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Jia, Ruoyu. "CDM Leakage Quantification Methods : A content analysis of CDM methodologies linked to 15 sectoral scope." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108879.
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The paper sheds light upon a specific issue: carbon leakage. Leakage can be understood as an unanticipated net carbon loss or gain, attributable to a climate policy, or reduction activities. Benign leakage effects are harmless. Unsettling are the ones that pose a threat to project’s environmental integrity. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is no exception to such risk. In order to investigate leakage and the corresponding leakage calculation methods addressed in the CDM projects, a qualitative content analysis is conducted on 203 methodologies. Methodology documents serve as ideal textual data for examining CDM related leakage because the development of any new project must be based on methodologies. In relation to the research question, the content analysis synthesizes 11 types of leakage sources. Excluding the case where no leakage is considered, 10 type of leakage sources are then broadly classified as Activity Shift, Market Effects and Life Cycle Leakage. Their corresponding leakage calculation methods are described and reviewed in terms of their geographic reach, and leakage characteristics. A percentage pattern is presented in relation to each sector. The findings are that the vast majority of the CDM leakage calculation methods address primary leakage specific to each individual project at a localized scale, among which, methods addressing Life Cycle Leakage are in the predominant majority. Market Effects as secondary sources are acknowledged as a potential threat to the overall benefit, but the CDM methodologies offer no quantitative method.
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Skoglund, Daniel. "Implementation of A-CDM - A pilot study at Bromma Airport." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129578.
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Syftet med denna rapport har varit att författa en förstudie åt Bromma flygplats, förstudien har inletts med en nulägesanalys av Bromma flygplats nuvarande organisation och flygoperativa process. Detta för att utreda hur Bromma flygplats nuvarande rutiner och organisation ser ut. Därefter har en genomgång av Bromma flygplats informationsdelning rutiner gjorts. En sammanfattning har även gjorts av Eurocontrols implementeringsmanual, en tidigare implementeringsstudie av A-CDM samt en intervju genomförts med avsikten att presentera vad som generellt krävs för att kunna implementera A-CDM på en flygplats. Granskningen av Bromma flygplats informationsdelning och hur det generella implementeringsarbetet ska gå till, har legat till grund för att kunna presentera de rekommendationer som Bromma flygplats bör åtgärda och genomför för att kunna implementera A-CDM. Till sist har även de troliga effekter som Bromma flygplats kan förvänta sig av ett implementerat A-CDM presenterats.
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Tšoeu, Mohohlo Samuel. "Electrical Impedance Tomography/Spectroscopy (EITS): a Code Division Multiplexed (CDM) approach." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22866.
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Electrical Impedance Tomography and Spectroscopy (EITS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that creates images of cross-sections "tomos" of objects by discriminating them based on their electrical impedance. This thesis investigated and successfully confirmed the use of Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) using Gold codes in Electrical Impedance Tomography and Spectroscopy. The results obtained showed 3.5% and 6.2% errors in determining the position and size of imaged anomalies respectively, with attainable imaging speed of 462 frames/second. These results are better, compared to those reported when using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).This new approach provides a more robust mode of EITS for fast changing dynamic systems by eliminating temporal data inconsistencies. Furthermore, it enables robust use of frequency difference imaging and spectroscopy in EITS by eliminating frequency data inconsistencies. In this method of imaging, electric current patterns are safely injected into the imaged object by a set of electrodes arranged in a single plane on the objects surface, for 2-Dimensional (2D) imaging. For 3-Dimensional (3D) imaging, more electrode planes are used on the objects surface. The injected currents result in measurable voltages on the objects surface. Such voltages are measured, and together with the input currents, and a Finite Element Model (FEM) of the object, used to reconstruct an impedance image of the cross-sectional contents of the imaged object. The reconstruction process involves the numerical solutions of the forward problem; using Finite Element solvers and the resulting ill-posed inverse problem using iterative Optimization or Computational Intelligence methods. This method has applications mainly in the Biomedical imaging and Process monitoring fields. The primary interests of the author are, in imaging and diagnosis of cancer, neonatal pneumonia and neurological disorders which are leading causes of death in Africa and world-wide.
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Qirui, Yang. "Impacts on sustainable development of two CDM projects : A comparison using AHP method." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58644.
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Nowadays the mitigation of climate change and the reduction of greenhouse gases are one of the priorities in the international affairs. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the products generated according to this request. For China, CDM brings advanced technologies in terms of energy saving and emission reduction, and driving forces for sustainable development, hereby the development of CDM projects is in full swing in China so far. However, it is not easy to decide which type of CDM projects is suitable for a certain city or region, which project contributes more to sustainable development compared with others, when it comes to several alternatives. In this case, decision-makers require a tool to help make a rational decision. As one of the approaches of assisting in making decisions, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is able to provide assistance for decision-makers to compare the contribution of discrepant CDM projects to sustainable development. Moreover, a case study is taken between two typical CDM projects: HFC23 decomposition project and small-scale hydropower project, so as to check if AHP is useable. The result of the case study indicates that HFC23 decomposition project contributes more than small-scale hydropower plant project to sustainable development, which is not in line with China’s CDM development trend for these two projects (NCCCC, 2005), due to the different represented interests of the study group and the real decision-makers. Nevertheless, the result is rational and valid since there is nothing wrong with the AHP method and its application. In addition, in order to improve the effect of assisting in decision making, AHP was tried to be improved in three respects: impairing subjectiveness, avoiding rank reversal and improving accuracy. Even though for AHP itself, DEA/AHP approach could successfully eliminate the subjectiveness, however when it comes to this very case: compare CDM projects in terms of contribution to sustainable development in China, it cannot play an effective role. Moreover, PCA/AHP method cannot eliminate the subjectiveness at the root either. The framework method provides a possibility in theory to increase objectiveness. Two expects provided a feasible way to avoid rank reversal in their article, and the two pathways of improving results accuracy mentioned in this thesis are considered inappropriate in this case. On the other side, concerning AHP application, how to covert realistic issues to AHP structure, how to get desirable initial information, and how to avoid limitation generated by considerable criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives are considered as the difficulties which should be paid attention. In future, AHP could be applied frequently and effectively concerning providing assistance in making decisions in China, if the stakeholders as many as possible are involved in decision-making process.
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Chen, Tze Wee. "A physics-based design methodology for digital systems robust to ESD-CDM events /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Yang, Qirui. "Impacts on sustainable development of two CDM projects : A comparison using AHP method." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33564.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays the mitigation of climate change and the reduction of greenhouse gases are one of the priorities in the international affairs. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the products generated according to this request. For China, CDM brings advanced technologies in terms of energy saving and emission reduction, and driving forces for sustainable development, hereby the development of CDM projects is in full swing in China so far. However, it is not easy to decide which type of CDM projects is suitable for a certain city or region, which project contributes more to sustainable development compared with others, when it comes to several alternatives. In this case, decision-makers require a tool to help make a rational decision. As one of the approaches of assisting in making decisions, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is able to provide assistance for decision-makers to compare the contribution of discrepant CDM projects to sustainable development. Moreover, a case study is taken between two typical CDM projects: HFC23 decomposition project and small-scale hydropower project, so as to check if AHP is useable. The result of the case study indicates that HFC23 decomposition project contributes more than small-scale hydropower plant project to sustainable development, which is not in line with China’s CDM development trend for these two projects (NCCCC, 2005), due to the different represented interests of the study group and the real decision-makers. Nevertheless, the result is rational and valid since there is nothing wrong with the AHP method and its application. In addition, in order to improve the effect of assisting in decision making, AHP was tried to be improved in three respects: impairing subjectiveness, avoiding rank reversal and improving accuracy. Even though for AHP itself, DEA/AHP approach could successfully eliminate the subjectiveness, however when it comes to this very case: compare CDM projects in terms of contribution to sustainable development in China, it cannot play an effective role. Moreover, PCA/AHP method cannot eliminate the subjectiveness at the root either. The framework method provides a possibility in theory to increase objectiveness. Two expects provided a feasible way to avoid rank reversal in their article, and the two pathways of improving results accuracy mentioned in this thesis are considered inappropriate in this case. On the other side, concerning AHP application, how to covert realistic issues to AHP structure, how to get desirable initial information, and how to avoid limitation generated by considerable criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives are considered as the difficulties which should be paid attention. In future, AHP could be applied frequently and effectively concerning providing assistance in making decisions in China, if the stakeholders as many as possible are involved in decision-making process.www.ima.kth.se
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Makungwa, Stephy David. "Enhancing productivity and estimation of carbon in CDM forestry projects : a Malawi case study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20946.
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This thesis offers a method that informs on the most appropriate sites for successful tree establishment and provides protection to the planted trees in CDM forestry projects. It also offers a method that can accurately and precisely estimate woody biomass in CDM forestry projects established on an agricultural landscape. The thesis has established a set of evaluation criteria that are defined and generally agreed upon by a panel of local forestry experts in Malawi. These criteria express the degree of appropriateness of particular locations to support successful tree establishment and growth, and protect the planted trees from deforestation and forest degradation. They also influence farmers’ decision-making to allocate land for either tree planting or other competing land use options, e.g. crop cultivation. The thesis uses these evaluation criteria to functionally identify priority sites on the landscape of Central Malawi for the establishment of CDM forestry projects. The priority sites are identified using trade-off analysis tools of the GIS-based MCA protocols. Besides site identification, the thesis has established a magnitude of discrepancy that can result from the use of imported allometric models in estimating woody biomass in CDM forestry projects. Imported allometric models consistently under-estimate the woody biomass of the growing trees in the study area with a mean prediction error of as high as 50%. Local allometric models are therefore developed and they are found to be both accurate and precise in estimating woody biomass. These results imply that identification of priority sites, and accurate and precise estimation of woody biomass in CDM forestry project activities are likely and can be attained. In turn, successful establishment of CDM project activities lead to enhanced productivity that will attract expanded investments in CDM forestry projects. The thesis uses Malawi as a case study. The findings of this thesis can be scaled out to other countries whose socio-ecological characteristics are similar to Malawi. These are mostly tropical countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa. In so doing, the thesis contributes to improving productivity and estimation of carbon in CDM forestry project.
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Brainerd, Tereasa G. "A study of properties of dark galaxy halos in a CDM universe using N-body computer simulations /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901658753.
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Schumann, Dolf. "A feasibility study of a CDM compliant small-scale biomass gasification electricity generation project at a Western Cape wine cellar." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14633.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a small-scale biomass gasification system within the context of a cooperative wine cellar operation in the Western Cape of South Africa. Central to this goal was the questions whether the time for the implementation of such small-scale renewable energy technologies in South Africa has arrived, in light of the status quo which has changed drastically from the days of abundant and cheap coal-based electricity, and whether the new opportunities afforded by the CDM can help foster financial feasibility. There are various macro-drivers contributing to the current-day emphasis on renewable energy and cogeneration projects. The first and most pressing driver is the global climate change imperative, while the others include the increased aspiration of countries towards energy security, the realization of the importance of sustainable development and the subsequent renewable energy policies that falls within the ambit of sustainable development. Small-scale biomass gasification technology still poses some challenges, particularly when it comes to the gasification of agricultural residues, as with grape residues in the case of this project. The most important technical feasibility problem to overcome is the low ash agglomeration temperature of grape residues reported in the literature. Although the local equipment manufacturer foresees no problem in this regard with their system design - since they have conducted tests on sunflower seed residues, which have similar ash properties, without experiencing any agglomeration problems - the seriousness of this aspect will be confirmed during pilot trials. In order to be eligible for emissions reduction trading under the CDM, the project must adequately demonstrate that the emissions reductions are additional to the business-as-usual scenario, in both the environmental and financial sense. The project will satisfy the environmental additionality requirement, since in its absence the wine cellar will continue its full reliance on coal-based electricity from the grid. Financial additionality, in its strictest sense, requires for the project to be infeasible if it does not pursue CDM participation, which the financial feasibility modeling results indicated to be true in this case. A feasibility model was developed to - subject to the input parameter values assumed and basic assumptions made - be able to assess the financial viability of the project. The main assumptions were that the private feed-in into the national electricity grid was available to all IPPs, in spite of the fact that in its Medium Term Power Purchase Program me (MTPPP) of May 2008 Eskom had only requested expressions of interest from IPPs that had a generating capacity of 5MW and higher to install private base load capacity. This assumption is commensurate with the country's renewable energy targets and the official government aim of achieving a 30% contribution from IPPs to the national electricity mix. The second assumption was that the 65 to lOOclkWh offered by Eskom in its MTPPP will be applicable to sub-SMWe IPPs as well (Creamer, 2008), and that this lower bound electricity price of 65clkWh can be applied over the whole project lifetime. Inherent to this assumption is the further supposition that the progressive decline of electricity prices to an eventual level of 35clkWh by 2018 foreseen by Eskom will not materialize, due both to the sustained pressure an expanding South African economy will put on the considerable but time-consuming supply-side initiatives launched by Eskom, and the likelihood for price premiums to be introduced for clean electricity in order to meet the country's renewable energy targets. From the assumed input parameter values the initial capital and COM expenditures, operating revenues and costs over the project lifetime were determined, and then used to calculate the net cash flows, where after the NPV was computed to serve as the deciding criterion on financial feasibility. A discount rate of 18% was assumed, corresponding with the subjectively judged risks that the project posed as a small-scale renewable energy system within the wine cellar operations. In the case where the project excluded all CDM aspects, the NPV was negative at - ZAR342 573, but this improved to ZAR325 193 if the project participated in the CDM. Thus it was concluded that the project will only be financially feasible if it includes CDM participation, and that this positive contribution can be leveraged by pursuing a programmatic CDM approach. This entails the development of this project as part of a larger program in which similar projects are implemented as they arise, up to the official UN limit of 15MWe in total to still qualify as a small-scale program. The nature of the assumptions that form the backbone of this study indicate that the positive financial feasibility result in the case where the project includes COM participation will become practically relevant only over the short- to medium-term as these assumptions become reality in South Africa. Therefore, although the time for such small-scale renewable energy projects has clearly not arrived as yet, it would seem that it is indeed around the corner.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mikpunt van die navorsing was om die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n klein-skaal biomassa vergassing sisteem binne die konteks van 'n kooperatiewe wynkelder in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. 'n Sentrale aspek was die vrae of die tyd aangebreek het om klein-skaal volhouhare energie projekte in Suid-Afrika tot uitvoering te bring, gesien in die lig van 'n status quo wat drasties weg beweeg het van die tydperk toe elektrisiteit volop en goedkoop was, en of die geleentheid wat die CDM bied sulke projekte finansieel lewensvatbaar kan maak. Daar is verskeie eksterne makro-drywers wat bydrae tot die huidige fokus op sulke volhoubare energie projekte. Hieronder tel globale klimaatsverandering as die dringendste drywer, terwyl die res onder andere die hernuwe strewe van lande tot verbeterde energie-sekuriteit, die besef van die belangrikheid van volhoubare ontwikkeling en die daaropvolgende volhoubare energie beleid stappe insluit. Daar bestaan nog etlike tegniese uitdagings tot die toepassing van klein-skaal biomassa vergassing tegnologie, spesifiek met betrekking tot die vergassing van afval landbou byprodukte, soos wat die geval is met druiwe afval in hierdie projek. Die belangrikste tegniese uitvoerbaarheids-aspek wat aandag verg is die lae smeltpunt van druifafval-as wat in die literatuur rapporteer word. Alhoewel die plaaslike toerustings-vervaardiger nie enige probleme in hierdie verhand voorsien nie, aangesien toetse met sonneblom afval - met as-eienskappe rofweg identies aan die van druiwe-afval - geen smelting van die as getoon het nie, sal dit tog nogsteeds aan verdere toetse onderwerp word. Vir die projek om te kwalifiseer as geskik vir verhandeling in kweekhuisgas vermindering deur middel van die COM, moet dit voldoende bewys kan word dat alle uitlaatgas vermindering addisioneel is tot wat die geval sou wees in die gewone gang van besigheid. Hierdie addisionaliteit is relevant in beide 'n omgewings- en finansiele sin. Hierdie projek sal orngewings-addisionaliteit bevredig deurdat die wynkelder in sy afwesigheid volkome afhanklik van die steenkool-gebaseerde elektrisiteit vanaf die nasionale netwerk sou bly, terwyl finansiele addisionaliteit bewys is deur die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model wat getoon het dat die projek slegs ekonomies uitvoerbaar sal wees indien dit CDM deelname insluit. Die lewensvatbaarheids-model is ontwikkel om die ekonomiese uitvoerbaarheid van die projek te evalueer, onderworpe aan die aangenome inset parameter waardes en basiese aannames in die studie. Die hoof-aanname was naamlik dat privaat terugvoer in die nasionale elektrisiteits-netwerk vir alle grootte IPPs moontlik is, ten spyte van die feit dat Eskom se MTPPP van Mei 2008 slegs kapasiteite van 5MW en groter aanvaar bet. Hierdie aanname is gebaseer op Suid-Afrika se volhoubare energie teikens en die regering se offisiele mikpunt om 30% van alle krag-voorsiening vanaf IPPs te bekom. Die tweede hoof-aanname was dat die 65 tot 100clkWh wat Eskom in sy MTPPP aangebied het, ook van toepassing sal wees op sub-SMW IPPs (Creamer, 2008), en dat die laer prys-limiet van 65c/kWb oor die hele projek-leeftyd toegepas kon word. Inherent tot hierdie aanname is die verdere veronderstelling dat die progressiewe daling in elektrisiteits-pryse tot 'n eventuele vlak van 35clkWh voorsien deur Eskom nie sal realiseer nie, beide as gevolg van die volgehoue druk wat die groeiende Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie op die aansieniike, maar tydrowende, opwekkings-kapasiteit uitbreidings van Eskom behoort te plaas, en ook die hoe waarskynlikheid dat prys premiums vir skoon elektrisiteit ingestel word sodat Suid-Afrika sy volboubare energie telkens kan bereik. Die aanvanklike kapitaal en CDM uitgawes, en bedryfsuitgawes en - inkomstes oor die projekleeftyd is vanaf die aangenome inset parameter waardes afgelei, waarop die NPV van die projek uitgewerk is om te dien as die beslissende maatstaf van ekonomiese haalbaarheid. 'n Diskontokoers van 18% is gebruik, ooreenstemmend met die subjektief beraamde risikos wat die projek inhou as 'n klein-skaal volhoubare energie sisteem. Die resultate van die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model het getoon dat in die geval waar die projek geen CDM aspekte bevat nie, die NPV hoogs negatief sou wees met 'n waarde van -ZAR342 573, terwyl dit verbeter na ZAR325 193 as die projek CDM deelname insluit. Die gevolgtrekking is dus gemaak dat die spesifieke projek slegs ekonomies haalbaar sal wees indien dit wel CDM deelname insluit, en dat hierdie positiewe finansiele bydrae van die CDM geoptimaliseer kan word deur 'n programmatiese CDM benadering te volg. Dit behels die ontwikkeling van die projek as deel van 'n groter program waarin soortgelyke projekte mettertyd geimplementeer word soos hulle ontstaan, tot by die offisiele VN limiet van 15MWe om sodoende nog te kwalifiseer as 'n algehele klein-skaalse program. Die aard van die hoof-aannames in hierdie studie is indikatief dat die positiewe finansiele lewensvatbaarheid in die geval waar die projek CDM deelname insluit, eers oor die kort- tot medium-termyn prakties relevant sal word soos die aannames bevredig word. Dus, alhoewel die era van klein-skaalse volhoubare energie projekte nog nie aangebreek het in Suid-Afrika nie, lyk dit tog asof dit om die draai is.
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Adejonwo-Osho, Oluwatoyin. "Effective fulfilment, implementation, and supervision of the validation and registration requirements for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects : a missing link in the achievement of the sustainable development objective of the CDM." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e66677ef-3954-466d-829e-d46194e8e340.
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was established by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol to promote sustainable development in developing countries and, at the same time, assist developed countries to achieve their emission reduction commitments in a cost-effective way. The CDM appears to have been successful in its delivering its cost-effective objective but it is debatable if it has been as successful in promoting sustainable development in developing countries. Previous research studies have shown that overall, the CDM is not contributing a great deal to sustainable development. This is because, inter alia, there is no system in place for the effective implementation and supervision of the CDM’s sustainable development objective, either at the international or national levels. Proposed CDM projects are required to fulfil validation and registration (V & R) requirements as a prerequisite for their registration as CDM projects. The effective fulfilment, implementation and supervision of these should, presumably, contribute to the achievement of the CDM’s sustainable development objective in CDM host countries. This is because some of these requirements, such as stakeholder participation and environmental impact assessment are generally regarded in international law as key tools for promoting sustainable development. The overall aim of this thesis is to consider the broad question of why the CDM is failing to achieve its sustainable development objective. To answer this question, this thesis focuses specifically on the fulfilment, implementation, and supervision of the V & R requirements for CDM projects, and their role in helping the CDM achieve this objective. None of the previous research studies examined the suitability of the V & R requirements and the fulfilment, implementation and supervision of the V & R requirements, to address the broad question of why the CDM is failing to achieve its sustainable development objective. Therefore, this thesis seeks to fill this gap by answering two main questions: to what extent are the V & R requirements suitable for promoting sustainable development?; how are the V & R requirements for CDM projects fulfilled, supervised and implemented in practice, and has the practical application of the V & R requirements helped or hindered the promotion of sustainable development? To answer these two main questions, the thesis undertakes an assessment of the V & R requirements for CDM projects in order to determine if the requirements are well-suited to promote sustainable development in the CDM. To answer the second part of the main question, the research assesses selected registered and rejected projects. The projects were assessed in order to come to a conclusion on whether the V & R requirements for CDM projects are being fulfilled by project participants, and implemented and supervised by the CDM institutional bodies in a manner that can contribute to the sustainable development objective of the CDM. The findings from the research show that the V & R requirements for CDM projects, as they are currently framed in the rules governing the CDM, are not suitable to promote sustainable development in CDM host countries and do not assist the CDM achieve its sustainable development objective. The research also shows that the V & R requirements are not being effectively fulfilled, implemented and supervised in a way that enhances the ability of the CDM to meet its sustainable development objective. This thesis concluded that this is as a direct result of the lack of minimum standards and guidelines for the fulfilment of the requirements, which also impacts on the way in which the requirements can be implemented and supervised by the CDM’s institutional bodies. Therefore, this thesis argues that effective fulfilment, implementation and supervision of the V & R requirements will contribute to sustainable development in CDM host countries. However, in order to achieve this, minimum standards and guidelines are required to guide the effective fulfilment, implementation and supervision of the V & R requirements.
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Muvundika, Alick Bulala. "Development of a framework for assessing sustainability benefits of landfill gas Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2015. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/12874/.
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The twin objectives of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are to assist developing country host nations in achieving sustainable development, and to assist developed countries in meeting their greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction targets. This is achieved through implementing GHG abatement projects in developing countries. There has been increased attention in the contribution of CDM projects to sustainable development in host nations. Previous research has suggested that, when left to market forces, the CDM does not contribute effectively to sustainable development. One likely reason is that host nations define and evaluate projects contribution to sustainable development. This has led to a “race to bottom” with regard to setting sustainability standards triggered by a concern that project developers prioritise CDM investments in countries with lower sustainability standards. Researchers have identified the need for an international standard for assessing sustainable development benefits of CDM projects. The main aim of this research was to develop an international level framework for assessing sustainable development benefits of CDM projects with a specific focus on landfill gas (LFG) projects. An in-depth literature review was carried out to establish the link between sustainable development benefits of CDM projects in general, and LFG CDM projects in particular. A case study methodology was used to develop an understanding of landfill management practices at three existing landfill sites both in developed (n=1) and developing countries (n=2). The results from the literature review and case studies were utilized to develop the framework for assessing sustainable development benefits of LFG CDM projects. The developed framework comprises three sustainable development dimensions and 12 criteria with 16 matching indicators. Such a project specific assessment framework has not previously been developed. The results from the validation of the framework suggested that technology transfer is the most likely benefit of any LFG CDM project while balance of payments is the least likely benefit. The proposed framework can be utilised at two stages in a CDM project lifecycle. It can be used as: (i) a template to guide host nations’ Designated National Authorities (DNAs) on how to review projects before issuing Letters of Approval (LoA); and (ii) Designated Operating Entities (DOEs) can also use the developed framework to validate and verify that sustainable development benefits stated in project proposals have been realised at the project level.
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Jiang, Ping. "A Low Carbon Sustainable Strategy Using CDM Methodological approach to large Commercial Buildings in Beijing and Shanghai." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514274.
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Throughout the world, a significant proportion of all energy consumption occurs in the building sector and this is thus a major contributor to climate change. It is thus a critical sector in which to address the reduction of greenhouse emissions and yet it is a sector which is largely overlooked in measures such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The research reported in this thesis attempts to explore the barriers to why the building sector is in this position and to investigate opportunities for the future. With a high economic growth in recent years, China has become one of biggest energy consumers and CO2 emitters in the world despite significant improvements in the carbon intensity. Its building sector now accounts for 25% of the total energy use in the whole nation with energy use in large commercial buildings being five times higher than average energy use in residential buildings. With the rapid urban development in China's cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, the large commercial building sector is thus an area of priority with regard to energy conservation and carbon reduction. Energy consumption data from fourteen sample buildings together with complementary information from other large commercial buildings were analysed to develop a comprehensive low carbon sustainability strategy applicable to large commercial buildings. The analyses show how the contributions from intrinsic and functional energy use within a building may be identified. The strategy recognizes that effective local carbon measures will include not only technical solutions but also effective energy management, and awareness raising and behaviour change of the occupants and stakeholders of buildings. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) attempts to provide a financial and technical platform for enhancing carbon reduction activities. However, hitherto there have been few such projects in the building sector anywhere in the world. This lack of projects arises from an over focus on technological solutions, and this research explores way in which the opportunities potentially available using the CDM can be exploited to overcome the present barriers, the key one of which is the lack of adequate and appropriate CDM methodologies. Energy performance based CDM methodologies are explored in this research which could significantly overcome the barriers produced by the current technology based CDM methodologies and promote the sustainable development in large commercial buildings not only in Beijing and Shanghai, but also elsewhere
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Sullenberger, Catherine. "Identificatin sic] of physiological substrates of Plasmodium falciparum PfPK5, a CDK-like kinase." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/518.
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Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases causing 1-3 million fatalities a year. The majority of these cases occur amongst children in developing countries. Malarial strains in these areas are exhibiting increasing resistance to canonical treatments proving the importance of new drug targets for anti-malarials. Identification of new drug targets is dependent upon a better understanding of the molecular biology of the parasitic agent of malaria, Plasmodium. The regulation of Plasmodium's complex life cycle is still not well understood. Elucidation of signaling pathways involved in Plasmodium cell cycle regulation will provide insights into how the parasite thrives in human cells. A subset of kinases, referred to as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are crucial regulators of eukaryotic cell cycle progression. In silico studies show high homology between mammalian CDK's and a group of CDK-like Plasmodium kinases including PfPK5 (Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase 5). Plasmodium homologues to CDK regulators, cyclins, have also been identified. Understanding the role of PfPK5 in cell cycle regulation would require analysis of subcellular localization and cell cycle-dependent expression. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrate that PfPK5 is localized in the nucleus. PfPK5's expression profile, as determined by western blotting, shows highest expression in the schizont stage, the stage when the atypical multiple nucleated form of the parasite is observed. Possible PfPK5 interacting partners were detected by performing an anti-PfPK5 immunoprecipitation assay. Additionally, a hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged PfPK5 construct was made to increase the sensitivity of immunoprecipitation assay and identification of PfPK5 interacting partners. The characterization of PfPK5 and its interacting partners may prove useful in identification of novel drug targets in the future.B.S.
Bachelors
Medicine
Molecular Biology and Microbiology
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Balkmar, Liv. "Different views of how CDM projects contribute to sustainable development : A study of stakeholder perspectives of two large-scale renewable energy projets in Southern India." Thesis, Linköping University, The Tema Institute, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12541.
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Climate change and sustainable development are interlinked in several ways. A global sustainable development with decreased emissions of green-house gases is seen as a prerequisite for mitigation of climate change. Simultaneously a changing climate will put constraints to development endeavours in developing countries. Yet, a sustainable pathway should include both mitigation and adaptation to climate change facilitating social development, economic growth and a stable environment in developing countries. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is combining reduced green-house gas emissions with sustainable development in the CDM project’s host country. This so called dual goal has turned out hard to fulfil, especially the local development objective.
This thesis studies how CDM projects contribute to local development and how this development is viewed differently by various stakeholders. This was made through qualitative interviews with actors connected to two CDM projects in Southern India. In addition, a literature review and a document study was made. The projects chosen are in the renewable energy sector, using biomass fuel. Renewable energy is regarded as an important factor to come to terms with increasing green-house gas emissions.
The results from the literature review and document study show that the expected contribution by CDM projects to local sustainable development is usually expressed in terms of employment, distribution of benefits, social infrastructure, access to energy and technology transfer. The environmental benefit is included in the reduction of green-house gas emissions. In the context of local development, stakeholder participation is brought up as an important factor. The results of the interviews present similar categories of development linked to CDM projects. However, differing views of actual local development assisted by the CDM project was discerned in the answers.
This study points to scale-related problems linked to the global benefit of mitigation of climate change in combination with local development. In conclusion, there is a need for monitoring and evaluation of actual contribution by CDM projects to local sustainable development. To facilitate local sustainable benefits of CDM projects, enhanced stakeholder participation is necessary during the whole project activity period.
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Fagundes, Iara dos Santos. "Perfil de citocinas (T1 e T2) e distribuição dos subtipos linfocitários (CD3/CD4/CD8 e CD26) na gestação com e sem a síndrome de pré-eclâmpsia." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4428.
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Previous issue date: 2008Pre-eclampsia syndrome (PES) is a hypertensive disorder of the second half of pregnancy. The clinical signs are part of a severe systemic inflammatory response that includes leukocyte activation. Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance towards a dominant Th1 profile has been described as a marker of the systemic inflammatory response in PES. The present study evaluated the changes of total Th1/Th2 cytokines in CD3+ cells and the peripheral blood lymphocytes distribution in women with pre-eclampsia comparing to normotensive pregnant women. Fifty-one pregnant women were included (PES=26, Controls=25). Total leukocytes and lymphocytes counts, percentages of CD3+ cells (immunocompetent T-lymphocytes), INF- g+/CD3+ cells (T lymphocytes with type 1 cytokine profile), IL-4+/CD3+ and IL-10+/CD3+ cells (T lymphocytes with type 2 cytokine profile), CD4+/CD8+ cells (T helper/T cytotoxic lymphocytes) and CD26+ (dypeptidil-peptidase IV activity) cells were determined in blood samples by 2 color flow cytometric analysis. A higher CD4+ lymphocyte subset levels in SPE comparing to normal pregnancy group (43. 6±5. 8 vs 37. 8±5. 7%; P<0. 001) was detected. All the others immunological parameters were not significantly different between groups (P>0. 05). Actived immune status due higher Th cells levels is associated with systemic inflammatory response described in PES women. Type 1/Type-2 shift in PES was not detected in CD3+ cells, and may be present in other specific cell types such as in CD4+ and CD3- lymphocytes.
A Síndrome da Pré-Eclâmpsia (SPE) é o distúrbio hipertensivo que ocorre na segunda metade da gestação. Os sinais clínicos são parte de uma resposta inflamatória intensa que inclui a ativação leucocitária. O desequilíbrio no balanço de citocinas secretadas pelos linfócitos auxiliares Ta1 (inflamatórias) e Ta2 (antiinflamatórias) a favor do perfil Ta1 dominante é descrito como um marcador da resposta inflamatória sistêmica na SPE. O presente estudo investigou as alterações nas citocinas totais T1/T2 nos linfócitos T CD3+ e a distribuição dos linfócitos sanguíneos periféricos nas mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia em comparação às gestantes normotensas. Cinqüenta e uma mulheres foram incluídas no estudo (SPE=26, Controles=25). A contagem global de leucócitos e a contagem de linfócitos, o percentual de células CD3+ (linfócitos T imunocompetentes), o percentual das células INF- g+/CD3+ (linfócitos T com imunofenótipo de citocinas do tipo 1), o percentual das células IL- 4+/CD3+ e IL-10+/CD3+ (linfócitos T com imunofenótipo de citocinas do tipo2), o percentual das células CD4+/CD8+ (linfócitos T auxiliares/T citotóxicos) e o percentual das células CD26+ (atividade dipeptidil-peptidase IV) foram determinados em amostras de sangue através das análises por citometria de fluxo em 2 cores. Detectou-se que o nível do subtipo linfocitário CD4+ no grupo SPE foi mais elevado que no grupo controle (43. 6±5. 8 vs 37. 8±5. 7%; P=0. 002). Todos os outros parâmetros imunológicos não foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (P>0. 05). Concluiu-se que a situação de ativação imunológica, devido ao aumento nos níveis dos linfócitos Ta, está associada com a resposta inflamatória sistêmica descrita na mulher com SPE. O desquilíbrio no perfil de citocinas totais do tipo 1 e do tipo 2 na SPE não foi evidenciado nas células com imunofenótipo CD3+, e pode estar presente em outros subtipos celulares específicos como nos linfócitos CD4+ ou CD3-.
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Glassman, Caleb R., Heather L. Parrish, Mark S. Lee, and Michael S. Kuhns. "Reciprocal TCR-CD3 and CD4 Engagement of a Nucleating pMHCII Stabilizes a Functional Receptor Macrocomplex." CELL PRESS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627048.
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CD4(+) T cells convert the time that T cell receptors (TCRs) interact with peptides embedded within class II major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCII) into signals that direct cell-fate decisions. In principle, TCRs relay information to intracellular signaling motifs of the associated CD3 subunits, while CD4 recruits the kinase Lck to those motifs upon coincident detection of pMHCII. But the mechanics by which this occurs remain enigmatic. In one model, the TCR and CD4 bind pMHCII independently, while in another, CD4 interacts with a composite surface formed by the TCR-CD3 complex bound to pMHCII. Here, we report that the duration of TCR-pMHCII interactions impact CD4 binding to MHCII. In turn, CD4 increases TCR confinement to pMHCII via reciprocal interactions involving membrane distal and proximal CD4 ectodomains. The data suggest that a precisely assembled macrocomplex functions to reliably convert TCR-pMHCII confinement into reproducible signals that orchestrate adaptive immunity.
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Planck, Anders. "Sarcoidosis : inflammatory mechanisms and markers of activity /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-355-4/.
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Yazdan, Panah Haleh. "Analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes : A comparison between EPICS XL and Celldyn Sapphire." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7138.
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Flowcytometric technology has been widely used for measurement of the absolute numbers of T-lymphocytes subsets in Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), defining the disease state, monitoring antiviral treatment, and identifying any risk for opportunistic infections. A manual preparing of the samples is required. More recently an automated and enclosed blood cell counting, Celldyn Sapphire has been introduced. In this study the performance of the Flow cytometer EPICS XL as a reference method for analysis of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8 T-lymphocytes was evaluated with blood from 40 individual’s samples. EPICS XL was also compared with Celldyn Sapphire in the analysis of T-lymphocyte subsets in 39 blood samples from patients with low, high and normal lymphocyte counts. The result showed that the precision was high for both EPICS XL (2.5%) and Celldyn (10%). The method was linear over a wide range. Comparisons of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-lymphocytes analysis showed high coefficients of correlation (r0.9) and agreement (y>0.9x) between two instruments. A lower degree of agreement was observed at low concentration of CD3+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes (0.757, 0.739). This means that cell counts obtained by Celldyn were 30% lower than those obtained with EPICS XL. This study shows that both EPICS XL and Celldyn Sapphire were suitable for CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts. It is however preferable to use Flowcytometry for counting of low concentration of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (<200 cells/µL).
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Pescara, Fabrizio. "Algoritmo di ottimizzazione della sequenza di partenze e arrivi in modalità single runway operation." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Nell’attuale sistema di gestione del traffico aereo le piste di volo degli aeroporti possono essere utilizzate da un solo aeromobile alla volta; tale "collo di bottiglia" necessita di una gestione accurata delle risorse, poiché minimizzare l’occupazione della pista vuol dire servire il maggiore numero di aeromobili con minor ritardo possibile: questo costituisce un obiettivo strategico per un aeroporto. Per perseguire questo obiettivo si sono sviluppati nel tempo una serie di applicativi che, raccogliendo informazioni dai sistemi informatici degli enti e delle autorità preposte, elaborano, attuano o propongono delle azioni da intraprendere per l’ottimizzazione dei flussi.
Nell’ambito delle operazioni aeroportuali i due sistemi che consentono l’organizzazione delle operazioni in pista sono il sistema di gestione delle partenze (DMAN) e il sistema di gestione degli arrivi (AMAN).
In questa tesi si tratta il caso dell’aeroporto di Roma Fiumicino. La modalità esaminata è quella di single runway operation nella quale decolli e atterraggi avvengono sulla medesima pista. Di conseguenza tali attività hanno bisogno di essere svolte in modo coordinato.
L’obiettivo di questa trattazione è di sviluppare un algoritmo che ottimizzi la sequenza di traffico in partenza e arrivo riducendo al minimo i tempi di occupazione della pista integrando i sistemi AMAN e DMAN. L’algoritmo progettato acquisisce le variabili e le costanti del problema, assegna una logica di priorità attraverso la definizione di funzioni obiettivo e determina, attraverso un processo iterativo, una più efficiente sequenza. L’ordine di aeromobili che ne consegue riduce al minimo i ritardi di ciascun volo e aumenta le capacità della pista.
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Gerlach, Kristina [Verfasser], H. A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Lehr, G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Keyser, and M. E. [Akademischer Betreuer] Kornhuber. "Immunhistochemische Untersuchungen der Leukozytenantigene CD3, CD4 und CD8 bei der Leukoenzephalitis der Lewis-Ratte nach intrazerebraler Injektion des Superantigens Staphylokokken Enterotoxin A / Kristina Gerlach. Betreuer: H. A. Lehr ; G. Keyser ; M. E. Kornhuber." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1025301129/34.
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Fagundes, Iara dos Santos. "Perfil de citocinas (T1 e T2) e distribui??o dos subtipos linfocit?rios (CD3/CD4/CD8 e CD26) na gesta??o com e sem a s?ndrome de pr?-ecl?mpsia." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2008. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/1475.
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Previous issue date: 2008-03-24A S?ndrome da Pr?-Ecl?mpsia (SPE) ? o dist?rbio hipertensivo que ocorre na segunda metade da gesta??o. Os sinais cl?nicos s?o parte de uma resposta inflamat?ria intensa que inclui a ativa??o leucocit?ria. O desequil?brio no balan?o de citocinas secretadas pelos linf?citos auxiliares Ta1 (inflamat?rias) e Ta2 (antiinflamat?rias) a favor do perfil Ta1 dominante ? descrito como um marcador da resposta inflamat?ria sist?mica na SPE. O presente estudo investigou as altera??es nas citocinas totais T1/T2 nos linf?citos T CD3+ e a distribui??o dos linf?citos sangu?neos perif?ricos nas mulheres com pr?-ecl?mpsia em compara??o ?s gestantes normotensas. Cinq?enta e uma mulheres foram inclu?das no estudo (SPE=26, Controles=25). A contagem global de leuc?citos e a contagem de linf?citos, o percentual de c?lulas CD3+ (linf?citos T imunocompetentes), o percentual das c?lulas INF- g+/CD3+ (linf?citos T com imunofen?tipo de citocinas do tipo 1), o percentual das c?lulas IL- 4+/CD3+ e IL-10+/CD3+ (linf?citos T com imunofen?tipo de citocinas do tipo2), o percentual das c?lulas CD4+/CD8+ (linf?citos T auxiliares/T citot?xicos) e o percentual das c?lulas CD26+ (atividade dipeptidil-peptidase IV) foram determinados em amostras de sangue atrav?s das an?lises por citometria de fluxo em 2 cores. Detectou-se que o n?vel do subtipo linfocit?rio CD4+ no grupo SPE foi mais elevado que no grupo controle (43.6?5.8 vs 37.8?5.7%; P=0.002). Todos os outros par?metros imunol?gicos n?o foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (P>0.05). Concluiu-se que a situa??o de ativa??o imunol?gica, devido ao aumento nos n?veis dos linf?citos Ta, est? associada com a resposta inflamat?ria sist?mica descrita na mulher com SPE. O desquil?brio no perfil de citocinas totais do tipo 1 e do tipo 2 na SPE n?o foi evidenciado nas c?lulas com imunofen?tipo CD3+, e pode estar presente em outros subtipos celulares espec?ficos como nos linf?citos CD4+ ou CD3-.
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Garrod, Yashaswini. "Mitigating climate change through the income tax legislation : a brief analysis of section 12K of the Income Tax Act no. 58 of 1962 and its implications for South African CDM projects." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10562.
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[This] dissertation is dedicated to this attempt of making South Africa a more environmentally sustainable economy through the development of new CDM projects. This dissertation examines the introduction of section 12K in the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 and how this novel incentive interacts with our current income tax legislation. This dissertation highlights some issues surrounding the section 12K exemption which may detract from its true potential and proposes ways to resolve these issues in order to make this incentive more attractive to the CDM project developers.
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Gullicksrud, Jodi Ann. "T cell factor-1 regulates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in a stage-specific manner." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5765.
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CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are critical components of the adaptive arm of immune responses. During viral infection, CD8+ T cells utilize their cytotoxic function to kill infected cells and clear the infection. In addition, CD4+ T cells differentiate into either T helper 1 (Th1) or T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which provide essential help to enhance the efficacy of other response immune cells, including macrophages, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. The transcription factor, T cell factor-1 (TCF1), and its homologue, Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF1), have critical roles in the development, differentiation, and persistence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, the influence of TCF1 and LEF1 on Th1 and Tfh differentiation remains to be examined. Furthermore, due to alternative promoter usage, TCF1 and LEF1 are expressed as both long and short isoforms. The distinct roles of the long and short isoforms of TCF1 in the context of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses have not been defined.
My studies utilized multiple novel mouse strains to examine the roles of TCF1 and LEF1 in Tfh and Th1 differentiation during viral infection, and the unique requirements of TCF1 long isoforms in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Specifically, my initial studies characterized a new TCF1 reporter construct (referred to as p45GFP reporter) and used this reporter to address the specific contributions of TCF1 long isoforms to the CD8+ T cell response. Previous studies have abrogated all TCF1 isoforms and shown that in the absence of TCF1, the memory CD8+ T cell population is dramatically impaired and exhibits defective persistence over time. Here, I showed that TCF1 short isoforms are sufficient for the generation of memory CD8+ T cells, however TCF1 long isoforms are important for the maturation of memory CD8+ T cells.
Another critical component of pathogen clearance and long-term protection is a productive humoral response, which is optimized by the B cell help provided by Tfh cells. Using the p45GFP reporter, I showed that TCF1 is specifically retained in Tfh cells, but downregulated in Th1 cells. I utilized a huCd2-Cre system to conditionally delete TCF1 and LEF1 in mature T cells. In response to viral infection, TCF1 and LEF1 double-deficient mice showed normal Th1 responses, but severely defective Tfh differentiation and a concomitant impaired B cell response. I further demonstrated that TCF1 promotes Tfh differentiation by directly regulating many Tfh-associated genes. Furthermore, I used the p45GFP reporter to I identified distinct, but critical, roles for both long and short isoforms of TCF1 in driving Tfh differentiation and repressing differentiation toward Th1 or germinal center Tfh cells.
Finally, while TCF1 is known to be critical in the formation of memory CD8+ T cells, its impact on memory CD4+ T cell generation has not been assessed. Once again utilizing the p45GFP reporter, my studies identified an important role for TCF1 long isoforms in the survival of both Th1 and Tfh cells through contraction. In the absence of TCF1 long isoforms, the memory CD4+ T cell population is severely reduced. Taken together, my work has demonstrated critical roles for TCF1 during both effector and memory phases of the CD4+ T cell response to viral infection.
In summary, TCF1 is crucial for CD4+ T cells to effectively differentiate and provide important help to B cells during viral infection. Moreover, my studies have identified critical and unique roles for long and short isoforms of TCF1. Finally, TCF1 is necessary for optimal formation of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and thus is an essential component in achieving protective immunological memory after viral infection.
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Richter, Harald [Verfasser]. "Local Economic Development (LED) and Climate Change Mitigation: Local Economic Development as a means to promote mitigation projects with particular reference to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)– taking Namibia as an example / Harald Richter." Koblenz : Universitätsbibliothek Koblenz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1057899348/34.
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Barichello, Rodrigo. "O USO DE BIODIGESTORES EM PEQUENAS E MÉDIAS PROPRIEDADES RURAIS COM ÊNFASE NA AGREGAÇÃO DE VALOR: UM ESTUDO DE CASO DA REGIÃO NOROESTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8169.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorFrom the duration of the Kyoto Protocol, there has been a renewed interest in technology of bio-digesters. As they allow a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases compared to other waste treatment methods, their deployment can permit the marketing of carbon credits, resulting in money. The present study aims to analyze the process of dissemination of this technology in Santa Rosa, situated in the northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul state, especially powered by private companies. The profile properties that have these installed equipment, in addition to an examination of possible difficulties encountered by land owners, towards the deployment and use of this technology, with the contribution of biodigesters, on the energy issue and mitigation of environmental pollution in these areas. Through a revision of the existing literature and application of questionnaires some information about the installation of bio-digesters were taken, noticing if they contribute as alternatives in order to add value to the breeding properties and as viable alternative to the solution of environmental problems involved in the process. This study revealed that 33.33% of installed equipment is disabled. The work also presents a case study of isolated electric power generation using biogas as a fuel in an internal combustion engine of Otto cycle, in conjunction with CDM project, installed in a midsize property of pig breeding. The generation plant consists of a stationary Otto cycle engine, adapted to operate with biogas, coupled to an electric generator nominal 30 kVA three-phase. Through the study of the economic and financial feasibility, it was concluded that the application for generating electricity is viable and the overall efficiency of the system is satisfactory. Through another point of view, it presents a second case study, on the insertion of a property in a project of clean development mechanism (CDM) in pig production.
A partir da vigência do Protocolo de Kyoto, houve um interesse renovado pela tecnologia dos biodigestores. Como eles permitem uma redução na emissão de gases do efeito estufa, em relação a outros métodos de tratamento de dejetos, a sua implantação pode permitir a comercialização de créditos de carbono, resultando em valores monetários. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o processo de disseminação desta tecnologia na microrregião de Santa Rosa, situada na mesorregião do Noroeste Riograndense, impulsionada, especialmente, por empresas privadas. Estudou-se o perfil das propriedades que possuem estes equipamentos instalados, além de uma análise das possíveis dificuldades encontradas pelos proprietários rurais, no sentido de implantação e utilização dessa tecnologia, verificando-se a contribuição dos biodigestores, referente à questão energética e minimização da poluição do meio ambiente nessas áreas. Através da revisão da literatura existente e aplicação de questionários, foram levantadas diversas informações acerca da instalação de biodigestores, observando se contribuem como alternativa de agregação de valor às propriedades criadoras e como alternativa viável para a solução dos problemas ambientais envolvidos no processo. O presente estudo revelou que 33,33% dos equipamentos instalados encontram-se desativados. O trabalho também apresenta um caso prático de geração de energia elétrica isolada, utilizando biogás como combustível em um motor à combustão interna do Ciclo Otto, em conjunto com projeto de MDL, instalado em uma propriedade de médio porte, para criação de suínos. A planta de geração consiste de um motor estacionário de Ciclo Otto, adaptado para operar com biogás, acoplado a um gerador elétrico trifásico de 30 kVA nominal. Através do estudo da análise de viabilidade econômico-financeira, concluiu-se que a aplicação para a geração de energia elétrica é viável e a eficiência global do sistema é satisfatória. Numa outra visão, apresenta-se um segundo caso prático, na inserção de uma propriedade em um projeto de mecanismo de desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) na suinocultura.
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Badauy, Cristiano Macabú. "Estudo dos linfócitos CD20, CD8 e CD4 nas hiperplasias inflamatórias e sua relação com a infecção por candida sp." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3579.
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O objetivo do presente estudo é mapear e quantificar as populações de células CD 20, CD 8 e CD 4+ em Hiperplasias inflamatórias (HI) e estabelecer relação com a infecção por Candida sp. Foram utilizados 41 casos de HI do Laboratório de Patologia Bucal da UFRGS. Novos cortes de todos os casos foram submetidos à técnica de coloração do PAS, criando – se 2 grupos: com e sem infecção por Candida sp. Seguiu – se a marcação imunohistoquímica com os anticorpos monoclonais anti CD 20, anti CD 8 e anti CD 4, para se avaliar a localização, a distribuição e quantificação das células positivamente marcadas em 3 campos consecutivos (400x), escolhidos sobre a área de maior concentração do infiltrado inflamatório. Os resultados da recontagem dos campos mostraram que o examinador estava calibrado pelo teste “t”de Student. As células CD 8+ apresentaram localização próxima às hifas de Candida sp. e foram mais numerosas no grupo com infecção (diferença estatisticamente significante p= 732 x 10-20). As células CD 20 e CD 4 positivas não apresentaram relação com a infecção por Candida sp. Concluiu – se que as células CD 8+ apresentaram localização relacionada às hifas de Candida sp., além de uma razão células positivamente marcada/ linfócitos totais estatisticamente mais alta no grupo com infecção por Candida sp.
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Meniconi, Maria Cristina Gonçalves de Almeida. "Avaliação da imunoglobulina A, células TCD4+ e TCD8+ na mucosa vaginal relacionadas à infecção pelo papilomavírus humano e à síndrome da imunodeficiência humana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-20092010-183126/.
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A infecção pelo HPV é correlacionada com processos neoplásicos ginecológicos e vários estudos têm sido conduzidos sobre a influência da resposta imune interferindo na oncogênese. A epidemia do HIV e as doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, inicialmente concentradas em grupos de riscos masculinos, apresentam atualmente, uma maior prevalência em mulheres, o que tem aumentado o número de infecção concomitante HPV e HIV. O estudo da resposta imune in situ é uma ferramenta essencial para a compreensão destes processos, medindo diretamente no órgão alvo a resposta imune existente. Nas mucosas, a IgA é a principal responsável pelo controle de várias infecções. As células TCD4+ e TCD8+ têm como principal função auxiliar a resposta imune e as TCD8+ agem também como citotóxicos.Neste trabalho, estudou-se 81 biópsias de vagina de mulheres que foram distribuídas em três grupos: I - com AIDS e HPV (55); II - com infecção pelo HPV e HIV negativa (13); III - HIV e HPV negativas (13). Foram realizados: exame colposcópico, avaliação semiquantitativa dos achados histológicos, hibridização in situ, estudo imuno-histoquímico para IgA, TCD4+ e TCD8+. Observou-se que o padrão citológico suspeito de NIVA mostrou relacionar-se com a quantidade tecidual de células TCD8+ e a infecção pelo HPV, mas não com o número de células TCD4+ ou IgA. A análise colposcópica definiu quadros que tiveram relação significativa com as lesões histopatológicas encontradas e com a infecção pelo HPV, mas sem relação com a co-infecção pelo HIV/HPV, uso de terapia anti-retroviral ou número de TCD4+ circulantes. Verificou-se que a expressão in situ de IgA nas biópsias de vagina de pacientes com vaginite crônica inespecífica, infecção pelo HPV ou co-infecção HPV/HIV não é um parâmetro relevante para discriminar a resposta imune humoral protetora entre esses grupos de pacientes e que o padrão citológico inflamatório é menos expressivo nos casos de infecção pelo HPV que nos casos de vaginite crônica não especifica. Outrossim, a imunidade adquirida revelou maior expressão de células TCD8+ in situ em casos de NIVA que nas vaginites crônicas não relacionadas ao HIV ou HPV e tendência a expressão de maior número de linfócitos TCD4+ em casos de NIVA e condiloma. Por outro lado, as alterações de proliferação epitelial tais como hiperqueratose e metaplasia escamosa epidermóide tiveram relação com NIVA de alto grau e condiloma. Os achados de acantose e hiperqueratose relacionaram-se à infecção pelo HIV/HPV, assim como alterações colposcópicas mais acentuadas.The infection by HPV (Human papillomavirus) is correlated to gynecologic neoplasic processes and several studies have been performed on the influence of the immune response with interference in the oncogenesis. The HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) epidemic and the sexually-transmitted diseases, initially concentrated in risk groups of men, currently show a higher prevalence in women, which has been increasing the number of concurrent HPV and HIV infection. The study of the in situ immune response is an essential tool for the understanding of these processes, measuring the existing immune response directly in the target organ. In the mucosae, IgA (Immunoglobulin A) is the main responsible for the control of several infections. The main function of the TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells (T cells that express CD4 and CD8) is to help the immune response and TCD8+ cells also play a cytotoxic role. In this work, 81 vagina biopsies have been studied, of women distributed into three groups: I - with AIDS and HPV (55); II - with HPV infection and HIV negative (13); III - HIV and HPV negative (13). It was performed: colposcopic examination, semi-quantitative evaluation of the histological findings, in situ hybridization, immunochemical study for IgA, TCD4+ and TCD8+. It was observed that the suspect cytological pattern of VAIN (Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia) showed to be related to the total tissue quantity of TCD8+ cells and the HPV infection, but not to the number of TCD4+ cells or IgA. The colposcopic analysis defined conditions that have been significantly related to the histopathological lesions found and to the HPV infection, but not related to the HIV/HPV co-infection, use of antiretroviral therapy or number of TCD4+ in circulation. It was observed that the in situ expression of IgA in the vagina biopsies of patients experiencing nonspecific chronic vaginitis, HPV infection or HPV/HIV co-infection is not a relevant parameter to distinguish the protective humoral immune response among those patient groups and that the inflammatory cytological pattern is less expressive in the cases of HPV infection than in the cases of nonspecific chronic vaginitis. In addition, the acquired immunity showed a higher in situ expression of TCD8+ cells in VAIN cases than in the chronic vaginitis not related to HIV or HPV and the tendency to the expression of a higher number of TCD4+ lymphocytes in VAIN and condyloma cases. On the other hand, the alterations in the epithelial proliferation, such as hyperkeratosis and epidermoid squamous metaplasia were related to high-grade VAIN and condyloma. The findings of acanthosis and hyperkeratosis were related to the HIV/HPV infection, as well as the most remarkable colposcopic alterations.
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Leuenberger, Tina [Verfasser]. "Regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as candidates for regenerative therapies in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis / Tina Leuenberger." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1028496699/34.
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M?ller, Guilherme Cerutti. "An?lise da presen?a da invers?o da raz?o CD4:CD8 em idosos e seu perfil celular e bioqu?mico." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/6383.
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Aging has been associated with increased generation of free radicals as well as immunosenescence. Previous studies have identified older individuals with inverted T CD4:CD8 cell ratio and increased immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Here, we investigated markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defences in older individuals with inverted CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio. From 421 healthy community-dwelling older adults recruited, 61 subjects were identified with inverted CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio. Older individuals with a CD4:CD8 ratio < 1 had increased levels of plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), but reduced levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as compared to subjects with normal CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio. The CMV IgG serology was negatively correlated with CD4:CD8 ratio. These markers were more evident among elderly men than women. Our data suggest a close relationship between chronic CMV infection and oxidative profile in older individuals in the midst of its influence on the peripheral T-cell subsets.
O envelhecimento tem sido associado com o aumento da gera??o de radicais livres, bem como com a imunossenesc?ncia. Estudos anteriores j? haviam identificado os idosos que apresentavam a invers?o da raz?o CD4:CD8 e a sorologia mais acentuada para citomegalov?rus (CMV). Aqui, investigamos marcadores de estresse oxidativo e as defesas antioxidantes em idosos com a rela??o invertida entre as c?lulas T CD4 e CD8. De um total de 421 idosos recrutados na comunidade, 61 sujeitos foram identificados com a invers?o da raz?o CD4:CD8. Os idosos com CD4:CD8<1 tinham n?veis aumentados de produtos proteicos de oxida??o avan?ada (AOPP) e atividade antioxidante total pelo m?todo de redu??o do ferro (FRAP) no plasma, mas n?veis reduzidos de subst?ncias reativas ao ?cido tiobarbit?rico (TBARS), em compara??o com indiv?duos com raz?o CD4:CD8 normais. A sorologia para CMV (IgG) foi negativamente correlacionada com a raz?o CD4:CD8. Estes marcadores foram mais evidentes entre os homens do que as mulheres idosas. Nossos dados sugerem uma estreita rela??o entre a infec??o por CMV cr?nica e perfil oxidativo em indiv?duos mais velhos no meio de sua influ?ncia sobre os subtipos de c?lulas T perif?ricas.
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Chan, Chi Hang. "Reactive sputtering of CdO for a Se-CdO photovoltaic cell." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56787.
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An experimental study was made of the fabrication of a Se-CdO photovoltaic cell, with particular emphasis on the d.c. reactive sputtering process for depositing the CdO window layer using a mixed gas method. It was found that variations of the sputtering conditions had a great influence on the cell photovoltaic performance. Optimum values of the sputtering parameters of current, pressure and gas flow rate were determined and the effect of variation of the oxygen/argon ratio in the sputtering gas flow was studied. The condition of the surface of the cadmium target was also found to play an important role in cell performance. As a result of the work, a maximum conversion efficiency of 3% was obtained under 100 mW/cm$ sp2$ of direct simulated sunlight. Diffusion length measurements were made in the cells using the photocurrent-capacitance method and the best experimental conditions for these measurements were determined. It was found that this technique is very tolerant of series resistance in the cell but intolerant of low shunt resistance. Using the photocurrent-capacitance method, it was found that the diffusion length of the minority carriers in the selenium absorber layer decreased with increase of flow rate of the oxygen-argon mixed gas.
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URGELL, LAFONT PASCALE. "Evolution des populations lymphocytaires cd4+ et cd8+ dans le sang au cours de la polyarthrite rhumatoide : etude longitudinale a propos de 39 cas." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU31005.
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Hu, Teck Hon 1965. "A multirate DS-CDMA system." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282425.
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A rapidly growing interest in third generation Personal Communication Networks has underlined the importance of wireless multimedia systems that can support voice, video, images, files, or any combinations thereof. In order to ensure satisfactory quality of service (QoS) for individual multimedia traffic, a new analysis with a new user model based on circuit-switched direct-sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system is presented. The new user model is introduced to allow users to transmit data at multiple bit rates and to switch to other bit rates at any time. To facilitate performance analysis, each traffic type with rate s is assumed a probability ps for user k. To ensure satisfactory QoS, a new power control scheme is further proposed for a multimedia circuit-switched DS-CDMA system. Specifically, a new closed-form power control function is introduced to ensure quality of service for each traffic type and to achieve a better overall throughput at the same time. Central to the new closed-form power control function is a parameter called the traffic exponent. By introducing this parameter, the difficulty in obtaining an optimal closed-form power control function is reduced which simplifies the information feedback process from the base station to the mobile stations.
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Forsyth, Nicola M. "A study of Schottky barriers to CdS, and the CdTe : CdS heterojunction." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375956.
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Lei, Sihong. "Capacity analysis for a CDMA system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0025/MQ51740.pdf.
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Prahatheesan, Vicknarajah. "A lattice filter for CDMA overlay." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20665684.
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Beaumier, Coreen Michele. "Cross-Reactive Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells Alter the Immune Response to Heterologous Secondary Dengue Virus Infections in Mice: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2008. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/350.
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Dengue virus (DENV) infects 50-100 million people worldwide every year and is the causative agent of dengue fever (DF) and the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). There are four genetically and immunologically distinct DENV serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). Evidence suggests that an increased risk for DHF/DSS during secondary infection with a heterologous DENV serotype is due to an immunopathological response mediated by serotype-cross-reactive memory T cells from the primary infection. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown that the sequence of infection with different DENV serotypes affects disease severity. Though much has been learned from human studies, there exist uncontrollable variables that are intrinsic in this system such as genetic factors and unknown infection histories. These factors can skew experimental results, making interpretations difficult. Therefore, a murine model to study the immunologic aspects of sequential dengue infections would be an asset to the field of dengue research.
To examine the effect of sequential infection with different DENV serotypes on the CD8+ T cell response, we immunized Balb/c mice with a primary DENV infection on day 0 and subsequently challenged with a heterologous secondary DENV infection on day 28. We tested all possible sequences of infection with the four serotypes. We analyzed the T cell response to two previously defined epitopes on the DENV E (Ld-restricted) and NS3 (Kd-restricted) proteins. Using ELISPOT and intracellular cytokine staining, we measured the frequency of T cells secreting IFNγ and TNFα in response to stimulation with these epitopes during three phases: acute primary, acute secondary, and the memory phase after primary infection. We found that the T cell response in heterologous secondary infections was higher in magnitude than the response in acute primary infection or during the memory phase. We also found that the hierarchy of epitope specific responses, as measured by IFNγ secretion, was influenced by the sequence of infections. The adoptive transfer of immune serum or immune splenocytes suggested that memory T cells from the primary infection responded to antigens from the secondary infection. In vitroexperiments with T cell lines generated from mice with primary and secondary DENV infections suggested the preferential expansion of crossreactive memory T cells.
In testing all of the different possible sequences of infection, we observed that two different sequences of infection (e.g., DENV-2 followed by DENV-1 versus DENV-2 followed by DENV-3) resulted in differential CD8+ T cell responses to the NS3 peptide even though both secondary infection serotypes contain the identical peptide sequence. To investigate this phenomenon, we examined the role of CD4+ T cell help on the memory CD8+ T cell response. We found that CD4+ T cell cytokine responses differ depending on the sequence of infection. In addition, it was also shown that crossreactivities of the CD4+ T cell response are also sequence-dependent. Moreover, denguespecific memory CD4+ T cells can augment the secondary CD8+ T cell response. Taken together, we demonstrated that this serotype sequence-dependent phenomenon is the result of differential help provided by cross-reactive memory CD4+T cells.
The findings in this novel mouse model support the hypothesis that both CD4+ and CD8+ serotype-cross-reactive memory T cells from a primary dengue virus infection alter the immune response during a heterologous secondary dengue virus infection. These data further elucidate potential mechanisms whereby the specific sequence of infection with different dengue virus serotypes influences disease outcomes in humans.
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Silva, Juliana Cristina da [UNESP]. "Estudo das alterações linfocitárias CD4/CD8 e carga viral em pacientes co-infectados HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis associadas a frequência de mutações na região Pol do HIV-1." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93602.
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Com o surgimento da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) em 1981, observou-se tanto em países desenvolvidos como nos países em desenvolvimento um aumento do número de casos notificados de Tuberculose, principalmente em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV. Como agravante nos casos de co-infecção, existe a resistência aos anti-retrovirais, e uma das principais razões é a grande variabilidade genética do HIV. A genotipagem do HIV tornou-se uma ferramenta essencial para orientar e maximizar os benefícios do tratamento anti-retroviral dos pacientes HIV positivos. Neste estudo, pretendeu-se avaliar em um período de 6 meses os perfis imunológico e viral associados à freqüência de mutações no gene “pol” do HIV-1 em pacientes co-infectados HIV-Tuberculose. A casuística compreendeu 33 indivíduos de ambos os sexos e faixa etária entre 12 e 63 anos. Quatro grupos foram estudados: Grupo A (n=19) HIV tratando com anti-retroviral; e co-infectados: Grupo B (n=7) tratando com anti-retroviral; Grupo C (n=4) tratando com tuberculostático e Grupo D (n=3) tratando com anti-retroviral e tuberculostático. O perfil imunológico foi avaliado pela determinação quantitativa de fenótipos CD3/CD4 e CD3/CD8 de linfócitos do sangue periférico; perfil viral foi determinado pela quantificação da viremia RNA-HIV-plasmática; e os polimorfismos na região genômica “pol” avaliado pelo sequenciamento de cDNA. No entanto, na avaliação das contagens de Linfócitos T CD4/CD8 realizada para comparar os grupos foi notada uma tendência de redução das medianas no grupo D, pacientes que realizam tratamento duplo. Os demais grupos apresentaram um perfil imunológico satisfatório (CD4>400 células/μl) e a relação CD4/CD8 mantida inferior a 1.0. Dentre esses, o grupo que melhor apresentou perfil imunológico foi o constituído por indivíduos...
With the outbreak of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, it was observed both in developed countries and in developing countries an increase in the number of known cases of Tuberculosis, mainly in HIV infected individuals. As an aggravation in the co-infection cases there is the anti-retroviral resistance, and one of the main reasons is the HIV great genetic variability. The HIV genotyping became an essential tool to guide and maximize the benefits of the anti-retroviral treatment of positive HIV patients. In this study, it was intended to evaluate in a period of 6 months the immunology and viral profiles associated with the frequency of mutations in the HIV-1 “pol” gene in HIV-Tuberculosis co-infected patients. The study involved 33 individuals of both the sexes and ages between 12 and 63 years. Four groups were studied: Group A (n=19) HIV only under treatment with anti-retroviral drugs; and co-infected: Group B (n=7) under treatment with anti-retroviral drugs; Group C (n=4) under treatment with tuberculostatic drugs and Group D (n=3) under treatment with anti-retroviral and tuberculostatic drugs. The immunology profile was evaluated by quantitative determination of phenotype CD3/CD4 and CD3/CD8 of peripheral blood lymphocytes; viral profile was determined by quantification of the RNA-HIV-plasmatic viremia; and the polymorphisms in the “pol” genomic region were evaluated by sequencing of cDNA. The results were evaluated by non parametric “t” test and ANOVA and the demonstrated median showed that there was not significant difference (p>0,05) among the parameters of CD4/CD8 and viral load in the different studied groups. However, in the Lymphocyte counting evaluation the T CD4/CD8 carried out to compare the groups it was noticed a median reduction trend in group D, patients under double treatment. The other groups presented a satisfactory immunology profile (CD4>400 cells/μl) and the relation CD4/CD8 was kept below 1.
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Silva, Juliana Cristina da. "Estudo das alterações linfocitárias CD4/CD8 e carga viral em pacientes co-infectados HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis associadas a frequência de mutações na região Pol do HIV-1 /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93602.
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Orientador: Paulo Inácio da CostaBanca: Luis Fernando de Macedo Brígido
Banca: Cleni Mara Marzocchi Machado
Resumo: Com o surgimento da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) em 1981, observou-se tanto em países desenvolvidos como nos países em desenvolvimento um aumento do número de casos notificados de Tuberculose, principalmente em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV. Como agravante nos casos de co-infecção, existe a resistência aos anti-retrovirais, e uma das principais razões é a grande variabilidade genética do HIV. A genotipagem do HIV tornou-se uma ferramenta essencial para orientar e maximizar os benefícios do tratamento anti-retroviral dos pacientes HIV positivos. Neste estudo, pretendeu-se avaliar em um período de 6 meses os perfis imunológico e viral associados à freqüência de mutações no gene "pol" do HIV-1 em pacientes co-infectados HIV-Tuberculose. A casuística compreendeu 33 indivíduos de ambos os sexos e faixa etária entre 12 e 63 anos. Quatro grupos foram estudados: Grupo A (n=19) HIV tratando com anti-retroviral; e co-infectados: Grupo B (n=7) tratando com anti-retroviral; Grupo C (n=4) tratando com tuberculostático e Grupo D (n=3) tratando com anti-retroviral e tuberculostático. O perfil imunológico foi avaliado pela determinação quantitativa de fenótipos CD3/CD4 e CD3/CD8 de linfócitos do sangue periférico; perfil viral foi determinado pela quantificação da viremia RNA-HIV-plasmática; e os polimorfismos na região genômica "pol" avaliado pelo sequenciamento de cDNA. No entanto, na avaliação das contagens de Linfócitos T CD4/CD8 realizada para comparar os grupos foi notada uma tendência de redução das medianas no grupo D, pacientes que realizam tratamento duplo. Os demais grupos apresentaram um perfil imunológico satisfatório (CD4>400 células/μl) e a relação CD4/CD8 mantida inferior a 1.0. Dentre esses, o grupo que melhor apresentou perfil imunológico foi o constituído por indivíduos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: With the outbreak of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, it was observed both in developed countries and in developing countries an increase in the number of known cases of Tuberculosis, mainly in HIV infected individuals. As an aggravation in the co-infection cases there is the anti-retroviral resistance, and one of the main reasons is the HIV great genetic variability. The HIV genotyping became an essential tool to guide and maximize the benefits of the anti-retroviral treatment of positive HIV patients. In this study, it was intended to evaluate in a period of 6 months the immunology and viral profiles associated with the frequency of mutations in the HIV-1 "pol" gene in HIV-Tuberculosis co-infected patients. The study involved 33 individuals of both the sexes and ages between 12 and 63 years. Four groups were studied: Group A (n=19) HIV only under treatment with anti-retroviral drugs; and co-infected: Group B (n=7) under treatment with anti-retroviral drugs; Group C (n=4) under treatment with tuberculostatic drugs and Group D (n=3) under treatment with anti-retroviral and tuberculostatic drugs. The immunology profile was evaluated by quantitative determination of phenotype CD3/CD4 and CD3/CD8 of peripheral blood lymphocytes; viral profile was determined by quantification of the RNA-HIV-plasmatic viremia; and the polymorphisms in the "pol" genomic region were evaluated by sequencing of cDNA. The results were evaluated by non parametric "t" test and ANOVA and the demonstrated median showed that there was not significant difference (p>0,05) among the parameters of CD4/CD8 and viral load in the different studied groups. However, in the Lymphocyte counting evaluation the T CD4/CD8 carried out to compare the groups it was noticed a median reduction trend in group D, patients under double treatment. The other groups presented a satisfactory immunology profile (CD4>400 cells/μl) and the relation CD4/CD8 was kept below 1.
Mestre
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Strickland, Wilburn T. "A wideband multicarrier CDMA cellular communications system." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA356571.
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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998.Thesis advisor(s): Tri T. Ha, R. Clark Robertson. "September 1998." Includes bibliographical references (p. 91). Also Available online.
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Kelly, Emma Naomi. "PITAIRE : a novel CDK-related protein kinase." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263563.
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Li, Tianshi. "A hybrid frequency modulated CDMA communication system." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11182008-063107/.
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Striglis, Stavros. "A multistage RAKE receiver for CDMA systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42211.
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This thesis proposes a multistage RAKE receiver for use at the base station of a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular communications system. This receiver combines the interference rejection capability of multiuser receivers with the robust performance of a RAKE receiver in the presence of multipath interference. Unlike previous multiuser receiver designs, this multistage RAKE receiver requires no a priori information about the time-vary multipath radio channel.
The thesis presents a mathematical description of the multistage receiver, and a software simulation of the receiver performance. A wide range of channel models are considered which include the effects of Gaussian noise, multipath propagation, imperfect power control and multiple access interference for the reverse link CDMA channel. Under a wide range of conditions, the multistage RAKE receiver is able to support two to three times as many users as a conventional single stage RAKE receiver. The receiver is also shown to be robust to the near-far problem.Master of Science
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Aliftiras, George. "Receiver Implementations for a CDMA Cellular System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9566.
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The communications industry is experiencing an explosion in the demand for personal communications services (PCS). Several digital technologies have been proposed to replace overburdened analog systems. One system that has gained increasing popularity in North America is a 1.25 MHz Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system (IS-95). In CDMA systems, multiple access interference limits the capacity of any system using conventional single user correlation or matched filter receivers. Previous research has shown that multiuser detection receivers that employ interference cancellation techniques can significantly improve the capacity of a CDMA system. This thesis studies two such structures: the successive interference cancellation scheme and the parallel interference cancellation scheme. These multiuser receivers are integrated into an IS-95 compatible receiver model which is simulated in software. This thesis develops simulation software that simulates IS-95 with conventional and multiuser receivers in multipath channels and when near-far conditions exist. Simulation results present the robustness of multiuser receivers to near-far in a practical system. In addition to multiuser implemenations, quantization effects from finite bit analog to digital converters (ADC) in CDMA systems will also be simulated.Master of Science
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Flores, Torres Camila. "The Immune Modulation Role of Low Dosage of Cyclosporin-A (LdCsA) in the Antitumor Response of the Adaptive Immune System." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS157.
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La reconnaissance des cellules tumorales par le système immunitaire, appelée immunosurveillance, permet le contrôle de lacroissance des tumeurs voir dans certains cas leur élimination. Cependant, de nombreuses études d’exploration du système immunitaire dans le contrôle de la réponse antitumorale ont mis en évidence des mécanismes complexes d’échappement à cette immunosurveillance,avec par exemple pour les lymphocytes TCD8+ (LT CD8+) principal acteur de cette réponse, un défaut de migration, de reconnaissance des cellules tumorales ou d’activation au sein de la tumeur. Cette inhibition de fonction des LTCD8+, peut être liée à un phénomène appelé exhaustion, lié à l’expression à leur surface de molécules de costimulation inhibitrices telles que PD1, TIM-3, Lag3, CTLA-4. L’interaction de ces récepteurs avec leurs ligands engendre une perte de contrôle de la réponse antitumorale, favorisant alors la progression tumorale. Afin de lever ce phénomène d’exhaustion induit sur les LT CD8+ et restaurer la réponse antitumorale, plusieurs stratégies de traitements, visant à inhiber ces « checkpoints inhibiteurs » ont étédéveloppées. L’effet clé de la ciclosporine-A(CsA) repose sur la modulation de l’activité des lymphocytes T, ce qui explique son rôle dans la prévention du rejet de greffe. Cependant, il reste à déterminer si la CsA exerce d'autres effets sur le système immunitaire.Les évidences scientifiques montrent un effet paradoxal de la faible dosage de cyclosporine-A (fd-CsA). Ces résultats nous ont permis d’émettre l’hypothèse d’un rôle de la fd-CsA dans la modulation de la réponse antitumorale des LT CD8+, Nous avons pu observer à l’inverse, qu’à faible dose de ciclosporine-A, soit une dose équivalente entre 10 et 30 ng/mL, l’expression de PD1 était significativement diminuée à la surface des LT CD8+ activé. En revanche, à cette faible dose, aucun effet significatif sur la diminution d’expression du marqueur d’activation CD69 n’a été observé. Des expériences effectuées in vivo dans le modèle murin de mélanome B16F10 et MCA nous ont par ailleurs permis de montrer une réduction de la croissance tumorale chez les souris traitées par fd-CsA par rapport aux souris non traitées. En utilisant un modèle murin de fibrosarcome MCA, nous avons montré que nous restaurions in vivo une réponse immunitaire antitumorale et qu’un traitement de ces souris par fd-CsA en combinaison avec l’anti PDL-1 permettait une guérison après traitement, alors que l’anti PDL-1 seul n’avait pas d’effet. Cet effet novateur de la fd-CsA permet donc de visualiser de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques dans la réponse antitumorale qui pourraient bénéficier aux futurs patientsdiagnostiqués d’un cancerThe recognition of tumor cells by the immune system, called immunosurveillance, allows the control of tumor growth or in some cases their elimination. However, numerous studies of the immune system in the control of the antitumor response have revealed complex mechanisms by means of which this immunosurveillance can be evaded. Examples of this occurrence are CD8+ T lymphocytes, the main element of this response are defective migration, tumor cell non-recognition or non-activation within the tumor. This inhibition of CD8+ T cell function may be related to a phenomenon called exhaustion, which may be a result of the expression on their surface of inhibitory costimulatory molecules such as PD1, TIM-3, Lag3, CTLA-4. The interaction of these receptors with their ligands causes a loss ofcontrol of the antitumor response, thus promoting tumor progression. To overcome this phenomenon of exhaustion induced in CD8+ T cells and restore the antitumor response, several treatment strategies aimed at inhibiting these "inhibitory checkpoints" have been developed. The key effect of cyclosporin-A (CsA) is modulation of T-cell activity, which explains its role in the prevention of transplantrejection. However, it remains to be determined whether CsA has other effects on the immune system. Preliminary results have allowed us to demonstrate the paradoxical effect of cyclosporin-A (CsA) in the antitumor response. Thus, these unexpected results have allowed us to hypothesize a role for Ld-CsA in modulating the antitumor response of CD8+ Tcells. We observed that Ld-CsA at equivalent dose between 10 and 30 ng/mL, significantly decreased PD1 expression at the activated CD8+ T cell surface. Furthermore, at this lowdose, no significant effect was observed on the expression of the CD69 activation marker. We have also shown that Ld-CsA increases the vaccine response in vivo. In vivo experiments with the murine B16F10 melanoma model and MCA fibrosarcoma have also shown areduction in tumor growth in mice treated with d-CsA compared to untreated mice. More recently, using a mouse model of MCA-OVAfibrosarcoma, we have shown that we can restore the in-vivo antitumor immune response and that the treatment of these mice by Ld-CsAin combination with the anti PDL-1, allowed tumor regression, whereas anti PDL-1 alone had no effect. This novel effect of Ld-CsA allows us therefore to visualize new therapeutic strategies for the antitumor response which may benefit future patients diagnosed with cancer
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Mirfin, Tayla Michele. "Targeted delivery of GFP loaded polymeric nanoparticles to CD4 expressing cells using a CD4 specific aptamer." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8184.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which is the cause of Acquired Immunodefiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a major global public health issue affecting over 37 million people worldwide and is responsible for claiming over 32 million lives since the discovery of the disease in 1981. Through effective diagnosis, treatment and prevention HIV is a manageable disease. Today, advanced antiretrovirals, known as HAART, serve as effective, first-line drug regimens, consisting of a variety of viral inhibitors, and have successfully helped viral suppression. However, issues arise with antiretrovirals due to patient non-adherence and the development of drug resistant mutations. Coupled with dormant HIV reservoirs, viral extinction is attenuated. It is therefore essential that effective alternative treatments are investigated. The exploration of nanomedicine for targeted drug delivery has shown an ability to prolong the drug circulation time, target drugs to specific sites in the body, and enhance drug effectiveness. A previous study demonstrated a novel therapeutic strategy that was based on a mutant version of the caspase-3 enzyme that can induce apoptosis in HIV infected cells. This therapeutic strategy has the potential to wipe out reservoirs of HIV infection. However, the therapeutic strategy lacked selectivity because the delivery mechanism was based on protein transduction technology which will result in the nonselective delivery of the drug. In this study, preliminary work towards the development of a targeted nanoparticle delivery system for this mutant caspase-3 enzyme is described. The study describes the synthesis of green fluorescent protein loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles that were functionalized with a DNA aptamer intended to target the nanoparticles to CD4 expressing cells, that are also targeted by HIV. The THP-1 cell line was used due to the ability of the cells to express CD4 receptors on the cell surface. The nanoparticles were synthesized through ionotropic gelation. The size, polydispersity, zeta potential and morphology were investigated by Dynamic Light Scattering and Scanning Electron Microscopy, respectively. The strongly negative zeta potential studies revealed stability of the nanoparticles in suspension and Scanning Electron Microscopy results showed an indicative collapse of the polymer network for the empty nanoparticles (i.e. nanoparticles not loaded with GFP), whereas solid, cuboid nanoparticles were shown for the GFP-loaded nanoparticles. Image-based fluorescence cytometry demonstrated that the GFP-loaded nanoparticles bind to the THP-1 cells that express the CD4 receptor. The results obtained are indicative of a potential drug delivery system for HIV treatment however, adjustments would need to be made to the current study to further develop this nanocarrier.
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Harbison, Adrian Mark. "CD9, a regulator of MHC class II function." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0003/MQ59812.pdf.
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Sivalingham, Sanjeevan. "A CDMA multiple packet-burst capture receiver scheme." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ40950.pdf.
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Ellece, Sibonile Edith. "Gendered Marrige Discourses in Botawana : A CDA Approach." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507051.
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虞愛 and Ai Yu. "A study of power control in CDMA overlay." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31241293.
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Mohammed, Abbas Fadhel. "Performance evaluation of a direct sequence CDMA system." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385229.
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