Dissertations / Theses on the topic '636.368.4(94)'

Bibliography: p. 198-233. Results presented highlight the complexity of the task of postulating theoretical models on the basis of simple relationships between chemical constitution and mechanical properties, and more basic research is required to clearly define the roles of microfibril and matrix proteins on the mechanical characteristics of wool fibres.

Orientadores: Daisy Peccini de ALvarado e Regina Polo Muller
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: Este trabalho de mestrado em artes tem como objeto de pesquisa o "Desenho: Série 89/94", composto de vinte e nove imagens realizadas em papel com meios e técnicas diversas e em grandes e variadas dimensões. Como complemento, realizei leitura e reflexão na forma desta dissertação, dividida em Partes I e li, contendo registro fotográfico de dezoito trabalhos. Nesta reflexão pretendo situar os conceitos e os elementos variados implicados no processo de criação desse segmento de produção, aliados a um olhar sobre possíveis referenciais históricos. Esses desenhos possuem sentido dramático que se realiza no processo e no procedimento d~ criação: o gesto-signo, o gesto-corte, o gesto-matéria e o gesto do fazer - energias formantes responsáveis pela estrutura do desenho, determinando e pronunciando o seu caráter gráfico. Estão inseridos num contexto de arte de conteúdo mais aberto em seu significado humano e espiritual, que - não representa coisas ou sentimentos definidos, resultado de tudo que compõe a minha vivência: o mundo do artista. A busca pelos referenciais históricos se deu pela certeza de que os trabalhos que desenvolvo não estão isolados no espaço-tempo, mas possuem vínculos com situações históricas pós Segunda Guerra Mundial. Realizo um olhar de autor sobre a obra de outro autor, um processo de auto-reconhecimento ou de familiaridade. A defesa da dissertação se dará juntamente com a exposição individual na Galeria de Arte UNICAMP/IA
Abstract: This masters work in arts has as its object of research the "Desenho: Série 89/94" composed of twenty-nine images, using various media and techniques. As a complement, I have done reading and reflection in the form of this essay. Divided into Parts I and li, it includes a photographic register of eighteen of the works. In this reflection, I intend to place the various concepts and elements implied in the creative process of this segment of production, together with a focus on possible historical references. These drawings have a dramatic meaning that is realised in the process and procedure of creation - the sign-gesture, the cut-gesture, the matter-gesture and the gesture of doing - formative energies responsible for the structure of the drawing, determining and pronouncing its graphic character. They are inserted in a context of art with a content more open in its human and spiritual meaning, that does not represent defined feelings or things, a result of everything that composes my life experience: the artist's world. The search for historical references happened as the result of the certainty that the works I develop are not isolated in the timespace, but have historic links to post second world war situations. My look is the one of an author at the work of another author, a process of selfrecognition or of familiarity. The defence of the essay will happen together with the individual exhibition in the UNICAMPliA Art Gallery
Mestrado
Mestre em Artes

What are the basic thoughts formulated in the Heraclitean fragments? A cosmology, a philosophy of nature, the idea that all can be reduced to a single substance? There is always a risk that Heraclitus is fitted into a thought pattern he doesn’t belong to, if we – from our present horizon – focus on continuity in an attempt to frame his thinking as part of an overall progress, running from the so-called pre-Socratics to Aristotle, in the history of philosophy. If we picture the dawn of Western civilization as an early development of scientific thinking, built on a gradual and continuous growth of knowledge, we will easily go astray as we try to discover the Greek origins of philosophy. Assuming, for example, that the readings of Heraclitus as a natural philosopher have come to a dead end, can we approach the fragments from a different angle?

The aim of this paper is not to give a systematized reading of all the remaining fragments of Heraclitus, but neither to necessarily contradict the various interpretations that emphasise how these shattered remains reflect a coherent philosophy. The focal point is the role of the sun in the fragments, but every chapter presents different perspectives, thematically possible to connect to (Diels-Kranz) Fragm 94: “The sun will not transgress his measures. If he does, The Furies, ministers of Justice (Dikê), will find him out.” (transl. C.H. Kahn)  This is the centre of the text, the hub that thematically will intertwine the Heraclitean sun with philosophical questions of measure, necessity, law, violence and destiny.

It is argued that a tragic structure is discernable in Fragm 94, a structure distinguished and displayed as three oscillating layers: myth, tragedy and philosophy. The archaeological approach shows remains of an archaic (Homeric) heritage, a mythological framework crucial for the expression of a tragic experience. The mytopoetical background of the fragment indicates a series of tragic markers – helios, metra, furies etc. – a layer revealing possible resemblances to early Greek tragedy. The third layer shows how this experience, from a philosophical perspective, in the first phase of philosophy, before the consolidation of philosophical concepts, is staged as the tragic harmony we find in Heraclitus Fragm 94.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur Lpo 94 påverkat lärarens yrkesroll i Idrott och hälsa. Undersökningsgruppen består av åtta stycken lärare i södra Skåne. Huvudfrågeställningen lyder enligt följande; Vad innebar Lpo 94 för lärarna i Idrott och Hälsas arbete? Frågan följs även upp av tre stycken underfrågor; Hur upplever lärarna att tolkningen av målen för Lpo 94 förändrats från dess intåg fram till idag? Vad innebar arbetslagen och den förändrade organisationen för lärarna i Idrott och Hälsas arbete? Var lärarna i Idrott och Hälsa redo för förändringen? Detta görs genom en kvalitativ intervjumetod. Resultatet visar på att arbetet med Lpo 94 gått väldigt långsamt och fortfarande inte efterföljs på många skolor. Detta kan till viss del bero på den ökade arbetsbördan som lärarna i Idrott och hälsa upplever. Lpo 94 innebar en ny organisation som genomsyrades av nya samarbetsformer i form av arbetslag, mentorskap och andra former av tidskrävande merarbete. Idrottsämnet och dess nya utformning var inte anpassat för de organisatoriska förändringar som skolan genomgick. Vidare diskuteras och analyseras hur de olika lärarna hanterar det nya uppdraget samt vad de olika värderingarna och handlandena kan grunda sig i. I studien behandlas också ämnet Idrott och hälsa och dess legitimitet i förhållande till andra ämnen samt vilka andra faktorer som påverkat idrottslärarnas arbete efter införandet av Lpo 94.
The aim of this study is to show how the Lpo 94 has affected the teachers professional role in Physical education. Eight teachers from the south of Skåne were used as informants. The main question asked is; What impact did the Lpo 94 have to teachers of Physical education? The main question is also monitored by three subqueries: How do the teachers in Physical education feel that the interpretation of the objectives for Lpo 94 have changed from its entrance until today? What did the “work team” and the changing organization influence the teachers in Physical education? Were the PE teachers ready for the change?A qualitative interview method is used and the results show that the progress of Lpo 94 has gone very slowly and that it still hasen´t been enforced in many schools. According to the PE teachers there are several reasons to why it hasen´t been enforced but a common denominator is the increased workload. Lpo 94 meant new organizations, new cooperation in teams, mentoring and other forms of time-consuming burdens. Physical education and its new design were not adapted to the organizational changes that the school underwent at the same time. Further discussed and analyzed in the study is how the various teachers handled the new assignment and what their different values and actions can be based on. The study also deals with Physical Education and its legitimacy in terms of other school subjects and other factors that have affected the PE teachers work after the introduction of Lpo 94.

Ämnet för denna studie är skolkultur. Syftet är att analysera Läroplanen för det svenska obligatoriska skolväsendet, Lpo 94, med särskilt fokus på den ideologi som går att finna, samt hur skolans kultur - här i fråga om individsyn, kunskapssyn och pedagogiska tradition påverkar synen på elever och utformandet av undervisningen. Studien är en innehållslig idéanalys. Det empiriska materialet består av Lpo 94 och mediapresentationer där det framgår hur Lpo 94 kan tolkas och förverkligas. Mediamaterialet är hämtat under hösten 2007 i en västsvensk kommuns lokaltidning och från den aktuella kommunens hemsida. Analysen visar på att Lpo 94 fastslår en värdekonservativ undervisning med ett särskiljande. Individsynen är en autonom individ som går att definiera, vilket innebär rationalistiska synsätt. Kunskapssynen innebär att värden ses som objektiva och jämförbara med kunskap, vilket innebär objektivism. Den pedagogiska traditionen med barnet i centrum är fastslagen i det statligt bindande styrdokumentet, vilket innebär att den pedagog som sätter ämneskunskaper i centrum blir motarbetad och hamnar i ett utanförskap i en organisationskultur med gemensamt tänkande och handlande. Resultatet visar på att Lpo 94 tillvaratar rationalistiska synsätt och objektivism, vilket aktuella kulturvetenskapliga teorier radikalt tar avstånd till.

SammanfattningSyftet med detta arbete är att försöka reda ut huruvida de tre läromedlen jag valt att analysera lever upp till vad Lpo-94 har som mål. Jag har fått fram resultaten genom att göra en analys av tre läromedel i ämnet religion för år 4-6. Två av läromedlen, Religion och liv (1986) samt Religion (1993) är båda böcker skrivna innan Lpo-94 började gälla, den tredje boken Religion (2005) Den tredje boken är en referens till de båda andra böckerna. Detta då den är skriven efter Lpo-94 och borde då sålunda kunna ge eleverna de verktyg och kunskaper som efterfrågas i Lpo-94 samt att den kommer att analyseras med samma verktyg och på samma sätt som de andra böckerna.I resultatdelen kommer jag påvisa hur läromedlen inte helt lever upp till vad Lpo-94 vill att läromedlen ska göra. Nyckelord; läromedelsanalys, religion

Sammanfattning Lpo-94 är lärarnas främsta styrdokument, och det är ett dokument som har vida mål och som är öppet för allas olika tolkningar. Min undersökning handlar om detta ämne, inriktat på främst individualiseringskraven i läroplanen. Den är uppdelad i två delar. I den inledande litteraturgenomgången går jag igenom äldre läroplaners syn på individualisering samt de formuleringar om individualisering som finns i Lpo-94.

Jag presenteraransvarsfördelningen för skolan och nämner kommunaliseringen och den nya ansvarsfördelningen samt de brister som kommunerna har uppvisat i sitt arbete med skolan. Vidare handlar det om faktorer som styr arbetet i klassrummet, läroplanens språk, olika sätt att individualisera, olika individualiserartyper bland lärare, orsaker till varför läroplanens visioner ibland inte kan verkställas samt förespråkare och kritiker i individualiseringsdebatten.

I intervjudelen presenteras åtta intervjuer i form av lärarporträtt för att försöka reda ut om det finns någon skillnad när det gäller antalet tjänstgöringsår och på vilket stadium på grundskolan man arbetar, när det gäller hur man tolkar och efterlever Lpo-94:s tankar i allmänhet och individualiseringstankarna i synnerhet. Enligt resultatet finns vissa skillnader.

This study is concerned with filling the gap that exists in our understanding of Venetian diplomacy. Historical works on Renaissance diplomacy have tended to be general, and the experience of Venice in the fifteenth century has been largely overlooked (partly because of the lack of extant diplomatic material). Yet this period is of key importance in the history of diplomacy; it was during the mid-fifteenth century that Italian states first used resident ambassadors, something which became accepted practice in sixteenth century Europe. My approach has been to carry out a prosopographical analysis of every patrician who was appointed by Venice as an ambassador between 1454 and 1494. This has allowed investigation into their economic standing, family connections, intellectual interests, and political importance. Such a socio-political approach not only tells us much about diplomatic practices, but also casts light on the development of elite groups in Venice. The first chapter of the study is introductory, explaining the chronological context of the study and outlining the debate over residency and the use of prosopography. Chapter two discusses elites, describes the personnel who manned Venetian missions, and explains the pattern of Venetian representation. Chapter three compares the theory and the reality of Venetian diplomatic practices. Chapters four and five focus more closely on the prosopography and consider the importance of family connections for ambassadors, their humanist interests, their political standing. The final chapter looks at the development of resident and permanent diplomacy in Venice. I argue that Venetian ambassadors were drawn from the highest echelons of Venetian society and that their elevated status affected the nature of Venetian diplomacy. The type of men appointed by the Republic meant that Venice lagged behind many of its neighbours (especially the Princely states) in the use of resident ambassadors. This was primarily due to the nature of the Republic itself; Venice did not encourage long absences abroad or diplomatic specialisation. The Venetian experience shows that the speed at which Italian states responded to changes in diplomacy varied considerably and was closely related to their own cultural and political values.

This work describes in detail musical analysis of the "94th Psalm" Sonata by Julius Reubke. The main concern is given to the work with the theme and its parts. It also describes the harmonic developement of Sonata. There are informations about the 94th Psalm and different Sonata editions. The basic data of the author´s life and his family background are presented too.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.
Ph.D. thesis submitted by published work to the MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

This thesis describes a study into the improvement of solid-state NMR methods for the detection and characterisation of pharmaceutical compound. Chapter 1 reviews the literature that are relevant to the techniques discussed within this thesis Chapter 2 outlines the key experimental techniques employed within this work. Chapter 3 investigates the usefulness of indirect detection as a method to detect and possibly quantify the ratio of 15N present for multiple 15N containing systems. The work highlights how for CP performed at fast MAS, there is a much greater sensitivity to the RF inhomogeneity of the probe, and how this be reduced by using ramped CP. The results showed that for routine detection of 15N it is advised to detect via routine CP, due to the more complex setup of indirect detection. Chapter 4 discusses the potential of combining REDOR data and that of powder X-ray diffraction as a method to improve the efficiency of structural determination of powders. The investigation was performed on two pseudo-polymorphs with the aim of measuring differences in the 13C-19F couplings. The aim was that many ‘loose constraints’ could be used to improve efficiency when working with natural abundance 13C. Chapter 5 for 19F, a large number of model compounds were selected to reflect the broad range of possible fluorine environments, ranging from per-fluorinated systems where the line-width is dominated by homonuclear coupling to systems dilute in 19F when the total line-width is found to be determined by the hetero-nuclear decoupling as well as in-homogenous contribution. Combining the data from the model compounds it has led to a better understanding the factors that determine 19F resolution. As such a suitable work scheme in order to achieve the best resolution for 19F containing compounds is presented. Chapter 6 investigates the combination of NMR and calculated data in order to assign chemical shifts to specific crystal sites1. The results show that by combining ab initio calculations with 2D NMR data confident assignment of peaks is possible. (1) Robbins, A. J.; Ng, W. T. K.; Jochym, D.; Keal, T. W.; Clark, S. J.; Tozer, D. J.; Hodgkinson, P. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2007, 9, 2389.

Reinforced concrete columns might fail because of buckling of the longitudinal reinforcing bar when exposed to earthquake motions. Depending on the hoop stiffness and the length-over-diameter ratio, the instability can be local (in between two subsequent hoops) or global (the buckling length comprises several hoop spacings). To get insight into the topic, an extensive literary research of 19 existing models has been carried out including different approaches and assumptions which yield different results. Finite element fiberanalysis was carried out to study the local buckling behavior with varying length-over-diameter and initial imperfection-over-diameter ratios. The comparison of the analytical results with some experimental results shows good agreement before the post buckling behavior undergoes large deformation. Furthermore, different global buckling analysis cases were run considering the influence of different parameters; for certain hoop stiffnesses and length-over-diameter ratios local buckling was encountered. A parametric study yields an adimensional critical stress in function of a stiffness ratio characterized by the reinforcement configuration. Colonne in cemento armato possono collassare per via dell’instabilità dell’armatura longitudinale se sottoposte all’azione di un sisma. In funzione della rigidezza dei ferri trasversali e del rapporto lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro, l’instabilità può essere locale (fra due staffe adiacenti) o globale (la lunghezza d’instabilità comprende alcune staffe). Per introdurre alla materia, è proposta un’esauriente ricerca bibliografica di 19 modelli esistenti che include approcci e ipotesi differenti che portano a risultati distinti. Tramite un’analisi a fibre e elementi finiti si è studiata l’instabilità locale con vari rapporti lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro e imperfezione iniziale-diametro. Il confronto dei risultati analitici con quelli sperimentali mostra una buona coincidenza fino al raggiungimento di grandi spostamenti. Inoltre, il caso d’instabilità globale è stato simulato valutando l’influenza di vari parametri; per certe configurazioni di rigidezza delle staffe e lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro si hanno ottenuto casi di instabilità locale. Uno studio parametrico ha permesso di ottenere un carico critico adimensionale in funzione del rapporto di rigidezza dato dalle caratteristiche dell’armatura.

El trabajo pretende explicar cuales fueron las estrategias de la burguesiabarcelonesa en la construcción del Estado liberal español, y especificamentea lo largo de la década moderada. Durante este periodo, singularizado porla reconsideración de la revolución española en clave conservadora, seadopto el modelo centralista de organización del poder territorial, unade las caracteristicas más acusadas y permanentes del Estado español contemporáneo.En este contexto, el proyecto industrialista de la burguesia barcelonesa,que obedecia a un movimiento de largo recorrido desde el momento en queel colapso colonial la lanzó a la conquista y el desarrollo del mercadonacional, tenia un doble objetivo político, en el orden local estableceruna hegemonia que le permitiese controlar y dirigir las profundas transformacionessociales, económicas y urbanas que el desarrollo industrial estaba produciendoen la ciudad, y en el marco general participar, en el momento de configuracióndel Estado liberal, en las estructuras de poder para influir en que esteadoptara las reformas necesarias al desarrollo de su modelo económico.Este modelo, en sintesis, suponia la creación de un mercado nacional integrado,con un cierto grado de división del trabajo, en el que Cataluña y lasregiones cerealistas pudieran intercanviar sus productos, para ello, ydadas la escasa competitividad de su industria enlos mercados internacionalesa causa de la escasez de recursos naturales, se requeria del gobierno laprotección del mercado nacional para los prodctos industriales catalanes,pero no solo como una política defensiva, sinó como un proyecto de transiciónhacia el capitalismo maduro que forzosamente reclamava algún tipo de reformaagraria que crease consumidores y el desarrollo de las comunicaciones anivel español para facilitar le integración de este mercado. El establecimientodel modelo moderado y de sus proyectos centralistas en una ciu

Syftet till det här arbetet är att undersöka hur lärarna i skolan utvärderar eleverna i ämnet idrott och hälsa samt att undersöka varför ämnet idrott och hälsa är så viktigt för barnen som håller på att utvecklas.

Jag har främst gjort en litteraturstudie där jag granskat vad LPO-94 säger. Men jag har även inriktat mig på barns motoriska utveckling för att få en förståelse för varför rörelsen är så viktig för barn. För att ta reda på hur lärarna går till väga när de utvärderar eleverna har jag valt att fråga ett antal lärare. Jag frågade även lärarna vad de gör med de elever som inte når upp till de utstakade målen samt om det finns någon special idrott på skolan.

Det jag har kommit fram till är att utvärderingen ser mycket olika ut beroende på lärare och dess utbildning. På många skolor finns det inte möjlighet att få special idrott utan träningen för att nå upp till målen måste ske på idrottslektionerna.. Jag har även kommit fram till att rörelsen är mycket viktig för barn och att skolan bör ta ämnet idrott och hälsa på mer allvar.

Orientador: Isabella Tardin Cardoso
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: As Epístolas Morais a Lucílio, ainda que sejam consideradas por muitos estudiosos umas das mais importantes obras de Sêneca, costumam ser criticadas tanto por, alegadamente, se resumirem a um conjunto de exortações de cunho moral (preceitos), sem maior fundamento doutrinário, quanto por, segundo em geral se supõe, não apresentarem sistematicidade. No entanto, um olhar mais atento à carta 94 e à seguinte, a 95, nos permite notar que o próprio Sêneca chega a tematizar a questão do papel dos preceitos, i.e. do valor da parte da filosofia denominada preceptiva (de ordem prática, regida por praecepta), frente à dogmática (parte da filosofia de ordem teórica, regida por decreta). Para tanto, nessas cartas, o filósofo adota uma forma de argumentação consideravelmente organizada, além de fazer uso regular de certas imagens referentes a decreta e praecepta. Levando isso em conta, e tendo estudado tais aspectos na Ep. 95, nossa investigação da Ep. 94 se dedica à hipótese de que o texto do filósofo apresenta certa sistematicidade, ao menos no que tange à sua argumentação sobre os referidos métodos de ensino filosófico. Uma tradução completa e anotada da Ep. 94 acompanha o nosso estudo
Abstract: Though considered one of the most significant of Seneca's works, scholars sometimes critize the Letters to Lucilius as being nothing but a gathering of moral exhortations (precepts) with no considerable doctrinal basis, or for allegedly not presenting any systematics. However, a more careful reading of the Letter 94 (and the one that follows it, the Letter 95), lets us come to notice that Seneca himself approaches the role of precepts in moral development. The importance of that part of philosophy called praeceptiua as opposed to the dogmatic one is the main subject of these epistles. There, the philosopher develops his arguments quite orderly and makes regular use of imagery in order to refer to both decreta and praecepta. Taking that into account, and having studied the Letter 95 before, this investigation of the Letter 94 focuses on the hypothesis that the philosopher presents systematics of some kind, at least when it comes to his arguments about the methods of philosophical teaching just mentioned. The epistle is translated in full and provided with footnotes
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestra em Linguística

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico.
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Análise da exploração da força de trabalho na indústria brasileira sob a óptica marxista. Para identificar as atuais condições em que ocorre a exploração capitalista partiu-se do estudo dos conceitos sobre a exploração capitalista, definidos por Marx, e como aconteceu o processo de evolução das relações capital/trabalho na história da exploração capitalista. Essa sustentação teórica permite analisar como a indústria brasileira se comportou frente ao processo da atual etapa de acumulação de capital - a globalização -, bem como as transformações impostas à classe trabalhadora. A exploração da força de trabalho no Brasil é diferente da processada nos países desenvolvidos, pois aqui verifica-se uma superexploração da força de trabalho caracterizada pela negação do pagamento de parte do trabalho necessário ao trabalhador para recompor a sua força de trabalho, intensificação do trabalho e pelo prolongamento da jornada de trabalho. Observa-se, assim, na definição de Marini, um capitalismo sui generis. Além do levantamento teórico a pesquisa também mostra uma análise do setor metalúrgico no Brasil, com vistas a provar que na prática os conceitos teóricos estudados se revelam, ou seja, com a análise foi possível observar a partir das greves levantadas no período 94-99 que o trabalhador brasileiro vive sob as condições capitalistas de superexploração. As causas de greves que se revelaram mais intensas são os atrasos nos pagamentos de salários o que caracteriza um dos elementos da superexploração, pois se nega ao trabalhador a condição de recompor a sua força de trabalho. A partir dos dados levantados sobre o setor, no período analisado, observa-se que houve crescimento, bem como um importante incremento nos índices de produtividade resultante não só da intensa implementação de novas tecnologias, como também da intensificação do trabalho, o que caracteriza a mais valia relativa, uma das modalidades dos processos da superexploração. De outra forma, quando se analisa a jornada de trabalho, percebe-se que esta recebeu um incremento de horas extras em detrimento do nível de pessoal ocupado na produção, caracterizando um aumento da mais valia absoluta. Neste sentido foi possível observar que as relações capital/trabalho na indústria brasileira, realizam-se com base não só na exploração da força de trabalho, mas também na superexploração. A superexploração da força de trabalho brasileira é uma modalidade de exploração própria do capitalismo dependente.

Läroplanen är föränderlig över tid och har kunnat återspegla sin samtid samhällets rådande grundintentioner. Piaget, Dewey och Vygotskij har alla påverkat den svenska läroplanens utformning på olika sätt och skapat olika förutsättningar och svårigheter för individen och dennes utveckling. En undersökning som byggde på 15 lärares upplevelser fokuserade på huruvida den senaste läroplanen skapade problem för eleverna och hur de i så fall uttrycktes. Resultaten visade att läroplanen i sig inte var den avgörande, utan att yttre faktorer såsom media, samhällets struktur och föräldrar hade en större betydelse för hur eleverna fungerade i skolan. Flera lärare kommenterade nya fenomen som råare attityder mellan flickor, lustbarn och starkt präglad individualism vilka alla kan ses som vidare underlag för framtida forskning.

This thesis interrogates a well-established consensus that the mass killings that erupted in Rwanda in 1994 upon the aerial assassination of President Habyarimana were the result of a planned and controlled genocide of Tutsis by Hutu extremists. It concludes that this dominant narrative is flawed and argues instead that the killings had a ‘bottomup’ character, were neither planned nor controlled, and were conducted in anarchic conditions. An historical background addresses the question of how ethnic identity formation relates to the 1990-1994 war. The war is reconstructed by means of a logical chronological narrative. Interviews of key individuals involved, checks of court records, and a critical survey of English and French literature has yielded, it is hoped, a more rigorous, reflective and nuanced approach toward the dynamics of the war. Claims for genocide planning and implementation are shown to be problematic. In place of a conspiracy of Hutu extremists, the thesis emphasises linkages between RPF strategy and conduct with various forms of Western intervention as salient forces generating conditions conducive to civilian slaughter. The material and ideological links between the protagonists of the Rwandan war and regional and international actors are situated within the context of the immediate post-Cold War period. A comparative study of genocide concludes that the number of genocides in the twentieth century should be restricted to three: the Nazi holocaust, the genocide of the Armenians, and the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples in German South-West Africa.

The aim of this thesis was to bridge a gap in the research literature with regard to commentary on and evaluation of the relationship between British land-use planning and the management and development of the railway network in the years between 1948-94 when British railways were in public ownership. Although the research was focused on the nationalised main line system, it reviewed other rail systems where this was helpful to the analysis. The research utilised a review of the relationship between the railway network and urban form in the years to 1947 to derive analytical criteria and to serve as a point of departure for the core of the thesis. The overall relationship between the two sectors post-1948 was explored, at a broad geographical scale, with regard to institutional relationships, policy, and outcomes with regard to the spatial relationships between the railway network and patterns of urban form. The results of this research were used to derive hypotheses about the relationships which were then tested in a case study of the Manchester conurbation. The main conclusions are that there were few periods between 1948-94 when the ideological, institutional and policy frameworks necessary for a close and positive relationship between the planning and railway sectors were in place simultaneously. The contexts which were most favourable were with regard to: the location of new towns and town expansion projects in the South East in 1950s and 1960s; the improvement of railway networks in the PTE areas between 1968-79 along with the development of strategic policies for the restriction of major trip generators to CBDs; the period between 1985-94 when a surge in the property market was accompanied by BR Sectorisation, investment in other forms of fixed track transit, and the promotion of major development projects at and around stations, especially in CBDs. The research concludes by identifying opportunities for further historical research and briefly reviewing the relevance of the findings to contemporary research.

Ce travail a eu pour objectif de démontrer la faisabilité de diodes Gunn InP 94 GHz. Deux voies expérimentales ont été explorées. L'une fait appel à une homostructure N+N N+, pour laquelle la croissance MOCVD du composé InP de haute pureté et son dopage au silicium et à l'étain ont été mis en œuvre et optimisés. La fabrication de diodes à radiateur intégré nous a amenés à proposer une technologie originale utilisant des structures à couche d'arrêt de GaInAs. L'autre voie a visé à utiliser comme injecteur une hétérojonction GaInAs/InP. La croissance épitaxiale du composé GaInAs et l'hétéro-interface GaInAs/InP ont été étudiées en détail. En régime impulsionnel, l'effet de limitation du courant attendu est observé alors qu'en régime continu et aux fortes polarisations, il disparaît. Corrélativement, l'effet Gunn observé est caractéristique d'un régime de sur-injection. La présence d'inclusions à l'hétéro-interface pourrait expliquer le comportement observé. Une approche qualitative non-standard du principe de fonctionnement de l'oscillateur à diode Gunn N+NN+ conduit à remettre en question l'adéquation du concept de résistance différentielle négative pour décrire le comportement dynamique de la diode Gunn et à proposer un modèle paramétrique qui semble mieux s'accorder à nos données expérimentales

Presentamos la historia del poblado arévaco de Los Castillejos de Pelegrina situado en al sur de Sigüenza, en la provincia de Guadalajara. Se trata de un yacimiento protohistórico hasta este instante prácticamente inédito. El primer capítulo está destinado a plasmar la metodología empleada para dicho estudio, mientras que el segundo queda reservado a la historiografía que sobre el origen de esta etnia concreta, la arévaca, ha habido. Desde las fuentes clásicas, hasta los últimos estudios.Su amplía perduración temporal, desde el siglo VII al II a.C., permiten apreciar los cambios en el modelo de vida, y que afectan a diversos aspectos, desde el modo de producción de la vajilla cerámica, pasando por la aparición de los primeros enseres realizados en hierro, e incluso los cambios que a nivel urbanístico afecta al recinto.Este enclave no debe entenderse como un centro aislado, sino que mantiene toda una serie de contactos con los distintos castros de la zona. Así se intenta demostrar las posibles comunicaciones visuales y físicas que los poblados segontinos mantendrían ya desde fechas tempranas. Este entramado de relaciones no es algo estático, sino que su permuta durante el transcurrir del tiempo es un síntoma evidente del dinamismo del poblamiento, y por consiguiente de las poblaciones arévacas de la provincia de Guadalajara.Estas mutaciones mencionadas no son traumáticas, sino que se producen de forma lenta, pero progresiva, de modo que no podemos establecer un proceso de ruptura. Aspecto éste que se hace manifiesto durante la totalidad de las facies por las que el poblado atraviesa, desde el Protoceltibérico, hasta la romanización.El poblado aparece en algún momento que no debe ser datado alrededor del siglo VII a.C., cronología documenta principalmente a partir de ciertos elementos cerámicos, que como las pintadas postcocción aparecen de forma considerable en este instante, y que nos están indicando de forma clara la presencia de contactos con otras zonas como las regiones meridionales.Urbanísticamente hablando esta ocupación queda representada por medio de una vivienda de estructura cuadrangular.Escasamente separada en el tiempo aparece separada la segunda ocupación, momento para el que contamos con la datación radiocarbónica del 490, y otros elementos que nos permiten asociar los resultados ceramológicos con datos procedentes de otros poblados de las comarcas vecinas. En este preciso momento aparecen las primeras importaciones de formas torneadas. A diferencia del momento anterior el poblado está amurallado, lo que debe ser interpretado como un claro síntoma de la durabilidad poblacional.La facies Castillejos III está documentada por la existencia de una muralla de aparejo ciclópeo donde el carácter de madurez aparece perfectamente atestiguado. Los cambios en este periodo son evidentes: un aumento poblacional atestiguado por medio de la ampliación del recinto murado, cambios en las pautas económicas, y permutaciones en los modelos cerámicos de producción local. Ahora, éstos son interpretados como una evidente producción local, pero sin que ello signifique un modo de ruptura con respecto a los tipos procedentes de los momentos anteriores.El siglo II a.C., marcan el final del poblado. La precisión cronológica de esta facies cultural aparece atestiguada por medio de formas cerámicas halladas sobre rampa de acceso al poblado.El último capítulo de la tesis es un intento de contextualización sobre el porqué del final del modelo de vida de los poblados castros, y la absorción de las poblaciones hasta este instante allí alojadas, hacia otros nuevos centros de tipos oppidum.
The Castillejos of Pelegrina hillfort it is an example of settlement of long occupation.Its beginning is located around the VII century B.C. At this time a rectangular housing appears. All ceramic pieces aren't turn. So we design this moment Protoceltiberian.The secondary of the occupations happens between the VI-V centuries B.C., where the ceramic to lathe begin to have importance, although it is sure that the great majority of them should be classified as iberian imports. During this Old Celtiberian are built the first of the ramparts, that it surrounds the hill along the south side. It's characterized for the irregular look of their blocks of stone. Also they in this period are begun to locate the first iron scums.The third moment of the life of the inhabited is characterized by the presence of a rampart of big stones, or of gigantic type. It has must associate the presence of a present turret in the oriental zone of the hill. Now most they of the ceramic are lathed. From the economical point of view significant change in the courages of the cattles species are observed.The last phase of the inhabited should locate around the III-II century B.C., according to inferred by the ceramic remainders found on the road of access to the inhabited. We defend the depletion of the model of life of the hillforts more for the own dynamic internal, that not for the Roman presence in the zone of Sigüenza, although it is sure that this could mean the acceleration of the end of good part of the indigenous inhabited.

En la Tesis se analizan los principales protagonistas y beneficiarios de la guerra en la baja edad media, las fuerzas de caballería pesada -los caballeros u hombres de armas- y la clase nobiliaria. Se busca responder a dos interrogantes: por un lado, cómo y dónde se integró la nobleza en la guerra, examinando la caballería como arma militar, su estructura y organización social; por otro lado, por qué participaba la nobleza en las campañas y cuál era la rentabilidad de su servicio, abordando la dimensión social y económica de su integración en los ejércitos. Todo ello en el marco de la Corona de Aragón de la primera mitad del siglo XV en el reinado de Alfonso el Magnánimo, aunque también se analizan las estructuras heredadas del siglo XIV, especialmente en su segunda mitad a partir de las ordenanzas militares de Pedro el Ceremonioso y la participación armada del noble Alfons d'Aragó como conde de Denia y marqués de Villena. La fuente esencial para investigar el origen, caracteres y evolución del ejército de caballería y la organización militar durante las campañas de Alfonso el Magnánimo (1420-1448), han sido los registros financieros y administrativos reales (Tesorería General y Cancillería Real, tanto en el Archivo del Reino de Valencia como en el Archivo de la Corona de Aragón). Por su parte, en la nobleza el protagonismo recae en los linajes valencianos; combinando las fuentes citadas con registros notariales y judiciales depositados en otros archivos valencianos locales, se determinan los niveles de militarización de la nobleza y los riesgos y beneficios que implicó la implicación en la guerra.El modelo de fuerzas caballería de los ejércitos del Magnánimo partía de la organización social y militar heredada del siglo XIV. Los pilares sociales, tanto en compañías nobiliarias como en el ejército real, descansaban entre las clientelas y el mercado. En primer lugar en el peso de una clientela militar, los caballeros y escuderos de la Casa feudal (fuera una casa señorial o la domus regia) como simples miembros de ésta o al frente de oficios cortesanos, sin que su vinculación generase formas contractuales y remunerados con pensiones y rentas extraordinarias antes que con salarios ordinarios. Muchos de esos cortesanos, caballeros y escuderos de casa acudían al servicio armado acompañados de sus parientes y representaban el centro del potencial armado feudal, tanto en los ejércitos del rey como en las comitivas nobiliarias. En segundo lugar, en su entorno se aglutinaban los combatientes contratados al efecto cuya existencia era fruto de la formación de un mercado de hombres de armas en tiempos de guerra, ya que todo aquél que dispusiese del equipamiento militar necesario tenía la posibilidad de ofrecer sus servicios y ser contratado. Por su parte, en la organización del ejército destaca la hegemonía del reclutamiento a sueldo (contratos de acorriment con un modelo similar a las condotte italianas, letres de retenue francesas e indetures inglesas). La administración militar se centralizaba en la Casa Real. En ésta al lado de un pequeño nivel burocrático encargado del pago y servicios logísticos a las tropas (escrivania de ració, tresoreria), sobresale el nivel clientelar encarnado en los nobles y caballeros cortesanos (camarlencs, copers, cambrers, uixers d'armes, etc) que ejercen como cuadros de mando y encuadramiento de tropas. La continuidad de la guerra durante el reinado del Magnánimo (1420-1448), sobre todo sus campañas exteriores (conquista de Nápoles y conflictos italianos) junto a la flexible política financiera arbitrada para sostener la maquinaria militar (créditos y letras de cambio, compras de draps como medio de pago, etc.) aceleraron la transformación de esas estructuras militares. El resultado fue una de las primeras experiencias europeas de ejército permanente, la caballería del rey en Nápoles, en una tendencia y estructura similar a otros ejemplos norditalianos (Venecia y Milán): un núcleo de capitanes y hombres de armas clientes del Estado y un entorno atomizado de pequeñas comitivas reclutadas al margen de grandes capitanes. La caballería permanente del rey provino de la participación regular de sectores de la clientela militar del monarca (esencialmente los nobles cortesanos más profesionalizados en la guerra junto con un nuevo contingente de hombres de armas de la Casa Real) sumada a la regularización de tropas en el mercado italiano, a partir de la presencia tanto de pequeñas comitivas (a cargo de caballeros y escuderos ibéricos o de hombres de armas italianos -las lanze spezzate-) como de capitanes o condottieri pensionados por el rey. Un ejército permanente por su base profesional, su servicio contratado y su encuadramiento regular en unidades de similares dimensiones (esquadres) dirigidas por capitanes reales (fueran cortesanos o condottieri pensionados). Al hilo de una actividad militar organizada y dirigida por el rey surgieron unas fuerzas permanentes que convivían en el resto de reinos de la Corona de Aragón con estructuras militares basadas en milicias y obligaciones defensivas, al igual que ocurriría en el siglo XVI en el marco de la monarquía hispánica con los Tercios y el contexto militar de los reinos ibéricos.La nobleza fue protagonista y beneficiaria de esa transformación en las estructuras militares. Sin embargo, como confirma el análisis de la participación armada de los linajes valencianos en las campañas del Magnánimo, la militarización nobiliaria así como la rentabilidad socio-económica lograda por ello fue extremadamente desigual. El grueso de los nobles y caballeros participó de forma ocasional e intermitente en la guerra, concentrándose en los escenarios más cercanos, algunos de cierto contenido defensivo (conflictos con Castilla) y que, en parte, exigían una menor inversión preparatoria. Para muchos de éstos parece tratarse tan sólo de la obligación propia de su condición, una etapa necesaria de su socialización como individuo noble. De hecho, sólo se profesionalizó en las armas una minoría de los linajes nobles, un quinto de los examinados que muestran a uno o más miembros involucrados en la mayor parte de los escenarios militares y activamente en las campañas exteriores. Esa escasa militarización nobiliaria derivó, en parte, del menor impacto local de las guerras del rey, concentradas en las operaciones italianas, para las que se recurrió mayoritariamente al mercado de combatientes de tierras italianas, donde sí existía un alto nivel de militarización nobiliaria producto de la recurrencia local de la guerra. Pero las guerras del Magnánimo también generaron un tejido social de guerreros profesionales, aunque minoritario en proporción al conjunto de la nobleza. La guerra se convirtió para unos pocos nobles en una estrategia de promoción socialmente condicionada por su jerarquía nobiliaria y las dependencias clientelares con otros nobles y con el rey. La práctica profesional de la guerra se polarizó así en sectores de la clientela real, aquellos caballeros cortesanos que acompañaban habitualmente al monarca a las armas; pero también en sectores de la baja nobleza, dominantes entre el conjunto del ejército y que reproducían a la propia clientela real, al entrar a formar parte de la misma a instancias del monarca, y que provenían básicamente de una dinámica capa de caballeros y donceles urbanos sin tierras vinculados a la administración real y urbana, algunos de reciente procedencia ciudadana. Por su parte el peso del modelo militar clientelar, un nivel de desarrollo de las estructuras militares estatales, condicionó la existencia y alcance social de la carrera militar como tal, de un cursus honorum asociado al servicio en los ejércitos, al conformar unas vías de ascenso que pasaban por el entorno de la Casa Real (de patges y pensionados a oficios cortesanos) y tenían su corolario en puestos en las administraciones militares de los diferentes reinos. Sin duda la integración profesional en los ejércitos del rey puso al alcance de la nobleza nuevos recursos, sobre todo en forma de rentas monetarias (pensiones, asignaciones tributarias, salarios por cargos militares) que se convirtieron en una alternativa cada vez más competitiva frente a otros ingresos señoriales (rentas agrarias y pensiones de créditos censales). Pero ello sólo benefició a quienes se profesionalizaron en la práctica militar, tanto a sectores de la clientela real como algunos caballeros y escuderos que mostraron una clara competencia armada. Para la mayoría de la nobleza, quien participó de forma ocasional en las campañas o quienes no lograron recompensa alguna, la guerra no supuso una fuente alternativa de ingresos e incluso, en algunos casos, produjo más costos y riesgos que beneficios, aumentando el endeudamiento estructural de muchas familias y profundizando las diferencias en el conjunto de la clase nobiliaria.
Sumary:The thesis examines the organization and social structure of cavalry troops in the Crown of Aragon, under the king Alphonse V the Magnanimous, considering its XIV century background in social and military structures. It's also analyzed the nobility's levels of militarization and the social and economic profits derived from its involvement in warfare, from the point of view of the Valencian lineages. The study is based upon the registers of the Royal Treasury and Cancillery, supplemented by notarial and judicial records, and the chronicles.The Magnanimous' armies model of cavalry derived from late-feudal structures. Its foundaments laid on affinities -lineages of knights and squires devolved to the service of aristocratic households, including the king's household- and market -contracted companies of cavalry and single men-at-arms- Recruitment depended mostly on voluntary paid service on the basis of "acorriment" contracts, similar to the English, French and Italian systems -"lettre de retenue", "indetures" and "condotte"- All the military administration was controlled by the Royal household. The Magnanimous' war cycle -the conquest of Naples being the main concerned- and the financial policies implemented, fostered structural changes. Thus, one of the first European permanent armies emerged: the royal cavalry in Naples. A phenomenon caused by the king's military affinity reorganization in converge with the regularization of the italian troops market.The tradicional sources of income of the valencian nobility -feudal rents and the credit benefits- could be supplementd by new warfare resources -grants, tributary cessions, payments, etc.- But, at the very end, the only real beneficiaries of the new opportunities were those who got professionaly involved in the king's wars. Amongs them we find a minority of lineages, members of the military king's affinity, most of them coming from active sectors of the urban low nobility. In contrast, for the majority of the noblemen occasionally involved in the royal wars -more as an social obligation than as profesional committment- wars profits were scare or nulle.

La reconstrucción del centro de Lisboa, después de la catástrofe que destruyó la ciudad en noviembre de 1755 ―algunos segundos de terremoto, un tsunami y cinco días de incendio―, constituyó, en realidad, una oportunidad para una intervención a una escala urbana inédita hasta entonces en Europa. Se analizan las distintas hipótesis de plano estudiadas y presentadas por Manuel da Maia, entre las cuales se eligió una propuesta con un trazado nuevo sustituyendo la antigua implantación. Esto permitió que la Baixa Pombalina conservara la memoria de sus lugares de una forma que difícilmente se hubiera dado en otro emplazamiento o en otros contextos ex novo. Se reinterpretó la ciudad antigua para crear el nuevo cuerpo urbano, y se ha dado respuesta a las nuevas necesidades y conceptos que fueron siendo desarrollados a lo largo del siglo XVIII. Más allá de la elaboración del plano, había que dar respuesta a la cuestión de cómo aplicarlo una vez aprobado. Era indispensable definir el modo de trasladar derechos, estableciendo las equivalencias e indemnizaciones necesarias. A través del estudio de la legislación y de la extensa y detallada documentación entonces elaborada, fue posible conocer el método, la técnica y los procedimientos creados para concretar el plano. Esta importante documentación se ha demostrado de un interés excepcional, abriendo nuevas perspectivas en el conocimiento de la ciudad, y permitiendo una investigación profundizada de los momentos iniciales del proceso de reconstrucción: la génesis del plano y su aplicación sobre el terreno. Los casos de estudio que se presentan sobre la Rua Augusta, el convento de Corpus Christi y la Praça do Rossio, nos muestran como fue ideado y realizado un proceso de renovación urbana a gran escala a mediados del siglo XVIII, sin duda una referencia importante para las vastas operaciones urbanas efectuadas en Europa durante el siglo XIX.
La reconstrucció del centre de Lisboa, després de la catàstrofe que va destruir la ciutat el novembre de 1755 —alguns segons de terratrèmol, un tsunami i conc dies d’incendi—, constituïren, en realitat, una oportunitat per a una intervenció a escala urbana inèdita fins aquell moment a Europa. S’analitzen les hipòtesis diferents del plànol estudiades y presentades per Manuel da Maia, de les que se’n va triar una proposta amb un traçat nou que substituïa l’antiga implantació. Això va permetre que la Baixa Pombalina conservés la memòria dels llocs d’una forma que difícilment s’hauria donat en un altre emplaçament o en altres contextos ex novo. Es va fer una nova interpretació de la ciutat antiga per crear el nou cos urbà, i es va donar resposta a les noves necessitats i conceptes que es van anar desenvolupant al llarg del segle XVIII. Mes enllà de l’elaboració del plànols, calia donar resposta a la qüestió de com aplicar-lo un cop aprovat. Fou indispensable definir la manera de traslladar els drets, establin les equivalències i indemnitzacions necessàries. Mitjançant l’estudi de la legislació i de l’extensa i detallada documentació que s’elaborà a l’època, ha estat possible conèixer el mètode, la tècnica i els procediments creats per a la concreció del plànol. Aquesta important documentació ha estat d’un interès excepcional, ha obert noves perspectives en el coneixement de la ciutat, i ha permès una recerca aprofundida dels moments inicials del procés de reconstrucció: la gènesi del plànol i la seva aplicació sobre el terreny. Els casos d’estudi que es presenten relatius a la Rua Augusta, el convent del Corpus Christi i la Praça do Rossio, ens mostren con fou ideat i realitzat un procés de renovació urbana a gran escala a mitjan segle XVIII, que, sens dubte, és una referència important per a les vastes operacions urbanes efectuades a Europa durant el segle XIX.
The reconstruction of Lisbon, following the catastrophe that destroyed the city in November of 1755 ―few seconds of earthquake, a tsunami and five days of fire―, constituted, in reality, an opportunity for an intervention of a unknown urban scale until then in Europe. The different planning hypotheses studied and presented by Manuel da Maia were analysed, one of them been the chosen one, having a new plan substituting the ancient layout. This allowed for the Baixa Pombalina to preserve the memory of its places in a way that hardly would occur in another location or in other contexts ex novo. The ancient city was reinterpreted to create a new urban body that answered to the new needs and concepts developed along the 18th century. Besides the elaboration of the plan, it was necessary to give a solution to the question of how to implement it once approved. It was indispensable to define a way to transfer rights, establishing the equivalences and required compensations. Through the study of the legislation and of the extensive and detailed documentation then elaborated, it was possible to know the method, the technologies and the proceedings created to concretize the plan. This important documentation has turned out to be of exceptional interest, by opening new perspectives for the knowledge of the city. It allowed a deep investigation about the initial moments of the process of the reconstruction: the genesis of the plan and his actual application. The study cases presented on the Rua Augusta, the convent of Corpus Christi and the Praça do Rossio, illustrate how a large scale process of urban renewal was achieved in the middle of the 18th century, creating an important reference for the vast urban operations accomplished in Europe during the 19th century.

Morella cerifera (L.) Small, the Wax Myrtle, forms both arbuscular mycorrhizas and cluster roots which generally are regarded as alternative adaptations for phosphorus acquisition. But whether or not arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide any benefit to M. cerifera is not known. Nevertheless, AMF can proliferate extensively within the litter leaves that accumulate beneath M. cerifera. The main objective of this study was to determine if AMF are beneficial to M. cerifera host plants in the presence of leaf litter. In the field, I examined leaf traits that affect the colonization of leaf litter by AMF. I compared AMF colonization of labile versus recalcitrant leaves, and that of leaf pieces with obstructed versus non-obstructed veins. In pot experiments, I examined if labile or recalcitrant litter influences the potential benefit of AMF to M. cerifera, and if nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization influences that benefit in the presence of recalcitrant leaf litter. I found that AMF extensively colonize both labile and recalcitrant leaves, but that they colonize labile leaves more rapidly than recalcitrant leaves. I found significantly less colonization in leaf pieces with obstructed veins than in those with non-obstructed veins which suggests that penetration by the fungi primarily is mechanical and not enzymatic. The pot experiments showed that AMF are parasitic on M. cerifera except when recalcitrant leaf litter is present, and that the effects of AMF on M. cerifera are indirect and mediated through effects of AMF on N-fixing nodule dry weight. In both pot experiments, AMF enhanced litter decomposition and may have enhanced plant P-nutrition. AMF benefited M. cerifera growth in the absence of N fertilization but negatively affected M. cerifera growth when N was added. In the presence of litter, inoculation with AMF increased cluster root formation, suggesting that these two adaptations may be complementary in extremely nutrient-poor soils. Overall, this study shows that M. cerifera does benefit from association with AMF, and it suggests that AMF play a more important role in the acquisition of mineral nutrients from leaf litter than previously recognized.

Persons with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) often complain of an inability to maintain activity levels and experience a variety of orthostatic symptoms such as dizziness, trembling, nausea, postural hypotension with bradycardia or tachycardia, sweating, palpitations, paleness, and syncope. Orthostatic intolerance (OI) may be defined as an inability to maintain systolic blood pressure (SBP) within 20 mmHg of resting level upon moving from a supine to upright posture. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether men and women with CFS are more susceptible to OI during a 3-stage head-up tilt (HUT) than non CFS, sedentary subjects matched by age, sex, and ethnicity. The secondary objective is to examine whether possible underlying mechanisms may be predictively associated with OI susceptibility in CFS. Possible causes of OI include autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction and altered hematological profile. Thus, specific aims included within this objective are: 1) to determine whether there are differences in resting cardiovascular function {i.e., blood pressure [BP], heart rate [HR], stroke volume [SV], cardiac output [CO], total peripheral resistance [TPR], and contractility [i.e., ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), and the velocity of circumferential shortening corrected by HR (VCFc)]}, ANS function {i.e., beta1-, beta2-, and alpha-receptor sensitivities, baroreceptor sensitivity [BRS], and vagal function [i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), RSA envelope (RSAE), high frequency (HF) spectral component, and HR range]}, and hematological profile [i.e., red blood cell volume (RBCV), plasma volume (PBV), and total blood volume (TBV)] between CFS and non-CFS groups; and 2) to determine whether cardiovascular, ANS, and hematological measures differentially predicted OI during HUT. The results indicate that OI susceptibility does not occur with greater prevalence in persons with CFS than non-CFS sedentary persons. However, power analyses revealed that with a much larger sample size group differences in OI susceptibility would be found. The CFS group was distinguished from the control group only by differences in blood volume measures. There appears to be no substantive group differences in a range of cardiovascular and ANS measures; moreover, none of these measures, including the blood volume measures, accounted for differences in OI susceptibility. Compensatory mechanisms may be present in CFS for the diminished blood volume that could explain the lack of group differences in OI susceptibility. In addition, future research may find some clues relevant to CFS pathophysiology in the assessment of hemodynamic responses during orthostatic challenge in the present subjects.

An evolutionary process currently taking place in engineering systems is the shift from hardware to software where the role of software engineering is becoming more central in developing large engineering systems. This shift represents a trend from a piece-meal vision of software development to a holistic, system-wide vision. The term "software crisis" of 1960's and 1970's was the observation that most software development projects end up with massive cost overruns and schedule delays. The growing complexity of software projects led to Waterfall, Spiral and other models to depict the software development lifecycle. These models are qualitative and study the product, process and project issues in isolation, and do not provide a quantitative framework to depict the various facets of development, testing, maintenance and reuse. In this thesis, a generic, unified lifecycle model (ULM) integrating the product, process and project view of software development based on re-entrant lines is proposed. A reentrant line is a multi-class queueing network that consists of several types of artifacts visiting a set of development teams more than once. An artifact is a general term for any object of information created, produced, changed or used by development teams and it includes items such as requirements specification documents, preliminary and detailed module designs and design documents, code, components, test plans and test suites. The artifacts visit the development teams several times before exiting the system, thus making the flow of artifacts non-acyclic. The main consequence of the re-entrant flow is that several artifacts at different stages of completion compete with each other for service by a development team. The ULM model output is obtained by using the criticality, complexity and usage of artifacts. The model is solved using linear programming and simulation methods. The software development process in a software organisation is represented by the proposed re-entrant line model. The model is used to predict project metrics such as the development time, cost and product quality for any new project to be taken up by the organization. The routing matrix of the artifacts in the ULM can be modified to derive different types of lifecycle models such as Waterfall, Prototyping, Spiral and Hybrid models. The ULM may be modified to include software reuse and component-based development. We investigate certain issues involved in software reuse. Reuse of components is modeled as an external arrival of artifacts at different stages in the ULM. Two distinct lifecycles in component based software development, namely, 'development for reuse' and 'development with reuse', are distinguished and the development time and cost for projects are estimated using LP bounds and simulation. The 'development for reuse' lifecycle involves reusable components development that is stored in a reuse library. As the number of components in the reuse library grows over time and with projects, the problem of effective and efficient retrieval of candidate components in order to facilitate systematic reuse becomes the bottleneck. A novel approach where components are stored in a case-base is proposed. The retrieval process is based on a reasoning approach that relies on similar cases (components) in the past to find solutions to the current problem (new software requirements in projects). The selection of candidate components for decisions pertaining to four levels of reuse {reuse as-is, reuse with minor code modifications, reuse of specifications, no reuse or develop afresh} in the current application is modeled using Rough and Fuzzy sets. These methodologies are illustrated with suitable case studies. Maintenance of legacy systems, representing a massive, long-term business investment, is an important but relatively new research area. The ULM is modified to depict the complex set of activities associated with software maintenance. Quantitative metrics such as release time of versions, cost, time and effort for maintenance are estimated using this model. Some of the specific contributions of this thesis are: 1. A unified quantitative lifecycle model (ULM) depicting the software development process is used to obtain project metrics such as development cost, development time and quality based on the product and process attributes for the Waterfall, Prototyping, Spiral and Hybrid lifecycle models. 2. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology is used to rank order the suitability of different lifecycle models for a new development project at hand, based on the metrics obtained from ULM. 3. The ULM is modified to depict component-based software development and to integrate reuse as an important basis for software development. Two distinct lifecycles for development for reuse and development with reuse are studied. The 'development for reuse' strategy generates reusable components that are organized and stored in a reuse library. The selection-decision regarding candidate components from this library for reuse in the current application is derived using a Rough and Fussy set methodology. 4. The ULM is adapted to represent the various activities associated with software maintenance. Estimates of maintenance metrics for different strategies of maintenance of legacy systems are obtained.

This project compared the performance of the correlation coefficient to show similarities in annotations between a predictive automated bacterial annotation database and the curated EcoCyc database. EcoCyc is a conservative multidimensional annotation system that is exclusively based on experimentally validated findings by over 15,000 publications. The automated annotation system, used in the comparison was BASys. It is often used as a first pass annotation tool that tries to add as many annotations as possible by drawing upon over 30 information sources. Gene ontology served as one basis of comparison between these databases because of the limited common terms in the ontology annotations. Translation libraries were used to extend the number of BASys terms that could be compared to the gene ontology terms in EcoCyc. Additional, non-ontology terms and metadata in BASys were compared to EcoCyc terms after parsing them into root words. The different term sources were quantitatively compared by using the correlation coefficient as the evaluation metric. The direct gene ontology comparison gave the lowest correlation coefficient. The addition of gene ontology terms to BASys by using translation tables of metadata greatly increased the correlation coefficient, which was comparable to the parsed word comparison. The combination of enhanced gene ontology and parsed word methods gave the highest correlation coefficient of 0.16. The controlled vocabulary system of gene ontology was not sufficient to compare two annotated databases. The addition of gene ontology terms from translation libraries greatly increased the performance of these comparisons. In general, as the number of comparison terms increased the correlation coefficient increased. Future comparisons should include the enhanced gene ontology dataset in order to monitor the organization pertaining to formal nomenclature and the datasets generated from Word parsing can be used to monitor the degree of additional terms might be incorporated with translation libraries.

This thesis examines the evolution of feminist praxis within the riot grrrl movement, focusing on two specific riot grrrl demographics - founding riot grrrls in the early 1990s and currently active riot grrrls in southern California. This thesis argues that riot grrrl activism is still thriving but in diverse, strategically modified ways. Using José Muñoz’s concept of “disidentification,” it analyzes how contemporary riot grrrls have appropriated and adapted the original movement’s tenets to allow for greater accessibility and diversity.

This thesis centers on nonparametric inferences of the cumulative hazard function of a right truncated variable. We present three variance estimators for the Nelson-Aalen estimator of the cumulative hazard function and conduct a simulation study to investigate their performances. A close match between the sampling standard deviation and the estimated standard error is observed when an estimated survival probability is not close to 1. However, the problem of poor tail performance exists due to the limitation of the proposed variance estimators. We further analyze an AIDS blood transfusion sample for which the disease latent time is right truncated. We compute three variance estimators, yielding three sets of confidence intervals. This work provides insights of two-sample tests for right truncated data in the future research.

The high prevalence of sexual violence warrants continued research into its prevention. Understanding consensual sexual experiences holds promise for sexual violence prevention; however, sexual consent is a surprisingly understudied phenomenon. Existing research focuses on the tactics used to coerce consent and the ways in which college students initiate and indicate consent. Research that begins to articulate a theory of consent may help engineer situations antithetical to sexually violent experiences. This study is a first step toward that objective. This paper presents findings from an exploratory research study on college students’ conceptualizations of sexual consent. The purpose of this study was twofold: To investigate how college students define consent and to understand how context influences the consent process. To explore these research questions, quantitative and qualitative data were collected using Q methodology. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two groups of college students who conceptualize consent differently. One group focuses on the importance of consent to rape prevention, the other to healthy sexuality promotion. Qualitative interview data suggest contextual variables such as definition of consent and relationship type influence consent to a lesser extent than alcohol use, personal sexual experience, discrepant levels of sexual experience between partners, and feelings for a potential sexual partner. Results support replacing the current model of consent, in which consent is a contractual obligation between sexual partners, with one of sexual communication, where consent is woven into a broader conversation about healthy sexuality. The strengths and limitations of doing so are discussed and directions for future intervention research are presented.

Two cellular innate responses, the dsRNA protein kinase (PKR) pathway and the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L pathway, are activated by dsRNAs produced by viruses and reduce translation of host and viral mRNAs. PKR activation results in eIF2a phosphorylation. As a consequence of eIF2a phosphorylation, stress granules (SGs) are formed by the aggregation of stalled SG proteins with pre-initiation complexes and mRNA. West Nile virus (WNV) infections do not induce eIF2a phosphorylation despite upregulation of PKR mRNA and protein suggesting an active suppression of PKR activation. Assessment of the mechanism of suppression of PKR activation in WNV-infected cells indicated that WNV infections do not induce PKR phosphorylation so that active suppression is not required. In contrast to infections with "natural" strains of WNV, infections with the chimeric W956 infectious clone (IC) virus efficiently induce SGs in infected cells. After two serial passages, the IC virus generated a mutant (IC-P) that does not induce SGs efficiently but does induce the formation of NS3 granules that persist throughout the infection. This mutant was characterized. 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) are activated by viral dsRNA to produce 2-5A oligos that activate RNase L to digest viral and cellular RNAs. Resistance to flavivirus-induced disease in mice is conferred by the full-length 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1b (Oas1b) protein. Oas1b is an inactive synthetase that is able to suppress the in vitro synthetase activity of the active synthetase Oas1a. The ability of Oas1b to inhibit Oas1a synthetase activity in vivo and to form a heteromeric complex with Oas1a was investigated. Oas1b suppressed 2-5A production in vivo. Oas1a and Oas1b overexpressed in mammalian cells co-immunoprecipitated indicating the formation of heteromeric complexes by these proteins. Unlike mice, humans encode a single OAS1 gene that generates alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms. Synthetase activity has previously been reported for only three of the isoforms. The in vitro synthetase activity of additional OAS1 isoforms was analyzed. All tested isoforms synthesized higher order 2-5A oligos. However, p44A only produced 2-5A dimers which inhibit RNase L.

The scarcity of speech in George Meredith’s Modern Love creates a deeply psychological narrative, reflecting a distrust of speech and the effectiveness of language in general. The narrator of the poem exists in a space of ambiguity, both blaming and yearning for speech; in his confusion, he remains largely silent. His silence does not only emphasize the distance between husband and wife but also between language and meaning. Furthermore, the narrator’s distrust of language ultimately exposes a breakdown in his certainty of self and truth.