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Journal articles on the topic '6xxx'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Daswa, Pfarelo, Heinrich Möller, Madeleine du Toit, and Gonasagren Govender. "The Solution Heat Treatment of Rheo-High Pressure Die Cast Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) 6xxx Series Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 217-218 (September 2014): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.217-218.259.

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The 6xxx series alloys are well known for desirable combinations of high strength, weldability, corrosion resistance and formability. This paper investigates the influence of chemical composition on the solution heat treatment parameters of rheo-high pressure die cast (R-HPDC) 6xxx series aluminium alloys. The presence of copper in the 6xxx series aluminium alloys affects the solution heat treatment by promoting incipient melting. The incidence of incipient melting is investigated for the R-HPDC alloys using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy. R-HPDC is known to produce surface liquid segregation and centre-line liquid segregation when processing the alloys and these areas are the most susceptible to incipient melting. The applicability of single and multiple step solution heat treatments are investigated. The alloys used for this study include the Cu-free alloy 6082, as well as the Cu-containing alloys 6013 and 6111.

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2

SOBOTA, JAKUB. "Umocnienie odkształceniowe stopów aluminium serii 6xxx." RUDY I METALE NIEŻELAZNE 1, no. 6 (June 5, 2017): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/67.2017.6.3.

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3

Kim, Su-Hyeon, Hyoung-Wook Kim, Kwangjun Euh, Joo-Hee Kang, and Jae-Hyung Cho. "Effect of wire brushing on warm roll bonding of 6XXX/5XXX/6XXX aluminum alloy clad sheets." Materials & Design 35 (March 2012): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.09.024.

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4

Cui, S., R. Mishra, and I. H. Jung. "Thermodynamic analysis of 6xxx series Al alloys: Phase fraction diagrams." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 54, no. 1 (2018): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb170512052c.

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Microstructural evolution of 6xxx Al alloys during various metallurgical processes was analyzed using accurate thermodynamic database. Phase fractions of all the possible precipitate phases which can form in the as-cast and equilibrium states of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Fe-Mn-Cr alloys were calculated over the technically useful composition range. The influence of minor elements such as Cu, Fe, Mn, and Cr on the amount of each type of precipitate in the as-cast and equilibrium conditions were analyzed. Phase fraction diagrams at 500 ?C were mapped in the composition range of 0-1.1 wt.% Mg and 0-0.7 wt.% Si to investigate the as-homogenized microstructure. In addition, phase fraction diagram of Mg2Si at 177 ?C was mapped to understand the microstructure after final annealing of 6xxx Al alloy. Based on the calculated diagrams, the design strategy of 6xxx Al alloy to produce highest strength due to Mg2Si is discussed.

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5

Delijić, Kemal, and Boštjan Markoli. "The influence of the chemical composition and type of alloy on corrosion performances of some medium strength Al-Mg-Si series of alloys." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 20, no. 2 (July 30, 2014): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/metmateng1402131d.

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The effect of the chemical composition, i.e. content of silicone (Si) and other alloying elements (Zr, Mn, etc) on the corrosion behaviour and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si (6xxx) type alloys was investigated in this paper. Open circuit corrosion potential (OCP) measurements, linear polarization and potentiodynamic anodic/cathodic polarization were employed in order to determine the corrosion behaviour of artificially aged Al-Mg-Si samples in the chloride ions containing aqueous corrosion solutions. The difference in OCPs for the tested 6xxx type alloys in relation to the standard AA1020 alloy was observed to be between 1-4%, except for the AlMg0.65Si0.76Zr0.1 alloy when the difference was 14% (about 100 mV). The presence of zirconium and manganese in AlMgSi0.7 base alloy, that contains small excess of Si, shifts the OCPs to more negative values for -15 mV (~2%) and -88 mV (~11%) in natural water and 0,51 mol NaCl, respectively. All the tested 6xxx type alloys, except AlMg0.7Si1.2Mn0.8, show almost the same corrosion rates and other corrosion characteristics in chloride solution, with mass loss per year between 2.3-3 g/m2 .

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6

Zhang, Jian, Yu Lin Ning, Ben Dong Peng, Zhi Hua Wang, and Da Sen Bi. "Numerical Simulation of the Stamping Forming Process of Alloy Automobile Panel." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 1473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.1473.

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6xxx based alloy auto body sheet will be used widely in the future, but, in the recent, one of the difficulty in practice is its poor formability. In this paper properties parameters of 6061 aluminum alloy sheet are investigated by means of examination; By using machine performance parameters of 6061 aluminum alloy, finite element software eta/DYNAFORM of Sheet Forming make the numerical simulation of auto deck lid outer panel .Stress, plastic strain, thick variety are analyzed; and the wrinkling and cracking prone areas identified. Therefore, the effective reference can be provided for design of forming process of 6xxx Based Alloy auto panel.

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7

Suni, J. P., and T. N. Rouns. "Dispersoid Evolution during Homogenization of 6xxx Alloys." Materials Science Forum 396-402 (July 2002): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.396-402.687.

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8

Strobel, Katharina, Elizabeth Sweet, Mark Easton, Jian Feng Nie, and Malcolm Couper. "Dispersoid Phases in 6xxx Series Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.926.

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In high strength AlMgSi alloys additions of Mn and Cr lead to the formation of dispersoid phases whose primary functions are to improve fracture toughness and control grain structure. Whether or not dispersoid phases form during heating to the homogenisation temperature and which dispersoid forms is strongly dependent on the alloy composition. By correlating dispersoid features after different homogenisation heat treatments to TEM investigations into the crystal structure, it is proposed that the crystal structure and chemical composition of the dispersoids changes as the dispersoids coarsen at increased temperatures and times.

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9

Mrówka-Nowotnik, G., J. Sieniawski, S. Kotowski, A. Nowotnik, and M. Motyka. "Hot Deformation Of 6xxx Series Aluminium Alloys." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0263.

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Abstract The hot deformation behavior of the 6xxx aluminum alloys was investigated by compression tests in the temperature range 100°C-375°C and strain rate range 10−4s−1 and 4×10−4s−1 using dilatometer DIL 805 BÄHR Thermoanalyse equipped with accessory attachment deformation allows the process to execute thermoplastic in vacuum and inert gas atmosphere. Associated microstructural changes of characteristic states of examined alloys were studied by using the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and deformation rate. And was also found that the activation energy Q strongly depends on both, the temperature and rate of deformation. The results of TEM observation showing that the dynamic flow softening is mainly as the result of dynamic recovery and recrystallization of 6xxx aluminium alloys.

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10

Shaw, B. A., M. M. McCosby, A. M. Abdullah, and H. W. Pickering. "The localized corrosion of Al 6XXX alloys." JOM 53, no. 7 (July 2001): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-001-0087-7.

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11

Kumar, Mukesh, Muhammad Moazam Baloch, Muhammad Ishaque Abro, Sikandar Ali Memon, and Ali Dad Chandio. "Effect of Artificial Aging Temperature on Mechanical Properties of 6061 Aluminum Alloy." January 2019 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1901.03.

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Aluminum alloys have been attracted by several engineering sectors due to their excellent strengthweight ratio and corrosion resistant properties. These are categorized into 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7and 8xxx on the basis of alloying elements. Among these 6xxx series contains aluminum–magnesium–silicon as alloying elements and are widely used in extruded products and automotive body panels. The major advantages of these alloys are good corrosion resistance, medium strength, low cost, age hardening response no yield point phenomenon and Ludering. 6xxx series alloys generally have lower formability than other aluminum alloys which restrict their utilization for wide applications. Keeping in view of the shortcomings in the set of mechanical properties of 6xxx series the efforts were made to improve the tensile strength and toughness properties through age hardening. In present study heat treatment cycles were studied for 6061 aluminum alloy. Three different age hardening temperatures 160, 200 and 240oC were selected. The obtained results showed that 17.26, 7.69, and 10.51% improvement in tensile strength, toughness and hardness respectively was achieved with solution treatment at 380oC followed by an aging 240oC. Microstructural study revealed that substantial improvements in the mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy under heat treatment were achieved due to precipitation of Mg2Si secondary phase.

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12

Luo, Ji Xiang, and Chun Tang. "Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Riveted Al 6XXX Components." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 1388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.1388.

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The riveting is widely used for fitting together two or more elements of structure in the same or different materials. In these assemblies the stress field is complex, we have to consider the effect of the geometrical discontinuity, the contact, the tightening, the material properties and the applied load. The current work focus on the study of fretting fatigue crack formation in common 6XXX aluminum alloys, used in land transportation equipments, and uncovering characteristic origins of crack by experimental and numerical methods based on multi-axial fatigue life models. 3D finite element models were validated by the experimental results obtained with strain gauges. The influences of the contact friction coefficient at the fretting surface, the fastening forces and the remote stress applied in the fretting fatigue experiments on the crack origins are discussed by the comparison of the different numerical results.

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13

ITO, Tsutomu, Masayuki ISHIKAWA, Masahisa OTSUKA, Makoto SAGA, and Masao KIKUCHI. "Ductility of 6XXX aluminum alloys at high temperature." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 53, no. 3 (2003): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.53.114.

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14

Guo, Ran, Rui-Chun Duan, Gerard Mesmacque, Lixiang Zhang, Abdelwaheb Amrouche, and Rongxin Guo. "Fretting fatigue behavior of riveted Al 6XXX components." Materials Science and Engineering: A 483-484 (June 2008): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.02.133.

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15

Hsu, C., K. A. Q. O’Reilly, B. Cantor, and R. Hamerton. "Non-equilibrium reactions in 6xxx series Al alloys." Materials Science and Engineering: A 304-306 (May 2001): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)01467-2.

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16

Bryantsev, P. Yu. "Continuous cooling transformation diagrams for 6XXX aluminium alloys." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 5 (September 1, 2009): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/5/1/012010.

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17

Lalpoor, Mehdi, Tim Vossen, Michael Xhonneux, and Arne Schlegel. "Investigation of Quench Sensitivity in 6xxx Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.796.

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Quench trials were performed on AA6005A and AA6016 alloys to assess the sensitivity of their tensile properties as well as bendability to quench after solution heat treatment. Results indicate that the tensile properties in T4 and in the paint-baked state (2% pre-strain + 185 °C/20 min) are hardly affected by quench rate as long as the exit temperature (Texit) is sufficiently low. The bendability however, appears to be more sensitive to quench rate, and the sensitivity depends on the chemical composition of the alloy. The alloy with a higher excess Si content exhibits higher sensitivity to natural aging which in turn affects the bending and hemming performance of the material. Therefore, it is not only the quench rate which affects the bendability but also the temperature of the material at the end of quench. DSC analysis revealed how cluster formation proceeding the solution heat-treatment (SH) and quench provokes the quench sensitivity.

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18

Sidor, Jurij J., Roumen H. Petrov, and Leo Kestens. "Improved Plastic Anisotropy in Asymmetrically Rolled 6xxx Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 160 (February 2010): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.160.165.

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Formability, which is the property that characterizes the ability of a material to be deformed without fracture or necking, is strongly correlated to the crystallographic texture. Al alloys from the 6xxx series with non-conventional textures were produced by hot and cold asymmetric rolling processes. The plastic responses i.e. the formability of differently textured samples are characterized based on crystal plasticity modeling.

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19

Gupta, Neha. "Template development for cellular Al 6xxx cast structure." Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021): 3001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.257.

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20

Agboola, Joseph, Emmanuel Anyoku, and Atinuke Oladoye. "Effects of Cooling Rate on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of 6xxx Aluminium Alloy." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.06.01.2021.04.

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The applicability of materials is highly dependent on its microstructure and mechanical properties. Aluminium alloy is being used extensively under diverse conditions. This study investigates the effects of cooling rate on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 6xxx-series aluminium alloy. Aluminium ingot was melted in a muffle furnace and cast into rods. The cooling rate was controlled by holding the moulds at different temperatures. Microstructural characteristics were examined by optical microscopy. Mechanical properties such as impact strength, hardness, and tensile strength were analysed using standard methods. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization. It was found that microstructures are dominated by ferrite and pearlite phases with different morphologies and grain sizes depending on the cooling rate. Increasing the cooling rate resulted in microstructural refinement and chemical homogeneity, improvement in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the 6xxx alloy.

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21

Bamberger, Menachem, and Esther Kiperwasser-Karbian. "Plasma Treatment Casting of Cast Aluminum 6XXX Wrought Alloys." Materials Science Forum 765 (July 2013): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.200.

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The Plasma Treatment Casting (PTC) process is an advanced stirring process that stirs molten metals and alloys during solidification in conductive and nonconductive dies. The intensive stirring has several major benefits: finer microstructure, better chemical homogeneity and much more efficient feeding in both macro and micro scales. Today the casting industry is continuously pursuing methods to improve casting quality, and to save time, energy and materials, which together result in price reduction and environmental benefits. Direct-chill (DC) casting is currently the most common semi-continuous casting practice in production of 6XXX aluminium alloys. This method results in course and non-homogenous microstructures. This requires homogenization treatment to follow the casting process in order to give 6XXX DC cast billets workability in extrusion and the required mechanical properties. The PTC process can be the solution to improve the microstructure in terms of refining the microstructure, reducing porosity and creating a more homogenous microstructure.

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22

Dariusz, Lesniak, and Gromek Pawel. "Estimation of Extrusion Welding Conditions for 6xxx Aluminum Alloys." Procedia Manufacturing 47 (2020): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.213.

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23

Henn, P., M. Liewald, and M. Sindel. "Investigation on local ductility of 6xxx-aluminium sheet alloys." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 896 (September 2017): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/896/1/012002.

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24

Holmestad, Randi, Ruben Bjørge, Flemming J. H. Ehlers, Malin Torsæter, Calin D. Marioara, and Sigmund J. Andersen. "Characterization and structure of precipitates in 6xxx Aluminium Alloys." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 371 (July 2, 2012): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/371/1/012082.

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25

Daswa, Pfarelo, Heinrich Möller, and Gonasagren Govender. "The Effects of Natural Pre-Ageing Time on T6 Peak Hardness of R-HPDC 6xxx Series Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1019 (October 2014): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1019.55.

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<span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;" face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </span> <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">This paper investigates the influence of natural pre-ageing time on T6 peak hardness of rheo-high pressure die cast (R-HPDC) 6xxx series aluminium alloys. Natural pre-ageing has a negative effect on the 6xxx series Al-Mg-Si alloys that contain higher quantities of Mg</span><span style="font-size: small;" size="2">2</span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Si (typically > 0.90%). However, a positive effect is observed in alloys with lower quantities of Mg</span><span style="font-size: small;" size="2">2</span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Si. The negative effect can be attributed to the clustering of solute atoms that form at room temperature because the precipitates which develop directly from clusters formed at room temperature are coarser than those developed in alloys artificially aged immediately after quenching. The opposite occurs in alloys where a positive effect of natural pre-ageing is found. The effects of the duration of natural pre-ageing on the subsequent T6 properties are of importance. In this study the T6 (190</span><span style="font-size: small;" size="2">o</span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">C-4h) hardness values of various R-HPDC 6xxx series alloys were determined after natural pre-ageing times ranging from 0h to 3240 hours. Alloys that show either the positive or the negative effect of natural pre-ageing are used. This paper also compares the influence of natural pre-ageing time on Cu-containing and Cu-free alloys.</span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">The addition of copper to the 6xxx series aluminium alloys lessens the negative effect of natural pre-ageing in the higher strength alloys. </span></span></p> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;" face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </span>

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26

Möller, Heinrich, Pfarelo Daswa, and Gonasagren Govender. "Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) 6xxx Series Alloy Selection for Rheo-High Pressure Die Casting." Advanced Materials Research 1019 (October 2014): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1019.61.

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<span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;" face="Times New Roman"></span></span> <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;" face="Times New Roman">This paper investigates the selection process of Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) 6xxx series alloys when used specifically for rheo-high pressure die casting (R-HPDC). The 6xxx series alloys have been developed as wrought alloys and certain factors must be taken into consideration when utilising them for semi-solid metal processing. It is shown that chemical composition has a significant effect on the solution treatment parameters that should be employed i.e. high Cu and excess Si levels necessitate the use of a two-step solution treatment to reduce incipient melting. This incipient melting is especially severe in areas within the component where liquid segregation occurs, which is a common phenomenon in R-HPDC. However, high Cu and excess Si levels also have advantages: it results in higher T6 strength and Cu-additions have been shown to minimise the negative effects of natural pre-ageing. Therefore, the composition of the alloy must be selected in such a way as to achieve acceptable strength without the dangers of incipient melting in liquid segregated areas. Another important modification of 6xxx series alloys used for R-HPDC that is presented is the addition of Ti to minimise hot tearing. </span></p> <p align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;" face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </span></p>

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27

Schäfer, Carmen, Ole Runar Myhr, Henk Jan Brinkman, Olaf Engler, and Jürgen Hirsch. "Modelling the Combined Effect of Room Temperature Storage and Cold Deformation on the Age-Hardening Behaviour of Al-Mg-Si Alloys-Part 2." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.722.

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The present investigation deals with modelling of the age-hardening behaviour of 6xxx series automotive sheet alloys. The basis for this work is the established precipitation model NaMo developed for coupled nucleation, growth, dissolution and coarsening in Al-Mg-Si extrusion alloys. It has recently been extended for applicability for Al-Mg-Si automotive sheet alloys by incorporating the important effects of room temperature (RT) storage and deformation prior to the final artificial ageing of Al-Mg-Si sheet alloys. The 6xxx automotive sheet alloys change due to natural ageing during the time elapsing between their processing and their paint baking in the customers process. This RT storage time has an impact on the artificial ageing response during the OEMs paint baking cycle. A second effect originates from the deformation introduced in the material during the part forming process prior to the artificial ageing in the paint bake cycle. This deformation leads to the introduction of dislocations which further modify the artificial ageing response by providing heterogeneous nucleation sites for nucleation of additional strengthening phases. Part 1 of this work deals with the theoretical background and experimental validation of the extended version of NaMo, while Part 2 focuses on the new applications of the extended model by simulation of ageing during paint baking according to typical customer requirements. The model validation is based on a comprehensive set of tensile tests. A comparison between model predictions and measurements shows reasonable agreement, and it is concluded that, after some further development, the model can be used to model the yield strength response of 6xxx automotive sheet alloys incorporating the (combined) effects of natural ageing, deformation and the accurate heat treatments in the paint bake cycle.

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28

Clinch, M. R., S. J. Harris, W. Hepples, N. J. H. Holroyd, and John V. Wood. "Microstructural Modelling of a Commercially Processed 6xxx Series Aluminium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 396-402 (July 2002): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.396-402.521.

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29

Troeger, L. P., and E. A. Starke. "Microstructural and mechanical characterization of a superplastic 6xxx aluminum alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 277, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(99)00543-2.

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30

Sha, G., K. A. Q. O’Reilly, B. Cantor, J. M. Titchmarsh, and R. G. Hamerton. "Quasi-peritectic solidification reactions in 6xxx series wrought Al alloys." Acta Materialia 51, no. 7 (April 2003): 1883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(02)00595-5.

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31

Hasting, Håkon S., John Walmsley, Calin D. Marioara, ATJ van Helvoort, Randi Holmestad, Frederic Danoix, and Williams Lefebvre. "Characterisation of early precipitation stages in 6xxx series aluminium alloys." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 26 (February 22, 2006): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/26/1/023.

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32

Baldoukas, A. K., G. A. Demosthenous, and D. E. Manolakos. "524 Experimental evaluation of the 6xxx series aluminium alloys extrudability." Proceedings of the JSME Materials and Processing Conference (M&P) 10.2 (2002): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmp.10.2.168.

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33

Tanaka, M., and T. Warner. "Quantitative TEM study of hardening precipitates in 6XXX aluminum alloys." Revue de Métallurgie 100, no. 5 (May 2003): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2003216.

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34

Erdegren, M., M. W. Ullah, and T. Carlberg. "Simulation of surface solidification in direct-chill 6xxx aluminum billets." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 27 (January 12, 2012): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/27/1/012013.

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35

Ravi, C., and C. Wolverton. "Comparison of thermodynamic databases for 3xx and 6xxx aluminum alloys." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 36, no. 8 (August 2005): 2013–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0322-x.

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36

Golovashchenko, Sergey F., Nan Wang, and Quochung Le. "Trimming and sheared edge stretchability of automotive 6xxx aluminum alloys." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 264 (February 2019): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.09.001.

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37

Zhu, Han Liang, Xin Quan Zhang, Malcolm J. Couper, and Arne K. Dahle. "Classification of Streaking Defects on Anodized Aluminium Extrusions." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.349.

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Streaking is a common problem on anodised extrusions of 6xxx series soft alloys. This paper presents various types of streaking defects on the basis of industry practice and experimental results. The streaking defects are classified according to their root causes. This provides a basis for developing effective methods for preventing the formation of these defects for the extrusion.

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38

Schulz, Peter, Josef Berneder, Dirk Uffelmann, Christian Zelger, and Carsten Melzer. "Advanced 5xxx-, 6xxx- and 7xxx- Aluminium Alloys for Applications in Automotive and Consumer Electronics." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.451.

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Aluminium alloys offer an excellent balance of strength, light weight, good formability and corrosion resistance, together with capability for decorative & functional surface treatments. They have become widely used for automotive and consumer electronic applications. AMAG rolling has developed advanced 5xxx-, 6xxx- and 7xxx- alloys and processes to extend use in these industries. Examples are shown and metallurgical aspects explained.

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39

Bryantsev, P. Yu, V. S. Zolotorevskiy, and V. K. Portnoy. "The Effect of Heat Treatment and Mn, Cu and Cr Additions on the Structure of Ingots of Al-Mg-Si-Fe Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.401.

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Phase transformations in 6XXX alloys with Mn, Cu and Cr additions have been studied in the process of homogenization annealing at different temperatures. The continuous cooling transformation diagrams of decomposition of solid solution during the cooling of ingots from the homogenization temperature have been plotted. The effect of the cooling rate after homogenization on the properties of ingots during extrusion has been studied.

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40

Rometsch, Paul A., Zhou Xu, Hao Zhong, Huai Yang, Lin Ju, and Xin Hua Wu. "Strength and Electrical Conductivity Relationships in Al-Mg-Si and Al-Sc Alloys." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.827.

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Aluminium alloys play an important role in overhead power transmission applications. All-aluminium alloy conductor cables require increasingly hard-to-achieve combinations of high tensile strength and high electrical conductivity. The problem is that a high strength is normally associated with a reduced electrical conductivity. Both heat-treatable 6xxx series aluminium alloys and work-hardening 1xxx series aluminium alloys are important contenders for these applications. By contrast, the addition of rare earths and/or transition metals to aluminium may provide further opportunities to achieve improved combinations of precipitation hardening, substructural hardening and elevated temperature stability. In this work, strength and electrical conductivity relationships are investigated for a range of 6xxx series aluminium alloys and an Al-Sc alloy. The Al-Sc alloy was produced by means of a direct laser metal deposition process that allowed more Sc to be placed into solid solution than by conventional casting or solution treatment. The paper explores the relative effects of composition, cold working and age hardening on the balance of strength and electrical conductivity, including examples of how improved combinations of both strength and conductivity can be achieved.

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Sarafoglou, Panagiota I., Alexandros Serafeim, Ioannis A. Fanikos, John S. Aristeidakis, and Gregory N. Haidemenopoulos. "Modeling of Microsegregation and Homogenization of 6xxx Al-Alloys Including Precipitation and Strengthening During Homogenization Cooling." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 1, 2019): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091421.

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Control of the homogenization process is important in obtaining high extrudability and desirable properties in 6xxx aluminum alloys. Three consecutive steps of the process chain were modeled. Microsegregation arising from solidification was described with the Scheil–Gulliver model. Dissolution of Mg2Si, Si (diamond) and β-AlFeSi (β-Al5FeSi) to α-AlFeSi (α-Al12(FeMn)3Si) transformation during homogenization have been described with a CALPHAD-based multicomponent diffusion Dual-Grain Model (DGM), accounting for grain size inhomogeneity. Mg2Si precipitation and associated strengthening during homogenization cooling were modeled with the Kampmann–Wagner Numerical (KWN) precipitation framework. The DGM model indicated that the fractions of β-AlFeSi and α-AlFeSi exhibit an exact spatial and temporal correspondence during transformation. The predictions are in good agreement with experimental data. The KWN model indicated the development of a bimodal particle size distribution during homogenization cooling, arising from corresponding nucleation events. The associated strengthening, arising from solid solution and precipitation strengthening, was in good agreement with experimental results. The proposed modeling approach is a valuable tool for the prediction of microstructure evolution during the homogenization of 6xxx aluminum alloys, including the often-neglected part of homogenization cooling.

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Pandya, S. N., and J. V. Menghani. "Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar 5xxx to 6xxx Al Alloys: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 376 (August 2013): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.376.42.

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Many engineering applications in aerospace and automotive field require joining of dissimilar 5xxx to 6xxx Al alloys. Dissimilar Al alloy joints are used for industrial applications due to technical & economic reasons. However, due to different metallurgical behaviour & mechanical properties, joining of dissimilar Al alloys presents a number of challenges. Due to high temperature generation most of the fusion welding techniques are not suitable. In addition, other pressure welding techniques such as – Ultrasonic welding, Roll bonding, Diffusion bonding and Friction welding have some limitation. Hence, friction stir welding (FSW) can be considered to be the most suitable method to join dissimilar Al alloys due to solid-state nature of the process. Since invention, friction stir welding has been a matter of research and investigation for years. In its history of two decades, Friction Stir welding was investigated for joining dissimilar Al alloys during the last decade. Most of studies demonstrated that good quality joints between dissimilar Al alloys can be produced by the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process. The present study is a chronological & critical review of recent studies on joining of dissimilar 5xxx to 6xxx Al alloys by friction stir welding.

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Cai, Mindong, Joseph D. Robson, Gordon W. Lorimer, and N. C. Parson. "Simulation of the Casting and Homogenization of Two 6xxx Series Alloys." Materials Science Forum 396-402 (July 2002): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.396-402.209.

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Segatori, Antonio, Barbara Reggiani, Lorenzo Donati, Luca Tomesani, and Mohamad El Mehtedi. "Prediction of Fibrous and Recrystallized Structures in 6xxx Alloy Extruded Profiles." Key Engineering Materials 585 (December 2013): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.585.123.

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The final microstructure of extruded profiles is of great importance for final mechanical properties and, consequentially, the ability to control and predict it is of extreme interest for Academic and Industrial researchers. In the paper a combined model, able to discern recrystallized areas respect to fibrous structures within the same profile, is initially proposed then validated through FEM implementation on an experimental campaign performed by Parson [1]. The model was tested under different die geometries and process conditions and a qualitative comparison with final microstructure obtained in the extrusion of a simple aluminum rod was performed.

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Guo, Ran, En Qiang Lin, Rui Chun Duan, Gerard Mesmacque, and Abdelwaheb Amrouche. "Study of Fretting Fatigue Crack Initiation For Riveted Al 6xxx Components." Advanced Materials Research 33-37 (March 2008): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.33-37.243.

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Riveting is a procedure widely used for fitting together two or more elements of a structure, that could be of the same or different material. In these assemblies the stress field is complex and a number of parameters, including effect of the geometrical discontinuities, contact between elements, tightening, material properties and applied load must be considered. The current work focuses on the study of fretting fatigue crack formation in common 6XXX aluminum alloys, used in land transportation equipments, and the determination of the characteristic crack initiation sites by means of both experimental and numerical methods. 3D finite element models were validated by the experimental results obtained with strain gauges. The influence of the contact friction coefficient at the fretting surface and fastening forces on the initiation of cracks, are discussed by the comparison of the different numerical results.

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LASSANCE, D., D. FABREGUE, F. DELANNAY, and T. PARDOEN. "Micromechanics of room and high temperature fracture in 6xxx Al alloys." Progress in Materials Science 52, no. 1 (January 2007): 62–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.06.001.

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Nagaum, Hiromi, and Takateru Umeda. "Study of the Crack Sensitivity of 6xxx and 7xxx Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 426-432 (August 2003): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.426-432.465.

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Braun, Reinhold. "On the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 6XXX series aluminium alloys." International Journal of Materials Research 101, no. 5 (May 2010): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.110314.

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Braun, Reinhold. "Investigation on Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of 6XXX Series Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.735.

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Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of 6061 and 6013 sheet material were investigated in the naturally aged and peak-aged heat treatment conditions. Transmission electron microscopy did not reveal strengthening phases in the naturally aged sheet. In the peak-aged temper, β’’ precipitates were observed in alloy 6061, whereas both β’’ and Q’ phases were present in 6013- T6 sheet. Marked grain boundary precipitation was not found. Corrosion potentials of the alloys 6061 and 6013 shifted to more active values with increasing aging. For the copper containing 6013 sheet, the potential difference between the tempers T4 and T6 was more pronounced. When immersed in an aqueous chloride-peroxide solution, alloy 6061 suffered predominantly intergranular corrosion and pitting in the tempers T4 and T6, respectively. On the contrary, 6013 sheet was sensitive to pitting in the naturally aged condition, and intergranular corrosion was the prevailing attack in the peak-aged material. Both alloys 6061 and 6013 were resistant to stress corrosion cracking in the tempers T4 and T6.

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Golovashchenko, Sergey F., and Al Krause. "Improvement of Formability of 6xxx Aluminum Alloys Using Incremental Forming Technology." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105994905x56133.

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