, connected via heated sample lines, filters and pumps to the heated Gasmet FTIR. The FTIR was calibrated for 60 species, including 40+ hydrocarbons. The hydrogen in the gas was computed from the measured CO concentration using the water-gas shift reaction. The exhaust gas temperature was also measured so that the sensible heat from the gasification zone was included in the energy balance. The GCV of the pine was 18.8 MJ/kgpine and at the optimum Ø the energy in the rich combustion zone gases was 14.5 MJ/kgpine, which is a 77% energy conversion from solid biomass to a gaseous fuel feed for potential gas turbine applications. This conversion efficiency is comparable with the best conventional gasification of biomass and higher than most published conversion efficiencies for coal gasifiers. Of the energy in the gas from the rich combustion 35% was from the CO, 20% from hydrogen, 35% from hydrocarbons and 10% sensible heat. Ash remained in the rich burning gasification zone. As the biomass is a carbon neutral fuel there is no need to convert the gasified gases to hydrogen, with the associated energy losses.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) contributes to a major number of deaths and cases of permanent disability each year. Falls are the leading cause of TBI with the highest rates for children 0–4 years old and for adults age 75 and older. Accordingly, there is a significant interest in fall-related injury mechanism and head impact. Since the dynamics of human fall and head injury mechanisms are highly variable due to the inherent and complex nature of human falling, the aim of the present study is to describe the dynamics of backward falls and risk of injury due to head impact. In order to have a better understanding of head impact, A HYBRID III 5th Percentile Female test (Denton ATD, Inc.) instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer with measuring range of ±500g at the center of gravity of the head was dropped from standing posture by using a controlled release mechanism. The dynamic model of fall was captured using a T-series Vicon motion capture system synchronized with a force plate to measure the impact force and a tri-axial accelerometer to measure the impact acceleration of the head. The acceleration impact data measured at 20 KHz and the motion capture system was capable to retrieve 500 samples per second. The primary objective of this study was to determine the equivalent mass involved during head impact due to a backward fall. This effective mass is a key quantity to design the head impact experimental setups, protection devices and computer simulations of head impact. Based on the force and acceleration measurements in several tests, the head impact effective mass is approximately found to be the mass of head itself plus 48% the neck mass. Two scenarios of backward fall were studied and discussed. First, falling while the hip joints are involved and the trunk moves forward and second, falling while the hip joints act like a fixed joint. For the first scenario the impact forces and accelerations peak measured using the HYBRID III were found to be 10±1.8KN and 255±42g, respectively, and for the second scenario the larger impact forces, 14.5±0.9KN, and acceleration peaks, 364±27g, were measured in all tests.

Rebleeding occurs in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in 20 - 25 % of patients, with a mortality rate being above 50 %. The cause of rebleeding is considered to be premature fibrinolysis of the fibrin clot surrounding the site of rupture. Since the stability of the fibrin clot is influenced by the activity of coagulation factor XIII, and moreover, a factor XIII deficiency has been reported in SAH patients, the question arises as to whether the incidence of rebleeding can be influenced by the administration of F XIII concentrate.During a period of 6 months, 69 patients with acute SAH were enlisted in an open, prospective, multicenter study. On admission, 5 patients were classified as stage I (7.2%) according to the Hunt and Hess scale, 22 as stage III (31.9%), 11 as stage IV (16%) and 9 as stage V (13%). Aneurysm was confirmed by angiography in 52 patients (75%). All the patients received 10 x 1250 U F XIII concentrate during the first 15 days after the initial hemorrhage. Surgery on the aneurysm was performed between day 3 and 32 (median: day 13) in 35 patients.A total of 7 rebleedings occurred in 6 patients (8.7%), of whom 2 were stage I - II and 4 were stage III - V cases. Cerebral infarction was observed in 10 patients (14.5%), and hydrocephalus requiring shunting occurred in 1 patient. There were no cases of peripheral thromboses or embolisms. After 4 weeks, the overall mortality rate was 26%. (stage I - II: 11.1%, stage III - V: 37.5%).The conventional approach in the prophylaxis of rebleeding in SAH is an early operation or intravenous administration of antifibrinolytics. However, as none of these measures significantly reduce overall mortality, the present pilot study investigated a new, therapeutic approach in which F XIII concentrates were administered in order to stabilize the fibrin clots and prevent premature fibrinolysis. The data so far show that Fibrogammin P is an effective and well tolerated agent for the prophylaxis of post-SAH rebleeding. In order to statistically confirm the results of the pilot study, we have, in the meantime, started a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter double-blind study, which will involve 750 patients over a period of 2 years.

Abstract High-speed rotordynamic pump operation for downhole or surface production is required and also beneficial to handle very high gas volume fraction (GVF) flows. Operating speeds of these pumps can be in excess of twice those of conventional pumps. This study presents results of a high-speed helico-axial pump (HAP) operating satisfactorily at intake GVFs up to 97%. The findings increase capabilities of field engineers and operators to boost and maximize production from high gas-content wells. The HAP tested had a housing outer diameter of 4.00-inch and operated at a rotational speed of 6000 revolutions per minutes (RPM). Air and water were the test fluids with the water volume flow rate held constant at 63 and 143 barrels per day (BPD), while the air volume flow rate at pump intake was varied from 550 to 3480 BPD, respectively. Intake pressures varied from 14 to 76 psig, with average temperature through the HAP of 20°C. The corresponding discharge pressures and pressure boosts were recorded for each test point of observed stable pump operation. The results showed that the HAP had stable operation during the tests for intake GVF range from 85% to 97%. Pump discharge pressures for this range of high intake GVF varied from 21 to 89 psig. The corresponding boost pressures across the HAP all had positive magnitudes indicating that at such high- speeds, the HAP was still able to add energy to the fluid even with the high gas content at intake. Analysis at fixed intake pressure with varying GVFs showed that the pressure boost decreased with increasing intake GVF. For instance, at 33 psig intake pressure, an 11% increase in intake GVF from 85% to about 95%, decreased the HAP pressure boost by about 21%. In conclusion, running a HAP at high speeds with suitable component features can result in stable pump operation and enhanced pressure boosting in high- GVF flows. The findings from this test indicates the HAP potentially has a wide operating envelope and can be optimized and scaled up to meet field production requirements. This study mainly highlights the importance of operating HAPs at high speeds of up to 6000 RPM. The wider operating envelope of the HAP provides a potential application to handle more gas in the field. This architecture opens up opportunities for field operators, and engineering personnel to maximize hydrocarbon production from their very high-gas content field assets, thereby increasing the economic bottom-line for the stakeholders.