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Journal articles on the topic '940116 Social Class and Inequalities'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Cyba, Eva. "Gender inequalities between individualization and social class." Women's Studies International Forum 17, no. 2-3 (1994): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(94)90023-x.

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Heath, Oliver. "Policy Alienation, Social Alienation and Working-Class Abstention in Britain, 1964–2010." British Journal of Political Science 48, no. 4 (2016): 1053–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000272.

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This article presents an examination of class-based inequalities in turnout at British elections. These inequalities have substantially grown, and the class divide in participation has become greater than the class divide in vote choice between the two main parties. To account for class inequalities in turnout three main hypotheses – to do with policy indifference, policy alienation and social alienation – are tested. The results from the British context suggest that the social background of political representatives influences the ways in which voters participate in the political process, and

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3

Iannelli, Cristina. "Educational Expansion and Social Mobility: The Scottish Case." Social Policy and Society 10, no. 2 (2011): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641000059x.

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For over a century, the goal of reducing class inequalities in educational attainment has been based at least in part on the belief that this would help to equalise life chances. Drawing upon the main findings of three ESRC-funded projects, this paper reviews the empirical evidence on trends in social class inequalities in educational attainment and the role of education in promoting social mobility in Scotland. The findings show that in the second half of the twentieth century, despite the increase in overall levels of attainment, class differences in educational attainment persisted. Educati

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Sullivan, Alice, Sosthenes Ketende, and Heather Joshi. "Social Class and Inequalities in Early Cognitive Scores." Sociology 47, no. 6 (2013): 1187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038512461861.

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5

Wenczenovicz, Thaís Janaina, ANA CAROLINA MARTINS DA SILVA, and JANAINA RECZIEGEL. "SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND YOUTH." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 10, no. 2 (2022): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss2.3654.

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The struggle against social inequalities in Brazil has been the center of analysis in several areas of knowledge. Scholars, public managers, researchers, and public policymakers strive to diagnose and implement measures to reduce inequalities in the Brazilian context. Among the multiple forms of manifestation of such inequalities, the social markers of gender, race, and social class are the most investigated. However, color or race occupies a central space in most of the debates given the process of the socio-historical constitution of Brazil. In this debate, besides the aspects that are relat

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Smith, Andy, David Haycock, and Nicola Hulme. "The Class of London 2012: Some Sociological Reflections on the Social Backgrounds of Team GB Athletes." Sociological Research Online 18, no. 3 (2013): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.3105.

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This rapid response article briefly examines one feature of the relationship between social class and elite sport: the social backgrounds of the Olympians who comprised Team GB (Great Britain) at the 2012 London Olympics Games, and especially their educational backgrounds, as a means of shedding sociological light on the relationship between elite sport and social class. It is claimed that, to a large degree, the class-related patterns evident in the social profiles of medal-winners are expressive of broader class inequalities in Britain. The roots of the inequalities in athletes’ backgrounds

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Muntaner, Carles, Craig Nagoshi, and Chamberlain Diala. "Racial Ideology and Explanations for Health Inequalities among Middle-Class Whites." International Journal of Health Services 31, no. 3 (2001): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/c496-24x1-y2kn-q9jj.

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Middle-class whites' explanations for racial inequalities in health can have a profound impact on the type of questions addressed in epidemiology and public health research. These explanations also constitute a subset of white racial ideology (i.e., racism) that in itself powerfully affects the health of non-whites. This study begins to examine the nature of attributions for racial inequalities in health among university students who by definition are likely to be involved in the research, policy, and service professions (the upper middle class). Investigation of the degree to which middle-cla

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8

Konietzka, Dirk, and Yevgeniy Martynovych. "The Spatial Dimension of Social Stratification in Germany—Are Social Class Differentials in Place of Residence Increasing?" Social Sciences 12, no. 6 (2023): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060326.

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It is widely assumed that post-industrial societies are characterized not only by growing economic inequalities and social polarization but also by increasing spatial segregation. This paper does not address residential segregation (i.e., “intra-city” inequalities), but instead investigates how social classes are distributed over different settlement types and whether class differences in places of residence have increased between 1996 and 2018. Based on microcensus data and applying the ESeC class schema, we focus on the question of whether members of the “new middle class” are increasingly c

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9

Duta, Adriana, and Cristina Iannelli. "Social Class Inequalities in Graduates’ Labour Market Outcomes: The Role of Spatial Job Opportunities." Social Sciences 7, no. 10 (2018): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7100201.

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This paper provides new important evidence on the spatial dimension of social class inequalities in graduates’ labour market outcomes, an aspect largely overlooked within the existing literature. Using data from the HESA Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education Early and Longitudinal Survey (DLHE) for the 2008/09 graduate cohort and applying multilevel logistic regression models, we investigate whether and the extent to which social class inequalities in graduates’ occupational outcomes vary depending on the job opportunities in the geographical area where they find employment. By examini

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10

Krieger, Nancy, and Elizabeth Fee. "Social Class: The Missing Link in U.S. Health Data." International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 1 (1994): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2jg7-ymd5-wcp2-xxnt.

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National vital statistics in the United States are unique among those of advanced capitalist countries in reporting data only by race, sex, and age—not by class and income. This article reviews the limited U.S. data resources that may be used to document social class inequalities in health. Summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of the British approach to gathering data on social class and health, the authors discuss possible approaches to collecting data that could be feasible in the U.S. context. They argue that educational level is an insufficient marker for socioeconomic position and con

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11

Sorj, Bila, and Alexandre Fraga. "Leave policies and social inequality in Brazil." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 5/6 (2020): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2019-0141.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between leave policies and social inequalities. It seeks to analyze the historical course of maternity and paternity leave legislation in Brazil, and also provides quantitative evidence that access to leave is impacted by social stratification, revealing different inequalities. Design/methodology/approach To investigate access to leave policies, this study uses data from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua Anual de 2017 (Annual National Continuous Household Sampling Survey of 2017), conducted by IBGE/Brazil.

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12

Fairley, L. "Social class inequalities in perinatal outcomes: Scotland 1980-2000." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 60, no. 1 (2006): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.038380.

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13

West, Patrick. "Inequalities? Social class differentials in health in British youth." Social Science & Medicine 27, no. 4 (1988): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(88)90262-6.

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14

Grasso, Maria, and Marco Giugni. "Intra-generational inequalities in young people’s political participation in Europe: The impact of social class on youth political engagement." Politics 42, no. 1 (2021): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02633957211031742.

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The declining political engagement of youth is a concern in many European democracies. However, young people are also spearheading protest movements cross-nationally. While there has been research on political inequalities between generations or inter-generational differences, research looking at differences within youth itself, or inequalities between young people from different social backgrounds, particularly from a cross-national perspective, is rare. In this article, we aim to fill this gap in the literature. Using survey data from 2018 on young people aged 18–34 years, we analyse how soc

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15

Fu, Danling, Linda Leonard Lamme, and Zhihui Fang. "Reading Corner for Educators: Addressing Social Inequalities through Literacy Education." Language Arts 83, no. 2 (2005): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/la20054454.

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Perceptions of race, class, and gender are culturally and socially shaped and form the roots for inequities in our society and our classrooms. In this column we review three books that question institutionalized perceptions of race and class. The authors examine the history of schooling that contributes to great divides among human races and ranks individuals based on race, speech, and class. These books posit that to question and examine our perception of race, class, and gender is the key to providing justice and equal education to ALL children, especially those who come from family backgrou

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Rudman, Laurie A., and Lina H. Saud. "Justifying Social Inequalities: The Role of Social Darwinism." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 7 (2020): 1139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219896924.

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Three studies supported a model whereby associations between ideologies that share roots in biological determinism and outcomes that reinforce inequality (based on gender, race, or class) were mediated by system justification beliefs (SJB). Outcomes included support for Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton as president (Study 1), justifying police brutality (Study 2), and support for a White House budget that slashed the social safety net to endow the wealthy with tax cuts (Study 3). These findings provoke a vital question: How do people deem unequal systems worthy of defense? Each study compared

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17

Bartoll-Roca, Xavier, and Albert Julià. "Empirically revisiting a social class scheme for mental health in Barcelona, Spain." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 7 (2021): 965–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2020-0694.

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PurposeSocial inequalities in mental health can be captured by occupational situation and social class stratification. This study analyzes the adequacy of a classification of work and employment conditions and an adaptation of the Goldthorpe social class scheme in relation to mental health in Barcelona, Spain.Design/methodology/approachMultiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) on working and employment conditions were used to empirically construct distinctive working groups. Through 2 logistic regression models, we contrasted the association between mental h

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18

Muntaner, C., O. Davis, K. McIsaack, L. Kokkinen, K. Shankardass, and P. O’Campo. "Retrenched Welfare Regimes Still Lessen Social Class Inequalities in Health." International Journal of Health Services 47, no. 3 (2017): 410–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731417712509.

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This article builds on recent work that has explored how welfare regimes moderate social class inequalities in health. It extends research to date by using longitudinal data from the EU-SILC (2003–2010) and examines how the relationship between social class and self-reported health and chronic conditions varies across 23 countries, which are split into five welfare regimes (Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern, Southern, and Continental). Our analysis finds that health across all classes was only worse in Eastern Europe (compared with the Nordic countries). In contrast, we find evidence that the socia

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19

Veenstra, Gerry. "Social space, social class and Bourdieu: Health inequalities in British Columbia, Canada." Health & Place 13, no. 1 (2007): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.09.011.

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20

Fauske, Halvor, Bente Kojan, and Anita Skårstad Storhaug. "Social Class and Child Welfare: Intertwining Issues of Redistribution and Recognition." Social Sciences 7, no. 9 (2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7090143.

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By the end of the 20th century, social class appeared to be an old-fashioned and outdated concept. Serious doubts were expressed about the theoretical and empirical relevance of social class in understanding inequalities in contemporary society. However, experiences from completing research with children and families receiving support from child welfare services shows that applying a class perspective is useful. The purpose of our study was to explore the redistributive and cultural dimensions of social class in the context of child welfare. The data include survey interviews with 715 families

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21

Garrido-Cumbrera, Marco, Carme Borrell, Laia Palència, et al. "Social Class Inequalities in the Utilization of Health Care and Preventive Services in Spain, a Country with a National Health System." International Journal of Health Services 40, no. 3 (2010): 525–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.40.3.h.

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In Spain, despite the existence of a National Health System (NHS), the utilization of some curative health services is related to social class. This study assesses (1) whether these inequalities are also observed for preventive health services and (2) the role of additional private health insurance for people of advantaged social classes. Using data from the Spanish National Health Survey of 2006, the authors analyze the relationships between social class and use of health services by means of Poisson regression models with robust variance, controlling for self-assessed health. Similar analyse

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22

Bonizzato, Paola, and Juan Eduardo Tello. "Social economic inequalities and mental health. I. Concepts, theories and interpretations." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 12, no. 3 (2003): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00002980.

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SummaryAims – Reconstructing the models used for approaching the inequalities issues in health, idenfiying the most relevant theoretical and conceptual contributions. Method – Literature electronic-search on Medline, Psyclit, Econlit, Social Science Index and SocioSearch using the key-words inequalities, deprivation, poverty, socio-economic status, social class, occupational class, mental health for the period 1965-2002; integrated with manual search. The material was classified according to the conceptual and theoretical interpretative models or to the analyses of the association 'inequalitie

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23

Högberg, Björn, Mattias Strandh, Anna Baranowska-Rataj, and Ingemar Johansson Sevä. "Ageing, health inequalities and the welfare state: A multilevel analysis." Journal of European Social Policy 28, no. 4 (2017): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717739234.

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Comparative studies of health inequalities have largely neglected age and ageing aspects, while ageing research has often paid little attention to questions of social inequalities. This article investigates cross-country differences in gradients in self-rated health and limiting long-standing illness (LLSI) in middle-aged and in older people (aged 50–64 and 65–80 years) linked to social class, and degrees to which the social health gradients are associated with minimum pension levels and expenditure on elderly care. For these purposes, data from the European Social Survey (2002–2010) are analy

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24

Noll, Heinz-Herbert. "Class, Stratification and Beyond: The German Case." Tocqueville Review 18, no. 2 (1997): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.18.2.103.

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In the early eighties — well before the breakdown of the former GDR and the start of the reunification process — a new sociological debate emerged in West Germany about major changes of the social structure (Beck, 1983; Hradil, 1987). Keywords of this debate were for example “individualization”, “pluralization of life styles”, “social milieus” and “new social inequalities”.

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25

Crean, Margaret. "Affective formations of class consciousness: Care consciousness." Sociological Review 66, no. 6 (2018): 1177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026117751341.

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This article explores affective formations of class consciousness. Through autoethnography and conversations and discussion sessions with working class women, the article contributes to a sociology of social class that recognises how people come to know their class positioning in spaces outside of waged relations. The article argues that affective relations and affective inequalities inform women’s experiences and consciousness of inequality generated by the class system. Their consciousness of the class system is narrated through their care relational identities, discontent with affective ine

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26

Emler, Nicholas, and Julie Dickinson. "Children's representation of economic inequalities: The effects of social class." British Journal of Developmental Psychology 3, no. 2 (1985): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835x.1985.tb00971.x.

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27

King, Ronald. "Sex and Social Class Inequalities in Education: a re‐examination." British Journal of Sociology of Education 8, no. 3 (1987): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142569870080304.

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Leathwood, Carole, and Louise Archer. "Social class and educational inequalities: the local and the global." Pedagogy, Culture & Society 12, no. 1 (2004): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14681360400200186.

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Roberts, Kenneth M. "Social inequalities without class cleavages in Latin America’s neoliberal era." Studies in Comparative International Development 36, no. 4 (2002): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02686331.

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Hemmingsson, Tomas, Ingvar Lundberg, and Finn Diderichsen. "The roles of social class of origin, achieved social class and intergenerational social mobility in explaining social-class inequalities in alcoholism among young men." Social Science & Medicine 49, no. 8 (1999): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00191-4.

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31

KR, Vignesh Karthik, and Vishal Vasanthakumar. "Caste, then Class: Redistribution and Representation in the Dravidian Model." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 3, no. 1 (2022): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v3i1.348.

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Dravidian parties believe that changes to the economic structure will not lead to social justice if the upper/dominant castes continue to exclusively possess social capital. To them, and later, to the successive Dravidian party governments, economic justice was not possible without first ensuring social justice. This view was held by the stalwarts of the Dravidian movement such as Periyar E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar henceforth), the subject of this engagement, and actualised by leaders such as C.N. Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi, whose electoral politics was a means to empower subaltern groups in Tam

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Zulqarnain, Muhammad, and Qasim Azzam Bhutta. "Islamic Scholarship on Social Peace and Class Inequalities in Education: Mapping Contemporary Patterns by Abductive Reasoning and Islamic Injunctions." Al-Wifaq, no. 4.2 (December 31, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55603/alwifaq.v4i2.e3.

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The purpose of this research paper was to analyze the nexus between social peace and class inequalities in the education system of Pakistan. Qualitative, descriptive, and abductive research techniques were employed for the collection, analysis, and demonstration of data. The review of the literature concluded that the education system in Pakistan had badly failed to establish social peace, justice, tolerance, shared respect, harmony, and cooperation. Despite different measures such as modern techniques of curriculum development, effective teaching pedagogies, huge funds, up-to-date evaluation

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Tello, Juan Eduardo, and Paola Bonizzato. "Social economic inequalities and mental health II. Methodological aspects and literature review." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 12, no. 4 (2003): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00003079.

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SummaryObjective - This study provides a framework for mental health inequalities beginners. It describes the methods used to measure socio economic inequalities and the inter-relations with different aspects of mental health: residence, mental health services organisation and main diagnostic categories. Method - Literature electronic-search on Medline, Psyclit, Econlit, Social Science Index and SocioSearch usingand relating the key-words inequalities, deprivation, poverty, socio-economic status, social class, occupational class, mental health for the period 1965-2002 (June). The articles sele

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MAZHAK, IRYNA. "SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH: MAIN APPROACHES TO STUDY." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, Stmm. 2022 (1) (2022): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2022.01.106.

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Over the past four decades, researchers have used different theoretical and methodological approaches to study social inequalities in health, so the aim of this study is to analyze the main approaches to studying social and socio-economic inequalities in health: materialist (based on income), psychosocial (based on social inequalities), cultural and behavioral (based on health / lifestyle behaviors) and intersectional (used to identify social inequalities in health among many social groups appear at the intersection between different identities of the individual). There are also the fundamenta

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35

Bland, J. Martin. "North-south divide in social inequalities in Great Britain: Divide in social class inequalities may exist but is small." BMJ 329, no. 7456 (2004): 52.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7456.52.

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COSACOV, NATALIA, and MARIANO D. PERELMAN. "Struggles over the Use of Public Space: Exploring Moralities and Narratives of Inequality. Cartoneros and Vecinos in Buenos Aires." Journal of Latin American Studies 47, no. 3 (2015): 521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x15000425.

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AbstractBased on extensive and long-term ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2002 and 2009, and by analysing the presence, use and struggles over public space of cartoneros and vecinos in middle-class and central neighbourhoods of the city of Buenos Aires, this article examines practices, moralities and narratives operating in the production and maintenance of social inequalities. Concentrating on spatialised interactions, it shows how class inequalities are reproduced and social distances are generated in the struggle over public space. For this, two social situations are addressed. Fi

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Colonia, Frez, Bea Christine Saavedra, Jemima Setias, and Lito Diones. "Parasite Deception: A Discourse Analysis on Class Inequality Depicted in Bong Joon Ho’s Movie." International Journal of Literature Studies 2, no. 2 (2022): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijts.2022.2.2.7.

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Movies are a combination of technology and entertainment with the consideration of aesthetics. Movies reflect society and transform the citizens’ views about things and basically about everything else in the world. A movie does not only entertain, but it also educates the viewers about society. Lessons from these movies can also be applied in real-life scenarios. Also, some movies reflect the context of the society in which the movie is reflected into. Some of these depictions even reflect the social setups of society. Social set-ups in movies show the different classes as people compete for r

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Darity, William A., and Isabel Ruiz. "Caste, class, race, and inequality: insights for economic policy." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 40, no. 3 (2024): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grae038.

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Abstract Disparities across social identity groups (such as race, caste, and ethnicity) are a global phenomenon, where significant differences in wealth and other socioeconomic outcomes are observed. Although the contexts and historical roots of these differences vary by country, there are common factors—particularly arising at the intersection of social identity and social class—that help explain the persistence of these inequalities. This issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy examines various dimensions of inequality tied to intergroup disparities and social hierarchy, drawing insigh

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Savage, Mike. "Social class, wealth and multidimensional inequalities: The Great British Class Survey after ten years." Mens & Maatschappij 100, no. 2 (2025): 126–42. https://doi.org/10.5117/mem2025.2.002.sava.

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40

Berlinguer, Giovanni. "The Welfare State, Class, and Gender." International Journal of Health Services 22, no. 1 (1992): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/09th-2q3b-e38l-q0x3.

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If we compare the welfare state countries with others, from the point of view of both health and health services, the crisis concerns primarily the second group of countries. Nevertheless, difficulties arise also for welfare state policies. The problem is how to respond to neoconservative attacks on social and health rights, and how to change the bureaucratic and medicalized bias of the welfare state. The “golden era” of social insurance and health services, conceived as free access to funds to cope with all the growing needs of the population, is over. Limitations, controls, and priorities ha

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Şengönül, Turhan. "Impact of Social Class Background on General Cognitive Ability." International Education Studies 15, no. 6 (2022): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v15n6p136.

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Theorists and researchers have been discussing the relationship between social class background and differences observed in cognitive ability test points of children from lower social class families and their middle or upper SES peers. It has been discussed that for a more detailed understanding of these cognitive inequalities, it appears necessary to move beyond boundaries of psychology and consider sociological conditions or contexts as well. It has been asserted that social class background characteristics affect general cognitive ability over time. The present study introduces research exp

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GRAHAM, HILARY. "Smoking, Stigma and Social Class." Journal of Social Policy 41, no. 1 (2011): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727941100033x.

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AbstractThe decline in cigarette smoking in high-income countries is attributed to the increasing social unacceptability of smoking, a cultural shift in which tobacco control policies are identified as playing a major part. While seen as essential to protect public health, there is a growing appreciation that these polices may have contributed to a social climate in which smoking is stigmatised. The paper reviews this debate on smoking and stigma. It notes that individuals are represented by their smoking status; other social differences are typically treated as secondary. Thus, while the link

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Wheeler-Bell, Quentin. "Educating the Elite: A Social Justice Education for the Privileged Class." Philosophical Inquiry in Education 24, no. 4 (2020): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1070693ar.

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America is witnessing a new gilded age. Since the 1970’s, inequality in wealth and income has soared within the United States—and globally (Sayer, 2016; Therborn, 2013). Such inequalities affect human flourishing because they allow the privileged class to convert their wealth into different, and unequal, lifestyles and life chances. In addition, such inequalities provide the privileged class with greater opportunity to convert their wealth, income, and social capital into influence within the political system that undermines democracy. Considering the vast class-based inequities, then, how can

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Oliver, M. N. "Racial health inequalities in the USA: The role of social class." Public Health 122, no. 12 (2008): 1440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2008.05.014.

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Roberts, Ken. "Leisure inequalities, class divisions and social exclusion in present-day Britain." Cultural Trends 13, no. 2 (2004): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0954896042000267152.

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46

Beck, Ulrich. "Beyond class and nation: reframing social inequalities in a globalizing world1." British Journal of Sociology 58, no. 4 (2007): 679–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00171.x.

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47

Marks, Gary N. "Cross-National Differences and Accounting for Social Class Inequalities in Education." International Sociology 20, no. 4 (2005): 483–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580905058328.

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Leslie, Deborah, and John Paul Catungal. "Social Justice and the Creative City: Class, Gender and Racial Inequalities." Geography Compass 6, no. 3 (2012): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00472.x.

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Liang, Tao. "Inequality in Consumption." Studies in Social Science & Humanities 2, no. 2 (2023): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/sssh.2023.02.05.

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Abstract:

Inequalities in consumption still exist in today’s society and therefore appear as a focus of research in politics and the media. In this paper, I will address the inequalities in gender, race and social class separately. Inequalities exist in most areas, and therefore also in consumer society. At the same time there are close links between these three dimensions, and therefore one is also missing in the study of consumer society.

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Khera, Reetika. "India's Welfare State: A Halting Shift from Benevolence to Rights." Current History 119, no. 816 (2020): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2020.119.816.134.

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