Academic literature on the topic '6 Weeks 4 Inches 2 Sizes'

This nonrandomized pilot study utilized the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior to assess the effectiveness of perceived behavioral control to determine the impact of a micronutrient-dense plant-rich (mNDPR) dietary intervention on employee health and wellness at the worksite. Seventy-one employees and/or spouses (≥18 years) who met the inclusion criteria were recruited from a regional medical center and a local university. Participants were provided more than 14 hours of in-person lecture combined with take-home materials, and electronic resources to support participants in their transition and adherence to the dietary plan. The study consisted of a 6-hour introductory session followed by weekly 1-hour meetings for 7 consecutive weeks and then monthly 1-hour meetings, for 4 consecutive months over the span of 6 months. Retention of participants was approximately 55 percent. Participants were assessed for measures of weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure; physiological measures of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c; and well-being measures of gastroesophageal reflux disease, depression, sleep, pain, and worksite productivity, pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. A significant reduction was seen in weight (F(2, 78) = 19.81, p<0.001) with a mean reduction of 6.65 lb., waist circumference (F(2, 72) = 40.914, p<0.001) with a mean reduction of 2.8 inches, total cholesterol (F(2, 70) = 19.09, p<0.001) with a mean reduction of 17.81 mg/dL, HDL (F(2, 70) = 4.005, p=0.023) with a mean reduction of 3.61 mg/dL, LDL (F(2, 56) = 10.087, p<0.001) with a mean reduction of 13.1 mg/dL, blood glucose (F(2, 70) = 6.995, p=0.002) with a mean reduction of 3.7 mg/dL, hemoglobin A1c (paired samples t (39) = 2.689, p=0.01) with a mean reduction of 0.118%, GERD (F(2, 72) = 7.940, p=0.001, MSE = 4.225) with a mean reduction of 1.4, depressive symptoms as measured by the PHQ 9 (F(2, 72) = 10.062, p<0.001, MSE = 5.174) with a mean reduction of 2.0, and an improvement in sleep quality was seen as measured by the PSQI (F(2, 74) = 11.047, p<0.001, MSE = 2.269) with a mean improvement of 1.3. In most cases, improvement occurred across the first two time periods and then leveled off. Blood pressure, triglycerides, pain measurements, and WPAI did not change over time. Effect sizes for significant pairwise comparisons indicated medium to large effects of practical significance. This intervention was therefore effective at improving employee health and well-being. Widespread worksite implementation should be considered to improve the overall wellness of employees.

Abstract Recently there has been interest in interseeding high-quality legumes, like alfalfa, into existing bermudagrass stands as a step towards improving forage, animal, and ecosystem stability in the Southeast. Current work evaluating these mixtures has been focused on management and production of stored forages (i.e. dry hay/baleage), and limited work has evaluated the use of alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures under grazing conditions. It has been noted that both grazing intensity and frequency impact overall stand production over time. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of harvest height and frequency of newly established alfalfa interseeded into an existing bermudagrass stand, and begin to develop grazing recommendations for management of these mixtures. In 2018, 36 alfalfa-bermudagrass plots were established at 4 locations across Alabama (Crossville, Shorter) and Georgia (Watkinsville, Tifton), using a randomized complete block design with four replications at each location. Alfalfa varieties were selected for suitability to location and were either ‘Bulldog 505’ or ‘Bulldog 805’ interseeded into existing hybrid bermudagrass sods. Treatments included combinations of harvest frequency (2, 4, or 6 wk) and harvest height (2, 4, 6 inches), and plots were evaluated for their influence on sward yield, persistence, stand density, botanical composition, nutritive value, and change over time. In Georgia, the ‘Bulldog 805’ treatment harvested every 6 weeks at 6 inches had the greatest yield on average (2,453 kg/ha), while ‘Bulldog 505’ treatment harvested every 2 weeks at 6 inches had the lowest yield on average (382 kg/ha) during the 2018 growing season. Additionally, botanical compositions showed that the 6 week, 4-inch had the greatest proportion of alfalfa throughout the growing season, while alfalfa proportions decreased across the growing season in the 2 week, 2-inch harvest treatment. This study is supported by funding from the USDANIFA-Alfalfa Forage Research Program (2017)

Rhizomes of Curcuma alismatifolia Roxb. `Chiang Mai Pink', C. gracillima Roxb. `Violet', and C. thorelii Roxb. were soaked in gibberellin (GA4+7) at 0, 200, 400, or 600 mg·L-1 (ppm) and planted into 15.2-cm-diameter (6 inches) containers. The plants were grown in a greenhouse at 30 °C day/23 °C night (86.0/73.4 °F) temperatures. When shoot height was 10 cm (3.9 inches), the plants were drenched with 118 mL (3.9 fl oz) of paclobutrazol at 0, 2, 3, or 4 mg a.i. per 15.2-cm-diameter container. Gibberellin4+7 delayed shoot emergence and fl owering but did not affect the fl ower number. Paclobutrazol rates were not effective in controlling height of C. alismatifolia `Chiang Mai Pink' averaging 85 cm (33.5 inches), C. gracillima `Violet' averaging 25 cm (9.8 inches), or C. thorelii averaging 17 cm (6.7 inches). Curcuma alismatifolia `Chiang Mai Pink', C. gracillima `Violet', and C. thorelii had postproduction longevities of 4.6, 2.6 and 3.8 weeks respectively, making these three species of curcuma excellent candidates for use as fl owering pot plants.

Two experiments tested the effects of root pruning on growth during first-season production of pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.). Experiment one tested the effect of root pruning developing radicles at 5, 10, or 15 cm (2, 4, or 6 inches) below the substrate surface. After 11 weeks, total root length was not affected by root pruning, but root-pruned seedlings had more main lateral [>2-mm (0.08-inch) diameter] roots than those that were not root pruned. Shallow pruning increased the number of main lateral roots. Experiment two tested the effect of initially producing plants in different-depth bottomless containers [5, 10, 15, or 20-cm (2, 4, 6, or 8-inch) depth] on growth after transplanting to #2 [6 L (1.6 gal)] containers. Shoot and root growth in #2 containers were lowest when plants were originally produced in 5-cm-deep containers. Plants with the greatest height and highest root:shoot ratios were obtained when plants were grown initially in 10-cm-deep containers. Predicted optimum depth of bottomless containers from regression equations ranged from 11.3 cm (4.5 inches) to 14.2 cm (5.5 inches) for the different growth parameters measured. The importance of these findings are: Pruning developing radicles of pin oak seedlings increases the number of main lateral roots but not overall root length. Growers can maximize growth in #2 containers by initially growing in 10-cm-deep bottomless containers before transplanting to #2 containers.

Abstract Efficacy of granular insecticides, with and without fumigation with Vapam, was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 11 May with 36-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with a tractormounted Noble granular applicator. Vapam (metam-sodium) at the rate of 10 gal per acre was applied two weeks before planting, 6 to 8 inches below the soil surface with a single chisel shank centered over each in front of a Tilrowvator with Virginia-type bedshapers. Beds were 24 inches wide and 4 inches tall. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Yield was based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (60 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.

The effects of different smooth pigweed and common purslane removal times and two phosphorus (P) fertility regimes were studied under field conditions. Head lettuce (cv. South Bay) in organic soils low in P fertility. Smooth pigweed and common purslane were grown at a density of 16 plants per 6 m of row (5.4 m2) and five removal times (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks) after lettuce emergence. Phosphorus (P) was applied broadcast (1200 kg P/ha) and banded 2 inches below each lettuce row (600 kg P/ha). Lettuce fresh weights were collected 8 weeks after emergence. When smooth pigweed was removed after 4 weeks, significant reductions (–17%) were observed for P banding. However, these reductions occurred after 2 weeks if P was broadcast. No significant differences were observed if removal was imposed later for P broadcast, whereas lettuce yields gradually decreased as removal time was delayed. These findings indicate that P banding can counteract the negative impact of smooth pigweed on lettuce and may allow farmers to delay weed control (if necessary) for another 2 weeks without significant yield reductions. Common purslane interference did not cause significant lettuce yield reductions as compared to the weed-free control for 6 weeks when P was banded, whereas this was true for P broadcast up to 4 weeks. Phosphorus fertility regime significantly influenced the period of weed interference of common purslane with lettuce, reducing its impact when P was banded.

Abstract Efficacy of selected insecticides, with and without fumigation with Vapam, was evaluated against TT injury and for effects on growth and yield of Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 9 May with 36-inch row spacing. Granular insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with a tractor-mounted Noble granular applicator. Liquids were applied using a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 24 psi through 1 SS8001E flat fan nozzle per row mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to row direction. Vapam (metam-sodium) at the rate of 10 gal per acre was applied two weeks before planting 6 to 8 inches below the soil surface with a single chisel shank centered over each in front of a Tilrowvator with Virginia-type bedshapers. Beds were 24 inches wide and 4 inches tall. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Flower, peg and plant canopy measurements were taken in the 2 center rows of each plot. Flowers were counted on 6 or 80 row feet (depending on the sample date); pegs were counted on 2 or 6 row feet (depending on the sample date); and terminal leader height and lateral branch width were measured on five randomly selected plants. Yield was based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (60 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.

Field trials were conducted to determine the effect of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and purple nutsedge (C. rotundus) time of establishment on their distance of influence on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). A single seedling of each weed species was transplanted 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after transplanting (WAT) bell pepper. Each weed was separately established in the center of plots within double rows of bell peppers. Crop height and yield were determined from bell pepper plants located at 6, 13.4, 24.7, and 36.5 inches away from each weed. Bell pepper height was unaffected by weed species, time of establishment, or the interaction between these factors. Marketable yield data indicate that yellow nutsedge was more aggressive than purple nutsedge interfering with bell pepper. When yellow nutsedge was established at 1 WAT, bell pepper yield reduction was between 57% and 32% for plants at 6 and 13.4 inches away from the weed respectively, which represents a density of ≈0.14 plant/ft2. One purple nutsedge plant growing since 1 WAT at 6 inches along the row from two bell pepper plants (0.43 plant/ft2) produced a yield reduction of 31%. These results indicate that low nutsedge densities, which are commonly believed to be unimportant, can cause significant bell pepper yield reductions.

‘Tasti-Lee’™ (‘Fla. 8153’) is the first tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) released in Florida exclusively for the premium specialty market, with characteristic superior flavor and elevated lycopene concentration. Research was conducted to determine the appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilization and in-row distances for ‘Tasti-Lee’ tomato and thus improving the opportunities for successful adoption for this cultivar. Three N fertilization programs and two in-row distances were tested. Total N rates (204, 239, and 274 lb/acre) were the result of the combination of 50 lb/acre of N during prebedding plus each of the following drip-applied N fertilization programs: 1) 1.5 and 2.0 lb/acre per day from 1 to 4 weeks after transplanting (WAT) and 5 to 12 WAT, respectively; 2) 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 lb/acre per day during 1 to 2 WAT, 3 to 4 WAT, and 5 to 12 WAT; and 3) 1.5, 2.5, and 3.0 lb/acre per day during 1 to 2 WAT, 3 to 4 WAT, and 5 to 12 WAT, respectively. In-row distances were 18 or 24 inches between plants, providing 5808 and 4356 plants/acre. Early and total marketable yields of ‘Tasti-Lee’ tomato were influenced by in-row distances and N fertilization programs, but not by their interaction. The highest early marketable fruit yield was found in plots treated with the highest N rate among fertilization programs (+6%), and in plots planted 18 inches apart (+7%) in comparison with the lowest N rate and the 24-inch spacing. Tomato plots treated with the highest N rate (274 lb/acre) resulted in the largest total marketable yield (+8%). Among the in-row distances, when plants were transplanted 18 inches apart, tomato total marketable yield increased by 18% compared with 24 inches between plants.

A 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to evaluate the effects of two pellet diameters and four pellet length–week combinations on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers (days 22 to 42). A broiler finisher diet based on wheat and soybean meal was formulated. Pelleted diets were manufactured in four different sizes: (i) 3 mm diameter (D3) and 7 mm length (L7), (ii) D3, 9 mm length (L9), (iii) 4.76 mm diameter (D4.76), L7, (iv) D4.76, L9. The four pellet sizes were then used to develop eight feeding treatments: (i) D3 and L7 pellets during weeks 4, 5, and 6 (L777); (ii) D3 and L7 during weeks 4 and 5, and L9 during week 6 (L779); (iii) D3 and L7 during week 4, and L9 during weeks 5 and 6 (L799); (iv) D3 and L9 during weeks 4, 5, and 6 (L999); (v) D4.76 and L7 during weeks 4, 5 and 6 (L777); (vi) D4.76 and L7 during weeks 4 and 5, and L9 during week 6 (L779); (vii) D4.76 and L7 during week 4, and L9 during weeks 5 and 6 (L799); (viii) D4.76 and L9 during weeks 4, 5, and 6 (L999). Increasing the pellet length from 7 to 9 mm increased pellet hardness at both pellet diameters and improved the pellet durability index in D3 pellets but had no effect in D4.76 pellets. Over the whole trial period (days 22–42), birds fed D3 pellets were heavier and had lower feed per gain and higher carcass yield than those fed D4.76 pellets. Feeding length–week combination L999 resulted in lower carcass yield than L777, L779, and L799. Overall, it is concluded that whilst broiler finishers express a preference for a smaller pellet diameter, there is no negative effect of pellet length (up to 9 mm) on performance parameters even when offered as early as day 21.

Abstract Large diameter pipes and elbows are vastly used in industry especially in mining and oil and gas production. Solid particle erosion is a common issue in these pipelines, and it is important to predict it to avoid failures. Currently, laboratory experiments reported in the literature are limited to diameters less than 4 inches. Therefore, there is not much experimental data available for large diameter elbows. However, the erosion can be predicted by CFD simulations and applying erosion equations in such elbows. The goal of this project is to examine the effects of elbow diameter and Stokes number on erosion patterns and magnitude for various flow conditions for elbow diameters of 2, 4, 8, and 12 inches. The approach of this work is to first perform CFD simulations of liquid-solid and gas-solid flows in 2-inch and 4-inch elbows, respectively, and evaluate the results by available experimental data. Then CFD simulations are carried for 2, 4, 8, and 12-inch standard elbows for various Stokes numbers corresponding to gas dominant flows with the velocity of 30 m/s, and liquid dominant flows with the velocities of 6 m/s. For gas dominant flows erosion in air and for liquid dominant flows erosion in water is investigated. All these simulations are carried for four particle sizes of 25, 75, 150, and 300 microns. The results indicate that Stokes number and diameter of elbows have significant effects on erosion patterns as well as magnitudes in this geometry. This work will have various applications, including validating mechanistic models of erosion predictions in elbows and developing an Artificial Intelligence (machine learning) algorithm to predict erosion for various flow conditions. Such algorithms are limited to the range of conditions they are trained for. Therefore, it is important to expand the database these codes are accessing. Overall, the CFD database of large diameter elbows will reduce the computational costs in the future.

The high temperature composites have been studied for applications to secondary structures due to their light weight and thermal resistance. Relatively few studies have been conducted to consider them for primary structural load bearing capabilities. These studies focused on titanium matrix composites to characterize their material behavior [1], unidirectional [2], simple loading conditions [3, 4] in a laboratory environment or unrealistic structural geometry [5]. The purpose of this work was to study fatigue damage and determine fatigue life in titanium matrix composite panels at unloaded fastener holes subjected to thermo-mechanical fatigue loads with variable amplitudes and temperature ranges. The test panels were machined from a prefabricated structural component with pre-drilled fastener holes. The test material was a 32 ply, quasi-isotropic, approximately .224 inch thick titanium matrix laminated composite with SCS-6 fibers and Ti-15-3 metal matrix. The material was HIP consolidated followed by slow cool to room temperature. The thermal zone area was 2 inches long along specimen length and 1.875 inch wide with a .3125 inch fastener hole at the center of the thermal zone. All specimens were machined using a 3-D water jet cutter. The test system consisted of a closed loop servo-hydraulic 30 Kip test system equipped with an MTS model 458 control system, a 486 PC containing a Keithley Metrabyte DAS 1601 computer card. The specimens were gripped using MTS model 647 side load hydraulic wedge grips equipped with surfalloy grip surface. The thermal loads were provided by an Ameritherm 5 kilowatt induction power supply and a total temperature instrumentation model MC-125 temperature controller. The temperature controller was equipped with analog set point and recorder output of temperatures with both set for 1–5 volt signal levels for 0 to 1832 F. The computer generated the temperature and load profiles and monitored error band for temperature. The computer system was set to null pace the temperature and loads if the temperature exceeded a 18 degree F variation. In effect all processes would hold until the temperature error returned inside the error band. This temperature error control was accomplished by comparing the command signal to the temperature controller to the process temperature signal from the temperature controller. The nominal uniform temperature zone was one inch long centered at the specimen geometric center and maintained required temperatures within 10 degrees. The variations in temperatures along the crack line were controlled to with in 5 degrees. Cooling blocks were attached to the test samples at the end of uniform sections near the fillet blend. These blocks were cooled with water passages and compressed air was passed through holes in the blocks and impinged on the samples to provide additional cooling at the end of the thermal ramp during cool -down. The air was turned on by the computer at about 400 degrees F during each block. On all notched test samples, an extensometer was mounted across the center flaw to obtain load-deflection data (COD). The optical crack lenth measurements were made using a 20 X Gaertner traveling microscope. The load versus crack mouth opening displacement readings were taken to compare with the optical measurements of the crack length. The thermomechanical load spectrum was developed from the distribution and frequency of loading that the airframe will experience based on the design service life and typical design usage. The loads and environmental spectra are used to develop design flight by flight stress environment spectra. The data and failure surfaces were analyzed to study the high stress and low stress failure, environmental degradations, surface cracks in matrix and the effect of notch on crack initiation failure mechanism. During this investigation it was observed that the most difficult task in thermomechanical fatigue testing is to control the cooling rate as required by the thermal profile. The results show that the fatigue life depend on the applied maximum stress, increased temperatures and hold levels of both the loads and the temperatures. The variation in experimental fatigue life is with in the order of magnitude typical of fatigue data considering the complexity of the test and loading conditions. The SEM photographs and micrographs showed that in titanium matrix composite, the mode of cracking is under partial bridging of fibers at the matrix crack. The COD data was of little use for totally automated measurements when comparing with the crack sizes measured.