Academic literature on the topic '6. Case study'

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Journal articles on the topic "6. Case study"

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Ash-Miles, Janice, and Mark Callaway. "Chest X-ray case study 6." British Journal of Cardiac Nursing 4, no. 11 (2009): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2009.4.11.44956.

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Rana, Ahmad Raza Khan, and Zoheir Farhat. "Case Study on Failure of Ti Lining." International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 8 (March 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijmse.2020.8.1.1-6.

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Noone, P. "Case study." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 2, no. 2 (1998): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-8592(98)80029-6.

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Dickson, A. "Case study: Amusia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 11, no. 5 (1996): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(96)83868-6.

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Dr. P. THIRIPALU, Dr P. THIRIPALU, and Dr C. VENKATSRARLU Dr .C VENKATSRARLU. "Tribal Farming Methods: A Case Study of Konda Reddi in Andhrapradesh." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 1 (2011): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/jan2014/6.

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Petronela, Negrea Alina, and Valentin Cojanu. "Supporting Regional Competitiveness Through Innovation. Case Study: Sud Muntenia." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 6, no. 1 (2013): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2013/6-1/4.

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Nichols, Kenneth. "Case Study #6: The Garbage Collector by Ray Bradbury." Public Voices 14, no. 1 (2016): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.29.

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Often we take for granted the services that our taxes pay for and that our government — whether local, state, or federal — provides. We also take for granted the people who make those services a part of our everyday lives. Like us, those unsung workers have families, homes, work ethics, career and retirement expectations, and the worries of daily life. Ray Bradbury gives us a picture of just such a worker — a civil servant — who might be someone who actually lived and worked almost anytime since “The Garbage Collector” was written more than a half century ago.
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Coknaz, Dilsad. "Internship in sport management: a case study in Turkey." International Journal of Academic Research 6, no. 1 (2014): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-1/b.7.

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Habibi, Mohammad, and Amir Hosein Pourjohari. "Defining sustainability indicators in urban neighborhoods Case Study: Narmak neighborhood of Tehran (Region 8)." International Journal of Academic Research 6, no. 4 (2014): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-4/a.6.

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Foggo, Jason. "Phaeochromocytoma: a case study." Clinical Chiropractic 6, no. 2 (2003): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1479-2354(02)00005-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "6. Case study"

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Grogan, Andree Marie. "Observations on the News Factory: A Case Study of CNN." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_theses/6.

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News provides us with information about our world so we can make decisions about the matters that affect our daily lives—both for our personal and the public good. Television news is a pervasive force in our society, and it is important to study because of the influence it exerts on human action. But news is produced by human beings, and those human beings must make selections and rejections regarding what makes it into a newscast and what doesn’t. In addition, decisions have to be made on how to frame, present, order, word, edit, shape what news items are included. Many forces influence these decisions throughout the complex television news process. Media sociology scholars urge researchers to examine these influences at five levels: the individual, newsroom, organization, extra-organization and societal or cultural levels. This gatekeeping study examined this complex news process at work and revealed the complex set of forces that influence news decisions by news producers at CNN, a global 24-hour news network. By exposing the processes by which the news is made, one can better understand the influences that shape the end product—the news.
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Baas, Tara K. "Great Expectations: Twenty-First Century Public Institutions and the Promise of Technology Based Economic Development: A Case Study." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/epe_etds/6.

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American research universities, especially over the past 30 years, have increasingly become involved in technology transfer activities. For public land grant institutions, involvement is largely inspired by a desire to maximize revenue opportunities and demonstrate economic relevance. This intrinsic case study addresses the efforts of a public, land grant and flagship institution, the University of Kentucky, to augment its technology transfer activities, with a specific focus on its attempts to spin off university technology-based firms. The data were gathered primarily through oral history interviews with technology transfer personnel, entrepreneurs, and spinoff personnel. Its purpose is to understand better the structure of the university’s technology transfer operations, the impact of changes in institutional administration and priorities on these efforts, and variables that challenge and accommodate accomplishment of organizational goals. The findings of this study indicate that the structure of technology transfer operations at the university is complex, and somewhat confounding. Administrative changes impact various groups differently than others, and a major challenge to the accomplishment of goals is funding. Moreover, distinct but related groups seem to lack consistent, overarching goals.
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Zimmermann, Sandra Hundley. "Portrait of success: A situational analysis case study of students challenged by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." ScholarWorks, 1998. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/hodgkinson/6.

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This study examined factors that encouraged and supported academic success for students diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Students with ADHD are often not academically successful and do not graduate from high school, due in large measure to ADHD symptoms of (a) impulsive and reckless behaviors, (b) alienation from significant others including peers, and (c) disorganization. Students in this study overcame symptoms of ADHD and were academically successful. The situational analysis case study design for this research utilized both qualitative methods (interview, observation, and record review) and quantitative instrumentation. Five students with ADHD comprised the case study sample. Data from student, parent, teacher, and counselor interviews and instrumentation were triangulated to reach the findings. The results indicated that all students in the study had been at-risk for academic failure based on their impulsiveness and social alienation and yet all were successful in high school. Students attributed their school success to (a) their own developing internal locus of control, (b) the emergence of coping skills and strategies, (c) consistent involvement and support by their parents which included the entire family's ability to adjust to and manage stress, and (d) the positive influence of at lease one caring teacher. The influence of the school counselor was not perceived by the students to be significant.
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Taylor, Donald Wayne. "E-6A aviation maintenenace training curriculum evaluation : a case study /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7886.

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Soria, Estrada Ana Adelia. "Evaluación exploratoria de la participación en el programa “Mis Emociones y yo” de niños de 6 - 9 años en los talleres de vacaciones útiles de una ONG de Lima." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652204.

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El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la participación de los niños que asisten a los talleres de vacaciones de una ONG. Se trabajó con el modelo teórico de Bisquerra (2013), quien realizó estudios relacionados a la emoción y la educación emocional. En referencia al método utilizado es cualitativa y se definió un estudio de caso. La población estuvo conformada por 15 niños, cuyas edades oscilan de 6 a 9 años de un curso de vacaciones organizado por una ONG. El instrumento utilizado fue la observación y registros antes y después del taller “Mis emociones y yo”. Los resultados que se obtuvieron, muestran que los participantes al culminar el programa presencian cambios con respecto a su educación emocional, logrando un reconocimiento y aceptación de ellos. Por lo tanto, se llegó a la conclusión de que el taller favorece en el desarrollo de la Inteligencia Emocional de los niños, que así obtienen competencias que se relacionen en la percepción, apreciación y discernimiento de sus emociones.<br>The objective of the research was to evaluate the participation of children who attend NGO holiday workshops. We worked with the theoretical model of Bisquerra (2013), who carried out studies related to emotion and emotional education. In reference to the method used, it is qualitative and a case study was defined. The population consisted of 15 children, whose ages range from 6 to 9 years of a vacation course organized by an NGO. The instrument used was observation and records before and after the "My Emotions and Me" workshop. The results obtained show that the participants at the end of the program witness changes regarding their emotional education, achieving recognition and acceptance of them. Therefore, it was concluded that the workshop favors the development of the Emotional Intelligence of children, who thus obtain competences that are related in the perception, appreciation and discernment of their emotions.<br>Trabajo de investigación
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Valentine, Alexander J. (Alexander Joseph). "The media as watchdog in the commercialisation of science : a case study of 6 publications." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17410.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The role of the media as a watchdog for the social institution of science is viewed as part of the media’s role to protect society. In this regard, the role of media was studied in reporting the phenomenon of the commercialisation of academic research at universities. The current study was conducted by analysing articles in 2 scientific journals (Science and Nature) and 4 printed newspapers (The New York Times, London Times, Mail & Gaurdian, Business Day) for the year 2003. The methods of investigation for each publication included the number of articles covering the topic, the percentage coverage, headline analysis, summary of contents and analysis of the themes. The New York Times had more articles on the topic of the “commercialisation of science at universities” than the other publications. However, based on the number of issues per year, Science and Nature had a greater coverage of the topic than The New York Times. Based on the analyses of the articles, it is concluded that The New York Times had the most balanced and informed coverage of all the issues and stakeholders involved in the commercialisation of science at universities. This is attributed to the The New York Times’s position of standing outside the realm of science and its experience in covering broad issues.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die rol van die media as ‘n waghond vir die sosiale instelling van die wetenskap, word gesien as deel van die media se rol as die beskermer van die samelewing. In hierdie opsig is die media se rol in die verslaglewering van die kommersialisering van die wetenskap by universiteite ondersoek. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer deur artikels in 2 wetenskaplike vaktydskrifte (Science en Nature) en 4 koerante (The New York Times, London Times, Mail & Guardian, Business Day) vir die jaar 2003, te analiseer. Die metodes wat gebruik is om elke artikel te ontleed, het die aantal artikels, die persentasie van artikels in elke publikasie, hoofopskrif analise, opsomming van inhoud en ‘n analise van die artikel se tema, ingesluit. The New York Times het meer artikels omtrent die onderwerp, die “kommersialisering van die wetenskap by universiteite”, as die ander publikasies gehad. Gebaseer op die aantal uitgawes per jaar, het Science en Nature meer aandag geskenk aan die onderwerp as The New York Times. Volgens die analises van die artikels, word afgeleui dat The New York Times die mees gebalanseerde en ingeligte dekking gehad het oor die betrokke sake en partye in die “kommersialisering van die wetenskap by universiteite”. Dit word toegeskryf aan die The New York Times se posisie as buitestaander in die wetenskap en die koerant se ondervinding om ‘n wye veld te dek.
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Anderson, Karin Hilarie. "Childhood obesity : a case study of physical activity patterns of obese 6-10 year olds." Scholarly Commons, 2006. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/634.

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Incidence of childhood obesity has increased dramatically within the last 30 years. Childhood obesity is of concern because of the associated health problems, and because childhood obesity often tracks into adulthood. There is a clear association between activity-level and obesity. Therefore, it is important to consider physical activity patterns in the treatment and prevention of childhood obesity. Childhood is a key time period to intervene in the formation of habits and patterns associated with physical activity that may reduce obesity. To date, few studies have focused on the level of examining obese children individually. This case study focused on the physical activity patterns of 4 obese 6-10 year olds (two boys, two girls). All of the participants were above the 99th percentile for weight and had a body fat percentage exceeding 45%. Lipid profiles of the participants revealed that three of the four had high total cholesterol, indicating an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. All of the participants were close to or exceeded the waist to hip ratio value that indicates very high risk for cardiovascular and related diseases (>0.82 for boys, >0.94 for girls). Use of the Caltrac accelerometer, KIHD 24-Hour Total Physical Activity Record and System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time revealed that the obese 6-10 year old participants averaged 1.85 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per lunch recess time. When extrapolated, the data revealed that the participants spend less than 20 minutes a day in MVP A. This is less than MVP A norms of children in the same age group. The obese participants were not meeting the current recommendations for 60 minutes or more a day for MVPA. Furthermore, the activity patterns of the participants differ from those of normal weight children. Although children in general and the participant's tend to choose low level activity over MVP A, the participants spent more than 16.5 hours per day in sedentary physical activity, which is more than their normal weight counterparts (10.4 +/- 0.8).
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Atede, Godwin. ""Trial marriage" in Nigeria Igala as a case study: a moral-theological investigation." Hamburg Kovač, 2006. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-2840-6.htm.

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Atede, Godwin. ""Trial Marriage" in Nigeria : Igala as a Case Study ; a Moral-Theological Investigation /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2007. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-2840-6.htm.

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Minich, Lisa. "Measuring community change in outcomes-based initiatives a comparative case study of success by 6 sites /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1100875525.

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Books on the topic "6. Case study"

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Koehne, Jodi. Development of incident management systems: The Seattle case study : case study, Research Project GC 8719, Task 6, Incident Management System Framework. Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Planning, Research and Public Transportation Division in cooperation with the U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1991.

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Brabazon, Dermot, Eva Pellicer, Fatima Zivic, et al., eds. Commercialization of Nanotechnologies–A Case Study Approach. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56979-6.

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Davies, Herbert Oladele. Case - comparative study of pneumonia in hospitalized Canadian infant younger than 6 months of age. National Library of Canada, 1993.

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Boeschoten, Hendrik. Acquisition of Turkish by immigrant children: A multiple case study of Turkish children in the Netherlands aged 4 to 6. On commission with O. Harrassowitz, 1990.

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Lei, Kampeng, Shaoqi Zhou, and Zhishi Wang. Ecological Emergy Accounting for a Limited System: General Principles and a Case Study of Macao. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45170-6.

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Pavel, Florin, Viorel Popa, and Radu Vacareanu. Impact of Long-Period Ground Motions on Structural Design: A Case Study for Bucharest, Romania. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73402-6.

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National Epidemiology Congress (9th 2000 Jakarta, Indonesia). Reproductive health in the decentralization era: A case study of Indonesia : the proceeding of the 9th National Epidemiology Congress, 6-9 November 2000. Edited by Surjadi Charles and Jaringan Epidemiologi Nasional. Indonesian Epidemiology Network, 2000.

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Suyono, Haryono. Strategic planning and management of population programmes: Indonesian case study : prepared for the Eleventh International Conference, International Council on Management of Population Programmes, Beijing, May 3-6, 1988. National Family Planning Coordinating Board, 1990.

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Tuck, Haulwen. A case study of the implementation of the revised national curriculum in a small school with particular reference to the teaching of science and Welsh to years 5 and 6. UWIC, 1997.

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EMF and high-voltage power lines: A case study in Michigan : hearing before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, August 6, 1991. U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "6. Case study"

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Puzić, Amila. "Case Study 6." In Contemporary Art and Capitalist Modernization. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003044345-06.

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Ford, Brian, Rosa Schiano-Phan, and Juan A. Vallejo. "Case Study 6." In The Architecture of Natural Cooling. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315210551-14.

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Cummings, Louise. "Case Study 6." In Language Case Files in Neurological Disorders. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003153559-7.

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Lee, Kangkyu. "Case study." In Identity, Culture, and Chinese Foreign Policy. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003095095-6.

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Nicholson, Julie, Linda Perez, and Julie Kurtz. "Case Study." In Trauma-Informed Practices for Early Childhood Educators. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315141756-6.

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Bafna, Kailash M. "Case study." In Global Advances in Engineering Education. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22184-6.

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Guillory, Paul T., and Sue Johnson. "Case Study." In Emotionally Focused Therapy with African American Couples. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429355127-6.

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Chandra, Varigonda Kesava. "Case study 1." In Society, Resistance and Civil Nuclear Policy in India. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003100348-6.

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Cummings, Louise. "Case Study 5." In Language Case Files in Neurological Disorders. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003153559-6.

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Grimes, John E. "Case Study—Part 6." In Investigative Interviewing. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003170150-24.

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Conference papers on the topic "6. Case study"

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"Implementing Process Improvement in Manufacturing Industry: A Case Study." In August 6-8, 2018 Pattaya (Thailand). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares3.eap0818119.

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A. FARINA, Marcella. "E-SERVICE-LEARNING AND TEACHER EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL EDUCATION." In 6 Conference Creatives Cities. ICONO 14 Editorial, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7195/piccc.00011.

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Chemjong, H., and N. T. S. Wijesekera. "Evaluation of Irrigation Water Issue Practice for Better Water Management at Rajangana Reservoir, Sri Lanka." In UMCSAWM Water Conference on Demonstrating the strength of water Engineering and Management capability through case study applications. UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Centre for South Asia Water Management, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/umcsawm.6.

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"Proposing an Improved Risk Assessment Model: A Case Study in Saba Tower." In Oct. 5-6, 2017 Paris - France. EIRAI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eirai.f1017121.

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Stochici, Rasvan, and Constantin Diacopolos. "Application of the dc RESISTIVITY method to landslide study case study: RATE?TI church area." In International Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 3-6 April 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2016-6490664.1.

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Pashayan, Nora, David Neal, Freddie Hamdy, et al. "Abstract 2782: Genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer progression and relationship with PSA level: Case-case study." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-2782.

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Mahadasu, Pradeep. "Improved subsurface imaging through reverse time migration: A synthetic case study." In International Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 3-6 April 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2016-6431007.1.

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Awang, Haryati. "Estimating potential underground cavities volumes- a case study in Ipoh, Malaysia." In International Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 3-6 April 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2016-6530439.1.

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Fernandez, Oscar, and Toby Harrold. "Validation of a 3d geomechanical model in wildcat exploration: a case study." In International Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 3-6 April 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2016-6334232.1.

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Xueqing, Tang, Li Guocheng, Fahmi Abdalla Alawad, Yu Keqiang, Cai Bo, and Tagwa Ahmed Musa. "Innovative Gas Lift in Heavy Oil Wells: Case Study in Block 6, Sudan." In North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/164722-ms.

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Reports on the topic "6. Case study"

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Brown, O., J. R. Harris, and D. Utting. Case study 6. Surficial mapping of northern Baffin Island using LANDSAT and topographic data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/226025.

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Nyseth Brehm, Hollie. Identity, Rituals, and Narratives: Lessons from Reentry and Reintegration after Genocide in Rwanda. RESOLVE Network, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2020.8.vedr.

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This policy note outlines core findings from a case study of the experiences of approximately 200 Rwandans as they left prison or community service camp and returned to their communities. Specifically, it relies upon interviews with each of these individuals before, 6 months after, and again 1 year after their release—as well as interviews with over 100 community members. Although reentry and reintegration are multifaceted processes, this policy note focuses on identity, rituals, and narratives with an emphasis on initial reentry, which sets the stage for broader reintegration. In doing so, the note highlights insights that are relevant to reentry and reintegration following not only genocide but also mass violence, war, insurgency, violent extremism, and other forms of political violence. It simultaneously recognizes, however, that the case of Rwanda has exceptional elements and addresses these elements throughout.
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Auerbach, Scott, Chad Blystone, B. Alex Merrick, et al. NTP Research Report on In Vivo Repeat Dose Biological Potency Study of Triphenyl Phosphate (CAS No. 115-86-6) in Male Sprague Dawley Rats (Hsd: Sprague Dawley SD) (Gavage Studies). NIEHS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22427/ntp-rr-8.

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Fullan, Michael, and Joanne Quinn. How Do Disruptive Innovators Prepare Today's Students to Be Tomorrow's Workforce?: Deep Learning: Transforming Systems to Prepare Tomorrow’s Citizens. Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002959.

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Disruptive innovators take advantage of unique opportunities. Prior to COVID-19 progress in Latin America and the Caribbean for integrating technology, learning, and system change has been exceedingly slow. In this paper we first offer a general framework for transforming education. The framework focuses on the provision of technology, innovative ideas in learning and well-being, and what we call systemness which are favorable change factors at the local, middle/regional, and policy levels. We then take up the matter of system reform in Latin America and the Caribbean noting problems and potential. Then, we turn to a specific model in system change that we have developed called New Pedagogies for Deep Learning, a model developed in partnerships with groups of schools in ten countries since 2014. The model consists of three main components: 6 Global Competences (character, citizenship, collaboration, communication, creativity, and critical thinking), 4 learning elements (pedagogy, learning partnerships, learning environments, leveraging digital), and three system conditions (school culture, district/regional culture, and system policy). We offer a case study of relative success based on Uruguay with whom we have been working since 2014. Finally, we identify steps and recommendations for next steps in Latin America for taking action on system reform in the next perioda time that we consider critical for taking advantage of the current pandemic disruption. The next few years will be crucial for either attaining positive breakthroughs or slipping backwards into a reinforced status quo.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry &amp; Commerce Council.
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NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center Saves Water With High-Efficiency Toilet and Urinal Program: Best Management Practice Case Study #6 - Toilets and Urinals (Fact Sheet). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1008198.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&amp;D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&amp;D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&amp;D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&amp;D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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