Dissertations / Theses on the topic '(93)'

<p>Ungefär 30 procent av Sveriges befolkning jobbar på udda arbetstider. Deltagare var 93 personer som arbetar skift eller enbart natt på två arbetsplatser (vård & omsorg och industri) i Svedala kommun i Skåne. Datainsamlingen skedde i form av en enkät och fotografering av natthuvudmål. Vårt syfte var att ta reda på och fotografera vad nattarbetande äter under natten som sitt huvudmål när de jobbar, om de får kostråd samt om de skulle vara intresserade av att ta del av sådan information. I resultatet redovisas de olika beskrivningskategorierna som vi analyserade måltiderna efter i form av en tabell. Resultatet av enkäterna behandlas under material och metod i syfte att beskriva de olika arbetsplatserna och personalen. Med undantag för tre frågor som vi behandlar under resultat delen och som tar upp kunskapen gällande nattmåltider. Vi fick fram att det var relativt få som fick kostråd på arbetsplatsen men att de flesta ville få ta del av sådan information. Av de 93 tillfrågade äter 50 stycken frukost efter avslutat arbetspass. Vi vill även att arbetet ska leda till vidare utveckling, ökad kunskap och intresse om nattmåltider. </p><p>Slutsatsen är att det finns behov av att utveckla måltider för personer med udda arbetstider och det finns behov av att tillmötesgå ett uttalat intresse för mer kunskap om mat på jobbet nattetid. </p>

L'objectif de l'etude presentee consiste a elaborer des methodes de dosage de deux radioelements a vie longue, le zirconium 93 et le molybdene 93, dans les effluents de retraitement. Le #9#3zr ayant une periode tres longue (1,5. 10#6 ans), la mesure de cet isotope s'avere plus performante par spectrometrie de masse a couplage plasma induit (icp/ms) que par les mesures radiochimiques classiques. Le #9#3mo se desintegre avec une periode radioactive de 4000 ans par capture electronique, et peut etre detecte par mesure radiochimique, en particulier par spectrometrie x. Cependant, ces radioelements ne peuvent etre mesures directement sur l'effluent et necessitent une separation chimique prealable, qui elimine les radioelements susceptibles d'interferer et ceux responsables de la radioactivite de l'effluent. La separation est effectuee a l'aide de techniques potentiellement tres selectives, utilisant des molecules extractantes specifiques de mo et de zr : les extractions par solvant, par membrane liquide emulsionnee et par chromatographie liquide sur resine impregnee par solvant. Des etudes realisees au cea/cadarache, sur une solution synthetique simulant un effluent de retraitement, ont permis de demontrer les proprietes selectives de l'-benzoinoxime, extractant de mo, et du phosphate tributylique, extractant de zr, utilises selon les trois techniques etudiees. Les conditions optimales d'extraction et de separation ont ete atteintes a l'aide d'une methodologie de plans d'experiences. Enfin, les methodes ont ete testees sur effluents reels a cogema/la hague. Le #9#3zr a pu ainsi etre mesure a hauteur de 2. 10#6 bq/l dans une solution de dissolution et de 10#7 bq/l dans une solution de produits de fission. De meme, l'activite en #9#3mo mesuree dans la solution de dissolution s'eleve a 500 bq/l. Ces methodes ont permis en outre de determiner, pour les elements mo et zr contenus dans les effluents, les compositions isotopiques, qui concordent parfaitement avec celles issues du code de calcul cesar.

The small Tropical Storm (TS) Ofelia developed in the wake of Typhoon (TY) Nathan, and just prior to the development of TY Percy, during a small field experiment called Tropical Cyclone Motion (TCM-93) that was conducted in the western North Pacific from 20 July 1993 to 12 August 1993. Two Aircraft Observing Periods, AOP-1A and AOP-1B, provided flight level winds and Omega Dropwinsonde (ODW) data in a region of north oriented confluent flow between the monsoon gyre and the subtropical ridge on the two days prior to the formation of TS Ofelia. The ODW data and the flight-level winds are used in a multiquadric interpolation technique to define the mesoscale structure on a 100 km grid. A mid-tropospheric mesoscale cyclonic circulation with a horizontal scale of about 400 km is documented during AOP-1lA and AOP-1B. The mesoscale cyclonic circulation extended between 700 mb and 400 mb during AOP-1A and then extended down to the surface in AOP-1B. Visible imagery on the day following AOP-1B indicates a vortex of tightly curved low level cumulus clouds that then developed deep convection that subsequently led to the formation of TS Ofelia. This is considered to be the best data set of the preexisting environmental structure in which a "midget" typhoon forms.

L'étude concerne l'analyse de deux réactions en cinématique inverse $^{93}$Nb+$^{24}$Mg et $^{93}$Nb+$^{27}$Al à 30 A.MeV.<br />Les différentes voies de désexcitation du système composite sont étudiées en fonction de la violence des collisions et les sources expérimentales sont reconstituées. Leur décoissance est étudiée à l'aide de deux modèles statistiques : Gemini, basé sur des décroissances binaires séquentielles et SMM basé sur la cassure soudaine du système.

La présente recherche porte sur l'histoire politique argentine récente. La période qui va de 1986 à 1993 fut marquée dans un premier temps par l'effervescence culturelle et politique du"Printemps démocratique" qui suivit l'effondrement de l'une des plus sanglante dictature d'Amérique latine, et dans un deuxième, par les épisodes hyperinflationnels qui menèrent à la privatisation massive du patrimoine argentin. L'étude porte plus précisément sur une petite formation politique récente qui, à partir de 1986, oeuvra pour un regroupement plus"ample" des secteurs progressistes. L'objectif global est de remettre en question la thèse voulant que les petits acteurs politiques n'aient pas d'influence sur le paysage politique. À cette fin, une attention particulière a été mise sur la dynamique interpartidaire des formations de gauche et de centre-gauche. Ce mémoire de maîtrise analyse la création ainsi que l'application de la politique allianciste du Parti Humaniste de Buenos Aires tout en cherchant à voir si elle eut un rôle à jouer dans la création et le maintien d'alliances progressistes. De plus, l'hypothèse voulant que les efforts de cette nouvelle formation aient contribués [i.e. contribué] à l'irruption de la troisième voie de centre-gauche en 1994, sera vérifiée.

Puerto Chancay Archaeological Rescue Project: Preliminary ResultsThis note presents the preliminary results of the Archaeological Rescue Project Puerto Chancay. (November 1993 to November 1994). The excavations revealed a long occupation sequence lasting from the Early Intermediate to the Late Intermediate Periods.<br>En el presente artículo se presentan los resultados preliminares del Proyecto de Rescate Arqueológico Puerto Chancay realizado entre noviembre de 1993 y noviembre de 1994. En estas se evidencia una larga ocupación prehispánica de la zona que va desde el Periodo Intermedio Temprano hasta el Intermedio Tardío.

This thesis deals with the issue of financial development in Egypt at the sectoral, macroeconomic and household levels over the period 1960-93. The thesis is organised in ten chapters, including a summary of the main results in chapter (10). Chapter (1) provides an introduction of the topics treated in the thesis and an overview of the main developments in the Egyptian economy during the study period. Chapter (2) reviews the theoretical literature and empirical studies on the main issues concerning financial development. Chapters (3) and (4) derive stylised facts from the discussion of the evolution of the financial system in Egypt. Chapter (3) assesses the structure, regulation and performance of the banking sector. Chapter (4) focuses on the Egyptian securities market, exploring its development since its establishment in 1883. Further it analyses the performance of the market using the main published indicators and highlights the impediments to its progress. Chapter (5) is concerned with the growing role of Islamic finance in both the formal and informal sectors in Egypt. After constructing a model to illustrate the distinctive characteristics of Islamic banking, the chapter investigates the role of Islamic banks and Islamic branches of conventional banks. The chapter also provides an analysis of the Informal Islamic Investment Companies which flourished in Egypt during the 1980s. Chapter (6) analyses the causes, measures and impact of financial repression in Egypt over the period 1960-90. The findings of this chapter indicate that financing the budget deficit was the main reason for repressing the financial sector. The chapter discusses the impact of the different repressive methods used including inflation tax, interest rate ceilings, high reserve requirements, directed credit schemes, regulation on the portfolio composition of banks, and government ownership of financial intermediaries. The government revenues from particular repressive measures such as inflation tax, seigniorage and interest rate ceilings were estimated for the whole study period and were substantial by most international standards. There follows a discussion of the main consequences of financial repression including capital flight, money substitution, the excessive use of inflation hedges and the thriving of informal financial transactions. Chapter (7) presents an econometric analysis of the impact of the real interest rate on saving, investment and economic growth in Egypt. The results of this analysis indicate that the real interest rate had a positive impact on financial saving, possibly through a portfolio shift. However its impact on total saving, investment and economic growth was insignificant. Chapters (8) and (9) are concerned with the issue of the coexistence of formal and informal financial sectors in rural Egypt. The analysis is based on a survey, of 200 households undertaken by the author in four Egyptian villages in the Nile delta. The methodology adopted and the description of the surveyed region are reported in chapter (8). The findings provided in chapter (9) suggest that informal financial transactions in our sample can be classified as intermittent. There was no evidence of the existence of professional money lenders. Loans, with very few exceptions, were interest free. Most loans were undertaken without contract or collateral. However default cases were low thanks to societal governance. Moreover the chapter analyses the characteristics of RoSCA in Egypt and its role in financial intermediation. The determinants of formal and informal borrowing are estimated using Tobit analysis. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of financial liberalisation on household credit decisions. This thesis highlights the importance of a liberalised financial system for economic development in Egypt. However it argues that financial liberalisation, on its own, is not a sufficient remedy for the problems encountered in the financial sector. Macroeconomic stability and prudential regulation are considered to be essential prerequisites for liberalisation. In addition the thesis strongly emphasises the need for the restructuring of the financial system and the ensuring of its compatibility with the cultural environment to enable the full realisation of the benefits of financial liberalisation.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2007 u.d.T.: Heiser, Beate: Die persönliche Besicherung von Gesellschaftsgläubigern durch einen persönlich haftenden Gesellschafter im Insolvenzverfahren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Unternehmenssanierung--Frankfurt (Main).

Les principaux objectifs des collisions d'ions lourds relativistes sont l'étude de l'équation d'état de la matière nucléaire et des effets du milieu nucléaire sur la production et la propagation des particules étranges. Le détecteur FOPI installé auprès de l'accélérateur SIS du GSI de Darmstadt permet de mesurer et de reconstruire une grande variété de particules étranges, sensibles au milieu nucléaire dense et chaud. L'étude de la production des hypérons A et E- dans les collisions Ni+Ni à 1. 93 AGeV, collectées par la collaboration FOPI, est présentée dans ce document. Plusieurs méthodes d'analyse ont été utilisées avec notamment une analyse basée sur les réseaux de neurones. Les taux de production des A sont en particulier discutés en fonction de la centralité de la réaction. Les résultats sont comparés aux prédictions de divers modèles théoriques et résultats déja existants. Une étude détaillée de la mesure des hypérons doublement étranges E- sous le seuil de création est présentée. L'ensemble des résultats permet d'apporter de nouvelles contraintes aux modèles et une meilleure compréhension de la production d'étrangeté dans un domaine en énergie proche du seuil de création

La reacció decidida del País Valencià a la rupturista reforma escolar de la II República, objecte d'aquesta Tesi, suposa tractar un aspecte social encara no resolt com ara l'ensenyança primària, que per la seua importància provocà durant el bienni 1.931-33 una guerra escolar sense precedents. Per tal de donar-li una utilitat social i un sentit històric ètic, sense intentar justificar règims anteriors, s'ha pretés també reconéixer el compromís de futur per part d'aquells valencians que, necessàriament, forma part de la nostra particular història cultural i de les mentalitats. Relacionar el fet educatiu amb la pretesa modernització social republicana, així com veure el paper de la instrucció del poble en les prioritats dels reformadors del moment, ha fet imprescindible la consulta de les fonts -bibliografia, documentació i hemeroteca- que han aportat dades, temes de debat i opinions d'aleshores per comprendre millor l'èxit o fracàs de les innovacions educatives proposades. Els intents de potenciar l'ensenyança pública estatal mobilitzà els valencians en una disputa oberta i a tots els nivells, tot enfrontant dues concepcions incompatibles: la tradicional catolicoconservadora i la moderna més progressista. Estava en joc instaurar una instrucció digna i dignificant per a tots i, alhora, acabar amb la religiosa i discriminadora anterior. El caràcter secularització i alliberador de la nova escola impactà favorablement en els ciutadans, que ho consideraven revolucionari i molt positiu, tot elogiant l'interés i la resolució del règim per afavorir l'ascens cultural del poble pla. Tanmateix, varen ser molts els entrebancs en la pràctica: manca de consens politicosocial, insuficiència de recursos malgrat els esforços pressupostaris realitzats, poca consciència popular sobre la necessitat d'instrucció, fre del conservador segon bienni o estat lamentable d'una escola pública deixada per l'anterior monarquia. Si l'escola única pretenia la igualtat de tots davant el progrés cultural, la redempció popular començava per l'obligatorietat i la gratuïtat de l'educació, sense el caràcter sectari i excloent d'èpoques passades i a base d'una pedagogia renovadora. L'escola, nou aparell ideològic, havia de resoldre la contesa laica-religiosa i generalitzar una educació primària plural; tot això comptava amb un projecte krausista-institucionista i, a més, d'assistència social i laic. Tret d'anteriors experiències, els mestres progressistes o "clero republicà" intentà, a partir de 1.931 i d'acord amb els responsables de la política educativa, potenciar la personalitat de xiquets/es i formar individus d'esperit propi i analític, a través d'una ensenyança científica i no confessional. Tot això, unit al criteri de justícia social, engegà les realitzacions de la política educativa: missions pedagògiques, colònies escolars, biblioteques públiques, millora de l'educació de la dona, coeducació, classes d'adults, jardins i cantines escolars i d'altres. La mateixa filosofia permeté l'activitat d'un valencianisme escolar, minoritari però significatiu, que treballà per una escola valenciana sense localismes ni folclorismes; també en aquest cas el nostre territori es trobà amb la manca d'infrastructura cultural pròpia, el desacord entre els mateixos valencianistes, la poca preparació dels mestres i l'actitud contrària dels cercles catolicoconservadors valencians. Les dolentes condicions laborals del Magisteri exigien, més enllà d'aspectes gremialistes, la millora de la qualitat de l'ensenyança primària i, a partir del primer bienni republicà, s'impulsà el reciclatge professional del col.lectiu docent, en un marc de pedagogia activa i motivadora. A més de la millora de les instal.lacions escolars en general i de les Normals en particulars, els nous cursets de selecció professional incorporaren temes socioeducatius adaptats a les circumstàncies; el nou Pla Professional regenerava així el món escolar amb una formació més sòlida, culta, universitària, permanent i compromesa, demandada i necessitada de feia temps pels mateixos ensenyants, conscients de les seues mancances. Les resistències retrògrades a la reforma escolar, en canvi, no permeteren consolidar una ensenyança consensuada i, a més, propiciaren el desgast de la innovadora empenta educativa. Política i pedagogia enfrontà intel.lectuals, organitzacions de tot tipus, partits, sindicats i movimients associatius preocupats per l'educació ja que, també entre 1.931-33, l'escola era considerada fonamental per als canvis socials, polítics i culturals. Les comarques valencianes visqueren aquella guerra escolar i, si la dreta catòlica amb una eficient i potent xarxa d'influència, exigia l'aturada de la secularització escolar i afavorir els centres privats-religiosos amb principis dogmàtics, les posicions avantguardistes buscaven l'alliberament cultural i religiós de la classe treballadora. El protagonisme de l'església catòlica, una vegada més, se manifestà clarament en la defensa interessada dels seus privilegis perquè, lògicament, veia amenaçats el seu exclusivisme moral i gran part de la seua clientela. Si la Constitució republicana limitava legalment l'acció dels ordes religiosos dedicats a l'ensenyança, sense prohibir-los, les seues escoles catòliques continuaren escolaritzant i la substitució de l'ensenyança religiosa no arribà a generalitzar-se; les campanyes del clero i de la dreta confongueren hàbilment els seus correligionaris i, si no podien perpetuar formalment les desigualtats socials, sí que prengueren la religió com a bandera de combat més fàcil i populista i, així, perpetuar la discriminació dels alumnes. La repetició, més sistemàtica que argumentada, d'injúries i calúmnies contra la reforma escolar republicana, així com la criminalització dels mestres progressistes, invitava fins i tot els seus seguidors a la desobediència civil, tot mostrant l'integrisme contrari a la neutralitat religiosa i la fòbia reaccionària catolicoconservadora cap a altres cultures. Aquella constant hostilitat fou encara més agressiva en el cas dels ordes religiosos, sobretot els jesuïtes, la qual cosa ocasionà aldarulls en la societat valenciana i representà un exemple més del trencament social per motius educatius. En definitiva, la política educativa del primer bienni republicà fou, també al País Valencià, una excepció històrica que, abans i després, emmarcà el règim de la II República. Així i tot, els ideals democratitzants d'aquell bienni encara ressonen i són reivindicats com a pioners i models d'una escola pública de qualitat, laica i arrelada al medi sociocultural; una ensenyança lliure i amb personalitat, sense ingerències polítiques ni religioses. Solament cal esperar que posteriors treballs valoren i investiguen més aquest camp educatiu que, de segur, resultarà molt interessant i profitós per a la historiografia valenciana<br>The response obtained in the Valencian Community due to the primary school reform, during the first two years of the Second Republic, is the object of this doctoral thesis which has led to a more thorough knowledge of the scholastic war waged between two irreconcilable factions; therefore it means an approximation to the particular cultural history and to the mentality of the Valencian people. The social history content, treated in an interdisciplinary way, shows us the conditioning factors and the limitations which the innovative republican-socialist education policy had, and which are reflected in the diversity of sources used, such as bibliographies, documentaries and newspaper archives. Having confirmed the deficient conditions of the pre-republican state education, we analyse the teaching profession and its training before and after 1.931, to consequently enter into the battle waged on all levels to again control of education. The new transforming school, which aimed to dignity the teacher and the pupil, incorporated principles such as laicism, a scientific approach, co-education or plurality, enabling the introduction of a socializing element, as is the school in a socio-linguistic environment, thanks to the voluntary effort of the Valencian teachers; in addition to a renewing pedagogy all kinds of complementary institutions were set in motion to increase the cultural level of women and adults in general. However, the reaction of the Catholics and the political right to maintain their former privileges efficiently mobilized their co-religionists to stand against the governmental secularizing measures and to preserve religious doctrinal teaching. Those educational conflicts represented yet another example of republican social rupture, show unsolved socio-educational problems and also serve serve to discover and propose pending subjects for study and research which are of great interest and benefit to the study of Valencian history.

El presente trabajo aborda el fenómeno del "sinfonismo" en Valencia, desde el ámbito de la interpretación orquestal, durante el período comprendido entre 1878 y 1916. Los límites cronológicos vienen marcados, de una parte, por la fundación, en 1878, de la Sociedad de Conciertos de José Valls, primera agrupación orquestal valenciana que, históricamente, efectuó una significativa labor de difusión del género sinfónico en la ciudad del Turia; y, de otra, por la constitución, en 1916, de la Orquesta Sinfónica de Valencia. Del análisis de la actividad orquestal desarrollada en Valencia desde 1878 a 1916, podemos extraer la siguiente conclusión: Valencia, en el transcurso de cuarenta años, con un retraso evidente respecto a Madrid y Barcelona en materia de estrenos sinfónicos, fruto del carácter musicalmente provinciano en la programación de los conciertos, pasaría de un desconocimiento casi absoluto del género sinfónico al descubrimiento, desde la primera década del siglo XX, de las corrientes estilísticas europeas contemporáneas. Este largo proceso ha permitido estructurar la tesis en cinco bloques o apartados, en función de un criterio estrictamente cronológico, a medida que el público filarmónico iba adquiriendo una mayor cultura sinfónica. El primer capítulo, que cubre la etapa 1800-1875, aborda los antecedentes históricos del sinfonismo en Valencia sobre la base del análisis del repertorio de las orquestas de teatro, diferenciando sus distintos escenarios de actuación pública. El teatro constituyó, sin duda, el núcleo fundamental de actividad sinfónica a lo largo de este período. Las piezas orquestales se intercalaban en las cotidianas representaciones escénicas, a guisa de intermedio musical, entre bailes, dramas, comedias y toda suerte de números de teatro. El repertorio comprenderá, casi exclusivamente, "sinfonías", término general empleado para aludir a la obertura de ópera. Fuera de ello, la prensa atestigua cierta, aunque esporádica, actividad sinfónica en bailes de sociedad, festividades y actos solemnes organizados en Valencia, serenatas, así como funciones religiosas. Son, de nuevo, las orquestas de teatro o, como alternativa, diversas agrupaciones instrumentales provenientes de aquéllas, quienes ejecutan esta música, con un repertorio similar: oberturas operísticas, a las que se suman, en el caso de bailes de Carnaval, serenatas y ciertas celebraciones locales, la interpretación de alguna danza orquestal, como el vals, la mazurca o la polka. El segundo y tercer capítulos se dedican al seguimiento de la trayectoria artística de la Sociedad de Conciertos de Valencia (1878-1889) y la Orquesta Goñi (1890-1901). Su creación respondía, fundamentalmente, al estado de opinión generado en Valencia en favor del género sinfónico, fruto de los antecedentes ya citados y, en particular, del incipiente movimiento sinfónico que la ciudad registraría desde mediados de los años 60, a raíz de la celebración de los primeros conciertos exclusivamente orquestales, a cargo de la orquesta del Teatro Principal. Gracias al impulso de la Sociedad de Conciertos y la orquesta de Andrés Goñi, se asiste a la relativa normalización de la vida sinfónica valenciana durante el último cuarto del siglo XIX. La celebración, con periodicidad regular, de espectáculos sinfónicos trajo consigo la dinamización y enriquecimiento del ambiente musical, al revelarse nuevas posibilidades de ocio musical, distintas a la ópera y la zarzuela tradicionales. El desfase de setenta años con relación a otras naciones europeas, o a las más cercanas Madrid y Barcelona, se manifiesta en los programas de concierto. De esta suerte, el aficionado valenciano se vio obligado a asimilar un género de música que desconocía, para lo cual los conciertos se nutrieron de partituras orquestales de carácter ligero, brillantes y efectistas, poco exigentes, en general, para un público no necesariamente instruido en el arte musical, entre las que predominaban las omnipresentes oberturas de ópera, las marchas, las melodías de corte romántico y los bailes europeos de salón. Frente a estos tipos formales, adquieren progresiva importancia, a partir de los años noventa, la obertura de concierto, la suite orquestal, el concierto para solista y orquesta y la sinfonía que, con ser todavía géneros minoritarios, permitían adivinar un cambio de orientación estética en las programaciones, como consecuencia de la inclusión, cada vez más habitual, de títulos sinfónicos de mayor extensión y complejidad formal. El análisis del período 1900-1916 ha permitido valorar la trascendental contribución de Eduardo López-Chavarri a la divulgación del género orquestal, ya como crítico, a través de las páginas del diario "Las Provincias", ya como promotor de diversas iniciativas privadas. Cabría mencionar, por otra parte, la labor de la Asociación General de Profesores de Orquesta de Valencia, constituida en 1902, amén de las frecuentes visitas a la capital del Turia, desde 1910, de las orquestas sinfónicas de Madrid y Barcelona. Con su ejemplo, constituyeron un poderoso estímulo para la fundación, en 1916, de la Orquesta Sinfónica de Valencia, al tiempo que renovaron gran parte del repertorio establecido, presentando una extensa relación de compositores desconocidos: Nicolás Rimsky-Korsakov, Claude Debussy, Richard Strauss, Max Bruch, Sergei Rachmaninov, Igor Stravinsky, y un largo etcétera. Valencia descubrirá, en el curso de estos años, las corrientes estilísticas europeas de fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX. Este proceso se produjo sin haber asimilado buena parte del Romanticismo musical, fragmentariamente conocido y con enormes lagunas por cubrir, por no citar el Barroco y el Clasicismo, cuya aportación a los conciertos se limitaba a un puñado escaso de obras y autores. Citemos, como apunte de interés, que estos años presenciarían la consolidación en Valencia de la música de Beethoven y Wagner, el estreno de varias sinfonías de Haydn y páginas emblemáticas del catálogo orquestal mozartiano. Entran, por primera vez, en los conciertos, el Barroco musical, por medio de la obra de Bach; la escuela moderna francesa, representada por César Frank, Paul Dukas y Enmanuel Chabrier; y la escuela nacionalista rusa, desde el Grupo de los Cinco a Igor Stravinsky. Con la intención de rastrear cualquier otro indicio de actividad orquestal a lo largo del período estudiado, nuestras miras se han dirigido, en el último capítulo, al análisis de aquellos conjuntos instrumentales que, no adecuados estrictamente a la plantilla de una orquesta sinfónica convencional, llevaron a cabo una meritoria tarea de difusión del repertorio sinfónico mediante toda suerte de arreglos y transcripciones de partituras orquestales. Se incluyen en este apartado las bandas de música, diferentes rondallas y estudiantinas, orquestas de composición atípica, así como un selecto grupo de formaciones de cámara que actuaban, de ordinario, en los cafés y salas de cinematógrafo valencianos.<br>This thesis is about the symphonic activity in Valencia from the point of view of the orchestral performance from 1878 to 1916. These dates are been chosen because in 1878 it takes place the foundation of the Society of Concerts by José Valls, which was the first Valencian Orchestra that historically made an important work of dissemination of the symphonic genre in Valencia and on the other hand as in 1916 the Symphonic Orchestra of Valencia was set up. Later this fact led to the final consolidation of the symphonic activity in the Valencian capital. Due to the lack of documents which was also general and ambiguous, the methodology is based on the search, collection and interpretation of several sources in newspapers archives. Among all of them, newspapers mean the main source of information and reference which allow the reconstruction of the local symphonic scene. Besides, we can add the study of all sorts of yearbooks, bulletins, annuals and almanacs; guides ov Valencia; social historical studies; memorial reports of cultural organizations and lastly, standing orders and rules of orchestras, theatre listings and concerts bills. Looking into the orchestral activity developed in Valencia from 1878 to1916 we can come to the following conclusion: Valencia, in the course of fourty years, with an important delay compared to the symphonic premières in Madrid and Barcelona, went from a complete ignorance of the symphonic genre to the discovery, from the first decade in the twentieth century, of the European contemporary musical styles.

Esta tesis analiza la representación cinematográfica de Barcelona en dos períodos clave de su evolución urbanística: el desarrollismo franquista, que coincide con la larga alcaldía de Porcioles, y la etapa que va desde la restauración de la democracia hasta hoy. La tesis desarrolla dos líneas de investigación que corresponden a dos distintas maneras de considerar la relación entre cine y ciudad: por un lado, la de la cinematic urban archaelogy, que utiliza el cine como fuente histórica para investigar las transformaciones urbanísticas, culturales y socioeconómicas experimentadas por la ciudad a lo largo del tiempo; por otro, la que estudia el cine como instrumento capaz de influir en la percepción del espacio urbano y contribuir, de forma más o menos voluntaria, a la construcción de la imagen de la ciudad y a su comercialización en el mercado turístico global. A través del análisis comparativo de un corpus de películas de distintas nacionalidades que han retratado la capital catalana en los dos períodos escogidos, la tesis indaga sobre cómo la imagen fílmica de Barcelona ha evolucionado en relación con las profundas transformaciones urbanísticas sufridas por la ciudad, y sobre cómo el cine ha influido en la construcción y en la difusión de la nueva imagen de la Barcelona post-olímpica, contribuyendo además a relanzar la ciudad como destino turístico.<br>The aim of this work is to analyse the cinematic representation of Barcelona in two key stages of its urban development: the era of Francoist desarrollismo, which coincides with Porcioles’s municipal government (1957-1973), and the period that runs from the restoration of democracy until today. The thesis develops two main lines of inquiry related to two different ways of considering the relationship between cinema and the city: the first is the so called “cinematic urban archaelogy”, based on the use of cinema as a historical source to investigate the urban, cultural and socio-economic changes experienced by the city over time; the second considers cinema as a tool capable of conditioning the perception of urban space and contributing, more or less voluntarily, to the construction of the city’s image and its commercialisation in the global market. Through the comparative analysis of a corpus of films made by an international group of filmmakers that have portrayed the Catalan capital in the two chosen periods, the thesis critically explores how the film image of Barcelona has evolved in relation to the deep urban changes experienced by the city, and how cinema has participated in the construction and dissemination of the new image of post-Olympic Barcelona, thus contributing to relaunch the city as a tourist destination.

When this study commenced in early 2004, only five Phaeophleospora species. had been reported from eucalypts of which only two; P. destructans (STE-U 1336) and P. epicoccoides (STE-U 1346) had been sequenced. In a former study, Phaeophleospora species emerged in two separate clades suggesting that Phaeophelospora is polyphyletic. The appearance and severity of lesions on eucalypt leaves are generally used to recognise the species of Phaeophleospora responsible for disease. However, depending on host and climate, the symptoms associated with infection by P. epicoccoides, P. eucalypti and P. destructans can be almost identical and incorrect diagnosis is a common problem. Thus, Phaeophleospora species were compared based on DNA sequences and multi gene genealogies were constructed. In addition species- specific primers were designed and tested on leaf material. Many isolates of Phaeophleospora spp. were collected and sequenced, and all Phaeophleospora spp. from eucalypts were shown to cluster together and are closely related to the most important leaf pathogens associated with eucalypts namely Colletogloeopsis zuluensis, Mycosphaerella cryptica and M. nubilosa. In contrast, these fungi are distantly related to the type specimen of the genus Phaeophleospora, P. eugeniae. Furthermore, all DNA sequences of isolates of P. destructans examined in this thesis, including the ex-type culture, were identical but different to one previously lodged in GenBank. This phylogenetic separation led to a morphological study of the species assigned to Phaeophleospora and compared the species from eucalypts with P. eugeniae the type specimen of Phaeophleospora. The phylogenetic and morphological studies show that P. eugeniae is well separated from Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts and led to the resurrection of the previous generic name, Kirramyces for Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis and morphological observation of Kirramyces spp. and Colletogloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts showed considerable overlap between these two genera. Therefore, Colletogloeopsis was reduced to synonymy with Kirramyces. Consequently, the genus Kirramyces was expanded from five to 14 species, and included the description of two new species, K. angophorae and K. corymbiae. In order to assist with their identification a key based on morphology of conidia for Kirramyces species was developed. Kirramyces destructans is a devastating pathogen originally described from Indonesia in 1996 and has since been found throughout Asia where all common tropical and subtropical plantation eucalypt species and hybrids are susceptible. K. destructans is considered a major biosecurity threat in Australia, both to native eucalypt forests and the tropical plantation industry. Prior to the current study, there had been no investigation into the origin and movement of this important pathogen. Thus, five gene regions and six microsatellite loci were sequenced for 43 representative isolates of K. destructans from a range of geographical locations and hosts. Two microsatellite markers detected very low nucleotide polymorphism (three haplotypes for each loci); five other gene regions, including four microsatellite region were uniform. This low level of genetic diversity provides strong evidence that K. destructans was introduced into Indonesia as a founder population and that it has subsequently been spread throughout Asia via human-mediated movement of germplasm. Timor and Northern Australia were considered to be a possible source of origin of this fungus, but the high susceptibility of native E. urophylla to K. destructans in Timor indicates that the pathogen is unlikely to be endemic to Timor. The current distribution of Kirramyces eucalypti is New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand (North Island). The main host of this pathogen is E. nitens which is native to Victoria and New South Wales. Kirramyces eucalypti has not been found in South Africa, yet it causes a severe disease on eucalypt hybrids originating from South Africa growing in New South Wales indicating movement to these hybrids from either native eucalypts or nearby plantations. As such, K. eucalypti poses a threat for the plantation industry in sub-tropical and tropical Australia. The phylogeography of K. eucalypti in Australia and New Zealand was studied by sequencing three gene regions and one microsatellite locus of fifty-seven representative isolates of K. eucalypti from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. The highest genetic variation was found among isolates from NSW suggesting that K. eucalypti originates from NSW. Isolates in New Zealand appear to have been introduced from NSW. Isolates from Queensland were consistently different to those from other regions and may in fact represent a cryptic species or a hybrid. During monitoring of eucalypt taxa trials in far North Queensland, infected leaves resembling symptoms typical of K. destructans were collected and examined. Phylogenetic data based on three gene regions and some morphological characteristics revealed a new taxon described in this study as K. viscidus. Kirramyces viscidus was also shown to be closely related to the devastating pathogen K. destructans. Kirramyces viscidus had been found to cause extensive damage to eucalypt hybrids originating from South America, and less damage to E. grandis from Australia, indicating that this pathogen is probably endemic to Australia. Kirramyces viscidus has the potential to seriously damage tropical eucalypt plantations, especially if clonal and planted off-site. In conclusion, this study resurrected genus Kirramyces for the Phaeophleospora and Coletoglloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts. It also studied the phylogeography and gene flow of the two most important Kirramyces species, K. destructans and K. eucalypti and describes three new Kirramcyes spp. found on eucalypts in Australia. Very recently, K. destructans has been discovered in Northern Australia. This raises a whole series of new issues as there are now several pathogens, K. eucalypti, K. viscidus and K. destructans present in Australia that known to cause serious damage on plantation eucalypts. Recent investigations have also revealed several undescribed Kirramyces spp. in Northern Australia. Their impact, distribution, movement and potential for hybridization now need to be examined.

This thesis examines the relatively lower uptake rates of GCSE music in comparison to other optional subjects at Key Stage 4 (KS4), such as art, drama and sport. The purpose of the study is primarily to explore the factors which might influence students’ decision whether or not to take GCSE music. In relation to this, the thesis also examines the purposes of music in schools; whether the compulsory music curriculum in school is mainly for: an aesthetic appreciation of music and the arts; the advancement of musical subject knowledge and preparation for further study at KS4; and/or for the attainment of extra-musical benefits, such as transfer effects. The extent to which lower uptake rates should be considered problematic is discussed, as well as the impact of uptake rates on the place of music in the school curriculum. The key research question, “What are the factors which affect the uptake rates for GCSE Music?” is explored using a mixed methods design using quantitative and qualitative data. Data were collected from pupils in Key Stage 3 (N=679); those studying GCSE and A-Level Music (previous option-takers, N=275); students studying for the BMus in Music, and the Post Graduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) in secondary music (N=52). The key findings indicate that children at KS3 reflect upon whether or not they perceive that music will be necessary for them in terms of future career choices as a major contributory factor as to whether they might opt to take GCSE music; they are less likely to choose the subject if they perceive that they will not undertake a career in music, and this factor was statistically significant above and beyond the other factors, between and within schools. Additionally, children in KS3, although most felt that GCSE music would not be beyond them, felt that the perceived need and effort involved v in learning to play an instrument might deter them from opting to take GCSE music. The profile of the participants in the GCSE and A-Level music group (who had previously opted for GCSE music) showed that instrumental skills were held by all but two of these students, and indicate that instrumental skills are a part of most students’ background; the implications of this are considered. Other factors are also considered. The implications of these findings are explored in the thesis and recommendations are given for further research.

This thesis seeks to understand why civil society organisations (CSOs) in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) began to mobilise in the 1990s and why government overtures to consulting CSOs on trade matters emerged from around the same time. In addition, this thesis examines the ways in which different types of CSOs have mobilised on trade issues and the ways in which governments have included CSOs in trade consultations. To answer the “why” questions, this thesis posits that both material and ideational factors were important for motivating CSOs to conceive of themselves as needing to mobilise on trade matters in the context of the 1990s. The material and ideational factors of note here are: shifts in the direction of neo-liberal policy orientation, towards a focus on globalisation and towards emphasising good governance. These have impacted on actor interests and perceptions. Despite ideational and material factors impacting on CSO interest perceptions and on government approaches to trade matters, these factors cannot account for variations in the types of CSOs that mobilise and that governments consult on trade matters. This is where institutional factors become important. Institutions can help one to understand how different CSOs have mobilized and how CSOs have been included on trade matters at the region level and across three case studies (Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and St. Lucia). In essence the thesis shows that whilst ideational and material factors help one to understand why CSOs have mobilised and have been included, institutional factors help one to understand how they have been included.

L’idea di base della seguente tesi, finora mai applicata o descritta in letteratura scientifica in base alle ricerche effettuate, è stata quella di creare un sistema di monitoraggio strutturale intelligente (Structural Health Monitoring, SHM) mediante dei sensori di deformazione a reticolo di Bragg (Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG), incollati su fili a memoria di forma inseriti a loro volta, bloccati con opportuni ancoraggi esterni, in sei travi di betoncino cementizio armato. L’obbiettivo della sperimentazione è stato quindi quello di creare delle travi intelligenti che, in condizioni di carico eccezionali e critiche (monitorate dal sensore a fibra ottica), sapessero “autoripararsi” mediante gli attuatori a memoria di forma con un processo di riscaldamento appositamente progettato.

This thesis examines how literal and figurative disappearance can be said to have occurred through certain technological developments after World War II. This study investigates key concepts of the human condition alongside notions of disappearance, underpinned by the contextual framework of Primo Levi’s pivotal question and statement: ‘if this is a Man’. As a survivor of Auschwitz, Levi reflected on threats to the human through Holocaust testimony in If This is a Man (1947) and through his science fiction (sf) which explored technological perils after 1945. Like Levi, my work focuses on the ways in which ‘Man’ can be challenged and undermined. While my work uses a similar approach, it goes further by applying ideas of disappearance and by exploring technologies outside Levi’s remit and within US sf. To look at the concept of human replacement and destruction, I build on the philosophy of Jean Baudrillard who argued that humanity is at risk of figuratively ‘disappearing’ through a blurring of boundaries between the real and the artificial. Baudrillard speaks of losing traditional concepts of the human condition through simulacra and technological dominance. I combine Baudrillard’s idea of disappearance with Levi’s concerns over technological threats to the human. In this thesis, I speak of literal disappearance as involving death (especially to the collective through genocide or extinction) and figurative disappearance through an alteration of the traditional concept of what it means to be human. Through representative sf texts, I explore how many writers have portrayed the human as under pressure through certain technological advancements especially after World War II. My thesis is arranged thematically, tracing three key technological epochs within a chronological structure. The themes for the three parts are intended to highlight some key concerns emerging from sf which relate to the human condition and disappearance, such as the threat of the nuclear, the emergence of cybernetics, and the development of artificial intelligence. I use these historic events to reflect on how US sf explores technological apocalyptic themes.

En esta tesis se analiza y calcula el impacto de la apertura comercial mexicana y el efecto marginal del TLCAN sobre la estructura productiva, niveles de actividad y redistribución de recursos. Esta política es analizada en un entorno de interdependencia general, implementando tres modelos multisectoriales y estáticos: Modelo Input-Output, Modelo Lineal SAM o de Multiplicadores Contables y un Modelo de Equilibrio General Computable (MEGC). <br/>El Modelo Input-Ouput permite calcular indicadores de dependencia productiva, empleo asociado al comercio exterior y el impacto en precios para 72 actividades económicas y se estudia su conducta en el periodo 1970-93. <br/>Para introducir el flujo circular de la renta al análisis, se construye una matriz de contabilidad social (SAM) que replica la economía mexicana de 1993. En este caso, la agricultura es separada en: granos y otros productos agrícolas. La relevancia de esta subdivisión estriba en que el sector granos contiene productos "sensibles" que, en el marco del TLCAN, no serán comerciados libremente hasta el 2009. <br/>Con base a la SAM se formula el Modelo de Multiplicadores Contables que determina el poder generador de renta nacional para 73 ramas de actividad económica. Por otro lado, una versión agregada de 9 sectores es utilizada para calibrar el MEGC.<br/>Los resultados sugieren que las economías mexicana y estadounidense se han hecho más complementarias. Están interrelacionadas por el intercambio de productos intermedios y finales, pero principalmente, algunos sectores mexicanos se han especializado en la exportación de productos maquilados. De esta manera, indirectamente, México provee de mano de obra barata a Estados Unidos. <br/>En este sentido, la industria maquiladora ha jugado un papel protagónico en el cambio estructura de la economía mexicana. A esta actividad productiva están asociados los más altos efectos multiplicadores en empleo y precios. Aunque su impacto sobre la renta nacional es relevante, éste es menor que el de otros sectores porque la maquila no abastece sus inputs intermedios en el mercado mexicano, todos ellos los importa temporalmente del exterior.<br/>Así también, el MEGC determina que el impacto en los precios relativos juega a favor de la manufactura con alto efecto expansión sobre el empleo (incluye a la maquila), permitiendo observar como el trabajo y capital se desplazan a este sector.<br/>La agricultura y ganadería tienen alto efecto sobre la renta nacional, pero bajo impacto en precios cuando los aranceles son eliminados. Esto se debe a que nuestro análisis no considera las barreras no arancelarias que son muy importantes en estos sectores.<br/>Sin embargo, explotamos la utilidad del MEGC y simulamos que la producción doméstica de estos sectores era completamente sustituida por importaciones. De esta manera, el modelo simula el ajuste en la economía mexicana: si los granos nacionales son negativamente afectados por el TLCAN o si la ganadería sigue mostrando la conducta observada en el periodo posterior a la puesta en marcha del acuerdo norteamericano (en el periodo 1993-99, sus importaciones se incrementaron 51.3% y sus exportaciones se redujeron un 31.9%).<br/>Los ejercicios sugieren que el efecto de la ganadería es más relevante que el de los granos, ya que en 1993, la ganadería era considerada una manufactura intermedia, compraba y vendía inputs intermedios con mayor intensidad que el sector promedio.

This study examines the impacts of the United States federal policy Public Law 93-531, the Navajo Hopi Land Settlement Act, which was passed by Congress in 1974. P.L. 93-531 forced many Navajo families and their children who had resided on their traditional homeland for generations to relocate elsewhere. Today, Navajo residents who were minors when they relocated with their parent(s) find themselves dispossessed of their cultural heritage. Basically, P.L. 93-531 dispossessed and displaced the Navajo minors (now adults) from their inherent traditional homelands, thus creating a second generation of Navajo relocatees. The relocation plan was not inclusive of second generation Navajo relocatees as stakeholders, leaving them in an indeterminate legal, economic, political, and social state. The primary questions addressed are these, 1) How has the relocation experience, due to Public Law 93-53, impacted the lives of second generation Navajo children, now adults, living in towns or cities off the Navajo Nation? What have been the perspectives and challenges of the participants after relocation? 2) What has the federal and Navajo government’s role been in the lives of Children of Relocation? The study utilizes a modified theoretical framework, Peoplehood Matrix, which encompasses the components of, language, ceremonial cycle, land, and sacred history, with the addition of livelihood. The components of the modified Peoplehood Matrix are interwoven and dependent upon one another which contribute to a group or individuals identity (Holm, Pearson and Chavis 2003). Qualitative and quantitative methodologies of collecting artifacts, a Q-method survey, and in-depth interview are used to study the second generation Navajo relocatees as adults living away from the Navajo Nation to document the challenges they experienced as a result of compulsory relocation. Although few studies address Navajo adult relocatees, there are no significant studies addressing second generation Navajos relocatees.