Relevant bibliographies by topics / 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase.(MEP) / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase.(MEP).

Journal articles on the topic '6-methylsalicylic acid synthase.(MEP)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 20 July 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic '6-methylsalicylic acid synthase.(MEP).'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

Mehr, un Nisa Madiha Saleem Mehmood Khan Fouzia Karam Khan Robina Manzoor Kaleem Imdad Bilqees Fatima and Aamir Rasool. "EVALUATION OF BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING OF MICROBES FOR TERPENOID PRODUCTION- REVIEW ARTICLE." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 11 (2018): 11220–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1476619.

Full text

Abstract:

The main focus of this review is the production of terpenoid from metabolic engineering of microbes and different biosynthetic pathways are also explained briefly. Natural production of Terpenoid from plants is in a low concentration, and can be used in medicines as antibacterial agent. Production of terpenoid by the recombination of microbes give high concentration of terpenoid that’s why in this review the metabolic engineering of microbes for the production of terpenoid is discussed. A collective policy of metabolic engineering is to raise the endogenous resource of precursor metabolites to advance pathway efficiency. The capability to additional increase heterologous manufacture of a preferred complex might be restricted by the innate capability of the smuggled pathway to quarter great precursor resource. Metabolic engineering is the permitting equipment for the administration of live lyexistence to construction high-value facilities of alike natural and heterologous derivation. In the case of heterologous construction, well-characterized microbes are recycled as construction hosts for targeted optimization can be achieved using approximately accessible inherited tackles also artificial biology structures. One significant presentation of engineered microscopic organisms is geared in the direction of the production of terpenoid natural yields.Terpenoids characterize the largest classes of secondary metabolites that contains medicines, greasepaints (cosmetics), and appro achingbiofuels aspirants. Trepenoid is belongs to the class of isoprenoids that extracted from plants. Isoprenoids are naturally occurring in various structurally range. Terpenoid is the extraction of plants that can be used in different material for fragrance, used as medicine against bacteria.. Terpeniods speak to the biggest group of characteristic products.Their basic assorted variety is fundamentally because of the variable spine created by terpene synthase. Terpenoid can be overproduced in microbes as researchers work on it. Different biosynthetic pathways such as MEP and isopropine pathway take place for biosynthesis of terpenoid. Bioactive aquatic organisms, bio fuels, microbes and other natural products are highly in use for the terpenoid production. E coli play a vital role in production of terpenoid, which is increasing the interest of researchers towards E. coli. Furthermore terpenoid production is possible from fungi and plats as well. Terpenoid produced in industries at high level Metabolic engineering policies to yield terpenoids in microscopic orders such as E. coli as well mold have largely engaged on accumulative the precursor flux into the heterologous terpenoid pathway by transmitting endogenous isoprenoid metabolism. These production schemes have trust eddeeplyon exchanging the enzyme attentionsnow the creation passageway. Key words: (RuBisCO), Ribulose-1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase.(IDP), Isopentenyl diphodphste. (DMADP), Dimethylallyl diphosphate.(6-MSAS), 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase.(MEP), mevalonate pathway.(MVA) non mevalonate pathway.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Spencer, J. B., and P. M. Jordan. "Purification and properties of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from Penicillium patulum." Biochemical Journal 288, no. 3 (1992): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2880839.

Full text

Abstract:

6-Methylsalicylic acid synthase has been isolated in homogeneous form from Penicillium patulum grown in liquid culture from a spore inoculum. The enzyme is highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation in vivo and in vitro, but may be stabilized during purification by incorporating proteinase inhibitors in the buffers. The enzyme exists as a homotetramer of M(r) 750,000, with a subunit M(r) of 180,000. 6-Methylsalicyclic acid synthase also accepts acetoacetyl-CoA as an alternative starter molecule to acetyl-CoA. The enzyme also catalyses the formation of small amounts of triacetic acid lactone as an oligatory by-product of the reaction. In the absence of NADPH, triacetic acid lactone is the exclusive enzymic product, being formed at 10% of the rate of 6-methylsalicylic acid. The enzyme is inactivated by 1,3-dibromopropan-2-one, leading to the formation of cross-linked dimers similar to that observed with type I fatty acid synthases. Acetyl-CoA protects the enzyme against the inactivation and inhibits dimer formation. An adaptation of the purification method for 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase may be used for the isolation of fatty acid sythase from Penicillium patulum.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

CHILD, J. Christopher, та Peter M. SHOOLINGIN-JORDAN. "Inactivation of the polyketide synthase, 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase, by the specific modification of Cys-204 of the β-ketoacyl synthase by the fungal mycotoxin cerulenin". Biochemical Journal 330, № 2 (1998): 933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3300933.

Full text

Abstract:

Cerulenin, [(2S,3R)-2,3-epoxy-4-oxo-7,10-dodecadienoylamide], a mycotoxin produced by Cephalosporium caerulens, irreversibly inactivated 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from Penicillium patulum. A combination of radiolabelling studies with [3H]cerulenin, proteolytic and chemical digestion and N-terminal sequencing of labelled peptides indicated that the site of cerulenin modification is the highly reactive substrate-binding Cys-204 of the β-ketoacyl synthase enzyme component. The thiol-specific inhibitor, iodoacetamide, was also shown to alkylate this residue. These findings are analogous with those observed for the reaction of cerulenin and iodoacetamide with type-I fatty acid synthases, demonstrating the close similarity between 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase and type-I fatty acid synthases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Vaccaro, Mariacarmela, Vivian Ocampo Bernal, Nicola Malafronte, Nunziatina De Tommasi, and Antonietta Leone. "High Yield of Bioactive Abietane Diterpenes in Salvia sclarea Hairy Roots by Overexpressing Cyanobacterial DXS or DXR Genes." Planta Medica 85, no. 11/12 (2019): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0895-5878.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractAbietane diterpenoids, containing a quinone moiety, are synthesized in the roots of several Salvia species. Promising cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities have been reported for these compounds in various cell and animal models. We have recently shown that aethiopinone, an o-naphto-quinone diterpene, produced in the roots of different Salvia species, is selectively cytotoxic against the A375 melanoma cell line. To enhance the synthesis of this abietane diterpenoid, we have engineered the plastidial 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate-derived isoprenoid pathway in Salvia sclarea hairy roots by ectopic expression and plastid targeting of cyanobacterial genes encoding the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase gene, the first two enzymatic steps of the plastidial MEP pathway, from which plant diterpenes primarily derive. Plastid-targeted expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase proteins significantly enhanced the yield of aethiopinone by a 3-fold and about 6-fold increase, respectively. The accumulation of other abietane-type diterpenes (ferruginol, salvipisone, and carnosic acid), with interesting antiproliferative activity, was also increased. Compared to our previous data obtained by overexpressing the plant orthologous 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase genes in S. sclarea hairy roots, the results presented here confirm that the bacterial 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase enzyme plays a major role than the DXS enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of this class of compounds and that its ectopic expression does not conflict with active hairy root growth, resulting in a balanced trade-off between the transgenic hairy root final biomass and the increased content of o-naphto-quinone diterpenes, with interesting biological activities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Richardson, Maia T., Nicola L. Pohl, James T. Kealey, and Chaitan Khosla. "Tolerance and Specificity of Recombinant 6-Methylsalicylic Acid Synthase." Metabolic Engineering 1, no. 2 (1999): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mben.1999.0113.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Schorr, Roland, Maria Mittag, Gerhard Müller, and Eckhart Schweizer. "Differential Activities and Intramolecular Location of Fatty Acid Synthase and 6-Methylsalicylic Acid Synthase Component Enzymes." Journal of Plant Physiology 143, no. 4-5 (1994): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(11)81800-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Ding, Wei, Chun Lei, Qingli He, Qinglin Zhang, Yurong Bi, and Wen Liu. "Insights into Bacterial 6-Methylsalicylic Acid Synthase and Its Engineering to Orsellinic Acid Synthase for Spirotetronate Generation." Chemistry & Biology 17, no. 5 (2010): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.04.009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Mayer, Kimberly M., Jermaine Ford, Gordon R. Macpherson, et al. "Exploring the diversity of marine-derived fungal polyketide synthases." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 2 (2007): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-131.

Full text

Abstract:

Using an approach based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we examined the diversity of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes present in 160 marine fungal isolates, representing 142 species. We obtained ketosynthase (KS) domain PCR products from 99 fungal isolates, representing Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and incertae sedis. Sequence similarity searches and phylogenetic analysis of 29 marine partial-KS-encoding sequences revealed domains predicted to encode reducing, nonreducing, and 6-methylsalicylic acid PKSs. Bioinformatic analysis of an alignment of the KS sequences from marine-derived fungi revealed no unique motifs in this region. However, several specificity-determining positions were apparent between fungal 6-methylsalicylic acid PKSs as compared with either reducing or nonreducing PKSs. Evaluation of these positions in the context of a modelled three-dimensional protein structure highlighted their potential use as PKS classification markers. Evaluating primer-binding sites was necessary to obtain KS domain fragments from putative PKSs while maintaining a level of sequence information adequate to properly classify and characterize them.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Moriguchi, Tomomi, Yuichiro Kezuka, Takamasa Nonaka, Yutaka Ebizuka, and Isao Fujii. "Hidden Function of Catalytic Domain in 6-Methylsalicylic Acid Synthase for Product Release." Journal of Biological Chemistry 285, no. 20 (2010): 15637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m110.107391.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Lu, P., A. Zhang, L. M. Dennis, et al. "A gene (pks2) encoding a putative 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from Glarea lozoyensis." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 273, no. 2 (2005): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-005-1132-y.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Child, Christopher J., Jonathan B. Spencer, Pamela Bhogal, and Peter M. Shoolingin-Jordan. "Structural Similarities between 6-Methylsalicylic Acid Synthase fromPenicillium patulumand Vertebrate Type I Fatty Acid Synthase: Evidence from Thiol Modification Studies†." Biochemistry 35, no. 38 (1996): 12267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi960422e.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Yang, Dongsoo, Won Jun Kim, Seung Min Yoo, et al. "Repurposing type III polyketide synthase as a malonyl-CoA biosensor for metabolic engineering in bacteria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 40 (2018): 9835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808567115.

Full text

Abstract:

Malonyl-CoA is an important central metabolite for the production of diverse valuable chemicals including natural products, but its intracellular availability is often limited due to the competition with essential cellular metabolism. Several malonyl-CoA biosensors have been developed for high-throughput screening of targets increasing the malonyl-CoA pool. However, they are limited for use only inEscherichia coliandSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand require multiple signal transduction steps. Here we report development of a colorimetric malonyl-CoA biosensor applicable in three industrially important bacteria:E. coli,Pseudomonas putida, andCorynebacterium glutamicum. RppA, a type III polyketide synthase producing red-colored flaviolin, was repurposed as a malonyl-CoA biosensor inE. coli. Strains with enhanced malonyl-CoA accumulation were identifiable by the colorimetric screening of cells showing increased red color. Other type III polyketide synthases could also be repurposed as malonyl-CoA biosensors. For target screening, a 1,858 synthetic small regulatory RNA library was constructed and applied to find 14 knockdown gene targets that generally enhanced malonyl-CoA level inE. coli. These knockdown targets were applied to produce two polyketide (6-methylsalicylic acid and aloesone) and two phenylpropanoid (resveratrol and naringenin) compounds. Knocking down these genes alone or in combination, and also in multiple differentE. colistrains for two polyketide cases, allowed rapid development of engineered strains capable of enhanced production of 6-methylsalicylic acid, aloesone, resveratrol, and naringenin to 440.3, 30.9, 51.8, and 103.8 mg/L, respectively. The malonyl-CoA biosensor developed here is a simple tool generally applicable to metabolic engineering of microorganisms to achieve enhanced production of malonyl-CoA–derived chemicals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Spencer, Jonathan B., and Peter M. Jordan. "Use of chiral malonates to determine the absolute configuration of the hydrogen atoms eliminated during the formation of 6-methylsalicylic acid by 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from Penicillium patulum." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 23 (1990): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39900001704.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Pažoutová, S., I. Hamplová, M. Anderson, and D. W. Denning. "Use of the 6-methylsalicylic-acid-synthase gene as a discriminating marker betweenaspergillus terreus andAspergillus flavipes." Folia Microbiologica 44, no. 5 (1999): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02816250.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Yalpani, Nasser, Daniel J. Altier, Eric Barbour, Amy L. Cigan, and Christopher J. Scelonge. "Production of 6-Methylsalicylic Acid by Expression of a Fungal Polyketide Synthase Activates Disease Resistance in Tobacco." Plant Cell 13, no. 6 (2001): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3871303.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Yalpani, N. "Production of 6-Methylsalicylic Acid by Expression of a Fungal Polyketide Synthase Activates Disease Resistance in Tobacco." PLANT CELL ONLINE 13, no. 6 (2001): 1401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.13.6.1401.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Fujii, I., Y. Ono, H. Tada, K. Gomi, Y. Ebizuka, and U. Sankawa. "Cloning of the polyketide synthase gene atX from Aspergillus terreus and its identification as the 6-Methylsalicylic acid synthase gene by heterologous expression." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 253, no. 1-2 (1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050289.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Chooi, Yit-Heng, Christian Krill, Russell A. Barrow, et al. "AnIn Planta-Expressed Polyketide Synthase Produces (R)-Mellein in the Wheat Pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 1 (2014): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02745-14.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTParastagonospora nodorumis a pathogen of wheat that affects yields globally. Previous transcriptional analysis identified a partially reducing polyketide synthase (PR-PKS) gene, SNOG_00477 (SN477), inP. nodorumthat is highly upregulated during infection of wheat leaves. Disruption of the correspondingSN477gene resulted in the loss of production of two compounds, which we identified as (R)-mellein and (R)-O-methylmellein. Using aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeyeast heterologous expression system, we successfully demonstrated that SN477 is the only enzyme required for the production of (R)-mellein. This is the first identification of a fungal PKS that is responsible for the synthesis of (R)-mellein. TheP. nodorumΔSN477mutant did not show any significant difference from the wild-type strain in its virulence against wheat. However, (R)-mellein at 200 μg/ml inhibited the germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) seeds. Comparative sequence analysis identified the presence of mellein synthase (MLNS) homologues in several Dothideomycetes and two sodariomycete genera. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the MLNSs in fungi and bacteria evolved convergently from fungal and bacterial 6-methylsalicylic acid synthases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Liao, Ji‐Long, Ka‐Lai Pang, Guang‐Huan Sun, et al. "Chimeric 6‐methylsalicylic acid synthase with domains of acyl carrier protein and methyltransferase from Pseudallescheria boydii shows novel biosynthetic activity." Microbial Biotechnology 12, no. 5 (2019): 920–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13445.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

BECK, Joachim, Sabine RIPKA, Axel SIEGNER, Emil SCHILTZ, and Eckhart SCHWEIZER. "The multifunctional 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase gene of Penicillium patulum. Its gene structure relative to that of other polyketide synthases." European Journal of Biochemistry 192, no. 2 (1990): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19252.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

PUEL, O., S. TADRIST, M. DELAFORGE, I. OSWALD, and A. LEBRIHI. "The inability of Byssochlamys fulva to produce patulin is related to absence of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase genes." International Journal of Food Microbiology 115, no. 2 (2007): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.016.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Panagiotou, Gianni, Mikael R. Andersen, Thomas Grotkjaer, Torsten B. Regueira, Jens Nielsen, and Lisbeth Olsson. "Studies of the Production of Fungal Polyketides in Aspergillus nidulans by Using Systems Biology Tools." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 7 (2009): 2212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01461-08.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Many filamentous fungi produce polyketide molecules with great significance as human pharmaceuticals; these molecules include the cholesterol-lowering compound lovastatin, which was originally isolated from Aspergillus terreus. The chemical diversity and potential uses of these compounds are virtually unlimited, and it is thus of great interest to develop a well-described microbial production platform for polyketides. Using genetic engineering tools available for the model organism Aspergillus nidulans, we constructed two recombinant strains, one expressing the Penicillium griseofulvum 6-methylsalicylic acid (6-MSA) synthase gene and one expressing the 6-MSA synthase gene and overexpressing the native xylulose-5-phosphate phosphoketolase gene (xpkA) for increasing the pool of polyketide precursor levels. The physiology of the recombinant strains and that of a reference wild-type strain were characterized on glucose, xylose, glycerol, and ethanol media in controlled bioreactors. Glucose was found to be the preferred carbon source for 6-MSA production, and 6-MSA concentrations up to 455 mg/liter were obtained for the recombinant strain harboring the 6-MSA gene. Our findings indicate that overexpression of xpkA does not directly improve 6-MSA production on glucose, but it is possible, if the metabolic flux through the lower part of glycolysis is reduced, to obtain quite high yields for conversion of sugar to 6-MSA. Systems biology tools were employed for in-depth analysis of the metabolic processes. Transcriptome analysis of 6-MSA-producing strains grown on glucose and xylose in the presence and absence of xpkA overexpression, combined with flux and physiology data, enabled us to propose an xpkA-msaS interaction model describing the competition between biomass formation and 6-MSA production for the available acetyl coenzyme A.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Fu, Ruimin, Wei Tang, Hong Zhang, Yulian Zhang, Ding Wang, and Wuling Chen. "Study on the mechanism of inhibiting patulin production by fengycin." Open Life Sciences 17, no. 1 (2022): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0041.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Penicillium expansum is the main cause of apple rot. Besides, it can also produce mycotoxin patulin (PAT). Therefore, the search for substances that can inhibit the activity and toxigenicity of P. expansum has become a hot research topic. This study investigates the inhibitory effects of fengycin on patulin production in P. expansum. P. expansum was cultured under different environments with different concentrations of fengycin. The patulin content produced per unit weight of P. expansum mycelium was detected and determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Synergy brands (SYBR) GreenI Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression levels of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-MSAS) and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (IDH), which were the key genes of producing patulin of P. expansum mycelium, in the conditions treated by fengycin and untreated. After fengycin treatments, not only the patulin content in every unit weight of P. expansum mycelium but also the expression level of 6-MSAS decreased significantly. The expression level of 6-MSAS of treatment was 0.11 folds of control. However, the expression level of IDH treated by fengycin decreased slightly. Fengycin could inhibit the P. expansum from producing patulin by downregulating the expression of key synthetic genes 6-MSAS.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Campuzano, Iain D. G., and Peter M. Shoolingin-Jordan. "Incubation of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase with alternative starter units in the absence of NADPH and the identification of the resulting triaceticacid lactones." Biochemical Society Transactions 26, no. 3 (1998): S284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst026s284.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Kusakiewicz-Dawid, Anna, Marta Bugaj, Jolanta M. Dzik, et al. "Synthesis and biological activity of N(alpha)-[4-[N-[(3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-6-quinazolinyl)methyl]-N-propargylamino]phenylacetyl]-L-glutamic acid." Acta Biochimica Polonica 49, no. 1 (2002): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2002_3836.

Full text

Abstract:

2-Deamino-2-methyl-N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid (ICI 198583) is a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthase. Its analogue, N(alpha)-[4-[N-[(3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-6-quinazolinyl)methyl]-N-propargylamino]phenylacetyl]-L-glutamic acid, containing p-aminophenylacetic acid residue substituting p-aminobenzoic acid residue, was synthesized. The new analogue exhibited a moderately potent thymidylate synthase inhibition, of linear mixed type vs. the cofactor, N(5,10)-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The Ki value of 0.34 microM, determined with a purified recombinant rat hepatoma enzyme, was about 30-fold higher than that reported for inhibition of thymidylate synthase from mouse leukemia L1210 cells by ICI 198583 (Hughes et al., 1990, J. Med. Chem. 33, 3060). Growth of mouse leukemia L5178Y cells was inhibited by the analogue (IC50 = 1.26 mM) 180-fold weaker than by ICI 198583 (IC50 = 6.9 microM).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Saeed, Asad Ullah, Mueed Ur Rahman, Hai-Feng Chen та Jianting Zheng. "Structural Insight of KSIII (β-Ketoacyl-ACP Synthase)-like Acyltransferase ChlB3 in the Biosynthesis of Chlorothricin". Molecules 27, № 19 (2022): 6405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196405.

Full text

Abstract:

Chlorothricin (CHL) belongs to a spirotetronate antibiotic family produced by Streptomyces antibioticus that inhibits pyruvate carboxylase and malate dehydrogenase. For the biosynthesis of CHL, ChlB3 plays a crucial role by introducing the 6-methylsalicylic acid (6MSA) moiety to ChlB2, an acyl carrier protein (ACP). However, the structural insight and catalytic mechanism of ChlB3 was unclear. In the current study, the crystal structure of ChlB3 was solved at 3.1 Å-resolution and a catalytic mechanism was proposed on the basis of conserved residues of structurally related enzymes. ChlB3 is a dimer having the same active sites as CerJ (a structural homologous enzyme) and uses a KSIII-like fold to work as an acyltransferase. The relaxed substrate specificity of ChlB3 was defined by its catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) for non-ACP tethered synthetic substrates such as 6MSA-SNAC, acetyl-SNAC, and cyclohexonyl-SNAC. ChlB3 successfully detached the 6MSA moiety from 6MSA-SNAC substrate and this hydrolytic activity demonstrated that ChlB3 has the potential to catalyze non-ACP tethered substrates. Structural comparison indicated that ChlB3 belongs to FabH family and showed 0.6–2.5 Å root mean square deviation (RMSD) with structural homologous enzymes. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were implemented to understand substrate active site and structural behavior such as the open and closed conformation of the ChlB3 protein. The resultant catalytic and substrate recognition mechanism suggested that ChlB3 has the potential to use non-native substrates and minimize the labor of expressing ACP protein. This versatile acyltransferase activity may pave the way for manufacturing CHL variants and may help to hydrolyze several thioester-based compounds.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Artigot, Marie Pierre, Nicolas Loiseau, Joelle Laffitte, et al. "Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two CYP619 cytochrome P450s involved in biosynthesis of patulin in Aspergillus clavatus." Microbiology 155, no. 5 (2009): 1738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.024836-0.

Full text

Abstract:

Patulin is an acetate-derived tetraketide mycotoxin produced by several fungal species, especially Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys species. The health risks due to patulin consumption by humans have led many countries to regulate it in human food. Previous studies have shown the involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the hydroxylation of two precursors of patulin, m-cresol and m-hydroxybenzylalcohol. In the present study, two cytochrome P450 genes were identified in the genome sequence of Aspergillus clavatus, a patulin-producing species. Both mRNAs were strongly co-expressed during patulin production. CYP619C2, encoded by the first gene, consists of 529 aa, while the second cytochrome, CYP619C3, consists of 524 aa. The coding sequences were used to perform the heterologous expression of functional enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bioconversion assays showed that CYP619C3 catalysed the hydroxylation of m-cresol to yield m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. CYP619C2 catalysed the hydroxylation of m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and m-cresol to gentisyl alcohol and 2,5-dihydroxytoluene (toluquinol), respectively. Except for the last compound, all enzyme products are known precursors of patulin. Taken together, these data strongly suggest the involvement of CYP619C2 and CYP619C3 in the biosynthesis of patulin. CYP619C2 and CYP619C3 are located near to two other genes involved in patulin biosynthesis, namely the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6msas) and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) genes. The current data associated with an analysis of the sequence of A. clavatus suggest the presence of a cluster of 15 genes involved in patulin biosynthesis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Zhang, Yadong, Yi Wang, Xiaolong Yuan, Hongling Zhang, and Yuan Zheng. "Genomic Features of Taiwanofungus gaoligongensis and the Transcriptional Regulation of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 12 (2024): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10120826.

Full text

Abstract:

Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) have broad applications in biomedicine, biocontrol, and the food industry. In this study, whole-genome sequencing and annotation of Taiwanofungus gaoligongensis were conducted, followed by comparative genomic analysis with 11 other species of Polyporales to examine genomic variations and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Additionally, transcriptome data were used to analyze the differential expression of polyketide synthase (PKS), terpene synthase (TPS) genes, and transcription factors (TFs) under different culture conditions. The results show that T. gaoligongensis differs from other fungal species in genome size (34.58 Mb) and GC content (50.72%). The antibiotics and Secondary Metabolites Analysis Shell (AntiSMASH) analysis reveals significant variation in the number of SM biosynthetic gene clusters (SMBGCs) across the 12 species (12–29), with T. gaoligongensis containing 25 SMBGCs: 4 PKS, 6 non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), and 15 TPS clusters. The TgPKS1 gene is hypothesized to be involved in the biosynthesis of orsellinic acid or its derivatives, while TgPKS2 might catalyze the synthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid (6MSA) and its derivatives. The TgTRI5 genes are suggested to synthesize tetracyclic sesquiterpene type B trichothecene compounds, while TgPentS may be involved in the synthesis of δ-cadinol, β-copaene, and α-murolene analogs or derivatives. Comparative genomic analysis shows that the genome size of T. gaoligongensis is similar to that of T. camphoratus, with comparable SMs. Both species share four types of PKS domains and five distinct types of TPS. Additionally, T. gaoligongensis exhibits a high degree of similarity to Laetiporus sulphureus, despite belonging to a different genus within the same family. Transcriptome analysis reveals significant variation in the expression levels of PKS and TPS genes across different cultivation conditions. The TgPKS1 and TgPKS4 genes, along with nine TgTFs, are significantly upregulated under three solid culture conditions. In contrast, under three different liquid culture conditions, the TgPKS3, TgTRI5-1, and TgTRI5-2 genes, along with twelve TgTFs, exhibit higher activity. Co-expression network analysis and TgTFs binding site prediction in the promoter regions of TgPKS and TgTPS genes suggest that TgMYB9 and TgFTD4 regulate TgPKS4 expression. TgHOX1, TgHSF2, TgHSF3, and TgZnF4 likely modulate TgPKS3 transcriptional activity. TgTRI5-1 and TgTRI5-5 expression is likely regulated by TgbZIP2 and TgZnF15, respectively. This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of SMs in T. gaoligongensis and offers potential strategies for enhancing the biosynthesis of target compounds through artificial intervention.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Spencer, Jonathan B., and Peter M. Jordan. "Investigation of the mechanism and steric course of the reaction catalyzed by 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from Penicillium patulum using (R)-[1-13C;2-2H] and (S)-[1-13C; 2-2H]malonates." Biochemistry 31, no. 37 (1992): 9107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00152a055.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Hong, Kyung Hee, Min Young Um, Jiyun Ahn, and Tae Youl Ha. "6-Gingerol Ameliorates Adiposity and Inflammation in Adipose Tissue in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice: Association with Regulating of Adipokines." Nutrients 15, no. 15 (2023): 3457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15153457.

Full text

Abstract:

We investigated the effects of 6-gingerol on adiposity and obesity-induced inflammation by focusing on the regulation of adipogenesis and adipokines in white adipose tissue (WAT) of diet-induced obese mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 0.05% 6-gingerol for 8 weeks. 6-Gingerol supplementation significantly reduced body weight, WAT mass, serum triglyceride, leptin and insulin levels, and HOMA-IR in HFD-fed mice. Additionally, the size of adipocytes in epididymal fat pads was reduced in HFD-fed mice by 6-gingerol supplementation. 6-Gingerol reduced the mRNA and protein levels of adipogenesis-related transcription factors, such as SREBP-1, PPARγ, and C/EBPα in WAT. Furthermore, 6-gingerol suppressed the expression of lipogenesis-related genes, such as fatty acid synthase and CD36 in WAT. Adiponectin expression was significantly increased, whereas inflammatory adipokines (leptin, resistin, TNF-α, MCP-1, and PAI-1) and the macrophage marker F4/80 were significantly reduced in the WAT of HFD-fed mice by 6-gingerol supplementation. In conclusion, 6-gingerol effectively contributed to the alleviation of adiposity and inflammation in WAT, which is associated with the regulation of adipokines in diet-induced obese mice.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Hong, Riwon, Kyoung Soo Kim, Gwang Muk Choi, et al. "Continentalic Acid Rather Than Kaurenoic Acid Is Responsible for the Anti-Arthritic Activity of Manchurian Spikenard In Vitro and In Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (2019): 5488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215488.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to identify the active compound responsible for the pharmacological activities of Manchurian spikenard (Aralia continentalis Kitag.). Interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated human chondrocytes and monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritic rats were treated with the 50% ethanolic extract of spikenard or its major components, such as continentalic acid (ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene-19-oic acid) and kaurenoic acid (ent-kaura-16-en-19-oic acid). The spikenard extract significantly inhibited IL-1β-stimulated production of IL-6, IL-8, metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-13, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and prostaglandin(PG)E2 in a dose-dependent manner but not MMP-3 production. The extract also inhibited the IL-1β-induced translocation of NF-κB/p65 into the nucleus and dose-dependent phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Continentalic acid exhibited significant anti-arthritic activity corresponding exactly to that of the extract containing an equivalent amount of continentalic acid. On the other hand, kaurenoic acid exhibited a compatible activity at about a 10-times higher molar concentration than that of continentalic acid. In vitro anti-arthritic activities of the spikenard extract and continentalic acid were also confirmed in MIA-induced osteoarthritic rats. The 50% ethanolic extract of Manchurian spikenard exhibited promising anti-arthritic activities in the in vitro and in vivo osteoarthritis models, and continentalic acid, not kaurenoic acid, was most probably responsible for those activities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Zhang, Jinzhou, Shuaitao Meng, Heming Wang, et al. "Comparison of Growth Performance, Carcass Properties, Fatty Acid Profile, and Genes Involved in Fat Metabolism in Nanyang and Landrace Pigs." Genes 15, no. 2 (2024): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15020186.

Full text

Abstract:

This study compared the growth, carcass properties, fatty acid profile, lipid-producing enzyme activity, and expression pattern of genes involved in fat metabolism in Nanyang and Landrace pigs. In the study, 32 Nanyang (22.16 ± 0.59 kg) and 32 Landrace barrows (21.37 ± 0.57 kg) were selected and divided into two groups, each with eight pens and four pigs per pen. The trial period lasted 90 days. The findings showed that the Nanyang pigs had lower average daily weight gain and lean percentage and higher average backfat thickness and lipogenic enzyme activities, including for acetyl-CoA carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and fatty acid synthase, than the Landrace pigs. A total of 14 long-chain fatty acids were detected using HPLC-MS, in which it was found that the levels of C14:0, C18:1n-9, C20:1n-9, C20:4n-6, and MUFA were up-regulated and C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, PUFA n6, n3/n6, and total PUFA were down-regulated in the Nanyang pigs. Moreover, the mRNA levels for genes involved in fat metabolism, ME1, FAS, and LPL, were higher and the expression of SREBP1 mRNA was lower in the Nanyang pigs. Our results suggest genetic differences between the pig breeds in terms of growth, carcass traits, lipogenic enzyme activities, fatty acid profile, and the mRNA expression of genes involved in fat metabolism in subcutaneous fat tissue, which may provide a basis for high-quality pork production. Further studies are needed to investigate the regulation of lipid metabolism.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Holdsworth, Clark T., Steven W. Copp, Daniel M. Hirai, et al. "The effects of dietary fish oil on exercising skeletal muscle vascular and metabolic control in chronic heart failure rats." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, no. 3 (2014): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0301.

Full text

Abstract:

Impaired vasomotor control in chronic heart failure (CHF) is due partly to decrements in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mediated vasodilation. Exercising muscle blood flow (BF) is augmented with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation via fish oil (FO) in healthy rats. We hypothesized that FO would augment exercising muscle BF in CHF rats via increased NO-bioavailability. Myocardial infarction (coronary artery ligation) induced CHF in Sprague–Dawley rats which were subsequently randomized to dietary FO (20% docosahexaenoic acid, 30% eicosapentaenoic acid, n = 15) or safflower oil (SO, 5%, n = 10) for 6–8 weeks. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood [lactate], and hindlimb muscles BF (radiolabeled microspheres) were determined at rest, during treadmill exercise (20 m·min−1, 5% incline) and exercise + NG-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester (l-NAME) (a nonspecific NOS inhibitor). FO did not change left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (SO: 14 ± 2; FO: 11 ± 1 mm Hg, p > 0.05). During exercise, MAP (SO: 128 ± 3; FO: 132 ± 3 mm Hg) and blood [lactate] (SO: 3.8 ± 0.4; FO: 4.6 ± 0.5 mmol·L−1) were not different (p > 0.05). Exercising hindlimb muscle BF was lower in FO than SO (SO: 120 ± 11; FO: 93 ± 4 mL·min−1·100 g−1, p < 0.05) but was not differentially affected by l-NAME. Specifically, 17 of 28 individual muscle BF’s were lower (p < 0.05) in FO demonstrating that PUFA supplementation with FO in CHF rats does not augment muscle BF during exercise but may lower metabolic cost.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Jayarathne, Shasika, April Stull, Alexandra Miranda, et al. "Tart Cherry Reduces Inflammation in Adipose Tissue of Zucker Fatty Rats and Cultured 3T3-L1 Adipocytes." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (2018): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111576.

Full text

Abstract:

Obesity increases adipose tissue inflammation and secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines, which have systemic effects on the organism’s health status. Our objective was to dissect mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects of tart cherry (TC) in adipose tissue of Zucker fatty rats, and cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Rats were fed either a control diet, or 4% TC powder diets for eight weeks. Body and epididymal fat pad weights were not significantly different between control and TC groups. However, rats fed the TC diet had significantly reduced adipose tissue inflammation (p < 0.05), as determined by reduced mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory markers including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and CD-11b, and increased mRNA levels of type-1 arginase (Arg-1) anti-inflammatory marker. Consistent with these in vivo results, TC significantly decreased expression of IL-6 mRNA and protein levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated adipocytes compared to those stimulated with LPS, but no TC. Moreover, both in vivo (rat adipose tissue) and in vitro (3T3-L1 adipocytes), phosphorylation of p65-NF-κB subunit was significantly reduced by TC. Additionally, TC decreased mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN), and increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), master regulator of lipid oxidation, and anti-oxidant markers nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor (NRFs) in both models. In conclusion, our findings indicate that TC downregulates inflammation in part via the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in adipose tissue. Thus, TC may serve as a potential intervention to reduce obesity-associated inflammation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Xin, Xin, Yue Jin, Xin Wang, et al. "A Combination of Geniposide and Chlorogenic Acid Combination Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice by Inhibiting Kupffer Cell Activation." BioMed Research International 2021 (May 13, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6615881.

Full text

Abstract:

The incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing worldwide. Activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) is central to the development of diet-induced NASH. We investigated whether a combination of two active chemical components, geniposide and chlorogenic acid (GC), at a specific ratio (67 : 1), ameliorates diet-induced NASH and the underlying mechanisms involved. C57BL/6J mice exposed to a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet containing cholesterol, choline, and high-sugar drinking water, as well as RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were studied. The combination exerted a therapeutic effect on HFHC-induced NASH in mice. Simultaneously, GC was found to reduce the expression of cytokines secreted by hepatic macrophages, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Moreover, GC reduced the number of KCs expressing F4/80. Furthermore, TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α protein expression levels were suppressed upon GC treatment in RAW264.7 cells. Our findings suggest that GC has a strong anti-inflammatory effect in NASH, and this effect can be attributed to the suppression of KC activity in the liver.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Djuric, Dragan, Vladimir Jakovljevic, Vladimir Zivkovic, and Ivan Srejovic. "Homocysteine and homocysteine-related compounds: an overview of the roles in the pathology of the cardiovascular and nervous systems." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 96, no. 10 (2018): 991–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2018-0112.

Full text

Abstract:

Homocysteine, an amino acid containing a sulfhydryl group, is an intermediate product during metabolism of the amino acids methionine and cysteine. Hyperhomocysteinemia is used as a predictive risk factor for cardiovascular disorders, the stroke progression, screening for inborn errors of methionine metabolism, and as a supplementary test for vitamin B12deficiency. Two organic systems in which homocysteine has the most harmful effects are the cardiovascular and nervous system. The adverse effects of homocysteine are achieved by the action of several different mechanisms, such as overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, activation of Toll-like receptor 4, disturbance in Ca2+handling, increased activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase and subsequent increase of production of reactive oxygen species, increased activity of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and consequent impairment in nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species synthesis. Increased production of reactive species during hyperhomocysteinemia is related with increased expression of several proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1. All these mechanisms contribute to the emergence of diseases like atherosclerosis and related complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, aortic aneurysm, as well as Alzheimer disease and epilepsy. This review provides evidence that supports the causal role for hyperhomocysteinemia in the development of cardiovascular disease and nervous system disorders.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Cisneros-Zevallos, Luis, Woo Young Bang, and Claudia Delgadillo-Puga. "Ellagic Acid and Urolithins A and B Differentially Regulate Fat Accumulation and Inflammation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes While Not Affecting Adipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (2020): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062086.

Full text

Abstract:

Ellagic acid (EA) is a component of ellagitannins, present in crops such as pecans, walnuts, and many berries, which metabolized by the gut microbiota forms urolithins A, B, C, or D. In this study, ellagic acid, as well as urolithins A and B, were tested on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes for differentiation and lipid accumulation. In addition, inflammation was studied in mature adipocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results indicated that EA and urolithins A and B did not affect differentiation (adipogenesis) and only EA and urolithin A attenuated lipid accumulation (lipogenesis), which seemed to be through gene regulation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and adiponectin. On the other hand, gene expression of cytokines and proteins associated with the inflammation process indicate that urolithins and EA differentially inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Urolithins A and B were found to reduce nuclear levels of phosphorylated nuclear factor κB (p-NF-κB), whereas all treatments showed expression of nuclear phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) in challenged LPS cells when treated with insulin, indicating the fact that adipocytes remained insulin sensitive. In general, urolithin A is a compound able to reduce lipid accumulation, without affecting the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (c/EBPα), and PPARα, whereas EA and urolithin B were found to enhance PPARγ and c/EBPα protein expressions as well as fatty acid (FA) oxidation, and differentially affected lipid accumulation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Kim, Seung Yong, Dong-Uk Shin, Ji-Eun Eom та ін. "Artemisia gmelinii Attenuates Lung Inflammation by Suppressing the NF-κB/MAPK Pathway". Antioxidants 11, № 3 (2022): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030568.

Full text

Abstract:

Cigarette smoke (CS) is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and continuous CS exposure causes lung inflammation and deterioration. To investigate the protective effects of Artemisia gmelinii against lung inflammation in this study, cigarette smoke extract (CSE)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated alveolar macrophages (AMs) and mice stimulated with CSE/porcine pancreas elastase (PPE) were used. Artemisia gmelinii ethanol extract (AGE) was effective in decreasing the levels of cytokines, chemokine, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway in AMs. Additionally, oral administration of AGE suppressed inflammatory cells’ infiltration and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, matrix metallopeptidase 9, and neutrophil extracellular traps in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the COPD model. Moreover, the obstruction of small airways, the destruction of the lung parenchyma, and expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-2 were suppressed by inhibiting NF-κB activation in the lung tissues of the AGE group. These effects are associated with scopolin, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, which are the main components of AGE. These data demonstrate the mitigation effect of AGE on lung inflammation via inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB pathways, suggesting that AGE may be instrumental in improving respiratory and lung health.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Leggate, Melanie, Wayne G. Carter, Matthew J. C. Evans, Rebecca A. Vennard, Sarah Sribala-Sundaram, and Myra A. Nimmo. "Determination of inflammatory and prominent proteomic changes in plasma and adipose tissue after high-intensity intermittent training in overweight and obese males." Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 8 (2012): 1353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01080.2011.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aimed to determine whether 2 wk of high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) altered inflammatory status in plasma and adipose tissue in overweight and obese males. Twelve participants [mean (SD): age 23.7 (5.2) yr, body mass 91.0 (8.0) kg, body mass index 29.1 (3.1) kg/m2] undertook six HIIT sessions over 2 wk. Resting blood and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue samples were collected and insulin sensitivity determined, pre- and posttraining. Inflammatory proteins were quantified in plasma and adipose tissue. There was a significant decrease in soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R; P = 0.050), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, P = 0.047), and adiponectin ( P = 0.041) in plasma posttraining. Plasma IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10, and insulin sensitivity did not change. In adipose tissue, IL-6 significantly decreased ( P = 0.036) and IL-6R increased ( P = 0.037), while adiponectin tended to decrease ( P = 0.056), with no change in ICAM-1 posttraining. TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-10 were not detectable in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue homogenates were then resolved using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and major changes in the adipose tissue proteome, as a consequence of HIIT, were evaluated. This proteomic approach identified significant reductions in annexin A2 ( P = 0.046) and fatty acid synthase ( P = 0.016) as a response to HIIT. The present investigation suggests 2 wk of HIIT is sufficient to induce beneficial alterations in the resting inflammatory profile and adipose tissue proteome of an overweight and obese male cohort.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Wu, Lin, Hou, et al. "1,2-Bis[(3-Methoxyphenyl)Methyl]Ethane-1,2-Dicarboxylic Acid Reduces UVB-Induced Photodamage In Vitro and In Vivo." Antioxidants 8, no. 10 (2019): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100452.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of 1,2-bis[(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (S4), a sesamin derivative, on anti-inflammation and antiphotoaging in vitro and in vivo. Human skin fibroblasts were treated with S4 and did not show cytotoxicity under concentrations of 5–50 µM. In addition, S4 also reduced ultraviolet (UV)B-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Additionally, S4 inhibited UVB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) overexpression. Furthermore, S4 also inhibited UVB-induced Smad7 protein expression and elevated total collagen content in human dermal fibroblasts. For anti-inflammatory activity, S4 inhibited UVB-induced nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression and inhibited nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-ĸB) translocation into the nucleus. S4 ameliorated UVB-induced erythema and wrinkle formation in hairless mice. On histological observation, S4 also ameliorated UVB-induced epidermal hyperplasia and collagen degradation. S4 reduced UVB-induced MMP-1, interleukin (IL)-6, and NF-ĸB expression in the mouse skin. The results indicated that S4 had antiphotoaging and anti-inflammatory activities, protecting skin from premature aging.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Zhang, Yanrong, Xiaoliang Jiang, Chuan Qin, Santiago Cuevas, Pedro A. Jose, and Ines Armando. "Dopamine D2 receptors' effects on renal inflammation are mediated by regulation of PP2A function." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 310, no. 2 (2016): F128—F134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00453.2014.

Full text

Abstract:

Lack or downregulation of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) results in increased renal expression of injury markers and proinflammatory factors that is independent of a blood pressure increase. This study aimed to determine the mechanisms involved in the regulation of renal inflammation by D2Rs. Silencing D2Rs in mouse renal proximal tubule cells increased the expression of the proinflammatory TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and IL-6. D2R downregulation also increased Akt phosphorylation and activity, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression, downstream targets of Akt; however. phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity was not affected. Conversely, D2R stimulation decreased Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression. Increased phospho-Akt, in the absence of increased PI3K activity, may result from decreased Akt dephosphorylation. Inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) with okadaic acid reproduced the effects of D2R downregulation on Akt, GSK3β, and cyclin D1. The PP2A catalytic subunit and regulatory subunit PPP2R2C coimmunoprecipitated with the D2R. Basal phosphatase activity and the expression of PPP2R2C were decreased by D2R silencing that also blunted the increase in phosphatase activity induced by D2R stimulation. Similarly, silencing PPP2R2C also increased the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β. Moreover, downregulation of PPP2R2C resulted in increased expression of TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6, indicating that decreased phosphatase activity may be responsible for the D2R effect on inflammatory factors. Indeed, the increase in NF-κB reporter activity induced by D2R silencing was blunted by increasing PP2A activity with protamine. Our results show that D2R controls renal inflammation, at least in part, by modulation of the Akt pathway through effects on PP2A activity/expression.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Miller, Craig W., John F. Prescott, Karol A. Mathews, et al. "Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in dogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209, no. 8 (1996): 1421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1996.209.08.1421.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective To determine the clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic findings in dogs that developed severe invasive infections with group G streptococci (GGS) over a 6-month period in southern Ontario. Design Prospective case series. Animals 7 dogs in southern Ontario with severe streptococcal infection during a 6-month period. Procedure Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, molecular typing of streptococcal isolates was performed. Isolates were examined for the M protein gene emm1.0, pyrogenic exotoxin genes speA, speB, speF, hyaluronic acid synthase genes hasA, hasB, and for C5a peptidase gene scpA by use of DNA probes or polymerase chain reaction. Results 3 dogs with streptococcal shock without necrotizing fasciitis died or were euthanatized within 48 hours of admission, whereas 4 dogs with streptococcal shock and necrotizing fasciitis survived following surgical debridement, supportive medical treatment, and treatment with antibiotics. Of the 6 Lancefield group G streptococcal isolates available for characterization, 5 were Streptococcus canis and 1 had characteristics of group G streptococcal strains of human origin. Results of molecular typing indicated that isolates were unrelated to each other. Examination of the canine isolates for putative virulence genes found in human group A streptococci resulted in identification of the the emm1.0 gene only in 1 of the isolates. The canine isolates otherwise lacked virulence genes associated with human group A streptococcal toxic shock infections. Clinical Implications The development of severe invasive infection in dogs resulting from GGS indicates that a virulent form of GGS has developed in southern Ontario. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1421–1426)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Seol, Ayun, Ji-Eun Kim, You-Jeong Jin, et al. "Novel Therapeutic Effects of Euphorbia heterophylla L. Methanol Extracts in Macular Degeneration Caused by Blue Light in A2E-Laden ARPE-19 Cells and Retina of BALB/c Mice." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 9 (2024): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17091193.

Full text

Abstract:

Natural products with high antioxidant activity are considered as innovative prevention strategies to effectively prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the early stage because the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the development of drusen is reported as an important cause of this disease. To investigate the prevention effects of the methanol extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla L. (MEE) on AMD, its effects on the antioxidant activity, inflammatory response, apoptosis pathway, neovascularization, and retinal tissue degeneration were analyzed in N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E)-landed spontaneously arising retinal pigment epithelia (ARPE)-19 cells and BALB/c mice after exposure to blue light (BL). The MEE contained 10 active components and showed high free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals. The pretreatments of high-dose MEE remarkably suppressed the production of intracellular ROS (88.2%) and NO (25.2%) and enhanced (SOD) activity (84%) and the phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) in A2E + BL-treated ARPE-19 cells compared to Vehicle-treated group. The activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediated pathway, inflammasome activation, and expression of inflammatory cytokines was significantly inhibited in A2E + BL-treated ARPE-19 cells after the MEE pretreatment. The activation of the apoptosis pathway and increased expression of neovascular proteins (36% for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9) were inhibited in the MEE pretreated groups compared to the Vehicle-treated group. Furthermore, the thickness of the whole retina (31%), outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and photoreceptor layer (PL) were significantly increased by the MEE pretreatment of BALB/c mice with BL-induced retinal degeneration. Therefore, these results suggest that the MEE, with its high antioxidative activity, protects against BL-induced retinal degeneration through the regulation of the antioxidative system, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and neovascularization in the AMD mouse model.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Liu, Chih-Wei, Hung-Cheng Tsai, Chia-Chang Huang, et al. "Effects and mechanisms of caffeine to improve immunological and metabolic abnormalities in diet-induced obese rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 314, no. 5 (2018): E433—E447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00094.2017.

Full text

Abstract:

In obesity, there are no effective therapies for parallel immune and metabolic abnormalities, including systemic/tissue insulin-resistance/inflammation, adiposity and hepatic steatosis. Caffeine has anti-inflammation, antihepatic steatosis, and anti-insulin resistance effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects and molecular mechanisms of 6 wk of caffeine treatment (HFD-caf) on immunological and metabolic abnormalities of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Compared with HFD vehicle (HFD-V) rats, in HFD-caf rats the suppressed circulating immune cell inflammatory [TNFα, MCP-1, IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and nitrite] profiles were accompanied by decreased liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and muscle macrophages and their intracellular cytokine levels. Metabolically, the increase in metabolic rates reduced lipid accumulation in various tissues, resulting in reduced adiposity, lower fat mass, decreased body weight, amelioration of hepatic steatosis, and improved systemic/muscle insulin resistance. Further mechanistic approaches revealed an upregulation of tissue lipogenic [(SREBP1c, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase)/insulin-sensitizing (GLUT4 and p-IRS1)] markers in HFD-caf rats. Significantly, ex vivo experiments revealed that the cytokine release by the cocultured peripheral blood mononuclear cell (monocyte) and WAT (adipocyte), which are known to stimulate macrophage migration and hepatocyte lipogenesis, were lower in HFD-V groups than HFD-caf groups. Caffeine treatment simultaneously ameliorates immune and metabolic pathogenic signals present in tissue to normalize immunolgical and metabolic abnormalities found in HFD-induced obese rats.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Kim, Do Yeon, Sang Ryong Kim, and Un Ju Jung. "Myricitrin Ameliorates Hyperglycemia, Glucose Intolerance, Hepatic Steatosis, and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (2020): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051870.

Full text

Abstract:

To test the hypothesis that myricitrin (MYR) improves type 2 diabetes, we examined the effect of MYR on hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation in high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: non-diabetic, diabetic control, and MYR (0.005%, w/w)-supplemented diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by HFD and STZ, and MYR was administered orally for 5 weeks. Myricitrin exerted no significant effects on food intake, body weight, fat weight, or plasma lipids levels. However, MYR significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels, improved glucose intolerance, and increased pancreatic β-cell mass compared to the diabetic control group. Myricitrin administration also markedly increased glucokinase mRNA expression and activity as well as lowered glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA expression and activity in the liver. In addition, liver weight, hepatic triglyceride content, and lipid droplet accumulation were markedly decreased following MYR administration. These changes were seemingly attributable to the suppression of the hepatic lipogenic enzymes—fatty acid synthase and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase. Myricitrin also significantly lowered plasma MCP-1 and TNF-α levels and the mRNA expression of hepatic pro-inflammatory genes. These results suggest that MYR has anti-diabetic potential.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Zvida-Bloch, Tal, Eli Muchtar, Mali Salmon-Divon, et al. "Targeting the PI3K/AKT Pathway and Fatty Acid Synthase in AL Amyloidosis: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications." Blood 144, Supplement 1 (2024): 3288. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2024-206682.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a clonal plasma cell disorder characterized by the deposition of misfolded immunoglobulin light chain products in vital organs, leading to significant organ dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain incompletely elucidated. Identifying the molecular mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets is critical for improving treatment strategies and patient outcomes. Our previous research work identified that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is overexpressed in AL amyloidosis (Zvida et al., Blood, 2022, Fishov et al., Cancer Med., 2023). This pathway plays a critical role in regulating cellular metabolism. Specifically activated AKT can phosphorylate and regulate various target proteins involved in metabolic processes. One of the significant targets is fatty acid synthase (FASN), an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids. AKT can enhance FASN expression and activity, thereby promoting lipid biosynthesis. Additionally, elevated FASN levels can drive inflammation through increased fatty acid synthesis, which activates inflammatory signaling pathways and enhances cytokine production (Acosta-Martinez et al.,IJMC, 2022). Elevated levels of FASN have been associated with hematological malignancies and cell survival (Vanauberg, et al., Oncogenesis, 2023). However, its role in AL amyloidosis is yet to be elucidated. Aim: To determine the role of FASN in the pathology and inflammatory response in AL amyloidosis, and to evaluate the potential of targeting FASN and the PI3K/AKT pathway for therapeutic intervention. Methods: We profiled FASN expression in CD138+ bone marrow (BM) samples from patients with AL amyloidosis (n=20), Multiple Myeloma (MM) (n=20), Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined (MGUS) (n=8) and Healthy Controls (HC) (n=6), using qRT-PCR. To further explore the relationship between the PI3K/AKT pathway and FASN, we treated ALMC-1 cells with Capivasertib (an AKT inhibitor) and assessed FASN protein levels, cell proliferation by WST-1 assay, cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry, light chain secretion by ELISA, and expression of AKT and its downstream targets via western blot analysis. Furthermore, TVB-2640 (FASN inhibitor) was used to evaluate the cell response to FASN inhibition. Results: Our analysis revealed a significant upregulation of FASN in AL amyloidosis BM samples compared to MM, MGUS, and HCs. Capivasertib treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in FASN protein levels. Additionally, Capivasertib treatment inhibited cell proliferation, induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest, reduced light chain secretion, and decreased AKT protein expression and its downstream targets p4EBP pS6 and pERK. Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF and IP-10 (CXCL-10), were observed in AL amyloidosis serum samples, suggesting the involvement of immune mechanisms and the PI3K/AKT pathway, potentially induced by FASN. Finally, treatment with TVB-2640 reduced cell viability and decreased the protein expression of LIPIN-1, which is one of the key target genes regulated by FASN. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the significant upregulation of FASN in AL amyloidosis and its regulation by the PI3K/AKT pathway. The observed effects of Capivasertib on FASN expression and cell proliferation, along with the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, underscore the potential for targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and FASN in developing more specific therapeutic strategies for AL amyloidosis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Quaranta, Paola, Gaia Scabia, Barbara Storti, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Infection Alters the Phenotype and Gene Expression of Adipocytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 4 (2024): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042086.

Full text

Abstract:

Epidemiological evidence emphasizes that excess fat mass is associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Nevertheless, the intricate interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and adipocytes remains poorly understood. It is crucial to decipher the progression of COVID-19 both in the acute phase and on long-term outcomes. In this study, an in vitro model using the human SGBS cell line (Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome) was developed to investigate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in adipocytes, and the effects of virus exposure on adipocyte function. Our results show that SGBS adipocytes expressing ACE2 are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as evidenced by the release of the viral genome into the medium, detection of the nucleocapsid in cell lysates, and positive immunostaining for the spike protein. Infected adipocytes show remarkable changes compared to uninfected controls: increased surface area of lipid droplets, upregulated expression of genes of inflammation (Haptoglobin, MCP-1, IL-6, PAI-1), increased oxidative stress (MnSOD), and a concomitant reduction of transcripts related to adipocyte function (leptin, fatty acid synthase, perilipin). Moreover, exogenous expression of spike protein in SGBS adipocytes also led to an increase in lipid droplet size. In conclusion using the human SGBS cell line, we detected SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in adipocytes, revealing substantial morphological and functional changes in infected cells.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Bashir, Khawaja Muhammad Imran, Jong-Kyu Kim, Yoon-Seok Chun, Jae-Suk Choi, and Sae-Kwang Ku. "In Vitro Assessment of Anti-Adipogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seeds Extract on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Raw264.7 Macrophages." Medicina 59, no. 11 (2023): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59112028.

Full text

Abstract:

Background and Objectives: This study evaluated the in vitro anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed extract (BCS extract) as a potential candidate for developing herbal formulations targeting metabolic disorders. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the BCS extract by assessing its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrohydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO), and mRNA expression levels of key pro-inflammatory mediators. We also quantified the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling molecules. To assess anti-adipogenic effects, we used differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and BCS extract in doses from 10 to 100 μg/mL. We also determined mRNA levels of key adipogenic genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/BEPα), adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and sterol-regulated element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: This study showed a concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity and no toxicity at concentrations up to 30 μg/mL in Raw264.7 cells. BCS extract showed an IC50 of 328.77 ± 20.52 μg/mL. Notably, pre-treatment with BCS extract (30 μg/mL) significantly enhanced cell viability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated Raw264.7 cells. BCS extract treatment effectively inhibited LPS-induced production of PGE2 and NO, as well as the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, possibly by limiting the phosphorylation of p38, p65, inhibitory κBα (I-κBα), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). It also significantly attenuated lipid accumulation and key adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 cells. Conclusions: This study highlights the in vitro anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory potential of BCS extract, underscoring its potential as a promising candidate for managing metabolic disorders.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Ahmadpour, Amir, and Mousa Zarrin. "Investigating the impact of various fat supplements and their levels on the expression of lipid metabolism-regulated genes in the liver tissue of broiler chickens." Journal of Poultry Sciences and Avian Diseases 2, no. 2 (2024): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jpsad.2.2.3.

Full text

Abstract:

Over the last few decades, progress in molecular biology and genetic technologies has allowed scientists to explore the mechanisms of lipid metabolism in chickens. Through techniques like RNA sequencing and gene expression profiling, researchers can now investigate how dietary fat supplements impact the expression of particular genes related to lipid metabolism regulation. Limited research exists on the comparative impacts of fat powder and fatty acid incorporation in broiler feed on the expression of lipid metabolism-regulating genes in the liver. This study aims to identify particular genes and metabolic pathways linked to reduced abdominal fat deposition in commercial broiler chickens. The study involved 500 broiler chickens from the commercial strain Ross 308, distributed in a completely randomized layout with five different treatments and five replications. The duration of the research lasted for 42 days. Initially, the control group received no fatty acid or fat powder, whereas the other groups were supplemented with either 3% or 6% fat powder or fatty acid. The experimental period was divided into two distinct phases: the starter phase (0-21 days) and the grower phase (22-41 days). Fatty acid synthase (FASN), malic enzyme 1 (ME1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3 (GPAT3), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial (GPAM), CD36 molecule (CD36), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), apolipoprotein B (APOB), very low-density apolipoprotein II (apoVLDLII), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) genes selected as indicators of lipid metabolism-regulation and were studied using qPCR technique. The impact of fatty acids (FA) on the regulation of genes under investigation was found to be more pronounced. However, both types of fat increased abdominal fat, with FA demonstrating a stronger effect. While the fat level was deemed significant in certain instances, the current findings and methodology suggest that a 3% fat supplement may be a more cost-effective and economical option for farm use. To further enhance the initial findings and gain a more comprehensive understanding of fat metabolism in poultry, future studies should involve comparative and correlative analyses, encompass a wider range of fat sources, and consider production traits in conjunction with genes associated with fatty acids in the liver.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!