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Journal articles on the topic '5G electromagnetic field'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 15 June 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Perov, Sergey Yu, and Olga V. Belaya. "Electromagnetic environment created by mobile communication base stations in the 5G pilot area." Hygiene and sanitation 102, no. 6 (2023): 538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-6-538-543.

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Introduction. In the context of 5G system integration for general public, the change of electromagnetic field background is expected. The electromagnetic field background will change in spectral composition, spatial and temporal distribution, which affects the methodological approaches of instrumental control and hygienic assessment. Materials and methods. In the 5G pilot area the frequency-selective, code-selective and broadband measurements were carried out for the actual and possible electromagnetic field assessment from GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G/IMT-2020 base station at several points.&#

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Rafif Abyakto, Qonita Auliani, Naif Baihaqi, Muhammad Rizki, and Diyajeng Luluk Karlina. "Analisis Gelombang Elektromagnetik pada Transmisi Jaringan 5G di Indonesia." Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Industri, Elektro dan Informatika 3, no. 4 (2024): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jtmei.v3i4.4545.

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Electromagnetic waves in 5G transmission in Indonesia, a cellular network based on electromagnetic waves, which has revolutionized wireless communications. This wireless technology is more advanced than previous wireless technologies (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G). Electromagnetic waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation consisting of electric and magnetic fields moving simultaneously. 5G operates at a higher frequency than previous cellular technologies. The relationship between 5G signals and electromagnetic waves and their impact on signal performance and range. Here we discuss how 5G operates at

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3

Perov, S. Yu, and R. Z. Lifanova. "2-5G electromagnetic field biological effect by oxidative stress investigation on animals: exposure and aftereffects." "Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry 33, no. 2 (2024): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2024-33-2-57-64.

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The fifth generation (5G) cellular networks development with operation various previous cellular standards indicates a change of electromagnetic background by new sources, and has a human health risk factor. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the electromagnetic field biological effects of monthly multi-frequency electromagnetic field exposure from 2-5G cellular communication systems on some indicators of oxidative stress in the blood of rats and the aftereffect state. The first group of animals exposed by electromagnetic field from 2-4G base stations (central frequencies 1.8; 2.1 and

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Famoriji, Oluwole John, and Thokozani Shongwe. "Machine Learning Approach for Ground-Level Estimation of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field of 5G Base Stations." Applied Sciences 15, no. 13 (2025): 7302. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137302.

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Electromagnetic radiation measurement and management emerge as crucial factors in the economical deployment of fifth-generation (5G) infrastructure, as the new 5G network emerges as a network of services. By installing many base stations in strategic locations that operate in the millimeter-wave range, 5G services are able to meet serious demands for bandwidth. To evaluate the ground-plane radiation level of electromagnetics close to 5G base stations, we propose a unique machine-learning-based approach. Because a machine learning algorithm is trained by utilizing data obtained from numerous 5G

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Nikitina, V. N., N. I. Kalinina, E. N. Dubrovskaya, V. P. Plekhanov, and A. A. Kovshov. "Experimental Study of Animal’s Behavior under the Influence of an Electromagnetic Field of the 5G Mobile Communication Standard." Radiation biology. Radioecology 64, no. 3 (2024): 295–304. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869803124030061.

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A pilot experimental study was carried out to assess the effect of an unmodulated and modulated electromagnetic field of the 5G mobile communication standard on the central nervous system of animals. Mature male Wistar rats were exposed to electromagnetic fields with a frequency of 4.9 GHz and an intensity of 250 MW/cm2 for 15 days for 2 hours a day. The animals of the two irradiated groups and the control group were in identical conditions in a semi-anechoic shielded chamber. The effect of the electromagnetic field on the functional state of the central nervous system was assessed by a compre

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Deprez, Kenneth, Loek Colussi, Erdal Korkmaz, et al. "Comparison of Low-Cost 5G Electromagnetic Field Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 6 (2023): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063312.

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This paper compares different low-cost sensors that can measure (5G) RF-EMF exposure. The sensors are either commercially available (off-the-shelf Software Defined Radio (SDR) Adalm Pluto) or constructed by a research institution (i.e., imec-WAVES, Ghent University and Smart Sensor Systems research group (S³R), The Hague University of Applied Sciences). Both in-lab (GTEM cell) and in-situ measurements have been performed for this comparison. The in-lab measurements tested the linearity and sensitivity, which can then be used to calibrate the sensors. The in-situ testing confirmed that the low-

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Perov, Sergey Yu, Larisa V. Pokhodzey, Yuriy P. Paltsev, and Rano Z. Lifanova. "2–5 G mobile communication electromagnetic field chronic animal exposure assessment." Hygiene and sanitation 104, no. 3 (2025): 258–64. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-3-258-264.

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Introduction. The intensive implementation of modern wireless communications networks using multi-frequency modulated electromagnetic fields radiofrequency (EMF RF) has led to a significant change in the electromagnetic background, which requires scientific research to assess the human health risk. The aim of the study. To study the features of the biological effects chronic exposure to multi-frequency EMF RF from mobile communication systems of GSM (2G), UMTS (3G), LTE (4G) and 5G NR IMT-2020 (5G) standards on some state of indices in animals. Materials and methods. Male Wistar rats of 180–20

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Salem, Mohammed Ahmed, Heng Siong Lim, Kah Seng Diong, Khaled A. Alaghbari, Charilaos C. Zarakovitis, and Su Fong Chien. "Electromagnetic Field-Aware Radio Resource Management for 5G and Beyond: A Survey." Computers 14, no. 2 (2025): 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14020051.

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The expansion of 5G infrastructure and the deployment of large antenna arrays are set to substantially influence electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure levels within mobile networks. As a result, the accurate measurement of EMF exposure and the integration of EMF exposure constraints into radio resource management are expected to become increasingly important in future mobile communication systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of EMF exposure evaluation frameworks for 5G networks, considering the impacts of high-energy beams, the millimeter wave spectrum, network densification and

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9

Kim, Seungmo, and Imtiaz Nasim. "Human Electromagnetic Field Exposure in 5G at 28 GHz." IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 9, no. 6 (2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mce.2019.2956223.

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10

Bondarchuk, Viktor, Anatolii Matsui, and Viktor Kalich. "Analysis of Electromagnetic Testing and Defect Detection Tools for 5G Generation Radio Antennas." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences 2, no. 11(42) (2025): 184–89. https://doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2025.11(42).2.184-189.

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The purpose of this article is to review the key elements of fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems and the methods used for electromagnetic testing and defect detection of active antenna systems. Due to the introduction of massive MIMO technologies and millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication in 5G networks, traditional testing approaches are no longer effective, prompting the need for new non-invasive methods. The article aims to analyze current approaches to post-production non-invasive testing of active antenna systems and explore the potential of machine learning elements to enhance the eff

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Perov, Sergey Yu, Olga V. Belaya, Quirino Balzano, and Nina B. Rubtsova. "The problems of mobile communication electromagnetic field exposure assessment today and tomorrow." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 60, no. 9 (2020): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-9-597-599.

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New and necessary improvements of electromagnetic exposure assessment principles and methods are considered and presented. The electromagnetic field exposure assessment is the physical basis for hygienic and biological research and needs s to consider the new technological features of emerging 5G mobile systems in addition to existing 2-4G systems. The new generation of telecommunication networks will cause significantly novel electromagnetic field exposure, in particular for time-frequency and spatial parameters. A complex exposure assessment based on refined broadband measurements seems to b

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Mallik, Mohammed, Angesom Ataklity Tesfay, Benjamin Allaert, et al. "Towards Outdoor Electromagnetic Field Exposure Mapping Generation Using Conditional GANs." Sensors 22, no. 24 (2022): 9643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249643.

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With the ongoing fifth-generation cellular network (5G) deployment, electromagnetic field exposure has become a critical concern. However, measurements are scarce, and accurate electromagnetic field reconstruction in a geographic region remains challenging. This work proposes a conditional generative adversarial network to address this issue. The main objective is to reconstruct the electromagnetic field exposure map accurately according to the environment’s topology from a few sensors located in an outdoor urban environment. The model is trained to learn and estimate the propagation character

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Frank, John William. "Electromagnetic fields, 5G and health: what about the precautionary principle?" Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 75, no. 6 (2021): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213595.

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New fifth generation (5G) telecommunications systems, now being rolled out globally, have become the subject of a fierce controversy. Some health protection agencies and their scientific advisory committees have concluded that there is no conclusive scientific evidence of harm. Several recent reviews by independent scientists, however, suggest that there is significant uncertainty on this question, with rapidly emerging evidence of potentially harmful biological effects from radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposures, at the levels 5G roll-out will entail. This essay identifies f

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Tikhvinsky, V. O. "International regional problems of electromagnetic compatibility: results of the symposium EMC Europe-24." T-Comm 18, no. 9 (2024): 36–40. https://doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2024-18-9-36-40.

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The article reviews the latest scientific achievements in the field of electromagnetic compatibility, presented at the international regional symposium on electromagnetic compatibility "EMC Europe 24" by the leading EMC research organizations, European, Asian, African and South American universities, as well as the largest companies, microelectronics manufacturers, automotive and aviation companies. The symposium "EMC Europe" is the leading international regional symposium on electromagnetic compatibility and continues a long tradition of regular international symposiums on EMC, organized in E

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15

Franci, Daniele, Stefano Coltellacci, Enrico Grillo, et al. "Experimental Procedure for Fifth Generation (5G) Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Measurement and Maximum Power Extrapolation for Human Exposure Assessment." Environments 7, no. 3 (2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments7030022.

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The fifth generation (5G) technology has been conceived to cover multiple usage scenarios from enhanced mobile broadband to ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) to massive machine type communications. However, the implementation of this new technology is causing increasing concern over the possible impact on health and safety arising from exposure to electromagnetic field radiated by 5G systems, making imperative the development of accurate electromagnetic field (EMF) measurement techniques and protocols. Measurement techniques used to assess the compliance with EMF exposure limit

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Akdoğan, Hilmi, Vasil Tabatadze, Kamil Karaçuha, and Ercan Yaldiz. "Several case studies on electric field distributions for two human bodies inside the car at 3.5 GHz–5G frequency band." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 67, no. 4 (2021): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-210035.

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The study investigates basically, the electric field distribution in a semi-closed region. Specifically, the present work focuses on the electromagnetic wave diffraction at 3.5 GHz in the vicinity of a car where two humans are located inside. The car is modeled as the perfect electric conducting object whereas the human bodies are assumed to be homogeneous lossy dielectrics. To obtain field distributions for different sceneries, the Method of Auxiliary Sources (MAS) is employed. To achieve this goal, the auxiliary sources due to each obstacle are distributed over the corresponding surface elem

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Nascimento, Luiz F. C., Galdenoro Botura Jr., and Rogério P. Mota. "Glucose consume and growth of E. coli under electromagnetic field." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45, no. 2 (2003): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652003000200002.

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E. coli was submitted to a 5G electromagnetic field generated by a alternate 60 Hz voltage source. The differences on growth and glucose consume in control and exposed groups were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test. There was a significant difference in glucose consume and growth in E. coli after 8 hours of exposition to electromagnetic field. It can be concluded that electromagnetic field had a positive effect in consume of glucose and growth of E. coli. The cause of these results can be explained by an increasing of glucose entrance through membrane due to the stimulated

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18

Ahmed Salem, Mohammed, Heng Siong Lim, Ming Yam Chua, Khaled Abdulaziz Alaghbari, Charilaos Zarakovitis, and Su Fong Chien. "Assessing electromagnetic field exposure levels in multi-active reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted 5G network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 4 (2024): 4110. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4110-4119.

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As 5G mobile networks continue to proliferate in dense urban environments, it becomes increasingly important to understand and mitigate excessive electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This study investigates how the downlink EMF exposure levels of 5G millimeter wave (mm-wave) mobile networks are influenced by the integration of multi-active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), using a ray-tracing approach. Our research employs a comprehensive two-step methodology: Firstly, we introduce a new RIS-assisted 5G mm-wave network planning technique. This technique leverages a machine learning

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19

Manassas, Athanasios, Maria Christopoulou, Nikos Papanikolaou, Spyridon Delidimitriou, Efthymios Karabetsos, and Theodoros Samaras. "Assessing EMF Exposure in Greek Urban and Suburban Areas During 5G Deployment: A Focus on 5G EMF Levels and Distance Correlation." Electronics 14, no. 8 (2025): 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081554.

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This study presents an extensive analysis of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in Greek urban and suburban areas during the ongoing deployment of the 5G technology. A total of 400 in situ measurements of electric field strength were conducted at ground level across four distinct regions. The first part of the study provides a statistical analysis of the overall EMF exposure, highlighting the contributions of different cellular generations (2G–5G) to the total field. The results show that 4G networks are the dominant contributors, while the impact of 5G remains limited. The second part inves

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Tabatadze, Vasil, Kamil Karaçuha, Eldar Veliyev, Ertuğrul Karaçuha, and Revaz Zaridze. "The Electric Field Calculation for Mobile Communication Coverage in Buildings and Indoor Areas by Using the Method of Auxiliary Sources." Complexity 2020 (April 8, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4563859.

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In this article, the diffraction of the electromagnetic wave by the building with two rooms is considered. The rooms have doors and windows with lossy dielectric walls. The electromagnetic properties of the building as an opened coupled resonator system are investigated at different source locations and several frequencies including 5G band. The problem is solved by using the Method of Auxiliary Sources. The near electric field distributions are calculated and analyzed.

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Ahmed, Salem Mohammed, Lim Heng Siong, Chua Ming Yam, Alaghbari Khaled Abdulaziz, Charilaos Zarakovitis, and Chien Su Fong. "Assessing electromagnetic field exposure levels in multi-active reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted 5G network." Assessing electromagnetic field exposure levels in multi-active reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted 5G network 14, no. 4 (2024): 4110–19. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4110-4119.

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As 5G mobile networks continue to proliferate in dense urban environments, it becomes increasingly important to understand and mitigate excessive electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This study investigates how the downlink EMF exposure levels of 5G millimeter wave (mm-wave) mobile networks are influenced by the integration of multi-active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), using a ray-tracing approach. Our research employs a comprehensive two-step methodology: Firstly, we introduce a new RIS-assisted 5G mm-wave network planning technique. This tech

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22

Tasneem Sofri, Hasliza A Rahim, Allan Melvin Andrew, Ping Jack Soh, Latifah Munirah Kamarudin, and Nishizaki Hiromitsu. "Data Normalization Methods of Hybridized Multi-Stage Feature Selection Classification for 5G Base Station Antenna Health Effect Detection." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 30, no. 2 (2023): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.30.2.133140.

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It is essential to assess human exposure to Fifth Generation (5G) Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) signal from Base Station (BS) sources operating at Low Band 5G at 700 MHz, Sub-6 Band 5G at 3.5 GHz, and Millimeter Wave (mmWave) 5G at 28 GHz. This assessment will help determine whether 5G technology is safe for people. Inconsistent results were found in previous epidemiological studies on the health effects of radiation exposure from Mobile Phones (MP) and BS when normalization methods were used to prepare the data for Machine Learning (ML), which could lead to misclassification b

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Yang, Zhichao, Dong Dang, Xu Cheng, et al. "Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Base Stations Co-located with High-Voltage Transmission Towers." Symmetry 15, no. 6 (2023): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15061252.

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This paper presents the analysis of electromagnetic radiation of mobile base stations co-located with high-voltage transmission towers. Although the layout of power poles and towers is uniform and symmetrical, the electromagnetic field radiated to the outside world is asymmetric. Field measurements were conducted in different co-located base station scenarios, and the field strength results in both the vertical and horizontal directions were analyzed in depth. Then, the ray tracing simulation method was used to obtain the electromagnetic field distribution characteristics for the 5G base stati

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Ursăchianu, M. V., C. Lăzărescu, O. Bejenaru, and A. Sălceanu. "Assessment of human exposure to EMF generated by 5G mobile phone base stations." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1254, no. 1 (2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1254/1/012026.

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Abstract The paper presents a preliminary survey over human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMFs) levels generated in the vicinity of the new 5G mobile phone base stations recently installed in different major cities in Romania in comparison with other different frequency bands already used for mobile phone base stations. Measurement of electromagnetic field levels has been performed in Iasi, one of the major cities of Romania. Measurements have been performed in different urban locations with a high density of mobile phone base stations (from national operators). The EM

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Moshood, Taofeeq D., and Rukayat A. Shittu. "Covid-19 and 5G Radiation are Two Parallel Lines: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (2020): 744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul597.

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The rapid dissemination of new coronaviruses worldwide in 2019–2020 has had a significant effect on global economic and social growth. Those exchanges have featured numerous conspiracies spread by patrons on social media. Among them, 5G has been related by a common hypothesis to the dissemination of COVID-19, which has contributed to confusion and the destruction of 5G towers in the UK. Understanding the drivers of false news and swift strategies aimed at isolating and rebating disinformation is crucial to combating it. This paper sought a systematic literature review to save, classify, and in

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Wen, Zhang, Jinshan Wang, Jinfeng Wu, Shaofei Zhang, and Xue Wang. "An evaluation method for electromagnetic compatibility risks caused by the intelligent transformation of oil and gas field stations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2918, no. 1 (2024): 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2918/1/012003.

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Abstract With the development of the intelligentization of the petroleum and chemical industry, the application of wireless communication technology and a large number of communication devices in the construction of smart oil and gas fields may cause harmful interference to important electronic and electrical equipment within the oil and gas fields, leading to shutdowns or other serious safety accidents. This paper mainly studies the analysis and evaluation methods of electromagnetic safety risks that may arise after the deep integration of new generation information technology and oil and gas

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Franci, Daniele, Stefano Coltellacci, Enrico Grillo, et al. "An Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Duplexing and Beamforming Techniques in Field Measurements of 5G Signals." Electronics 9, no. 2 (2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020223.

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The fifth generation mobile network introduces dramatic improvements with respect to the previous technologies. Features such as variable numerology, bandwidth parts, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) will extend the capabilities of the 5G wireless systems and, at the same time, will influence the measurement techniques used to assess the compliance with general public electromagnetic field exposure limits. In this study, a heterogeneous set of 5G signals is investigated with the aim of establishing an effective measurement technique suitable for the

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Schneider, Birgit. "Camouflaging Electromagnetic Networks as Techno-Habitats for Humans, Plants, Animals, and Machines." Cultural Politics 20, no. 1 (2024): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-10969297.

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Abstract “Digitalization is coming” is the mantra of our society. In recent decades, the environment has been transformed into a high-frequency electromagnetic field by the increasing number of antennas. At present, the roll-out of the new generation of 5G wireless networks means that urban spaces will be littered with thousands of new antennas, invisibly hidden in all sorts of housings such as street lamps, advertising pillars, and neon signs. This development is not stopping at the countryside either. This essay uses media theory and examples from art and technology to speculate on how the c

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Migliore, M. D. "5G Field level measurement for human exposure assessment: A lesson for 6G." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1254, no. 1 (2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1254/1/012001.

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Abstract Field level measurement for human exposure assessment is an important and sometimes underestimated problem. The aim of this work is to describe the problem of field level measurement for the assessment of human exposure from 2G to 5G, showing the growing difficulties caused by an increasing flexibility of cellular communication systems. If on the one hand this flexibility allowed higher performances, on the other hand it made the estimation of the electromagnetic field more and more complex. 5G field level measurement for human exposure assessment represents a formidable complex probl

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Abdimuratov, Zh S., Zh D. Manbetova, M. N. Imankul, K. S. Chezhimbayeva, and A. Zh Sagyndikova. "METHODS FOR PROTECTING THE EQUIPMENT OF CELLULAR (MOBILE) CONNECTION FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPACT." PHYSICO-MATHEMATICAL SERIES 335, no. 1 (2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2224-5294.12.

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Under electromagnetic impact (EMI) of a sufficient level, temporary disruption of functioning, processing, transmission and storage of information in cellular equipment is possible. Possible problems of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of a mobile phone and a base station (BS) of cellular connection under the influence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from other sources and their negative impact on functioning are considered. The energy of the HF electromagnetic field (EMF) after passing through the protective case can affect the devices of shielded radio electronic equipment (REE), there

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Abdimuratov, Zh S., Zh D. Manbetova, M. N. Imankul, K. S. Chezhimbayeva, and A. Zh Sagyndikova. "METHODS FOR PROTECTING THE EQUIPMENT OF CELLULAR (MOBILE) CONNECTION FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPACT." PHYSICO-MATHEMATICAL SERIES 335, no. 1 (2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1726.12.

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Under electromagnetic impact (EMI) of a sufficient level, temporary disruption of functioning, processing, transmission and storage of information in cellular equipment is possible. Possible problems of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of a mobile phone and a base station (BS) of cellular connection under the influence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from other sources and their negative impact on functioning are considered. The energy of the HF electromagnetic field (EMF) after passing through the protective case can affect the devices of shielded radio electronic equipment (REE), there

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Musina, Liliya F. "ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) IN MODERN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 9/7, no. 150 (2024): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.09.07.009.

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Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is a critical aspect of the development of modern electrical and electronic devices, as it ensures the reliability and safety of their operation in challenging electromagnetic environments. This paper discusses the basic principles of EMC, the impact of electromagnetic interference on the performance and safety of devices, and modern approaches to minimizing these interferences at the design stage. Particular attention is paid to the challenges associated with new technologies such as 5G and IoT, and the prospects for the development of EMC in the context of

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Kwon, DukSoo, Young Seung Lee, Chang-Hee Hyoung, Jung-Hwan Hwang, and Hyung-Do Choi. "Loop-Type Field Probe to Measure Human Body Exposure to 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Stations." Applied Sciences 13, no. 21 (2023): 11777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132111777.

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This paper proposes a field probe to measure the power density (PD) at a millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band. The proposed probe is composed of a loop antenna in which one end is terminated with a load resistor. Such a structure enables the simultaneous measurement of electric (E)- and magnetic (H)-fields: the E-field is measured at a gap where the load resistor is placed, and the H-field is measured through the loop antenna. The simultaneous measurement makes it possible to measure PD for an incident wave even in the near field region where the E- and H-fields have different phases from e

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Yekeh Yazdandoost, Kamya, and Ilkka Laakso. "NUMERICAL MODELING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE FROM 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AT 10 GHZ." Progress In Electromagnetics Research M 72 (2018): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierm18070503.

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Makhmanazarov, Ramdas, Ilya Tseplyaev, Sergey Shipilov, and Natalya Krivova. "Estimation of SAR Average in Rats during 5G NR Chronic Exposure." Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (2023): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14010208.

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To study physiological reactions in the brain and skin of higher mammals exposed to chronic radiofrequency radiation, specific absorption ratio (SAR) determination is required and time-consuming numerical methods are used. The paper deals with the estimation of the whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) in rats chronically exposed to external electromagnetic fields, as well as the development of a laboratory setup simulating the operation of a fifth-generation 5G New Radio base station (with a signal bandwidth of 15 MHz and a carrier frequency of 2.4 GHz). The paper presents a modified meth

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Deaconescu, Delia Bianca, and Simona Miclaus. "The 5G-FR1 Signals: Beams of the Phased Antennas Array and Time-Recurrence of Emissions with Consequences on Human Exposure." Electronics 12, no. 2 (2023): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020297.

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The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication technology poses lots of questions while introducing significant improvements compared with previous generations. The most sensitive question is related to the safety of human exposure. The aim of present work was to analyze, with a few chosen examples, two of the most significant features of 5G emissions: the extreme spatial variability of the exposure and the nonlinear dynamics characteristics of the temporal variability of the exposure. Two models of patch antenna arrays operating at 3.7 GHz with varying beam forming and beam steering capabi

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Cui, Wuwei. "Modern Electromagnetic Field Theory and Its Application in Future Wireless Communication." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2386, no. 1 (2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2386/1/012044.

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Abstract With the advent of the 5G era, more and more technologies in life are applied to the technological development and theory of antennas. Waveform constraints. These basic applications are obtained due to the natural seismic source and the continuous arrangement and combination of arrays. In this article, we first discuss the spherically symmetric electric field distribution of antenna elements in space, and then discuss the influence of a circular array on the electromagnetic intensity of the space radiated field. At the same time, the basic characteristics of waveform restraint, array

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Mamadou, Diallo Diouf, Gueye Ibrahima, Lamine Goudiaby Mamadou, and Alioune Ndiaye Seydina. "A Low-Cost Architecture for Monitoring the Average Electromagnetic Field for Public Health." Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 8, no. 3 (2021): 193–202. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10577648.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> Nowadays, we are not only witnessing a steady increase in bandwidth-intensive services, but also a drastic demand for these services even in the most remote areas. Indeed, with the advent of Cloud computing, Internet of Things, video on demand, decentralization of certain remote access services, biomedicine, etc., a progressive increasement of cellular infrastructure over time is inevitable. The customer demand for mobility and very high speed leads to the use of radiofrequency signals in the millimeter range (30-300 GHz) in addition of bandwidths used in Classique ne

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Kamarudin, Saidatul Izyanie, Alyani Ismail, Aduwati Sali, Mohd Yazed Ahmad, Ismayadi Ismail, and Keivan Navaie. "5G Magnetic Resonance Coupling Planar Spiral Coil Wireless Power Transfer." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 1 (2022): 3444. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.3444.

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Wireless Power Transfer in the 5G frequency band is the most promising technology to power up ubiquitous small electronic devices as well as IoT devices. A strongly coupled magnetic resonance WPT technique that focuses on near-field electromagnetic energy has been proposed in this paper. However, most Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Power Transfer (MRC WPT) applications have been designed in kHz and MHz frequency spectrum. This paper demonstrates Planar Spiral Coil Magnetic Resonance Coupling (PSC MRC) WPT designs at 5G (GHz) frequencies. Also, the transformation technique of the low freq

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Žura, Nikolino, Ivona Žura Žaja, Marinko Vilić, et al. "Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation with a focus on haematology parameters." Veterinarska stanica 56, no. 3 (2024): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46419/vs.56.3.6.

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The use of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) has steadily increased since the 1950s. RF-EMR is used in medicine, industry, household appliances, security and navigation, and especially in wireless elecommunications and animal husbandry. The widespread use of RF-EMR, especially with the introduction of 5G networks, raises concerns about potential adverse effects on human and animal health. The effects and mechanisms of RF-EMR impacts of 5G network frequencies on human and animal health are still unknown orpoorly understood. Current research findings include the biological effect

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Dr.A.Shaji, George, and George A.S.Hovan. "Exploring the Potential Threats of 5G on Bird Populations: An Ecological Analysis." Partners Universal International Research Journal (PUIRJ) ISSN: 2583-5602 02, no. 02 (2023): 45–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8020284.

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The rapid development and deployment of 5G technology have raised concerns about its potential ecological impacts, particularly on bird populations. In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence suggesting that electromagnetic radiation from wireless communications may pose risks to avian species and their ecosystems. The purpose of this research survey paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on the potential threats of 5G on bird populations, in order to inform stakeholders and guide future research efforts. Our review is structured around fou

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Atanasova, Gabriela Lachezarova, Blagovest Nikolaev Atanasov, and Nikolay Todorov Atanasov. "Assessment of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on European Roads: A Comprehensive In Situ Measurement Campaign." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 6050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136050.

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The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies (such as fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks) in the last years has allowed connecting different objects (from wearable electronics to vehicles) and people through communication networks, and at the same time, has led to widespread deployment of base stations. Along with this growth, questions about the potential adverse effects on human health due to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from base station antennas have also been raised. In this paper, we focus on the assessment of EMFs in automobiles during short (between cities) and long

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Yang, Cheng, Ruinan Wu, Zhiliang Xiao, and Wenfang Xu. "Design of Novel Ultra-wideband Slow-wave Microstrip Transmission Line." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2480, no. 1 (2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2480/1/012005.

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Abstract Microwave passive devices with high efficiency, small size, and light weight are one of the fundamental requirements for mobile communication coverage in the 5G frequency band. In this paper, the design of a novel ultra-wideband slow-wave microstrip transmission line is proposed and studied. The electromagnetic field simulation software HFSS is used to simulate the slow-wave microstrip transmission line, and the simulation results show that the ultra-wideband slow-wave structure has the advantage of wider bandwidth, smaller size, and lower cost, which meets the needs of 5G communicati

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Aricioglu, Burak, and Abdullah Ferikoglu. "Thermal Effects of 5G Frequency EM Waves on Ocular Tissue." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 4 (2021): 386–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360404.

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This research article aims to investigate the thermal effects on human eye due to exposure of EM (electromagnetic) field at 5G frequencies. A secondary purpose of the article is to show that SPICE, one of the most commonly used tools in circuit analysis, can be used to solve complex EM and bioheat transfer problems. Both electric field and temperature distributions in human eye are simulated with transmission line modelling (TLM) method. Also, finite element method (FEM) calculations are carried out for comparison. Temperature distributions are calculated for 30 minutes of EM radiation exposur

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Velghe, Maarten, Sergei Shikhantsov, Emmeric Tanghe, Luc Martens, Wout Joseph, and Arno Thielens. "FIELD ENHANCEMENT AND SIZE OF RADIO-FREQUENCY HOTSPOTS INDUCED BY MAXIMUM RATIO FIELD COMBINING IN FIFTH GENERATION NETWORK." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 190, no. 4 (2020): 400–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa118.

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Abstract The goal of this paper is to experimentally assess the field enhancement and hotspot size of radio frequency electromagnetic fields created by the Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) precoding scheme using lab measurements at 3.5, 5.5 and 11 GHz. MRC is an adaptive precoding scheme used by Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output systems, one of the enabling techniques of the fifth generation of telecommunications (5G). A virtual antenna array was used to compare MRC with two passive precoding schemes: the Random Phase Model (RPM) and the Centerline Beam Model (CBM). The field enhancement goi

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Lameth, Julie, Juliette Royer, Alexandra Martin, et al. "Repeated Head Exposures to a 5G-3.5 GHz Signal Do Not Alter Behavior but Modify Intracortical Gene Expression in Adult Male Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 6 (2025): 2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062459.

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The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications promotes human exposure to electromagnetic fields exploiting the 3.5 GHz frequency band. We analyzed behaviors, cognitive functions, and gene expression in mice submitted to asymmetrical head exposure to a 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz signal. The exposures were applied for 1 h daily, 5 days per week over a six-week period, at a specific absorption rate (SAR) averaging 0.19 W/kg over the brain. Locomotor activities in an open field, object location, and object recognition memories were assessed repeatedly after four weeks of exposure and did not reveal

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Nadar Akila Mohan, P., and K. Indhumathi. "Sub-millimeter wave nanoantenna-a review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2484, no. 1 (2023): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2484/1/012053.

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Abstract Electromagnetic waves that have a wavelength of less than one millimeter are referred to as sub millimeter waves. In sub millimeter wave-based devices and systems, antennas are critical components that are vital to their operation. Antennas are used in situations when a transition between a directed wave and a free-space wave is needed. Since, electromagnetic characteristics for receiving and transmission of the nano antenna are mutually invertible, the properties of nano antenna are analyzed in sub millimeter wave frequencies and this overcomes the limitations of conventional antenna

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Sandoval-Diez, Nekane, Lea Belácková, Adriana Fernandes Veludo, et al. "Determining the relationship between mobile phone network signal strength and radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure: protocol and pilot study to derive conversion functions." Open Research Europe 4 (September 19, 2024): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.18285.1.

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Mobile phones continuously monitor and evaluate indicators of the received signal strengths from surrounding base stations to optimise wireless services. These signal strength indicators (SSIs) offer the potential for assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on a population scale, as they can be related to exposure from both base stations and handset devices. Within the ETAIN (Exposure To electromAgnetic fields and plaNetary health) project, an open-access RF-EMF exposure app for smartphones, named "5G Scientist Monitor”, has been developed using citizen science. This p

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Sandoval-Diez, Nekane, Lea Belácková, Adriana Fernandes Veludo, et al. "Determining the relationship between mobile phone network signal strength and radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure: protocol and pilot study to derive conversion functions." Open Research Europe 4 (March 31, 2025): 206. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.18285.2.

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Mobile phones continuously monitor and evaluate indicators of the received signal strengths from surrounding base stations to optimise wireless services. These signal strength indicators (SSIs) offer the potential for assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on a population scale, as they can be related to exposure from both base stations and handset devices. Within the ETAIN (Exposure To electromAgnetic fields and plaNetary health) project, an open-access RF-EMF exposure app for smartphones, named "ETAIN 5G-Scientist”, has been developed using citizen science. This pap

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Prado, Daniel R. "Near Field Models of Spatially-Fed Planar Arrays and Their Application to Multi-Frequency Direct Layout Optimization for mm-Wave 5G New Radio Indoor Network Coverage." Sensors 22, no. 22 (2022): 8925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228925.

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Two near field models for the analysis of spatially fed planar array antennas are presented, compared and applied to a multi-frequency wideband direct layout optimization for mm-Wave 5G new radio (NR) indoor network coverage. One model is based on the direct application of the radiation equations directly derived from the A and F vector potentials. The second model is based on the superposition of far field contributions of all array elements, which are modelled as rectangular apertures with constant field. Despite the different assumptions made to develop both models, the degree of agreement

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