Journal articles on the topic '610.73S 88'

Intravenous injection of galanin increases plasma growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations. In the rat, the effects of galanin on GH appear to be mediated via the hypothalamic galanin receptor GAL-R1, at which galanin-(3—29) is inactive. In contrast, the effect of galanin on PRL is mediated via the pituitary-specific galanin receptor GAL-RW, at which galanin-(3—29) is fully active. We investigated the effects of an intravenous infusion of human galanin (hGAL)-(1—30) and -(3—30) on anterior pituitary hormone levels in healthy females. Subjects were infused with saline, hGAL-(1—30) (80 pmol ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1), and hGAL-(3—30) (600 pmol ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1) and with boluses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Both hGAL-(1—30) and -(3—30) potentiated the rise in GHRH-stimulated GH levels [area under the curve (AUC), saline, 2,810 ± 500 vs. hGAL-(1—30), 4,660 ± 737, P < 0.01; vs. hGAL-(3—30), 6,870 ± 1,550 ng ⋅ min ⋅ ml− 1, P < 0.01]. In contrast to hGAL-(1—30), hGAL-(3—30) had no effect on basal GH levels (AUC, saline, −110 ± 88 vs. hGAL 1—30, 960 ± 280, P < 0.002; vs. hGAL-(3—30), 110 ± 54 ng ⋅ min ⋅ ml− 1, P = not significant). These data suggest that the effects of galanin on basal and stimulated GH release are mediated via different receptor subtypes and that the human equivalent of GAL-RW may exist.

Background: There are numerous guidelines developed for bone health. Yet, it is unclear whether the differences in guideline development methods explain the variability in the recommendations for vitamin D and calcium intake. The objective of this systematic review was to collate and compare recommendations for vitamin D and calcium across bone health guidelines, assess the methods used to form the recommendations, and explore which methodological factors were associated with these guideline recommendations. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and other databases indexing guidelines to identify records in English between 2009 and 2019. Guidelines or policy statements on bone health or osteoporosis prevention for generally healthy adults aged ≥40 years were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently extracted recommendations on daily vitamin D and calcium intake, supplement use, serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level, and sunlight exposure; assessed guideline development methods against 25 recommended criteria in the World Health Organization (WHO) handbook for guideline development; and, identified types identified types of evidence underpinning the recommendations. Results: we included 47 eligible guidelines from 733 records: 74% of the guidelines provided vitamin D (200~600–4000 IU/day) and 70% provided calcium (600–1200 mg/day) recommendations, 96% and 88% recommended vitamin D and calcium supplements, respectively, and 70% recommended a specific 25(OH)D concentration. On average, each guideline met 10 (95% CI: 9–12) of the total of 25 methodological criteria for guideline development recommended by the WHO Handbook. There was uncertainty in the association between the methodological criteria and the proportion of guidelines that provided recommendations on daily vitamin D or calcium. Various types of evidence, including previous bone guidelines, nutrient reference reports, systematic reviews, observational studies, and perspectives/editorials were used to underpin the recommendations. Conclusions: There is considerable variability in vitamin D and calcium recommendations and in guideline development methods in bone health guidelines. Effort is required to strengthen the methodological rigor of guideline development and utilize the best available evidence to underpin nutrition recommendations in evidence-based guidelines on bone health.

The United Kingdom was among the first countries to introduce a salt reduction program in 2003 to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence risk. Despite its initial success, the program has stalled recently and is yet to achieve national and international targets. We used age- and sex-stratified salt intake of 19 to 64 years old participants in the National Diet and Nutrition Surveys 2000 to 2018 and a multistate life table model to assess the effects of the voluntary dietary salt reduction program on premature CVD, quality-adjusted survival, and health care and social care costs in England. The program reduced population-level salt intake from 9.38 grams/day per adult (SE, 0.16) in 2000 to 8.38 grams/day per adult (SE, 0.17) in 2018. Compared with a scenario of persistent 2000 levels, assuming that the population-level salt intake is maintained at 2018 values, by 2050, the program is projected to avoid 83 140 (95% CI, 73 710–84 520) premature ischemic heart disease (IHD) cases and 110 730 (95% CI, 98 390–112 260) premature strokes, generating 542 850 (95% CI, 529 020–556 850) extra quality-adjusted life-years and £1640 million (95% CI, £1570–£1660) health care cost savings for the adult population of England. We also projected the gains of achieving the World Health Organization target of 5 grams/day per adult by 2030, which by 2050 would avert further 87 870 (95% CI, 82 050–88 470) premature IHD cases, 126 010 (95% CI, 118 600–126 460) premature strokes and achieve £1260 million (95% CI, £1180–£1260) extra health care savings compared with maintaining 2018 levels. Strengthening the salt reduction program to achieve further reductions in population salt intake and CVD burden should be a high priority.

271 Background: Mutations in oncogenic KRAS have been widely accepted as the signature genomic alteration (GA) in sporadic PDAC, but therapeutic efforts aimed at targeting constitutively activated KRAS have been disappointing. We examined somatic GAs in KRAS WT PDAC utilizing a CGP platform to identify actionable targets. Methods: DNA was extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) PDAC clinical specimens and CGP was performed on hybrid-capture, adaptor ligation based libraries to a mean coverage depth of > 600 unique reads. Alterations in the RAS/ RAF/ MEK pathway genes ( KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, ARF, BRAF, EGFR, MAP2K2, MAP2K1, MAPK1) and DNA Damage Repair (DDR) pathway genes ( BRCA1/2, ATM, ATR, BRIP1, RAD50, RAD51, RAD52, PALB2, CHEK1, CHEK2) were examined. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was determined on 1.1 Mbp of sequenced DNA and microsatellite instability (MSI) was determined on 114 loci. TMB was categorized based on mutations(m)/Mbp of DNA - high (H; > 20), Intermediate (I; 8-20) and low (L; < 8). Results: CGP was performed on 3426 PDAC specimens; 1815 (53%) were male, 390 (11.3%) were KRAS WT. GAs in the RAS/ RAF/ MEK pathway were identified in 90.6% of all cases, while 68 (17.4%) KRAS WT cases had one or more GAs in RAS/ RAF/ MEK pathway genes. DDR pathway GAs were identified in 1405 (41%) cases for a total of 2050 GAs, and 180 (46%) KRAS WT cases for a total of 285 GAs. DDR pathway alterations were common in KRAS WT PDAC compared to KRAS mutated PDAC (p = 0.028). Among the 842 (24.6%) cases with available TMB data, 5 (0.6%), 104 (12.3%) and 733 (87.1%) pts had H, I and L, TMB respectively. Among 88 (22.6%) KRAS WT cases with available TMB data, 2 (2.3%), 12 (13.6%) and 74 (84.1%) pts had H, I and L, TMB, respectively. MSI status was available in 2314 (67.5%) cases, 13 (0.6%) were MSI-high (MSI-H); among the KRAS WT cases, 222 (57%) had MSI status available, 3 (1.3%) were MSI-H. Conclusions: MSI-H status and high TMB are rare in PDAC, regardless of KRAS mutation status. GAs in the DDR pathway are relatively common in PDAC and may serve as predictive biomarkers for platinum chemotherapeutic agents and/or PARP inhibitors. Prospective validation of such predictive gene signatures will improve therapeutic efficacy and minimize toxicities.

Tan lesions with dark margins containing concentric rings of black pycnidia were observed on leaves and pods of hairy tare (Vicia hirsuta L.) growing near Ateni, GA (41°54.631′N, 44°05.586′E, elev. 730 m) on 1 July 2004. Lesions were reminiscent of those induced by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labrousse on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). At the time of collection, necrotic lesions were observed on the stems, leaflets, and pods of several plants. The fungus was isolated by surface-disinfecting small pieces of infected tissue in 95% EtOH for 10 s, 1% NaOCl for 1 min, and then deionized H20 for 1 min. Tissue pieces were placed on 3% water agar (WA) for 24 h under fluorescent lights with a 12-h photoperiod to induce sporulation. Single-conidial isolations were made by streaking cirrhi on 3% WA and picking germinated single conidia. After 14 days of growth, the isolated fungus had colony morphology similar to that of A. rabiei on V8 juice agar. A conidial suspension of the fungus (1 × 105 conidia/ml) was spray-inoculated onto 2-week-old plants including PI lines 628303, 628304, 420171, and 422499 of V. hirsuta and C. arietinum cv. Burpee. Plants were obtained from the USDA Western Region Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, WA, and 20 replicate plants of each genotype were inoculated. Inoculated plants were covered with a plastic cup to maintain high humidity and incubated in a growth chamber for 48 h at 18°C. Following removal of the cups, characteristic Ascochyta blight lesions were apparent 14 days after inoculation on both plant species. DNA was extracted from the isolate and 610 bp of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase gene (G3PD), 364 bp of the chitin synthase 1 gene, and 330 bp of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene were amplified with gpd-1 and gpd-2 primers (1), CHS-79 and CHS-354 primers (2), and EF1-728F and EF1-986R primers (2), respectively. Amplicons were direct sequenced on both strands and a BLAST search of the NCBI nucleotide database with consensus G3PD, CHS, and EF sequences revealed the chickpea pathogen Didymella rabiei (anamorph Ascochyta rabiei) accessions DQ383958, DQ386480, and DQ386488 as the closest matches in the databases with 95, 95, and 88% sequence similarity, respectively. These results, coupled with the morphological identification and the inoculation results, confirm the identity of the fungus as Ascochyta sp. Further research needs to be performed to determine if this represents a new species of Ascochyta. The identification of this fungus is part of a larger project to develop a phylogeny for Ascochyta spp. infecting cultivated legumes and their wild relatives that will provide a framework for the study of the evolution of host specificity and speciation of plant-pathogenic fungi. This is the second report of an Ascochyta species on V. hirsuta, and to our knowledge, the first report of Ascochyta blight of this host in the Republic of Georgia. References: (1) M. L. Berbee et al. Mycologia 91:964, 1999. (2) I. Carbone and L. M. Kohn. Mycologia 91:553, 1999.

Abstract MRC UKALLXII/ECOG2993 accrued 739 ECOG pts over 13 years. ECOG’s reference laboratories centrally characterized 613 (91%) and 505 were B-Lin ALLs. Expression of 32 antigens (Ags), including 9 myeloid-associated Ags, was determined by multiparameter flow cytometry on gated blasts, both as percentage of Ag expressing blasts and intensity of antibody staining (equivalent of Ag density). To test for the potential therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies, such as rituximab, epratuzumab, alemtuzumab, or gemtuzumab in future trials, expression of Ags for these antibodies (CD20, CD22, CD52, or CD33, respectively) was determined. In E2993, 14% of pts typed as Pro-B (CD10 negative), 71% as Early Pre-B (CD10 positive), 13% as Pre-B (intracytoplasmic mu positive), and 2% as Mature B-ALL (surface mu chains positive). CD20 expression correlated with the stage of B-lymphoid maturation (p=5.4E-13) (see table). Median CD20 intensity of fluorescence was lowest in Pro-B and highest in Mature B-ALL. Membrane expression of CD22 was lower in Pro-B compared with the other three groups, Early Pre-B, Pre-B and Mature B (p=1.0E-5) but indistinguishable among the latter three (p=0.21). While levels of CD20 and CD22 had no effect on complete remission (CR) and overall survival (OS) univariatly, higher CD22 expression was significantly correlated with better OS (p=0.02) in a bivariate Cox model of CD20 and CD22. With respect to myeloid Ags, CD33/CD13 expression was associated with Early Pre-B (p=0.02), and CD65(s)/CD15(s) with Pro-B ALL (p&lt;0.0001). While CD65(s) and CD15(s) did not affect outcome, the combined expression of CD33/ CD13 conferred an inferior prognosis; this effect was due to the association of CD33/ CD13 with BCR/ABL positivity (p&lt;0.0001). BCR/ABL negative B-Lin ALL (N=350) expressed CD33 on a median of only 4% of blasts, compared with a median of 54% in BCR/ABL positive ALL (N=152) (p=3.5E-09). However, intensity of CD33 staining was significantly lower in both BCR/ABL negative and positive blasts (median 3.1) compared with leukemic myeloblasts (median 56) (p=&lt;0.001). Median CD52 expression was higher in BCR/ABL positive versus negative B-Lin ALL (p=3.5E-06); in neither group was CD52 associated with outcome. We conclude that antibodies to CD52 are better suited for BCR/ ABL positive than negative B-Lin ALL. Since expression of CD33 in ALL is weak, CD33- independent effects of gemtuzumab must be investigated. Low CD20 combined with high CD22 expression confers superior OS. The expression of these Ags in most B-Lin ALL pts justifies the incorporation of antibodies into frontline chemotherapy regimens. B-Lin ALL Stage CD20 Percentage Median Intensity CD22 Percentage Median Intensity ≥20% ≥50% ≥75% ≥20% ≥50% ≥75% Pro-B 21 10 3 2 88 72 55 12 Early PreB 66 48 37 21 96 90 84 28 Pre-B 61 46 37 21 100 90 81 37 Mature B 87 80 64 106 92 84 80 9

Background:Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a relapsing disease with frequent glucocorticoid (GC) dependence. Mepolizumab (MEPO) has been demonstrated to reduce flares and spare GC. However, EGPA is a heterogeneous disease and the effects of MEPO on specific disease manifestations has not been completely delimitated.Objectives:To analyze the impact of MEPO on manifestations derived from small-vessel vasculitis, ENT symptoms, asthma, eosinophilic tissue infiltration and ANCA status in a single-centre cohort of EGPA patients.Methods:Medical chart of EGPA patients treated with MEPO were reviewed to describe demographics, clinical characteristics, steroid dose at the initiation of MEPO and during follow-up, flares, disease activity, damage accrual and laboratory results.Results:Among 52 EGPA patients regularly controlled in our department, 11 patients were treated with MEPO. MEPO was prescribed when a) patients required prednisone (PDN) at ≥ 7.5 mg/d to maintain stability, or b) when maintained with < 7.5mg/d, presented at least 4 exacerbations/year requiring an increase in PDN dose. 6 were males and 5 females, with a mean age of 54 years at MEPO initiation. Baseline characteristics of the patients and course under treatment are presented in Table 1. ENT involvement, followed by asthma and eosinophil-related tissue-infiltration (ETI) were the most common symptoms when prescribing MEPO. Regarding treatment, patients received MEPO at 100-300mg SC monthly. The definition of flare was the same used in the MIRRA trial1. The mean time of treatment with MEPO was 34 months. All patients achieved a BVAS score of 0 points at 12 months or earlier. In general, patients reduced the number of flares, which tended to be milder, and all related to asthma or ENT manifestations. All improved their asthma control, but 3 of them persisted with recurrent ENT symptoms in spite of treatment with MEPO. None of them had vasculitic manifestations (cutaneous, neurological, gastrointestinal, renal) manifestations during treatment. All patients were able to tapper their PDN dose to ≤5 mg/day or less, except 3 patients. Of the 3 patients who required ≥5mg/d, 1 had severe asthma, but diminished the previous PDN dose (22.5 mg/d pre-MEPO, 10 mg/d currently) and the yearly rate of flares (8.2 pre-MEPO, 0.64 under-MEPO). The other one notably improved his asthma, but had ENT symptoms that responded unsatisfactorily to MEPO and required a maintenance PDN dose of 7.5 mg/d. The last one, improved her asthma control and was able to begin PDN tapering, but persisted with ENT symptoms. Regarding damage accrual, 6 patients remained stable during treatment, and 5 worsened. Two of three ANCA positive patients remained positive in spite of treatment.Table 1.Baseline characteristics at diagnosisAt mepolizumab initiationAfter mepolizumab (last follow-up)Age, median (range) years49 (23-67)54 (35-69)-Male/Female, n (%)6/5 (54.5%/45.5%)--BVAS, median (range)11 (2-20)2 (0-6)0FFS, value (n, %)1 (1, 9.1%)--VDI, mean (range)-1.7 (0-5)2.3 (0-5)Asthma, n (%)11 (100%)3 (27.3%)0 (0%)ENT, n (%)10 (90%)4 (36.4%)3 (27.3%)SVV, n (%)4 (36.4%)0 (0%)0 (0%)ETI signs/symptoms, n (%)7 (63.6%)2 (18.2%)0 (0%)Constitutional symptoms, n (%)4 (36.4%)0 (0%)0 (0%)Eosinophils, mean (range) cells x1095500 (600-8850)240 (0-600)55 (0-200)ANCA positivity (IIF)7 (77.8%)32Anti-MPO titers, mean (range)286 (93-740)88 (3-739)7 (3-37)Yearly rate of flares-1,750.51Immunosuppressants, n-31Prednisone dose, mg/d (range)8 (7.5-25)11.4 (5-22.5)5.125 (0-10)Conclusion:MEPO was effective for the treatment of patients with EGPA, with a reduction in the number and severity of flares and a decrease in PDN doses. A worse response of ENT involvement was observed. No vasculitic flares were observed in spite of GC reduction. Mepolizumab did not prevent damage accrual during the treatment period.References:[1]Wechsler ME et al. MEPO or Placebo for Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. N Engl J Med. 2017.Acknowledgements:Funding: Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016 (PI18/00461), co-funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and by Río Hortega program (ISCIII, CM19/00032).Disclosure of Interests:Roberto Ríos-Garcés: None declared, Sergio Prieto-González: None declared, José Hernández-Rodríguez: None declared, Maria C. Cid Paid instructor for: GSK and Vifor, Consultant of: GSK, Abbvie and Janssen, Grant/research support from: Kiniksa and Roche, Georgina Espígol-Frigolé Consultant of: Janssen, Grant/research support from: Roche

Nickel (Ni) laterites are regolith materials derived from ultramafic rocks and play an important role in the world's Ni production. Ni-laterite deposits are the supergene enrichment of Ni formed from the intense chemical and mechanical weathering of ultramafic parental rocks. In Vietnam, the weathering profile containing Ni laterite was first discovered in the Ha Tri massive (Cao Bang). This profile develops on the Ha Tri serpentinized peridotite rocks classified to the Cao Bang mafic-ultramafic complex (North Vietnam) and exhibits thick weathered zone (10 - 15m). This work carried out a detailed study of the weathering profile at the center of Ha Tri massive. Samples from different horizons of the profile were collected and analyzed in detail by XRF, XRD and SEM-EDX methods to establish the relationship between the Ni-rich supergene products and the parental peridotites (lherzolite) rocks in Ha Tri massive. The results show that the saprolite horizon is most Ni-rich in the weathering profile in Ha Tri. In this horizon, Ni-silicate minerals of garnierite group such as pimelite, nepouite and other Mg-Ni silicates have been found. The appearance of minerals of garnierite group is due to the exchange of Mg by Ni during weathering of peridotite minerals, especially olivine, which leads to the enrichment of the supergene Ni. The occurrence of Ni silicates suggests the existence of the supergene Ni ore in the weathering profile of the Ha Tri massive.References Bosio N.J., Hurst J.V., Smith R.L., 1975. Nickelliferousnontronite, a 15 Å garnierite, at Niquelandia, Goias Brazil. Clays Clay Miner., 23, 400-403. Brand N.W., Butt C.R.M., Elias M., 1998. Nickel Laterites: Classification and features. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 17(4), 81-88. Bricker O.P., Nesbitt H.W. and Gunter W.D., 1973. The stability of talc. American Mineralogist, 58, 64-72. Brindley G.W. and Hang P.T., 1973. The nature of garnierites. Structures, chemical composition and color characteristics. Clay and Clay Minerals, 21, 27-40. Brindley G.W. and Maksimovic Z., 1974. The nature and nomenclature of hydrous nickel-containing silicates. Clay Minerals, 10, 271-277. Brindley G.W. and Wan H.M., 1975. Composition structures and thermal behavior of nickel containing minerals in thelizardite-ne´pouite series. American Mineralogist, 60, 863-871. Brindley G.W., Bish D.L. and Wan H.M., 1979. Compositions, structures and properties of nickel containing minerals in the kerolite-pimelite series. American Mineralogist, 64, 615-625. Cluzel D. and Vigier B., 2008. Syntectonic mobility of supergene nickel ores from New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific). Evidence from faulted regolith and garnierite veins. Resource Geology, 58, 161-170. Colin F., Nahon D., Trescases J.J., Melfi A.J., 1990. Lateritic weathering of pyroxenites at Niquelandia, Goais, Brazil: The supergene behavior ofnickel: Economic Geology, 85, 1010-1023. Das S.K., Sahoo R.K., Muralidhar J., Nayak B.K., 1999. Mineralogy and geochemistry of profilesthrough lateritic nickel deposits at Kansa,Sukinda, Orissa. Joural of Geoogical. SocietyIndia, 53, 649-668. Decarreau A., Colin F., Herbillon A., Manceau A., Nahon D., Paquet H., Trauth-Badaud D.,Trescases J.J., 1987. Domain segregation in NiFe-Mg-Smectites. Clay Minerals, 35, 1-10. Freyssinet P., Butt C.R.M. and Morris R.C., 2005. Oreforming processes related to lateritic weathering. Economic Geology, 100th aniversary volume, 681-722.Garnier J., Quantin C., Martins E.S., Becquer T., 2006. Solid speciation and availability of chromium in ultramafic soils from Niquelandia, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88, 206-209. Garnier J., Quantin C., Guimarães E., Becquer T., 2008. Can chromite weathering be a source of Cr in soils? Mineralogy Magazine, 72, 49-53. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R. and Elias M., 2003. Nickel laterites: A review. SEG Newsletter, 54, 11-18. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R., Wlias M., 2003. Nickellaterites: a review. SEG Newsletter, Society of Economic Geology, 54. Available from www.segweb.org. Golightly J.P., 1981. Nickeliferous laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary volume, 710-735. Golightly J.P., 2010. Progress in understanding the evolution of nickel laterite. Society of Economic Geology, In Special Publication, 15, 451-485. Manceau A. and Calas G., 1985. Heterogeneous distribution of nickel in hydrous silicates from New Caledonia ore deposits. American Mineralogist, 70, 549-558. Nguyen Van Pho, 2013. Tropic weathering in Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Pubisher Science and Technology, 365p.Ngo Xuan Thanh, Tran Thanh Hai, Nguyen Hoang, Vu Quang Lan, S. Kwon, Tetsumaru Itaya, M. Santosh, 2014. Backarc mafic-ultramafic magmatism in Northeastern Vietnam and its regional tectonic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 90, 45-60.Pelletier B., 1983. Localisation du nickel dans les minerais ‘‘garnieritiques’’ de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Sciences Ge´ologique: Me´moires, 73, 173-183.Pelletier B., 1996. Serpentines in nickel silicate ores from New Caledonia. In Grimsey E.J., and Neuss I. (eds): Nickel ’96, Australasian Institute of Miningand Metallurgy, Melbourne, Publication Series 6(9), 197-205. Proenza J.A., Lewis J.F., Galı´ S., Tauler E., Labrador M., Melgarejo J.C., Longo F. and Bloise G., 2008. Garnierite mineralization from Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit (Dominican Republic). Macla, 9, 197-198. Soler J.M., Cama J., Galı´ S., Mele´ndez W., Ramı´rez, A., andEstanga, J., 2008. Composition and dissolution kinetics ofgarnierite from the Loma de Hierro Ni-laterite deposit,Venezuela. Chemical Geology, 249, 191-202. Springer G., 1974. Compositional and structural variations ingarnierites. The Canadian Mineralogist, 12, 381-388. Springer G., 1976. Falcondoite, nickel analogue of sepiolite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 407-409.Svetlitskaya T.V., Tolstykh N.D., Izokh A.E., Phuong Ngo Thi, 2015. PGE geochemical constraints on the origin of the Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide mineralization in the Suoi Cun intrusion, Cao Bang province, Northeastern Vietnam. Miner Petrol, 109, 161-180.Tran Trong Hoa, Izokh A.E., Polyakov G.V., Borisenko A.S., Tran Tuan Anh, Balykin P.A., Ngo Thi Phuong, Rudnev S.N., Vu Van Van, Bui An Nien, 2008. Permo-Triassic magmatism and metallogeny of Northern Vietnam in relation to the Emeishan plume. Russ. Geol. Geophys., 49, 480-491.Trescases J.J., 1975. L'évolution supergene des roches ultrabasiques en zone tropicale: Formation de gisements nikelifères de Nouvelle Caledonie. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 259p.Tri T.V., Khuc V. (eds), 2011. Geology and Earth Resources of Vietnam. Publishing House for Science and Technology, 645p (in English). Villanova-de-Benavent C., Proenza J.A., GalíS., Tauler E., Lewis J.F. and Longo F., 2011. Talc- and serpentine-like ‘‘garnierites’’ in the Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit, Dominican Republic. ‘Let’s talk ore deposits’, 11th Biennial Meeting SGA 2011, Antofagasta, Chile, 3p.Wells M.A., 2003. Goronickel laterite deposit. New Caledonia. CRC LEME, p.3.

Background: Romiplostim, a thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonist approved for children and adults with chronic ITP, was evaluated in children with ITP in a ≤3-year open-label trial. Interim results were previously reported (Grainger et al., Blood 2017 130:2334). Here we present updated results as of 27 Mar 2019. Methods: Eligible children from 17 countries with ITP for ≥6 months and screening platelet count ≤30×109/L (or uncontrolled bleeding) received SC romiplostim (1 μg/kg titrated to 10 μg/kg to maintain platelet counts of 50-200×109/L). In Europe, bone marrow was evaluated at baseline and after 1 (day 365 ± 4 weeks) or 2 (day 730 ± 4 weeks) years. The primary endpoint was % time with a platelet response (platelet count ≥50×109/L, no rescue therapy in preceding 4 weeks) in months 0-6. Results: A total of 203 patients (pts) received ≥1 dose; the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 10 (6-13) and median (IQR) platelet count 14 (7-23.5×109/L). The median (IQR) duration of treatment was 145 (39-156) weeks, median (IQR) % of time with a platelet response in months 0-6 was 50% (17-83%), with 88% (179/203) of pts having a platelet response at least once (Fig. 1A). In all pts, the median (IQR) % of time with an increase in platelet counts ≥20×109/L above baseline from week 2 until the end of treatment was 79% (39-92%). Median and lower quartile platelet counts were both consistently >50×109/L from week 12 and 48, respectively, and did not vary by age. Eleven pts maintained platelet counts ≥50×109/L without ITP medications (including romiplostim) for ≥24 weeks; median (IQR) time to onset was 50 (24-80) weeks after starting romiplostim. During the study, 60 (30%) pts received rescue therapy, typically within weeks 1-36, and 3 underwent splenectomy. With a total exposure of 428.7 patient-years, median (IQR) average weekly romiplostim dose over the entire study was 6.9 (4.6-8.9) µg/kg; 8.5 (5.0-10.0) μg/kg at 1 year (n=144) and 6.0 (3.0-10.0) μg/kg at 2 years (n=129; Fig. 1B). Self-administration was initiated in 68% of pts. Ninety-five pts (46.8%) discontinued treatment: reasons included lack of efficacy (n=43 [21.2%]), patient request (n=15 [7.4%]), adverse event (AE; n=9 [4.4%]), and neutralizing antibodies (NAb; n=7 [3.4%]). AEs occurred in 192 pts (94.6%); the most frequent were epistaxis (38.4%), headache (37.9%), and nasopharyngitis (36.9%). Serious AEs (SAEs) occurred in 59 (29.1%) pts, including epistaxis (5.9%), decreased platelet count (4.4%), and thrombocytopenia and NAb (2% each); 8 pts had treatment-related SAEs (NAbs [n=4], headache and abdominal pain [each n=2], and presyncope [n=1]). Bleeding occurred in 69% of pts over the study, decreasing over time, with bleeding in 18% of pts from week 144 to the end of treatment. Bleeding-related AEs occurring in >10% of pts were epistaxis (38.4%), petechiae (23.6%), hematoma (20.7%), contusion (19.2%) and gingival bleeding (10.3%). CTCAE grade ≥3 bleeding events occurred in 20 pts (9.9%) and included epistaxis (n=9 [4.4%]), and persistent ITP (n=3 [1.5%]). In pts with no evidence of NAbs at baseline, there were 7 cases of NAbs to romiplostim (2 were transient) and 1 transient NAbs to TPO; only 1 pt, with NAbs to romiplostim, had a reduced therapeutic effect. Of 75 European pts with evaluable baseline bone marrow biopsies [modified Bauermeister scores: grade 0 (no reticulin, n=16), 1 (fine fibers, n=54), or 2 (fine fiber network, n=5)], 27 had evaluable on-study biopsies after 1 year and 36 after 2 years (Table). Of these, 5 pts developed increased reticulin at year 1 and 17 at year 2. One pt had an increase in modified Bauermeister score from baseline of ≥2 grades (increase from grade 0 to 2), 4 pts had an increase in 1 grade, 1 a decrease in 2 grades, and 3 a decrease in 1 grade in year 1. In year 2, 15 pts had an increase in 1 grade and 3 pts a decrease in 1 grade. No pts developed collagen and no bone marrow abnormalities were detected. Conclusion: Over the course of the study with >30 months of treatment, on a median dose of 6.9 μg/kg, 88% of children had a platelet response, median platelet counts were ≥20×109/L above baseline 79% of the time and >50×109/L from week 12. An important new safety signal over 429 patient-years was the 3.4% of NAbs to romiplostim; children develop NAbs with romiplostim more frequently than adults. Bone marrow findings showed that children, like adults, did not develop clinically important fibrosis. Disclosures Grainger: Amgen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Ono: Consultancy; Alexion: Consultancy; ITP Support Association: Other: medical advisor; Octapharma: Consultancy; Biotest: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Bussel:Tranquil: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Momenta Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Dova Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; UCB: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; argenx: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Regeneron: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; RallyBio: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kezar Life Sciences: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Physician Education Resource: Speakers Bureau; 3S Bio: Speakers Bureau; Rigel: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GSK: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Tarantino:Novo Nordisk: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Investigator initiated study, Speakers Bureau; Bleeding and Clotting Disorders Institute: Employment; Pfizer: Other: PI for program grant; Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Clinical Trial PI; Grifols: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Michael Tarantino, MD SC: Other: President, Owner- Private Practice ; Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Cooper:Novartis: Honoraria, Other: clinical trial; Principia: Honoraria, Other: clinical trial; UCB: Other: clinical trial; Rigel: Honoraria, Other: clinical trial; Amgen: Honoraria, Other: clinical trial. Despotovic:Novartis: Research Funding; Dova: Honoraria. Wang:Amgen: Employment. Eisen:Amgen: Employment, Other: stock ownership. Bowers:Amgen: Employment, Other: stock ownership.

Abstract BACKGROUND Ruxolitinib is a potent JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor that has demonstrated reductions in splenomegaly and disease-related symptoms, as well as improved survival, in patients with MF and has proved superior to placebo and best available therapy in the 2 phase 3 COMFORT studies. JUMP (JAK Inhibitor Ruxolitinib in Myelofibrosis Patients) is a phase 3b, expanded-access trial for countries with no access to ruxolitinib outside a clinical trial and was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of ruxolitinib in patients with MF. As of 03 June 2014, 2027 patients have been enrolled in 25 countries, with a planned enrollment of 2500 patients. METHODS Eligible patients had MF classified as high risk, intermediate (Int)-2 risk, or Int-1 risk, with a palpable spleen (≥ 5 cm from the costal margin). Patients received starting doses of ruxolitinib based on platelet counts at baseline (5 mg twice daily [bid; ≥ 50 to < 100 × 109/L], 15 mg bid [100 to 200 × 109/L], or 20 mg bid [> 200 × 109/L]). The primary endpoint was assessment of safety and tolerability of ruxolitinib. Additional analyses included changes in palpable spleen length and symptom scores as measured by the FACT-Lymphoma Total Score (FACT-Lym TS). The final analysis will be performed after all patients have completed 24 months of treatment or ended treatment due to commercial availability. RESULTS This analysis includes results for 1144 enrolled patients (primary MF, 58.8%; n = 673) who started treatment ≥ 1 year before the data cutoff date (01 Jan 2014). At baseline, median age was 68 y (range, 18-89 y); 46.7% were female; median palpable spleen length was 13 cm below the costal margin; median hemoglobin was 105 g/L (range, 44-200 g/L) and 40.3% of patients had hemoglobin levels ˂ 100 g/L; median platelet level was 256 × 109/L (75-1910 × 109/L); mean FACT-Lym TS was 41.9. Most patients (69%) remained on treatment (35.5%) or completed treatment per protocol (33.5%; transition to commercial drug). Primary reasons for discontinuation included adverse events (AEs; 13.8%), disease progression (7.1%), and death (3.8%). Median exposure was 11.1 months; the median average daily dose was 37.2 mg for patients starting at 20 mg bid (64%; n = 728) and 23.4 mg for patients starting at 15 mg bid (33%; n = 374). The majority of patients (75.7%) had dose increases/decreases and 23.9% had a dose interruption. The most common hematologic grade ≥ 3 AEs were anemia (33.0%), thrombocytopenia (12.5%), and neutropenia (3.9%), which led to discontinuation in 2.6%, 3.2%, and 0.3% of patients, respectively. Mean hemoglobin levels declined from baseline (108 g/L) to a nadir of 85 g/L at 8 to 12 weeks and increased to near-baseline levels after week 12; mean platelet levels decreased from baseline (318 × 109/L) to a nadir of 139 × 109/L and remained stable over time. The most common nonhematologic AEs (≥ 10%) were diarrhea (14.5%), pyrexia (13.3%), fatigue (12.9%), and asthenia (12.5%) and were primarily grade 1/2; grade ≥ 3 AEs were low overall (< 2%), except pneumonia (3.6%), which led to discontinuation in 6 patients (0.5%). Serious AEs were reported for 32.3% of patients. Rates of infections were low; all-grade infections ≥ 5% included nasopharyngitis (6.3%), urinary tract infection (6.0%), and pneumonia (5.3%). Tuberculosis was reported for 3 patients (0.3%; no grade 3/4); no hepatitis B was reported. At weeks 24 and 48, 55% (431/782) and 61% (301/497) of patients achieved a ≥ 50% reduction from baseline in palpable spleen length, respectively; 23% (181/782) and 18% (88/497) had 25% to 50% reductions. Most patients (69%; 733/1062) experienced a ≥ 50% reduction in spleen length from baseline at any time (Figure). Clinically significant improvements on the FACT-Lym TS were seen as early as week 4 and were maintained at week 48 (mean change from baseline: week 4, 11.0; week 48, 9.4; the range for the minimally important difference is 6.5 to 11.2 points). CONCLUSIONS The JUMP study includes the largest cohort of MF patients treated with ruxolitinib reported to date. Consistent with previous reports, the most common AEs were anemia and thrombocytopenia; however, they rarely led to discontinuation. As observed previously, the majority of patients experienced reductions in spleen length and clinically meaningful improvements in symptoms were observed with ruxolitinib treatment. Overall, the safety and efficacy profile of ruxolitinib in JUMP is consistent with that in the phase 3 COMFORT studies. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures le Coutre: Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Ariad: Honoraria. Griesshammer:Shire: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria. Schafhausen:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Vannucchi:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Foltz:Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding; Promedior: Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy. Gupta:Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding. Tannir:Novartis: Employment. Ronco:Novartis: Employment. Ghosh:Novartis: Employment. Al-Ali:Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding.

Study of petrological and geochemical characteristics of mantle peridotite xenoliths in Pliocene alkaline basalt in Nghia Dan (West Nghe An) was carried out. Rock-forming clinopyroxenes, the major trace element containers, were separated from the xenoliths to analyze for major, trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. The data were interpreted for source geochemical characteristics and geodynamic processes of the lithospheric mantle beneath the region. The peridotite xenoliths being mostly spinel-lherzolites in composition, are residual entities having been produced following partial melting events of ultramafic rocks in the asthenosphere. They are depleted in trace element abundance and Sr-Nd isotopic composition. Some are even more depleted as compared to mid-ocean ridge mantle xenoliths. Modelled calculation based on trace element abundances and their corresponding solid/liquid distribution coefficients showed that the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths may be produced of melting degrees from 8 to 12%. Applying various methods for two-pyroxene temperature- pressure estimates, the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths show ranges of crystallization temperature and pressure, respectively, of 1010-1044°C and 13-14.2 kbar, roughly about 43km. A geotherm constructed for the mantle xenoliths showed a higher geothermal gradient as compared to that of in the western Highlands (Vietnam) and a conductive model, implying a thermal perturbation under the region. The calculated Sm-Nd model ages for the clinopyroxenes yielded 127 and 122 Ma. If the age is meaningful it suggests that there was a major geodynamic process occurred beneath Western Nghe An in the middle- Early Cretaceous that was large enough to cause perturbation in the evolutional trend of the Sm-Nd isotopic system.ReferencesAn A-R., Choi S.H., Yu Y-g., Lee D-C., 2017. Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic basaltic rocks from southern Vietnam. Lithos, 272-273 (2017), 192-204.Anders E., Grevesse N., 1989. Abundances of the elements: meteorite and solar. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 197-214.Anderson D.L, 1994. The subcontinental mantle as the source of continental flood basalts; the case against the continental lithosphere mantle and plume hear reservoirs. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 123, 269-280.Arai S., 1994. Characterization of spinel peridotites by olivine-spinel compositional relationships: review and interpretation. Chemical Geology, 113, 191-204.Ballhaus C., Berry R.G., Green D.H., 1991. High pressure experimental calibration of the olivine orthopyroxene-spinel oxygen geobarometer: implications for the oxidation state of the upper mantle. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 107, 27-40.Barr S.M. and MacDonald A.S., 1981. Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of southeast Asia: summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, 508-512.Brey G.P., Köhler T., 1990. Geothermobarometry in four-phase lherzolite II. New thermobarometers, and practical assessment of existing thermobarometers. Journal of Petrology, 31, 1353-1378.Briais A., Patriat P., Tapponnier P., 1993. Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the South China Sea, implications for the Tertiary tectonics of SE Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 6299-6328.Carlson R.W., Irving A.J., 1994. Depletion and enrichment history of subcontinental lithospheric mantle: an Os, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic study of ultramafic xenoliths from the northwestern Wyoming Craton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 126, 457-472.Carlson R.W., Lugmair G.W., 1979. Sm-Nd constraints on early lunar differentiation and the evolution of KREEP. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 45, 123-132.Carlson R.W., Lugmair G.W., 1981. Sm-Nd age of lherzolite 67667: implications for the processes involved in lunar crustal formation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 56, 1-8.Choi H.S., Mukasa S.B., Zhou X-H., Xian X-G.H., Andronikov A.V., 2008. Mantle dynamics beneath East Asia constrained by Sr, Nd, Pb and Hf isotopic systematics of ultramafic xenoliths and their host basalts from Hannuoba, North China. Chemical Geology, 248, 40-61.Choi S.H., Jwa Y.-J., Lee H.Y., 2001. Geothermal gradient of the upper mantle beneath Jeju Island, Korea: evidence from mantle xenoliths. Island Arc, 10, 175-193.Choi S.H., Kwon S-T., Mukasa S.B., Sagon H., 2005. Sr-Nd-Pb isotope and trace element systematics of mantle xenoliths from Late Cenozoic alkaline lavas, South Korea. Chemical Geology, 22, 40-64.Cox K.G., Bell J.D., Pankhurst R.J., 1979. The Interpretation of Igneous Rocks. George Allen & Unwin.Cung Thuong Chi, Dorobek S.L., Richter C., Flower M., Kikawa E., Nguyen Y.T., McCabe R., 1998. Paleomagnetism of Late Neogene basalts in Vietnam and Thailand: Implications for the Post-Miocene tectonic history of Indochina. In: Flower M.F.J., Chung, S.L., Lo, C.H., (Eds.). Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia. Geodynamics Ser, American Geophysical Union, 27, 289-299.De Hoog J.C.M., Gall L., Cornell D.H., 2010. Trace-element geochemistry of mantle olivine and application to mantle petrogenesis and geothermobarometry. Chemical Geology, 270, 196-215.DePaolo D. J., 1981. Neodymium isotopes in the Colorado Front Range and crust - mantle evolution in the Proterozoic. Nature, 291, 193-197.DePaolo D.J., Wasserburg G.J., 1976. Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models. Geophysical Research Letters, 3(5), 249-252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.13.1.11.Embey-Isztin A., Dobosi G., Meyer H.-P., 2001. Thermal evolution of the lithosphere beneath the western Pannonian Basin: evidence from deep-seat xenoliths. Tectonophysics, 331, 285-306.Fedorov P.I., Koloskov A.V., 2005. Cenozoic volcanism of Southeast Asia. Petrologiya, 13(4), 289-420.Frey F.A., Prinz M., 1978. Ultramafic inclusions from San Carlos, Arizona: Petrologic and geochemical data bearing on their Petrogenesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 38, 129-176.Garnier V., Ohmenstetter D., Giuliani G., Fallick A.E., Phan T.T., Hoang Q.V., Pham V.L., Schawarz D., 2005. Basalt petrology, zircon ages and sapphire genesis from Dak Nong, southern Vietnam. Mineralogical Magazine, 69(1), 21-38.Gast P.W., 1968. Trace element fractionation and the origin of tholeiitic and alkaline magma types. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 32, 1057-1086.Gorshkov A.P, Ivanenko A.N., Rashidov V.A., 1984. Hydro-magnetic investigations of submarine volcanic zones in the marginal seas of Pacific Ocean (Novovineisky and Bien Dong seas). Pacific Ocean Geology, 1, 13-20.Gorshkov A.P., 1981. Investigation of submarine volcanoes during the 10th course of scientific research vessel ‘Volcanolog’. Volcanology and Seismology, 6, 39-45 (in Russian).Hart S.R., 1988. Heterogeneous mantle domains: signatures, genesis and mixing chronologies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90, 273-296.Hirose K., Kushiro I., 1993. Partial melting of dry peridotites at high pressures: determination of composition of melts segregated from peridotite using aggregate of diamond. Earth Planet Science Letters, 114, 477-489.Hoang-Thi H.A., Choi S.H., Yongjae Yu Y-g., Pham T.H., Nguyen K.H., Ryu J-S., 2018. Geochemical constraints on the spatial distribution of recycled oceanic crust in the mantle source of late Cenozoic basalts, Vietnam. Lithos, 296-299 (2018), 382-395.Izokh A.E., Smirnov S.Z., Egorova V.V., Tran T.A., Kovyazin S.V., Ngo T.P., Kalinina V.V., 2010. The conditions of formation of sapphire and zircon in the areas of alkali-basaltoid volcanism in Central Vietnam. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 51(7), 719-733.Johnson K.T., Dick H.J.B. and Shimizu N., 1990. Melting in the oceanic upper mantle: An ion microprobe study of diopsides in abyssal peridotites. Journal of Geophysical Research (solid earth), 95, 2661-2678.Kölher T.P., Brey G.P., 1990. Calcium exchange between olivine and clinopyroxene calibrated as a geothermobarometer for natural peridotites from 2 to 60 kb with applications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54(9), 2375-2388.Kushiro I., 1996. Partial melting of a fertile mantle peridotite at high pressure: An experimental study using aggregates of diamond. In: A. Basu and S.R. Hart (Eds.), Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code. AGU Monograph, 95, 109-122.Kushiro I., 1998. Compositions of partial melts formed in mantle peridotites at high pressures and their relation to those of primitive MORB. Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors, 107, 103-110.Latin D., White N., 1990. Generating melt during lithospheric extension: Pure shear vs. simple shear. Geology, 18, 327-331.Lee T.-y. and Lawver L., 1995. Cenozoic plate reconstruction of Southeast Asia. In: M.F.J. Flower, R.J. McCabe and T.W.C. Hilde (Editors), Southeast Asia Structure, Tectonics, and Magmatism. Tectonophysics, 85-138.Li C-F., et al., 2015. Seismic stratigraphy of the central South China Sea basin and implications for neotectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research (solid earth), 120, 1377-1399. Doi:10.1002/2014JB011686.Li C.-F., et al., 2014. Ages and magnetic structures of the South China Sea constrained by deep tow magnetic surveys and IODP Expedition 349 Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14, 4958-4983.Malinovsky A.I., Rashidov V.A., 2015. Compositional characteristics of sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary rocks of Phu Quy-Catwick island group in the continental shelf of Vietnam. Bulletin of Kamchatka Regional Association of ‘Educational - Scientific’ Center, Earth Sciences, 27(3), 12-34 (in Russian with English summary).McCulloch M.T., Wasserburg G.J., 1978. Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr chronology of continental crust formation. Science, 200(4345), 1003-1011.Menzies M.A., Arculus R.L., Best M.G., et al., 1987. A record of subduction process and within-plate volcanism in lithospheric xenoliths of the southwestern USA. In P.H. Nixon (Editor), Mantle Xenoliths, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 59-74.Nguyen Hoang, Ogasawara M., Tran Thi Huong, Phan Van Hung, Nguyen Thi Thu, Cu Sy Thang, Pham Thanh Dang, Pham Tich Xuan, 2014. Geochemistry of Neogene Basalts in the Nghia Dan district, western Nghe An. J. Sci. of the Earth, 36, 403 -412.Nguyen Kinh Quoc, Nguyen Thu Giao, 1980. Cenozoic volcanic activity in Viet Nam. Geology and Mineral Resources, 2, 137-151 (in Vietnamese with English abstract).Nixon P.H., 1987 (Editor). Mantle xenoliths. John Wiley and Sons, 844p.Norman M.D. and Garcia M.O., 1999. Primitive magmas and source characteristics of the Hawaiian plume: petrology and geochemistry of shield picrites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 168, 27-44.Pollack H.N., Chapman D.S., 1977. On the regional variation of heat flow, geotherms and lithospheric thickness. Tectonophysics, 38, 279-296.Putirka K., 2008. Thermometers and Barometers for Volcanic Systems. In: Putirka, K., Tepley, F. (Eds.), Minerals, Inclusions and Volcanic Processes, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Mineralogical Soc. Am., 69, 61-120. Putirka K.D., 2017. Down the craters: where magmas stored and why they erupt. Methods and Further Reading. Supplement to February 2017 issue of Elements, 3(1), 11-16.Putirka K.D., Johnson M., Kinzler R., Longhi J., Walker D., 1996. Thermobarometry of mafic igneous rocks based on clinopyroxene-liquid equilibria, 0-30 kbar. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 123, 92-108. Putirka K.D., Mikaelian H., Ryerson F., Shaw H., 2003. New clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometers for mafic, evolved, and volatile-bearing lava compositions, with applications to lavas from Tibet and the Snake River Plain, Idaho. American Mineralogist, 88, 1542-1554. Qi Q., Taylor L.A., Zhou X., 1995. Petrology and geochemistry of mantle peridotite xenoliths from SE China. Journal of Petrology, 36, 55-79.Sachtleben T.H., Seck H.A., 1981. Chemical control on the Al-solubility in orthopyroxene and its implications on pyroxene geothermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78, 157-65.Shaw D.M., 1970. Trace element fractionation during anataxis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 34, 237-243.Sun S-S, McDonough W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Saunders A.D. and Norry, M.J. (eds) Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society Special Publication, 42, 313-345.Takahashi E., 1986. Melting of a dry peridotite KLB-1 up to 14 Gpa: implications on the origin of peridotite upper mantle. J. Geophysical Research, 91, 9367-9382.Takahashi E., Kushiro I., 1983. Melting of a dry peridotite at high pressure and basalt magma genesis. American Mineralogist, 68, 859-879.Tamaki K., 1995. Upper mantle extrusion tectonics of southeast Asia and formation of western Pacific backarc basins. In: International Workshop: Cenozoic Evolution of the Indochina Peninsula, Hanoi/Do Son, April, p.89 (Abstract with Programs).Tapponnier P., Lacassin R., Leloup P.H., Shärer U., Dalai Z., Haiwei W., Xiaohan L., Shaocheng J., Lianshang Z., Jiayou Z., 1990. The Ailao Shan/Red River metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China. Nature, 343(6257), 431-437.Tapponnier P., Peltzer G., La Dain A.Y., Armijo R., Cobbold P., 1982. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine. Geology, 7, 611-616.Tatsumoto M., Basu A.R., Huang W., Wang J., Xie G., 1992. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes of ultramafic xenoliths in volcanic rocks of eastern China: enriched components EMI and EMII in subcontinental lithosphere. Earth Planet Sci. Letters, 113, 107-128.Taylor S.R., McLennan S.M., 1981. The composition and evolution of the continental crust: rare earth element evidence from sedimentary rocks. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 301, 381-399.Tu K., Flower M.F.J., Carlson R.W., Xie G-H., 1991. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions of Hainan basalt (south China): Implications for a subcontinental lithosphere Dupal source. Geology, 19, 567-569.Tu K., Flower M.F.J., Carlson R.W., Xie G-H., Zhang M., 1992. Magmatism in the South China Basin 1. Isotopic and trace-element evidence for an endogenous Dupal component. Chemical Geology, 97, 47-63.Warren J.M., 2016. Global variations in abyssal peridotite compositions. Lithos, 248-251, 193-219.Webb S.A., Wood B.J., 1986. Spinel pyroxene- garnet relationships and their dependence on Cr/Al ratio. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92, 471-480.Wells P.R.A., 1977. Pyroxene thermometry in simple and complex systems. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 62, 129-139.Whitford-Stark J.L., 1987. A survey of Cenozoic olcanism on mainland Asia, special paper, 213. Geological Society of America, 74p.Workman R.K., Hart S.R., 2005. Major and trace element composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 231, 53-72.Zhou P., Mukasa S., 1997. Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic, and major- and trace-element geochemistry of Cenozoic lavas from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand, sources and petrogenesis. Chemical Geology, 137, 175-193.Zindler A., Hart S.R., 1986. Chemical geodynamics. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14, 493-571.

Objective To compare survival outcomes between primary surgery and primary radiation therapy (RT) in patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)–negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Study Design A retrospective observational cohort study. Setting National Cancer Database. Methods A National Cancer Database review was conducted of 2635 patients with HPV-negative OPSCC who underwent surgery or RT ± chemotherapy between 2010 and 2014. Univariate analysis was performed on all variables and entered into a multivariate model. The main outcome was overall survival (OS). Results A total of 2635 patients with HPV-negative OPSCC were organized into 4 groups based on cancer staging. In group 1 (T1-2 N0-1; n = 774), up-front surgery had significantly better 5-year OS (76.2%) than RT (56.8%; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.76; P = .009; 95% CI, 1.15-2.69) and chemoradiation therapy (CRT; 69.5%; aHR, 1.56; P = .019; 95% CI, 1.08-2.26). In group 2 (T3-4 N0-1; n = 327), no significant difference existed between surgery and CRT (5-year OS, 51.3% vs 52.4%; aHR, 0.96; P = .88; 95% CI, 0.54-1.69). In group 3a (T1-2 N2-3; n = 807), surgery with adjuvant treatment showed significantly better 5-year OS than CRT (78.6% vs 68.8%; aHR, 1.51; P = .027; 95% CI, 1.05-2.18). In group 3b (T3-4 N2-3; n = 737), surgery with adjuvant treatment was not statistically associated with better 5-year OS as compared with CRT (61.0% vs 43.7%; aHR, 1.53; P = .06; 95% CI, 0.98-2.39). Conclusion Primary surgery may provide improved survival outcomes in many cases of HPV-negative OPSCCs. These data should be used in weighing treatment options and may serve as a basis to better delineate treatment algorithms for HPV-negative disease.

Power weeders are most commonly used machines for removing weeds, to prevent them from competing with main crops. However, these power weeders are power by either petrol or diesel engine. With the shortage of fossil fuel, its unavailability in rural areas and for reducing emission due to burning of fossil fuel, an alternative energy powered weeder is very much required. As solar energy was very available and weeding usually carried out during daytime, hence an attempt made to develop a solar energy operated weeder for dryland. It comprised of a powering system and a blade assembly. The power source included solar photovoltaic panel, solar charge controller, battery, motor charge controller and BLDC motor. The sweep type blade was used, which is mounted behind the main frame and power was given to the rear wheels by 750 watt 48 volt BLDC motor using a chain and sprocket drive. The performance of weeder was evaluated at three different forward speed of S1, S2 and S3 is 1.0 - 1.5, 1.5 - 2.0 and 2.0 – 2.5 km/h respectively. Total weight of weeder is 88 kg and total force required to push the weeder at 2.5 km/h was 107 kg (730 watt). Four batteries, each of size 12 V, 12 amp, powered the motor. Two solar panels were use to charge the battery, each with a power of 150 watts, and it takes 2 h to completely charge the battery while weeder is in steady state. The battery was discharge in 1.3 h in field when solar panel disconnected. With simultaneous charging and discharging of battery, this solar power system could run the weeder for 7.3 h. The developed weeder was teste in groundnut crop having 600 mm row-to-row spacing up to 30 to 40 mm depth with a field capacity of S1, S2 and S3 was 0.042, 0.059 and 0.075 ha/h. The weeding and field efficiency for S1, S2 and S3 were found to be 90.94, 84.69, 83.50% and 79.21, 83.97, 85.68% respectively. The effect of forward speed S1, S2 and S3 on Energy expenditure rate and heart rate was found to be 8.23, 9.27 and 10.34 kJ/min or 94, 98 and 50 bpm respectively. The plant damage increased with increasing forward speed of operation, Hence the developed solar operated walking type power weeder could be used successfully by the a small scale farmer for carrying out weeding operations.

Power weeders are most commonly used machines for removing weeds, to prevent them from competing with main crops. However, these power weeders are power by either petrol or diesel engine. With the shortage of fossil fuel, its unavailability in rural areas and for reducing emission due to burning of fossil fuel, an alternative energy powered weeder is very much required. As solar energy was very available and weeding usually carried out during daytime, hence an attempt made to develop a solar energy operated weeder for dryland. It comprised of a powering system and a blade assembly. The power source included solar photovoltaic panel, solar charge controller, battery, motor charge controller and BLDC motor. The sweep type blade was used, which is mounted behind the main frame and power was given to the rear wheels by 750 watt 48 volt BLDC motor using a chain and sprocket drive. The performance of weeder was evaluated at three different forward speed of S1, S2 and S3 is 1.0 - 1.5, 1.5 - 2.0 and 2.0 – 2.5 km/h respectively. Total weight of weeder is 88 kg and total force required to push the weeder at 2.5 km/h was 107 kg (730 watt). Four batteries, each of size 12 V, 12 amp, powered the motor. Two solar panels were use to charge the battery, each with a power of 150 watts, and it takes 2 h to completely charge the battery while weeder is in steady state. The battery was discharge in 1.3 h in field when solar panel disconnected. With simultaneous charging and discharging of battery, this solar power system could run the weeder for 7.3 h. The developed weeder was teste in groundnut crop having 600 mm row-to-row spacing up to 30 to 40 mm depth with a field capacity of S1, S2 and S3 was 0.042, 0.059 and 0.075 ha/h. The weeding and field efficiency for S1, S2 and S3 were found to be 90.94, 84.69, 83.50% and 79.21, 83.97, 85.68% respectively. The effect of forward speed S1, S2 and S3 on Energy expenditure rate and heart rate was found to be 8.23, 9.27 and 10.34 kJ/min or 94, 98 and 50 bpm respectively. The plant damage increased with increasing forward speed of operation, Hence the developed solar operated walking type power weeder could be used successfully by the a small scale farmer for carrying out weeding operations.

The study of the Portuguese marine ichthyofauna has a long historical tradition, rooted back in the 18th Century. Here we present an annotated checklist of the marine fishes from Portuguese waters, including the area encompassed by the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf and the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). The list is based on historical literature records and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history collections, together with new revisions and occurrences. It comprises a total of 1191 species, distributed among 3 superclasses, 4 classes, 42 orders, 212 families and 617 genera. If considering only the EEZ and present territorial waters, this list represents an increase of 230 species (27.8%) and of 238 species (29.0%), when compared to the information available in FishBase (2012) and in the last checklist of marine and estuarine fishes of Portugal (1993), respectively. The order Perciformes shows the highest diversity, with 54 families, 162 genera and 299 species. Stomiidae (80 species), Myctophidae (71 species) and Macrouridae (37 species) are the richest families. From the listed species, 734 are present off mainland Portugal, 857 off the Azores and 766 off Madeira. Within the limits of the examined area, three species are reported for the first time in mainland Portugal and twenty-nine records are identified as doubtful. A total of 133 species have been recorded from the extended Portuguese continental shelf (2 off mainland Portugal, 117 off the Azores and 14 off Madeira), two of which are common to the Azores and Madeira extensions. Biogeographically, the Atlantic group is the most important (548 species – 46.01%), followed by the Lusitanian group (256 species – 21.49%), the African group (71 species – 5.96%), the Boreal group (34 species – 2.85%), the Mediterranean group (31 species – 2.60%), the Macaronesian group (21 species – 1.76%), the Atlantic/African group (19 species – 1.60%) and the Mediterranean/African and the Arctic groups, each with only 1 species (0.08%). Regarding the preferences for vertical habitat, the demersal fishes are the most important group (305 species – 25.61%), followed by the mesopelagic group (228 species – 19.14%), the bathypelagic group (164 species – 13.77%), the benthopelagic group (147 species – 12.34%), the bathydemersal group (115 species – 9.66%), the reef-associated group (88 species – 7.39%), the pelagic group (74 species – 6.21%), the epipelagic group (58 species – 4.87%) and 1 species (0.08%) of the benthic group. The oceanic habitat is the best represented group comprising 446 species (37.45%), followed by the shelf group (199 species – 16.71%), the slope group (164 species – 13.77%), the inner shelf group (89 species – 7.47%), the coastal group (70 species – 5.88%), the outer shelf group (29 species – 2.43%) and the oceanic/shelf group (7 species – 0.59%).

I examined variation in community structure, species richness, biomass and abundance of Coprini dung beetles from 45 trapping sites in meadows, 35-year-old secondary forests and primary forests in tropical, high-elevation karst ecosystems of Puluong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa Province. My main aim was to explore community response to the influence of land use change. By comparing the structure and community attributes of the beetles between 35-year-old secondary forests and primary forests, I expected to give indications on the conservation value of the old secondary forests for beetle conservation. Community structure significantly differed among land-use types. Species richness, abundance and biomass were significantly higher in forest habitats than in meadows. The cover of ground vegetation, soil clay content and tree diameter are important factors structuring Coprini communities in karst ecosystems of Pu Luong. The secondary forests, after 35 years of regrowth showed similarities in species richness, abundance and biomass to primary forests. This gives hope for the recovery of Coprini communities during forest succession. Keywords: Coprini, dung beetles, karst ecosystems, land use change, Pu Luong. References: [1] I. Hanski, Y. Cambefort, Dung beetle ecology, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1991.[2] C.H. Scholtz, A.L.V. Davis, U. Kryger, Evolutionary biology and conservation of dung beetles, Pensoft Publisher, Bulgaria, 2009.[3] E. Nichols, S. Spector, J. Louzada, T. Larsen, S. Amezquita, M.E. Favila et al., Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles, Biol. Conserv. 141 (2008) 1461-1474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.011.[4] H.K. Gibbsa, A.S. Rueschb, F. Achardc, M.K. Claytond, P. Holmgrene, N. Ramankuttyf, J.A. Foleyg, Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107 (2010) 16732-16737. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910275107.[5] L.D. Audino, J. Louzada, L. Comita, Dung beetles as indicators of tropical forest restoration success: is it possible to recover species and functional diversity? Biol. Conserv. 169 (2014) 248-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.023.[6] W. Beiroz, E.M. Slade, J. Barlow, J.M. Silveira, J. Louzada, E. Sayer, Dung beetle community dynamics in undisturbed tropical forests: implications for ecological evaluations of land-use change, Insect Conservation and Diversity 10 (2017) 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12206.[7] S. Boonrotpong, S. Sotthibandhu, C. Pholpunthin, Species composition of dung beetles in the primary and secondary forests at Ton Nga Chang Wildlife Sanctuary, ScienceAsia 30 (2004) 59-65. https: // doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2004.30.059.[8] S. Boonrotpong, S. Sotthibandhu, C. Satasook, Species turnover and diel flight activity of species of dung beetles, Onthophagus, in the tropical lowland forest of peninsular Thailand, Journal of Insect Science 12 (77) (2012). https://doi.org/10. 1673/031.012.7701.[9] A.J. Davis, J.D. Holloway, H. Huijbregts, J. Krikken, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs, S.L. Sutton, Dung beetles as indicators of change in the forests of northern Borneo, Journal of Applied Ecology 38 (2001) 593-616. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00619.x.[10] K. Frank, M. Hülsmann, T. Assmann, T. Schmitt, N. Blüthgen, Land use affects dung beetle communities and their ecosystem service in forests and grasslands, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 243 (2017) 114-122.[11] T.A. Gardner, M.I.M. Hernández, J. Barlow, C.A. Peres, Understanding the biodiversity consequences of habitat change: the value of secondary and plantation forests for neotropical dung beetles, Journal of Applied Ecology 45 (2008) 883-893. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664. 2008.01454.x.[12] L. Hayes, D.J. Mann, A.L. Monastyrskii, O.T. Lewis, Rapid assessments of tropical dung beetle and butterfly assemblages: contrasting trends along a forest disturbance gradient, Insect Conservation and Diversity 2 (2009) 194-203. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2009.00058.x.[13] I. Quintero, T. Roslin, Rapid recovery of dung beetle communities following habitat fragmentation in central Amazonia, Ecology 12 (2005) 3303-3311. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1960.[14] Shahabuddin, C.H. Schulze, T. Tscharntke, Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia), Biodiversity and Conservation 14 (2005) 863-877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-0654-7.[15] K. Vulinec, Dung beetle communities and seed dispersal in primary forest and disturbed land in Amazonia, Biotropica 34 (2002) 297-309. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00541.x.[16] K. Vulinec, J.E. Lambert, D.J. Mellow, Primate and dung beetle communities in secondary growth rain forests: implications for conservation of seed dispersal systems, International Journal of Primatology 27 (2006) 855-879. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10764-006-9027-2.[17] E. Nichols, T. Larsen, S. Spector, A.L. Davis, F. Escobar, M. Favila, K. Vulinec, Global dung beetle response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation: a quantitative literature review and meta-analysis, Biological Conservation 137 (2007) 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.01.023.[18] R. Clements, N.S. Sodhi, M. Schilthuizen, K.L.Ng. Peter, Limestone karsts of Southeast Asia: imperiled arks of biodiversity, BioScience 56 (2006) 733-742. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[733:LKOSAI]2.0.CO;2.[19] M. Schilthuizen, T.S. Liew, B.B. Elahan, I. Lackman-Ancrenaz, Effects of karst forest degradation on pulmonate and prosobranch land snail communities in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, Conservation Biology 19 (2005) 949-954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00209.x.[20] C. Costa, V.H.F. Oliveira, R. Maciel, W. Beiroz, V. Korasaki, J. Louzada, Variegated tropical landscapes conserve diverse dung beetle communities, PeerJ 5 (2017). https://doi.org/10. 7717/peerj.3125.[21] R.P. Salomão, D. González-Tokmana, W. Dáttilo, J.C. López-Acosta, M.E. Favila, Landscape structure and composition define the body condition of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in a fragmented tropical rainforest, Ecol. Indic. 88 (2018) 144-151. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.01.033.[22] R.C. Campos, M.I.M. Hernández, Dung beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) in Atlantic forest fragments in southern Brazil, Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 57 (2013) 47-54.[23] E. Nichols, Fear begets function in the ‘brown’ world of detrital food webs, Journal of Animal Ecology 82(4) (2013) 717-720. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1365-2656.12099.[24] Tixier, J.M.G. Bloor, J.-P. Lumaret, Species-specific effects of dung beetle abundance on dung removal and leaf litter decomposition, Acta Oecologica 69 (2015) 31-34. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.actao.2015.08.003.[25] P.M. Farias, L. Arellano, M.I.M. Hernández, S.L. Ortiz, Response of the copro- necrophagous beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) assemblage to a range of soil characteristics and livestock management in a tropical landscape, Journal of Insect Conservation 19 (2015) 947-960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 108 41-015-9812-3.[26] D.C. Osberg, B.M. Doube, S.A. Hanrahan, Habitat specificity in African dung beetles: the effect of soil type on the survival ofdung beetle immatures (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Tropical Zoology 7 (1994) 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975. 1994.10539236.[27] E. Andresen, S. Laurance, Possible indirect effects of mammal hunting on dung beetle assemblages in Panama, Biotropica 39 (2006) 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00239.x.[28] H. Enari, S. Koike, H. Sakamaki, Influences of different large mammalian fauna on dung beetle diversity in beech forests, Journal of Insect Science 13(54)(2013).https://doi.org/10.1673/031.013. 5401.[29] A. Estrada, D.A. Anzuras, R. Coastes-Estrada, Tropical forest fragmentation, howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and dung beetles at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, American Journal of Primatology 48 (1999) 353-362.[30] C.A. Harvey, J. Gonzalez, E. Somarriba, Dung beetle and terrestrial mammal diversity in forests, indigenous agroforestry systems and plantain monocultures in Talamanca, Costa Rica, Biodiversity and Conservation 15 (2006) 555-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-2088-2.[31] K.V. Nguyễn, T.H. Nguyễn, K.L. Phan, T.H. Nguyễn, Bản đồ sinh khí hậu Việt Nam, Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia, Hà Nội, 2000.[32] E.J. Sterling, M.M. Hurley, M.D. Le, Vietnam–a natural history, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2006.[33] T. Do, Characteristics of karst ecosystems of Vietnam and their vulnerability to human impact, Acta Geologica Sinica 75 (2001) 325-329.[34] V.T. Thái, Thảm thực vật rừng Việt Nam, Nhà xuất bản Khoa học và kỹ thuật, Hà Nội, 1978. [35] P.G.d. Silva, M.I.M. Hernández, Spatial patterns of movement of dung beetle species in a tropical forest suggest a new trap spacing for dung beetle biodiversity studies. PloS ONE 10 (5) (e0126112) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126112.[36] V.B. Bui, K. Dumack, M. Bonkowski, Two new species and one new record for the genus Copris (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Vietnam with a key to Vietnamese species, European Journal of Entomology 115 (2018) 167-191. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2018.016.[37] V.B. Bui, M. Bonkowski, Synapsis puluongensis sp. nov. and new data on the poorly known species Synapsis horaki (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Vietnam with a key to Vietnamese species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 58 (2018) 407-418. https://doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2018-0032.[38] O.N. Kabakov, A. Napolov, Fauna and ecology of Lamellicornia of subfamily Scarabaeinae of Vietnam and some parts of adjacent countries: South China, Laos, and Thailand, Latvijas Entomologs 37 (1999) 58-96.[39] J.E. Brower, J.H. Zar, C.N. Von-Ende, Field and laboratory methods for general ecology, 4th ed. Boston, WCB. McGraw-Hill, 1998.[40] R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/ (accessed 15 May 2017).[41] J. Oksanen, F.G. Blanchet, M. Friendly, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, D. McGlinn et al., Vegan: Community Ecology Package, R package version 2.4–5 (2017). https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan.[42] R. Clements, P.K.L. Nga, X.X. Lub, S. Ambu, M. Schilthuizen, C.J.A. Bradshaw, Using biogeographical patterns of endemic land snails to improve conservation planning for limestone karsts, Biological Conservation 141 (2751e2764) (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.011.[43] P.K.L. Ng, D. Guinot, T.M. Iliffe, Revision of the anchialine varunine crabs of the genus Orcovita Ng & Tomascik, 1994 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Grapsidae), with descriptions of four new species, Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 44 (1996) 109-134.[44] P.K.L. Ng, Cancrocaeca xenomorpha, new genus and species, a blind troglobitic freshwater hymenosomatid (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 39 (1991) 59-73.[45] V. Balthasar, Monographie der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der Palaearktischen und Orientalischen Region. Coleoptera: Lamellicornia. Band 1. Allgemeiner Teil, Systematischer Teil: 1. Scarabaeinae, 2. Coprinae (Pinotini, Coprini). Verlag der Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Prag, 1963.[46] Y. Hanboonsong, K. Masumoto, T. Ochi, Dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) of Thailand. Part 5. Genera Copris and Microcopris (Coprini), Elytra 31 (2003) 103-124.[47] D. Král, J. Rejsek, Synapsis naxiorum sp. n. from Yunnan (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 64 (2000) 267-270.[48] D. Král, Distribution and taxonomy of some Synapsis species, with description of S. strnadi sp. n. from Vietnam (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 66 (2002) 279-289.[49] T. Ochi, M. Kon, Notes on the coprophagous scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) from Southeast Asia (IV). A new horned species of Microcopris from Vietnam and a new subspecies of Copris erratus from Peleng off Sulawesi, Kogane 5 (2004) 25-30.[50] T. Ochi, M. Kon, H.T. Pham, Five new taxa of Copris (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Vietnam and Laos, Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 15 (64) (2019) 435-446.[51] T. Ochi, M. Kon, H.T. Pham, Two new species of Copris (Copris) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and a new subspecies of Phelotrupes (Sinogeotrupes) strnadi Král, Malý & Schneider (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) from Vietnam, Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 15 (63) (2018) 159-168.[52] J. Zídek, S. Pokorný, Review of Synapsis Bates (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Coprini), with description of a new species, Insecta Mundi 142 (2010) 1-21.[53] H.F. Howden, V.G. Nealis, Observations on height of perching in some tropical dung beetles (Scarabaeidae), Biotropica 10 (1978) 43-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2009.00058.x.[54] T.H. Larsen, A. Lopera, A. Forsyth, Understanding trait-dependent community disassembly: Dung beetles, density functions, and forest fragmentation, Conservation Biology 22 (2008) 1288-1298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00969.x.[55] S.B. Peck, A. Forsyth, Composition, structure, and competitive behaviour in a guild of Ecuadorian rain forest dung beetles (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae), Canadian Journal of Zoology 60(7) (1982) 1624-1634. https://doi.org/10.1139/z82-213.

In PilsenTwenty-six Station Road,She climbed to the third floorUp stairs which were all that was leftOf the whole house,She opened her doorFull on to the sky,Stood gaping over the edge.For this was the placeThe world ended.Thenshe locked up carefullylest someone stealSiriusor Aldebaranfrom her kitchen,went back downstairsand settled herselfto waitfor the house to rise againand for her husband to rise from the ashesand for her children’s hands and feet to be stuck back in placeIn the morning they found herstill as stone, sparrows pecking her hands.Five Minutes after the Air Raidby Miroslav Holub(Calder 287) Holding Still Detonation. Affect. During the Second World War, London and other European cities were subjected to the terrors of aerial bombardment, rendered through nightmarish anticipations of the bomber (Gollin 7) and the material storm of the real air-raid. The fall of bombs plagued cities and their citizens with the terrible rain of explosives and incendiary weapons. A volatile landscape was formed as the urban environment was ‘unmade’ and urged into violent motion. Flying projectiles of shrapnel, debris and people; avalanches of collapsing factories and houses; the inhale and exhale of compressed air and firestorms; the scream of the explosion. All these composed an incredibly fluid urban traumatic, as atmospheres fell over the cities that was thick with smoke, dust, and ventilated only by terror (see for instance Sebald 10 and Mendieta’s 3 recent commentary). Vast craters were imprinted onto the charred morphologies of London and Berlin as well as Coventry, Hamburg and Dresden. Just as the punctuations of the bombing saw the psychic as well as the material give way, writers portraying Britain as an ‘volcano island’ (Spaight 5) witnessed eruptive projections – the volleys of the material air-war; the emotional signature of charged and bitter reprisals; pain, anguish and vengeance - counter-strikes of affect. In the midst of all of this molten violence and emotion it seems impossible that a simultaneous sense of quiescence could be at all possible. More than mere physical fixity or geographical stasis, a rather different sort of experience could take place. Preceding, during and following the excessive mobilisation of an air raid, ‘stillness’ was often used to describe certain plateuing stretches of time-space which were slowed and even stopped (Anderson 740). Between the eruptions appeared hollows of calm and even boredom. People’s nervous flinching under the reverberation of high-explosive blasts formed part of what Jordan Crandall might call a ‘bodily-inclination’ position. Slackened and taut feelings condensed around people listening out for the oncoming bomber. People found that they prepared for the dreadful wail of the siren, or relaxed in the aftermath of the attack. In these instances, states of tension and apprehension as well as calm and relief formed though stillness. The peculiar experiences of ‘stillness’ articulated in these events open out, I suggest, distinctive ways-of-being which undo our assumptions of perpetually fluid subjectivities and the primacy of the ‘body in motion’ even within the context of unparalleled movement and uncertainty (see Harrison 423 and also Rose and Wylie 477 for theoretical critique). The sorts of “musics of stillness and silence able to be discovered in a world of movement” (Thrift, Still 50), add to our understandings of the material geographies of war and terror (see for instance Graham 63; Gregory and Pred 3), whilst they gesture towards complex material-affective experiences of bodies and spaces. Stillness in this sense, denotes apprehending and anticipating spaces and events in ways that sees the body enveloped within the movement of the environment around it; bobbing along intensities that course their way through it; positioned towards pasts and futures that make themselves felt, and becoming capable of intense forms of experience and thought. These examples illustrate not a shutting down of the body to an inwardly focused position – albeit composed by complex relations and connections – but bodies finely attuned to their exteriors (see Bissell, Animating 277 and Conradson 33). In this paper I draw from a range of oral and written testimony archived at the Imperial War Museum and the Mass Observation wartime regular reports. Edited publications from these collections were also consulted. Detailing the experience of aerial bombing during the Blitz, particularly on London between September 1940 to May 1941, forms part of a wider project concerning the calculative and affective dimensions of the aeroplane’s relationship with the human body, especially through the spaces it has worked to construct (infrastructures such as airports) and destroy. While appearing extraordinary, the examples I use are actually fairly typical of the patternings of experience and the depth and clarity with which they are told. They could be taken to be representative of the population as a whole or coincidentally similar testimonials. Either way, they are couched within a specific cultural historical context of urgency, threat and unparalleled violence.Anticipations The complex material geographies of an air raid reveal the ecological interdependencies of populations and their often urban environments and metabolisms (Coward 419; Davis 3; Graham 63; Gregory The Colonial 19; Hewitt Place 257). Aerial warfare was an address of populations conceived at the register of their bio-rhythmical and metabolic relationship to their milieu (Adey). The Blitz and the subsequent Allied bombing campaign constituted Churchill’s ‘great experiment’ for governments attempting to assess the damage an air raid could inflict upon a population’s nerves and morale (Brittain 77; Gregory In Another 88). An anxious and uncertain landscape constructed before the war, perpetuated by public officials, commentators and members of parliament, saw background affects (Ngai 5) of urgency creating an atmosphere that pressurised and squeezed the population to prepare for the ‘gathering storm’. Attacks upon the atmosphere itself had been readily predicted in the form of threatening gas attacks ready to poison the medium upon which human and animal life depended (Haldane 111; Sloterdijk 41-57). One of the most talked of moments of the Blitz is not necessarily the action but the times of stillness that preceded it. Before and in-between an air raid stillness appears to describe a state rendered somewhere between the lulls and silences of the action and the warnings and the anticipatory feelings of what might happen. In the awaiting bodies, the materialites of silence could be felt as a kind-of-sound and as an atmospheric sense of imminence. At the onset of the first air-raids sound became a signifier of what was on the way (MO 408). Waiting – as both practice and sensation – imparted considerable inertia that went back and forth through time (Jeffrey 956; Massumi, Parables 3). For Geographer Kenneth Hewitt, sound “told of the coming raiders, the nearness of bombs, the plight of loved ones” (When the 16). The enormous social survey of Mass Observation concluded that “fear seems to be linked above all with noise” (original emphasis). As one report found, “It is the siren or the whistle or the explosion or the drone – these are the things that terrify. Fear seems to come to us most of all through our sense of hearing” (MO 378). Yet the power of the siren came not only from its capacity to propagate sound and to alert, but the warning held in its voice of ‘keeping silent’. “Prefacing in a dire prolepsis the post-apocalyptic event before the event”, as Bishop and Phillips (97) put it, the stillness of silence was incredibly virtual in its affects, disclosing - in its lack of life – the lives that would be later taken. Devastation was expected and rehearsed by civilians. Stillness formed a space and body ready to spring into movement – an ‘imminent mobility’ as John Armitage (204) has described it. Perched on the edge of devastation, space-times were felt through a sense of impending doom. Fatalistic yet composed expectations of a bomb heading straight down pervaded the thoughts and feelings of shelter dwellers (MO 253; MO 217). Waves of sound disrupted fragile tempers as they passed through the waiting bodies in the physical language of tensed muscles and gritted teeth (Gaskin 36). Silence helped form bodies inclined-to-attention, particularly sensitive to aural disturbances and vibrations from all around. Walls, floors and objects carried an urban bass-line of warning (Goodman). Stillness was forged through a body readied in advance of the violence these materialities signified. A calm and composed body was not necessarily an immobile body. Civilians who had prepared for the attacks were ready to snap into action - to dutifully wear their gas-mask or escape to shelter. ‘Backgrounds of expectation’ (Thrift, Still 36) were forged through non-too-subtle procedural and sequential movements which opened-out new modes of thinking and feeling. Folding one’s clothes and placing them on the dresser in-readiness; pillows and sheets prepared for a spell in the shelter, these were some of many orderly examples (IWM 14595). In the event of a gas attack air raid precautions instructions advised how to put on a gas mask (ARPD 90-92),i) Hold the breath. ii) Remove headgear and place between the knees. iii) Lift the flap of the haversack [ …] iv) Bring the face-piece towards the face’[…](v) Breathe out and continue to breathe in a normal manner The rational technologies of drill, dressage and operational research enabled poise in the face of an eventual air-raid. Through this ‘logistical-life’ (Reid 17), thought was directed towards simple tasks by minutely described instructions. Stilled LifeThe end of stillness was usually marked by a reactionary ‘flinch’, ‘start’ or ‘jump’. Such reactionary ‘urgent analogs’ (Ngai 94; Tomkins 96) often occurred as a response to sounds and movements that merely broke the tension rather than accurately mimicking an air raid. These atmospheres were brittle and easily disrupted. Cars back-firing and changing gear were often complained about (MO 371), just as bringing people out of the quiescence of sleep was a common effect of air-raids (Kraftl and Horton 509). Disorientation was usually fostered in this process while people found it very difficult to carry out the most simple of tasks. Putting one’s clothes on or even making their way out of the bedroom door became enormously problematic. Sirens awoke a ‘conditioned reflex’ to take cover (MO 364). Long periods of sleep deprivation brought on considerable fatigue and anxiety. ‘Sleep we Must’ wrote journalist Ritchie Calder (252) noticing the invigorating powers of sleep for both urban morale and the bare existence of survival. For other more traumatized members of the population, psychological studies found that the sustained concentration of shelling caused what was named ‘apathy-retreat’ (Harrisson, Living 65). This extreme form of acquiescence saw especially susceptible and vulnerable civilians suffer an overwhelming urge to sleep and to be cared-for ‘as if chronically ill’ (Janis 90). A class and racial politics of quiescent affect was enacted as several members of the population were believed far more liable to ‘give way’ to defeat and dangerous emotions (Brittain 77; Committee of Imperial Defence).In other cases it was only once an air-raid had started that sleep could be found (MO 253). The boredom of waiting could gather in its intensity deforming bodies with “the doom of depression” (Anderson 749). The stopped time-spaces in advance of a raid could be soaked with so much tension that the commencement of sirens, vibrations and explosions would allow a person overwhelming relief (MO 253). Quoting from a boy recalling his experiences in Hannover during 1943, Hewitt illustrates:I lie in bed. I am afraid. I strain my ears to hear something but still all is quiet. I hardly dare breathe, as if something horrible is knocking at the door, at the windows. Is it the beating of my heart? ... Suddenly there seems relief, the sirens howl into the night ... (Heimatbund Niedersachsen 1953: 185). (Cited in Hewitt, When 16)Once a state of still was lost getting it back required some effort (Bissell, Comfortable 1697). Cautious of preventing mass panic and public hysteria by allowing the body to erupt outwards into dangerous vectors of mobility, the British government’s schooling in the theories of panicology (Orr 12) and contagious affect (Le Bon 17; Tarde 278; Thrift, Intensities 57; Trotter 140), made air raid precautions (ARP) officers, police and civil defence teams enforce ‘stay put’ and ‘hold firm’ orders to protect the population (Jones et al, Civilian Morale 463, Public Panic 63-64; Thomas 16). Such orders were meant to shield against precisely the kinds of volatile bodies they were trying to compel with their own bombing strategies. Reactions to the Blitz were moralised and racialised. Becoming stilled required self-conscious work by a public anxious not to be seen to ‘panic’. This took the form of self-disciplination. People exhausted considerable energy to ‘settle’ themselves down. It required ‘holding’ themselves still and ‘together’ in order to accomplish this state, and to avoid going the same way as the buildings falling apart around them, as some people observed (MO 408). In Britain a cup of tea was often made as a spontaneous response in the event of the conclusion of a raid (Brown 686). As well as destroying bombing created spaces too – making space for stillness (Conradson 33). Many people found that they could recall their experiences in vivid detail, allocating a significant proportion of their memories to the recollection of the self and an awareness of their surroundings (IWM 19103). In this mode of stillness, contemplation did not turn-inwards but unfolded out towards the environment. The material processual movement of the shell-blast literally evacuated all sound and materials from its centre to leave a vacuum of negative pressure. Diaries and oral testimonies stretch out these millisecond events into discernable times and spaces of sensation, thought and the experience of experience (Massumi, Parables 2). Extraordinarily, survivors mention serene feelings of quiet within the eye of the blast (see Mortimer 239); they had, literally, ‘no time to be frightened’ (Crighton-Miller 6150). A shell explosion could create such intensities of stillness that a sudden and distinctive lessening of the person and world are expressed, constituting ‘stilling-slowing diminishments’ (Anderson 744). As if the blast-vacuum had sucked all the animation from their agency, recollections convey passivity and, paradoxically, a much more heightened and contemplative sense of the moment (Bourke 121; Thrift, Still 41). More lucid accounts describe a multitude of thoughts and an attention to minute detail. Alternatively, the enormous peaking of a waking blast subdued all later activities to relative obsolescence. The hurricane of sounds and air appear to overload into the flatness of an extended and calmed instantaneous present.Then the whistling stopped, then a terrific thump as it hit the ground, and everything seem to expand, then contract with deliberation and stillness seemed to be all around. (As recollected by Bill and Vi Reagan in Gaskin 17)On the other hand, as Schivelbusch (7) shows us in his exploration of defeat, the cessation of war could be met with an outburst of feeling. In these micro-moments a close encounter with death was often experienced with elation, a feeling of peace and well-being drawn through a much more heightened sense of the now (MO 253). These are not pre-formed or contemplative techniques of attunement as Thrift has tracked, but are the consequence of significant trauma and the primal reaction to extreme danger.TracesSusan Griffin’s haunting A Chorus of Stones documents what she describes as a private life of war (1). For Griffin, and as shown in these brief examples, stillness and being-stilled describe a series of diverse experiences endured during aerial bombing. Yet, as Griffin narrates, these are not-so private lives. A common representation of air war can be found in Henry Moore’s tube shelter sketches which convey sleeping tube-dwellers harboured in the London underground during the Blitz. The bodies are represented as much more than individuals being connected by Moore’s wave-like shapes into the turbulent aggregation of a choppy ocean. What we see in Moore’s portrayal and the examples discussed already are experiences with definite relations to both inner and outer worlds. They refer to more-than individuals who bear intimate relations to their outsides and the atmospheric and material environments enveloping and searing through them. Stillness was an unlikely state composed through these circulations just as it was formed as a means of address. It was required in order to apprehend sounds and possible events through techniques of listening or waiting. Alternatively being stilled could refer to pauses between air-strikes and the corresponding breaks of tension in the aftermath of a raid. Stillness was composed through a series of distributed yet interconnecting bodies, feelings, materials and atmospheres oriented towards the future and the past. The ruins of bombed-out building forms stand as traces even today. Just as Massumi (Sensing 16) describes in the context of architecture, the now static remainder of the explosion “envelops in its stillness a deformational field of which it stands as the trace”. The ruined forms left after the attack stand as a “monument” of the passing of the raid to be what it once was – house, factory, shop, restaurant, library - and to become something else. The experience of those ‘from below’ (Hewitt 2) suffering contemporary forms of air-warfare share many parallels with those of the Blitz. Air power continues to target, apparently more precisely, the affective tones of the body. Accessed by kinetic and non-kinetic forces, the signs of air-war are generated by the shelling of Kosovo, ‘shock and awe’ in Iraq, air-strikes in Afghanistan and by the simulated air-raids of IDF aircraft producing sonic-booms over sleeping Palestinian civilians, now becoming far more real as I write in the final days of 2008. Achieving stillness in the wake of aerial trauma remains, even now, a way to survive the (private) life of air war. AcknowledgementsI’d like to thank the editors and particularly the referees for such a close reading of the article; time did not permit the attention their suggestions demanded. Grateful acknowledgement is also made to the AHRC whose funding allowed me to research and write this paper. ReferencesAdey, Peter. Aerial Geographies: Mobilities, Bodies and Subjects. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010 (forthcoming). Anderson, Ben. “Time-Stilled Space-Slowed: How Boredom Matters.” Geoforum 35 (2004): 739-754Armitage, John. “On Ernst Jünger’s ‘Total Mobilization’: A Re-evaluation in the Era of the War on Terrorism.” Body and Society 9 (2001): 191-213.A.R.P.D. “Air Raid Precautions Handbook No.2 (1st Edition) Anti-Gas Precautions and First Aid for Air Raid Casualties.” Home Office Air Raid Precautions Department, London: HMSO, 1935. Bialer, Uri. The Shadow of the Bomber: The Fear of Air Attack and British Oolitics, 1932-1939. London: Royal Historical Society, 1980.Bishop, Ryan. and John Phillips. “Manufacturing Emergencies.” Theory, Culture and Society 19 (2002): 91-102.Bissell, David. “Animating Suspension: Waiting for Mobilities.” Mobilities 2 (2007): 277-298.———. “Comfortable Bodies: Sedentary Affects.” Environment and Planning A 40 (2008): 1697-1712.Bourke, Johanna. Fear: A Cultural History. London: Virago Press, 2005.Brittain, Vera. One Voice: Pacifist Writing from the Second World War. London: Continuum 2006.Brown, Felix. “Civilian Psychiatric Air-Raid Casualties.” The Lancet (31 May 1941): 686-691.Calder, Angus. The People's War: Britain, 1939-45. London: Panther, 1971.Calder, Ritchie. “Sleep We Must.” New Statesman and Nation (14 Sep. 1940): 252-253.Committee of Imperial Defence. Minute book. HO 45/17636. The National Archives, 1936.Conradson, David. “The Experiential Economy of Stillness: Places of Retreat in Contemporary Britain.” In Alison Williams, ed. Therapeutic Landscapes: Advances and Applications. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. 33-48.Coward, Martin. “Against Anthropocentrism: The Destruction of the Built Environment as a Distinct Form of Political Violence.” Review of International Studies 32 (2006): 419-437. Crandall, Jordan. “Precision + Guided + Seeing.” CTheory (1 Oct. 2006). 8 Mar. 2009 ‹http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=502›.Crighton-Miller, H. “Somatic Factors Conditioning Air-Raid Reactions.” The Lancet (12 July 1941): 31-34.Davis, Mike. Dead Cities, and Other Tales. New York: New P, 2002. Davis, Tracy. Stages of Emergency: Cold War Nuclear Civil Defence. Durham: Duke U P, 2007Gaskin, Martin. Blitz: The Story of December 29, 1940. London: Faber and Faber, 2006.Graham, Stephen. “Lessons in Urbicide.” New Left Review (2003): 63-78.Gregory, Derek. The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq. London: Routledge, 2004.———. “‘In Another Time-Zone, the Bombs Fall Unsafely…’: Targets, Civilians and Late Modern War.” Arab World Geographer 9 (2007): 88-112.Gregory, Derek, and Allan Pred. Violent Geographies: Fear, Terror and Political Violence. London: Routledge, 2007.Grosscup, Beau. Strategic Terror: The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment. London: Zed Books, 2006.Griffin, Susan. A Chorus of Stones: The Private Life of War. London: Anchor Books, 1993.Goodman, Steve. Sonic Warfare: Sound, Affect and the Ecology of Fear. Cambridge: MIT P, 2009 (forthcoming).Haldane, Jack. A.R.P. London: Victor Gollancz, 1938.Harrisson, Tom. Living through the Blitz. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1979.Harrison, Paul. “Corporeal Remains: Vulnerability, Proximity, and Living On after the End of the World.” Environment and Planning A 40 (2008): 423-445.Hewitt, Kenneth. “Place Annihilation - Area Bombing and the Fate of Urban Places.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73 (1983): 257-284.———. “When the Great Planes Came and Made Ashes of Our City - Towards an Oral Geography of the Disasters of War.” Antipode 26 (1994): 1-34.IWM 14595. Imperial War Museum Sound Archive. Oral Interview.IWM 19103. Imperial War Museum Sound Archive. Oral Interview.Janis, Irving. Air War and Emotional Stress. Psychological Studies of Bombing and Civilian Defense. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951.Jones, Edgar, Robert Woolven, Bill Durodie, and Simon Wesselly. “Civilian Morale during the Second World War: Responses to Air Raids Re-Examined.” Social History of Medicine 17 (2004): 463-479.———. “Public Panic and Morale: Second World War Civilian Responses Reexamined in the Light of the Current Anti-Terrorist Campaign.” Journal of Risk Research 9 (2006): 57-73.Kraftl, Peter, and John Horton. “Sleepy Geographies and the Spaces of Every-Night Life.” Progress in Human Geography 32 (2008): 509-532.Le Bon, Gustav. The Crowd. London: T. F. Unwin, 1925.Massumi, Brian. Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham and London: Duke U P, 2002.———. “Sensing the Virtual: Building the Insensible.” Architectural Design 68.5/6 (1998): 16-24Mendieta, Edwardo. “The Literature of Urbicide: Friedrich, Nossack, Sebald, and Vonnegut.” Theory and Event 10 (2007):MO 371. “Cars and Sirens.” Mass Observation Report. 27 Aug. 1940.MO 408. “Human Adjustments to Air Raids.” Mass Observation Report. 8 Sep. 1940.MO 253. “Air Raids.” Mass Observation Report. 5 July 1940.MO 217. “Air Raids.” Mass Observation Report. 21 June 1940.MO A14. “Shelters.” Mass Observation Report. [date unknown] 1940.MO 364. “Metropolitan Air Raids.” Mass Observation Report. 23 Aug. 1940.Mortimer, Gavin. The Longest Night. London: Orion, 2005.Ngai, Sianne. Ugly Feelings. Harvard: Harvard U P, 2005.Orr, Pauline. Panic Diaries. Durham and London: Duke U P, 2006.Reid, Julian. The Biopolitics of the War on Terror. London: Palgrave McMillan, 2006.Rose, Mitch, and John Wylie. “Animating Landscape: Editorial Introduction.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24 (2007): 475-479.Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. The Culture of Defeat. New York: Henry Holt, 1994.Sebald, W. G. On the Natural History of Destruction. New York: Random House, 2003.Sloterdijk, Peter. "Airquake." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 27.1 (2009): 41-57.Thomas, S. Evelyn. The Wardens Manual. London: St Albans Press, 1942.Thrift, Nigel. “Still Life in Nearly Present Time: The Object of Nature.” Body and Society 6 (2000): 34-57.———. “Intensities of Feeling: Towards a Spatial Politics of Affect.” Geografiska Annaler Series B 86 (2005): 57-78.Tomkins, Sylvan. Exploring Affect: The Selected Writings of Silvan S. Tomkins. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1995.Trotter, Wilfred. Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1924.