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Tambara, Antonio Augusto Cortiana, Micheli Regiani Sippert, Gilberto Cardoso Jauris, Jorge Luís Carvalho Flores, Éderson Luis Henz, and João Pedro Velho. "Production and chemical composition of grasses and legumes cultivated in pure form, mixed or in consortium." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 39, no. 3 (July 14, 2017): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v39i3.34661.
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Toledo‑Souza, Eliane Divina de, Pedro Marques da Silveira, Adalberto Corrêa Café‑Filho, and Murillo Lobo Junior. "Fusarium wilt incidence and common bean yield according to the preceding crop and the soil tillage system." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 47, no. 8 (August 2012): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2012000800002.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of preceding crops and tillage systems on the incidence of Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) yield. The cultivar BRS Valente was cultivated under center‑pivot irrigation in the winter seasons of 2003, 2004 and 2005, after several preceding crops established in the summer seasons. Preceding crops included the legumes Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Stylosanthes guianensis, and Crotalaria spectabilis; the grasses Pennisetum glaucum (millet), Sorghum bicolor (forage sorghum), Panicum maximum, and Urochloa brizantha; and a consortium of maize (Zea mays) and U. brizantha (Santa Fé system). Experiments followed a strip‑plot design, with four replicates. Fusarium wilt incidence was higher in the no‑tillage system. Higher disease incidences corresponded to lower bean yields in 2003 and 2004. Previous summer cropping with U. brizantha, U. brizantha + maize consortium, and millet showed the lowest disease incidence. Therefore, the choice of preceding crops must be taken into account for managing Fusarium wilt on irrigated common bean crops in the Brazilian Cerrado.
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Girardello, Rudinei, Danni Maisa da Silva, Divanilde Guerra, Mastrângello Enívar Lanzanova, and Eduardo Lorensi de Souza. "Produção de alface sob plantio direto em sistema de transição agroecológica." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 12, no. 2 (June 17, 2017): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v12i2.4827.
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<p>Sistemas de produção em transição agroecológica, especialmente em propriedades agrícolas familiares, podem ser considerados como um importante passo para o alcance de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento baseado na Agroecologia. Nesta perspectiva, é de fundamental importância o uso de práticas de manejo ecologicamente adequadas que visem à conservação do solo e dos recursos naturais. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da prática da adubação verde e a produção de massa verde de leguminosas e gramíneas, bem como de seus consórcios em sistema de plantio direto na produção de massa fresca e na altura da cultura da alface (<em>Lactuca sativa</em>) em sistema de transição agroecológico, em uma propriedade rural familiar, no município de Alpestre no Rio Grande do Sul. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelo cultivo de leguminosas e gramíneas em solteiro e consórcio para uso como adubação verde, sendo testada aveia preta (<em>Avena strigosa</em>), ervilhaca comum (<em>Vicia sativa</em>), tremoço branco (<em>Lupinus albus</em>), consórcio aveia preta + ervilhaca comum, consórcio aveia preta + tremoço branco e testemunha (pousio). Como resultados, em relação à produção de massa verde todas as espécies de adubação verde estudadas foram superiores em relação à testemunha (pousio). A maior produção de massa fresca da cultura da alface em plantio direto ocorreu sobre o consórcio aveia preta + ervilhaca, em relação à testemunha. A maior altura das plantas de alface foi obtida nos tratamentos ervilhaca comum, aveia preta + ervilhaca e aveia preta + tremoço branco, em relação à testemunha. Portanto, o uso de plantas de adubação verde contribuem para a produção de massa fresca e altura da cultura da alface em sistema de transição agroecológica.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Lettuce production under plantation direct in agroecological transition system</em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p><pre><strong>Abstract: </strong>Agroecological transition production systems, especially on family farms, can be considered as an important step towards the achievement of a new development model based on Agroecology. In this perspective, it is of fundamental importance the use of ecologically appropriate management practices that aim at the conservation of soil and natural resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the practice of green manuring and of green mass production of legumes and grasses, as well as their consortia in no-tillage system in fresh mass production and at the time of lettuce cultivation (Lactuca sativa) in an agroecological transition system in a family farm in the municipality of Alpestre in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The treatments were composed by the cultivation of legumes and grasses in single and consortium for use as green manure, being tested black oats (Avena strigosa), common vetch (Vicia sativa), white lupine (Lupinus albus), black oat consortium + common vetch, consortium oats black + white lupine and control (fallow). As results, in relation to the production of green mass, all species of green manure studied were superior to the control (fallow). The highest fresh mass production of lettuce under no-tillage occurred on the black oat + vetch consortium in relation to the control. The highest height of the lettuce plants was obtained in the treatments common vetch, black oat + vetch and black oat + white lupine, in relation to the control. Therefore, the use of green manuring plants contribute to the production of fresh mass and height of the lettuce crop under no-tillage system.</pre>
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Ruh, Kathryn E., Bradley J. Heins, Isaac J. Salfer, Robert D. Gardner, and Marshall D. Stern. "Comparison of warm season and cool season forages for dairy grazing systems in continuous culture1." Translational Animal Science 2, no. 2 (April 2018): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy014.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare warm-season annual grasses to cool-season perennial (CSP) grasses for ruminal nutrient digestibility and N metabolism in a dual-flow continuous culture fermentation system. Dietary treatments were 1) fresh alfalfa, 2) CSP grasses and legumes, 3) brown-midrib sorghum-sudangrass (BMRSS), and 4) teff grass from an organic dairy production system. Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used during two consecutive 10-d periods consisting of 7 d for stabilization followed by 3 d of sampling. Fermenter samples were collected on days 8, 9, and 10 for analysis of pH, NH3-N, and VFA. Apparent DM, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility were on average lesser (P < 0.05) in CSP grasses and legumes and warm-season annual grasses compared with alfalfa. True DM and OM digestibility were lesser (P < 0.05) for CSP grasses and legumes and warm-season annual grasses compared with fresh alfalfa. Total VFA were not affected (P > 0.05) by forage. The NH3-N concentrations were highest (P < 0.05) with alfalfa compared with the other CSP grasses and legumes and warm-season annual grasses. CP digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by forage treatment. Flow of NH3-N was greatest (P < 0.05) for alfalfa, reflecting the greatest NH3-N concentration. Flow of total N was greatest (P < 0.05) for alfalfa, intermediate for teff, and lowest for CSP grasses and legumes and BMRSS. Flows of bacterial N, efficiency of bacterial N, non-NH3-N, and dietary N were not affected (P > 0.05) by forage source. Overall, fermentation of warm-season grasses was similar to the cool-season grasses and legumes which indicate dairy producers may use warm-season grasses without concerns about negative impact on rumen health.
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Detmann, Edenio, Marcia de Oliveira Franco, Daiany Íris Gomes, Marcília Medrado Barbosa, and Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho. "Protein contamination on Klason lignin contents in tropical grasses and legumes." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 49, no. 12 (December 2014): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2014001200010.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the extent of protein contamination on Klason lignin (KL) in tropical grasses and legumes, and to propose an equation to estimate the protein-free content of Klason lignin (KLp). Five grass (30 samples) and 12 legume species (31 samples) were evaluated. Legumes had higher KL contents. Protein contamination was significant in both grasses and legumes, but greater in legume samples. The model to predict KLp was based on KL and crude protein (CP) contents, as follows: KLp = 0.8807KL - 0.0938KL x D - 0.00338CP (R2=0.935), in which D=0, for grasses, and D=1 for legumes.
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Lopez, S., M. D. Carro, J. S. Gonzalez, and F. J. Ovejero. "Rumen degradation of the main forage species harvested from permanent mountain meadows in North-western Spain." Journal of Agricultural Science 117, no. 3 (December 1991): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067113.
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SUMMARYHerbage samples were collected in late June, and again in early September (1987) from permanent mountain meadows situated in North-western Spain (León). Botanical composition was determined by grouping the species into grasses, legumes and herbaceous ‘weeds’. Rumen degradability of the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of the botanical groups in each harvest season was determined by the nylon-bag technique.Grasses and legumes differed in their degradation characteristics, and the comparisons between forage species were different for the two harvest seasons. There were no significant differences between September grasses, June legumes and September legumes in the potential degradabilities of the DM (86·9, 87·1 and 88·4%) and CP (94·2, 92·4 and 93·8%). The NDF of grasses harvested in September was degraded to a greater extent (80·6%) than that of legumes from both harvests (70·9 and 73·6% in June and September respectively). However, June grasses showed significantly lower potential degradabilities for the DM (77·0 %), CP (84·3%) and cell wall (65·9%). Legumes were degraded at a faster rate than grasses (mean DM degradation rates of 0·143 and 0·057 respectively), and lag times were longer for grasses (4·7 h) than for legumes (2·5 h). Rumen degradation characteristics of the herbaceous ‘weeds’ were estimated, but it should be remembered that many other factors may limit their utilization by ruminants.It was concluded that the major constraint to the nutritive value of these permanent swards would be the maturity of the grasses harvested in June, which markedly reduced the rumen degradability of the forages.
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Uzbek, I. Kh. "Some properties of man-made Dnieper Steppe ecosystems." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 16, no. 3-4 (October 8, 2015): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041518.
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Physico-chemical and hydrogeological properties of technogenic ecotope landscapes are unique in the world. Their development has created a new, completely unexplored problem of recultivation of disturbed lands. The ecological and biological evaluation of ecotypes is the leading place because it is the basis of targeted restoration of fertility of such anthropogenic tumors. As tests for the development of waste quarry sectors in the long-term stationary trials there were tested 23 species of higher plants. In the steppe of Ukraine the greatest ecological and biological according to technogenic ecotopes showed alfalfa and sainfoin. They are plant-dominants, accumulate large quantities of biomass, creating pockets of concentrations of elements in soil fertility, improve the sanitary conditions of the surrounding area. The nature translocational process in higher plants was identified. It completely depends on their biological features and is the creation of their root systems with the same structure and therefore their distribution in the thickness of elafotopos who are able to provide plants with nutrients and to produce the maximum possible efficiency in data soil-ecological conditions. Alfalfa and sainfoin showed great ecological plasticity of root systems. On the poverty of ecotopes batteries they reacted by increasing the surface and length of roots. It is established that the saturation of ecotopes roots is directly proportional to their mass, and the surface root system and its length are values associated with root mass. With the depth of the absorbing working surface root systems increases. The mathematical model of calculation of the ecological and biological characteristics of root systems of plants and progressive framework method of selection of soil monoliths with roots. After washing, the roots are reported to air-dry state and are distributed through the thickness of 4 factions: more than 5 mm, 5–1, 1–0,5 and less than 0.5 mm. This allows you to get an idea about the structure of the root system and its distribution in the thickness of ecotopes, as well as to determine the portion of the roots through which the greatest absorption of water and food items. The features of the development of the underground part of plants that is the basis for the development of practical methods of influence on ecotopia. For example, alfalfa is useful for sodding slope plots dump pits or eroded fields, and sainfoin – to create water-stable structural units. It is shown that the qualitative indicators of ecotopes strictly determine the morphology and aboveground and underground parts, as well as the number and weight of nodules in legumes. In the thickness of ecotopes man-made landscapes is the basis for the creation of primary consorting relations are root systems of perennial leguminous grasses. They determine the structure of microbial cenosis and regulate the number of microorganisms. Adaptation of perennial legumes and soil microorganisms to the variability of environmental conditions in the deep ecotypes reflects their close interaction with the factors of this unique environment. Overburden, the unconsolidated rocks have a high stimulatory effect on the development of microorganisms. In 10–15 years after the removal of the "day" the surface sets up a pool of microorganisms and is manifested microbiological profile, the pattern of which reflects the diversity of ecotopia. There was determined the intensity of decomposition of roots in a layer of technogenic ecotopes landscapes. It falls in the direction from the zonal soil to gray-green clay. For the year transformed to 80 % of the roots of alfalfa and to 66 % in winter wheat. First of all the thin roots of the legumes were destroyed in the spring. It was shown increased sidorovskaya role of kulturpflanzen, especially species of alfalfa and sainfoin. They are plant-dominants and create pockets of concentration of the soil platoro-Diya. Soil formation begins with the surface, gradually spreading to the lower layers of ecotopes.
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Castro-Montoya, J. M., K. Goetz, and U. Dickhoefer. "In vitro fermentation characteristics of tropical legumes and grasses of good and poor nutritional quality and the degradability of their neutral detergent fibre." Animal Production Science 61, no. 7 (2021): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20136.
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Context Tropical legumes are commonly assumed to share all positive attributes known from temperate legumes such as lucerne. However, increasing evidence exists on the differences between those forages, particularly in terms of their ruminal degradability. Aims Exploring the 24-h rumen in vitro-fermentation characteristics of tropical legumes, their direct comparison with lucerne, and their interactions with grasses depending on their nutritional quality. Methods Arachis and stylosanthes (tropical legumes), pennisetum and andropogon (tropical grasses), and lucerne (lucerne_21 and lucerne_35, harvested 21 and 35 days after emergence respectively) were used for the study. On the basis of the nitrogen and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration, arachis and pennisetum were classified as of good quality, while stylosanthes and andropogon as of poor quality. The following four incubation series were performed: first, forages alone were incubated under iso-nitrogenous conditions; second, forages were incubated under iso-nitrogenous conditions with supplemented starch; third, NDF extract of each forage was incubated alone; fourth, NDF extract of tropical grasses and legumes was incubated combined in grass:legume proportions of 33:67 and 67:33. Key results When incubated alone, gas production (GP) and total short chain fatty acids were higher for temperate legumes, intermediate for tropical legumes and lowest for tropical grasses. Similar trends were observed for GP when the forages were incubated with starch, but the differences between arachis and lucerne_35 disappeared; short chain fatty acids did not differ among all tropical forages. Moreover, acetate:propionate ratio was highest for tropical legumes, intermediate for temperate legumes, and lowest for tropical grasses. Gas production of NDF extracts was highest for the lucerne samples and lowest for the tropical legumes. Improvements in GP were found when the NDF from the poor-quality grass (andropogon) was combined with the legumes, particularly the good-quality legume (arachis). Conclusions On the basis of the gas production, tropical legumes appear to have lower degradability than do temperate ones, while also showing a different fermentation pattern. Fibre of tropical legumes is less degradable than that of tropical grasses, but when combining both fibre sources, there seems to be a synergistic effect on degradability. Implications The current results give important insights on the fermentation characteristics of tropical legumes, helping better understand their role in ruminants’ nutrition, while giving inputs towards improving their utilisation.
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Hassan, Carrillo, and Nielsen. "Drought Impacts on Grassland Productivity: The Role of Plant-Soil Feedbacks." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036072.
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Drought influences pasture productivity with potentially severe impacts on livestock. However, not all plant species are impacted equally indicating that plant community composition can be managed to improve resistance to drought. We conducted a plant-soil feedback (PSF) experiment to assess impacts of drought at the species and community level. We grew twelve plant species representing C3 and C4 grasses, forbs and legumes in monocultures and in 4-species mixtures (one from each functional group) in soils with a legacy of ambient or drought (5 years) conditions for two generations. We measured plant biomass in the second generation to calculate PSF. Species with positive PSF under drought are likely to be more resistant to drought than those with negative PSF. Under ambient rainfall PSFs were generally negative for C3 grasses, positive for C4, forbs and legumes. Drought promoted negative PSFs in C3 grasses and forbs, but positive PSFs were observed in C4 grasses and legumes. These results indicate that C3 grasses and forbs are likely to be sensitive to drought while C4 grasses and legumes will be less negatively impacted by drought due to changes in PSFs. PSFs at the community level were positive at the community level under ambient but shifted towards neutral under drought indicating that drought may destabilize plant communities. Our results indicate that presence of C4 grasses and legumes may reduce drought impacts providing a tool for future pasture management for healthy livestock production in Australian rangeland.
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Braschkat, J., and P. J. Randall. "Excess cation concentrations in shoots and roots of pasture species of importance in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 9 (2004): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02078.
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Excess cation concentrations (total cations – total inorganic anions) are reported for roots and shoots of 16 plant species of importance in pastures in south-eastern Australia. This information is required for the calculation of acidification in grazed pasture systems. The excess cation concentrations for shoots at flowering were [cmol(+)/kg]: perennial grasses — Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) 50, Phalaris aquatic (phalaris) 51, Danthonia richardsonii (wallaby grass) 30, Dactylus glomerata (cocksfoot) 62, Holcus lanatus (Fog grass) 60; annual grasses — Lolium rigidum 29, Vulpia bromoides (vulpia) 40, Hordeum leporinum (barley grass) 46, Bromus mollis (soft brome) 59; perennial legumes — Medicago sativa (lucerne) 115, Trifolium repens (white clover) 147; annual legumes — Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) 142, Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) 114, Ornithopus sativus (serradella) 137; weeds — Arctotheca calendula (cape weed) 165, Echium plantagineum (Paterson’s curse) 169. Values for roots were in the same order as shoots in vulpia and wallaby grass but lower for the other species, varying between 26 and 62% of the shoot value in grasses and 29 and 49% in legumes. For a subset of 4 legumes and 3 grasses, the excess cation concentrations in shoots were measured over the main production period in spring. Excess cation concentrations generally declined during the season, with the change being relatively larger in grasses than legumes.
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KHUDYAKOVA, Hatima K., Aleksandra V. SHITIKOVA, Nadezhda V. ZARENKOVA, Olga V. KUKHARENKOVA, and Anastasiia V. KONSTANTINOVICH. "ASSESSMENT OF CONTENTS OF STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES AND LIGNIN OF PERENNIAL FODDER HERBAGES DEPENDING ON VEGETATIVE STAGE GROWTH." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 36 (December 20, 2020): 994–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.1009_periodico36_pgs_994_1003.pdf.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate cereal grasses – Bromus inermis, Festuca pratensis, Phleum pratense, and legumes: Trifolium pratense, Medicago varia in terms of their content of acid-detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid-detergent lignin (ADL) and hemicellulose (HC), cellulose depending on phases of vegetation – grasses: at vegetative, earing and flowering; legumes– vegetative. It was found that as the herbs grow, an increase in all fractions of the cell walls of leguminous herbs is observed, the cell walls occupy a smaller fraction of dry matter than in grasses, due to the lower HC content in them –10-12%, compared with 25-30% in grasses. The contents of ADF, NDF and ADL (% of dry matter) in grasses prior earing are 31-31, 50-55, 4-6: in earing – 32-37, 55-65, 5-6; in flowering – 40-45, 65-70 and 70-72, 7-9, respectively. Legumes have a higher content of ADL. As plants grow, the relative proportion of ADF in NDF increases, but it does not exceed 50% in grasses. In legumes – 70-80% regardless of the growth phase, explains the lower digestibility of legumes than grasses. To judge the levels of ADF and NDF in herbs, depending on the content of crude fibre (CF), the corresponding regression equations were calculated for grasses and feed prepared from them. The relationship between CF and ADF was closer (n = 64, s = 2.4%, r = 0.93) than between CF and ADL (n = 64, s = 4.4%, r = 0.87). Based on these studies and generalisation of the literature data, ADF and NDF in hay and haylage standard are recommended.
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Akinyemi, A. A. "Grass/Legume Compatibility in the Derived Savanna Regions of Western State of Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 3, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v3i1.2583.
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THE grass/legume compatibility between six grasses and three legumes were studied at Fashola State Farm in the derived savanna region of Western State of Nigeria. The highest herbage yields per hectare per annum were obtained from the mixed swards. The yields of legumes were smaller in the mixtures with the tall than in the short grasses. It was concluded that in this area, Stylosanthes gracillis was compatible with the elephant and Guinea grasses. Pueraria Phaseoloids was compatible with the Northern Gambia and the mulasses grasses, while the Centrosema pubescence combined well with the giant star grasses.
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Henry, D. A., R. J. Simpson, and R. H. Macmillan. "Intrinsic shear strength of leaves of pasture grasses and legumes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 5 (1997): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96132.
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The intrinsic shear strength of leaves of pasture grasses and legumes was compared. Intrinsic shear strength is calculated as the force required to shear a leaf, divided by the length of the cutting blade in contact with the leaf material. Intrinsic shear strength was similar along a leaf blade of Festuca arundinacea, but differed significantly for different leaves on a plant. Different leaves on a plant of Phalaris aquatica also differed significantly in intrinsic shear strength. Leaves that had recently reached full expansion had a higher intrinsic shear strength than leaves from lower on a tiller. The leaves of different cultivars of P. aquatica differed in their intrinsic shear strength. Their strength appeared to be influenced by the stage of development of the plants and, in particular, by the climatic conditions under which the leaves developed. The intrinsic shear strength of grass leaves was 38–68 times that of legumes leaves, with a 1 · 8-fold difference between the species of grasses examined. Significant variation in intrinsic shear strength exists between both species of grasses and between species of grasses and legumes, indicating that there is significant scope for the genetic improvement of pasture grasses. However, it is unlikely that grasses could be improved to achieve the performance levels of legumes.
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Ritz, Kathryn E., Bradley J. Heins, Roger Moon, Craig Sheaffer, and Sharon L. Weyers. "Forage Yield and Nutritive Value of Cool-Season and Warm-Season Forages for Grazing Organic Dairy Cattle." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121963.
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The objective of this study was to compare the forage nutritive value of cool-season perennial grasses and legumes with that of warm-season annual grasses grazed by organic dairy cows. Two pasture systems were analyzed across the grazing season at an organic dairy in Morris, Minnesota. Pasture system 1 included perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann), meadow fescue (Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Pasture system 2 was a combination of system 1 and monocultures of warm-season grasses (sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench subsp. drummondii [Steud.]) and teff (Eragrostis tef L.)). Across the grazing season, forage yield was 39% greater for system 2 than system 1 due to greater forage yield during the summer. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were similar for cool-season and warm-season grasses. Warm-season grasses had greater forage yield during the summer months compared with cool-season grasses and legumes. The total tract NDF digestibility (TTNDFD) varied by month and year across the study for both pasture systems. Overall, weather may affect the forage nutritive value for both cool-season perennial grasses and legumes and warm-season annual grasses.
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Grenke, Jessica S. J., S. Ellen Macdonald, Barb R. Thomas, Carly A. Moore, and Edward W. Bork. "Relationships between understory vegetation and hybrid poplar growth and size in an operational plantation." Forestry Chronicle 92, no. 04 (December 2016): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2016-083.
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The effect of varying composition and abundance of neighbouring herbaceous vegetation on tree growth in commercial hybrid poplar plantations remains unclear. We evaluated relationships between tree stem volume, volume increment, and the abundance of various growth forms (perennial grasses, legumes, and perennial forbs excluding legumes) adjacent to the tree base in four-year-old plantation trees under conditions protected from ungulate herbivory. Associations between tree metrics and the understory revealed that perennial grasses consistently reduced tree size and current annual volume growth, and the negative effects of grasses were made worse by increasing legume cover. Under little to no perennial grass cover however, the presence of legumes had a positive impact on tree size and growth, suggesting net facilitative versus competitive effects. The pesence of forbs other than legumes led to no apparent competitive effects after four years, and may instead signify the absence of more competitive understory vegetation, particularly grasses. While final modelled relationships showed that the understory accounted for a limited amount of variance in tree volume (R2=0.10) and volume increment (R2=0.09) in four-year-old trees, these results nevertheless have implications for the development of silvicultural prescriptions targeting understory vegetation in order to maximize commercial hybrid poplar plantation yields.
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STONE, J. A., and B. R. BUTTERY. "NINE FORAGES AND THE AGGREGATION OF A CLAY LOAM SOIL." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-015.
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A growth room pot experiment was conducted to relate differences in the aggregating ability of several grasses and legumes to root development and the frequency of VA mycorrhiza fungi. Forages with the most extensive root development within 80 d resulted in the greatest improvements in aggregation. Although the frequency of VA mycorrhiza varied between forages, it was not associated with improvements in aggregation. Key words: Soil structural deterioration, soil degradation, VA mycorrhiza, roots, grasses, legumes
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Villegas, Daniel M., Jaime Velasquez, Jacobo Arango, Karen Obregon, Idupulapati M. Rao, Gelber Rosas, and Astrid Oberson. "Urochloa Grasses Swap Nitrogen Source When Grown in Association with Legumes in Tropical Pastures." Diversity 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12110419.
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The degradation of tropical pastures sown with introduced grasses (e.g., Urochloa spp.) has dramatic environmental and economic consequences in Latin America. Nitrogen (N) limitation to plant growth contributes to pasture degradation. The introduction of legumes in association with grasses has been proposed as a strategy to improve N supply via symbiotic N2 fixation, but the fixed N input and N benefits for associated grasses have hardly been determined in farmers’ pastures. We have carried out on-farm research in ten paired plots of grass-alone (GA) vs. grass-legume (GL) pastures. Measurements included soil properties, pasture productivity, and sources of plant N uptake using 15N isotope natural abundance methods. The integration of legumes increased pasture biomass production by about 74%, while N uptake was improved by two-fold. The legumes derived about 80% of their N via symbiotic N2 fixation. The isotopic signature of N of grasses in GA vs. GL pastures suggested that sources of grass N are affected by sward composition. Low values of δ15N found in some grasses in GA pastures indicate that they depend, to some extent, on N from non-symbiotic N2 fixation, while δ15N signatures of grasses in GL pastures pointed to N transfer to grass from the associated legume. The role of different soil–plant processes such as biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), non-symbiotic N2 fixation by GA pastures and legume–N transfer to grasses in GL pastures need to be further studied to provide a more comprehensive understanding of N sources supporting the growth of grasses in tropical pastures.
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Ledgard, S. F., J. R. Freney, and J. R. Simpson. "Assessing nitrogen transfer from legumes to associated grasses." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 17, no. 4 (January 1985): 575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90028-8.
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McIvor, JG, and CJ Gardener. "Germinable soil seed banks in native pastures in north-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 8 (1994): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941113.
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Germinable soil seed banks were determined in 20 native pasture communities of widely varying composition (dominated by native tussock grasses, Bothriochloa pertusa, or forbs) near Collinsville (20�34'S, 147�51'E). Samples of surface soil (0-10 cm) were taken during the late dry season, seeds were germinated in a shadehouse, and seedlings were identified and counted. Over all pastures there were seeds of 100 species in the seed banks, including 29 grasses (14 perennial), 11 legumes, 8 sedges, and 52 forbs. Total seed numbers varied among pastures from 210 to 9770/m2. Forbs were the most numerous component, followed in order by sedges, perennial grasses, annual grasses, and legumes. Of the 790 seeds/m2 of perennial grasses, the naturalised species B. pertusa contributed 620/m2. Even though the native perennial grasses were prominent in these pastures, they had few seeds in the soil, especially when the pastures had been heavily grazed. To maintain these grasses in pastures, management should aim to prevent excessive mortality of the perennial plants as seedling regeneration could be limited by the small seed numbers available.
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Laroca, Jackeline Vieira dos Santos, Juliana Mendes Andrade de Souza, Gabriela Castro Pires, Gleidson José Coutinho Pires, Leandro Pereira Pacheco, Francine Damian da Silva, Flávio Jesus Wruck, Marco Aurélio Carbone Carneiro, Laércio Santos Silva, and Edicarlos Damacena de Souza. "Soil quality and soybean productivity in crop-livestock integrated system in no-tillage." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, no. 11 (November 2018): 1248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018001100007.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of the soil and its relation with soybean (Glycine max) yield in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS), with intercropping between grasses and legumes in the pasture phase. The experiment was carried out in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, on a dystrophic Oxisol, in which grasses (Megathyrsus maximus 'BRS Tamani' and Urochloa brizantha 'BRS Piatã'), intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata 'BRS Tumucumaque') and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan 'BRS Mandarim'), were cultivated after soybean harvest. A randomized complete block design was used, with three replicates, in a split-plot arrangement, in which grasses were considered as plots, and legumes as subplots. Legume intercrops provided increases of C and total N stocks. The intercrops caused the increase of C and N of the microbial biomass, whereas the single cultures contributed to stress in the soil microbiota. The activity of the urease enzyme was sensitive to management changes in the short term, but acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase were poorly sensitive indicators. Soil quality is high with intercropping between grasses and legumes, with positive effects on soybean grain yield.
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Fernandes, Patrick Bezerra, Rodrigo Amorim Barbosa, Maria da Graça Morais, Cauby de Medeiros-Neto, André Fischer Sbrissia, Henrique Jorge Fernandes, and Gelson dos Santos Difante. "Dynamics of defoliation of associated grasses." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 4 (March 20, 2020): e181942595. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i4.2595.
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The behavior of variables related to defoliation dynamics was evaluated, and their respective oscillations in two intercropping of tropical climate grasses managed under two grazing intensities. We used pastures formed with two intercropping (BRS Zuri, Xaraés and Basilisk; BRS Quênia, Marandu and BRS Paiaguás), managed in two grazing intensities: 40 and 60% of the pre-grazing height. In the consortium between BRS Zuri, Xaraés and Basilisk, the first canonical variable explained 72.1 and 79.2% of the total variation of the defoliation pattern for the grazing intensity levels of 40 and 60%. In the consortium between BRS Quênia, Marandu and BRS Paiaguás, the first canonical variable explained 84.3 and 89.0% of the total variation of the defoliation pattern for the grazing intensity levels of 40 and 60%. The choice of forage species of tropical climate to form the consortium may be decisive in order to perpetuate plant diversity. From the population density of tillers, it is possible to observe that grasses belonging to functional groups A and B (Zuri, Xaraés, BRS Quênia and Marandu) have a higher probability of coexisting in the same area. The choice of forage species for the establishment of intercropped pastures is important to ensure the coexistence between them and the persistence of the consortium. The analysis of canonical variables assists in explaining the dynamics of defoliation of intercropping through the estimates of severity and frequency of defoliation of extended tiller and pseudostem.
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Fierro, A., J. Norrie, A. Gosselin, and C. J. Beauchamp. "Deinking sludge influences biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus status of several grass and legume species." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-114.
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In a greenhouse study, deinking sludge was evaluated as a soil amendment supplemented with four nitrogen (N) fertilization levels for the growth of the grasses Agropyron elongatum (Host.) Beauv. (tall wheatgrass), Alopecurus pratensis L. (meadow foxtail), Festuca ovina var. duriuscula (L). Koch (hard fescue), and four levels of phosphorus (P) for the growth of the legumes Galega orientalis Lam. (galega), Medicago lupulina L. (black medic), Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam (yellow sweet clover). Fertilizers were applied on the basis of sludge level to maintain uniform carbon (C)/N or C/P ratios across sludge treatments. In one experiment, sand was mixed with 0, 10, 20 or 30% sludge while, in a second experiment, mineral soil was mixed with 0, 27, 53 or 80% sludge (vol/vol). In sand mixtures of 30 and 20% sludge, grasses had similar or greater growth than in unamended mineral soil when N was added at about 6.5 and 8.4 g kg−1 deinking sludge, respectively. For all legumes but Medicago lupulina, P at about 0.8 g kg−1 sludge was required for these sand mixtures. In soil mixtures of 53 and 27% sludge, grasses grew well when supplemental N was about 5.3 and 6.9 g kg−1 sludge, respectively. Legumes required P at 0.5 and 1.2 g kg−1 sludge, respectively. In general, growth was closely related to total amount of added N or P in spite of the wide range of C/N or C/P ratios. When growing in media amended with sludge, grasses needed higher tissue N concentration for an equivalent growth than in control soil; legumes had similar tissue P concentration. The grasses Agropyron elongatum and Alopecurus pratensis as well as the legumes Melilotus officinalis and Galega orientalis are promising species for field testing, based on dry matter production. Deinking sludge can be used as soil amendment when adequate N and P supplements are provided. Key words: Soil amendment, papermill sludge, Agropyron elongatum, Alopecurus pratensis, Festuca ovina, Medicago lupulina, Galega orientalis, Melilotus officinalis
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Semiadil, G., T. N. Barry, P. D. Muir, and J. Hodgson. "Dietary preferences of sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) offered browse, forage legume and grass species." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 1 (August 1995): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600074554.
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SUMMARYGrazing sambar and red deer in New Zealand were offered a free choice of seven different plant species (forage legumes, browse and grasses) in 1992 and 1993 and dietary preference rankings were determined. Nutritive value of plants on offer and diet selected, plant height, plant species purity and stem diameter selected (browse only) were also determined. Total nitrogen (N) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were highest for red clover, lowest for grasses and intermediate for browse species (willow, poplar and lupin). Top dietary preference ranking was willow for sambar and red clover for red deer in both years, with Yorkshire fog and prairie grass being lowly preference ranked with both deer species. Sambar selected willow stems up to 38 mm in diameter and poplar stems up to 54 mm in diameter. When the plants were grouped into browse, grass and forage legume categories, both deer species showed a similar preference ranking for grasses. Relative to grasses, sambar showed a strong preference for browse and a low preference for forage legumes, whilst red deer showed a strong preference for forage legumes of high nutritive value and a very low preference for browse. It was calculated that sambar selected a total diet higher in condensed tannins and lignin but lower in nitrogen than that selected by red deer, with similar values for total fibre and OMD. Differences in dietary preference between the two deer species may be linked with the greater ability of sambar deer to neutralize some plant secondary compounds and their more efficient rumination pattern compared with red deer. Both sambar and red deer can be classified as intermediate feeders, having a similar preference for grasses, but differing preferences for forage legumes and browse.
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Paynel, Florence, Fabien Lesuffleur, Jacques Bigot, Sylvain Diquélou, and Jean-Bernard Cliquet. "A study of 15N transfer between legumes and grasses." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 28, no. 2 (June 2008): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2007061.
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Pinkerton, A., and PJ Randall. "Internal phosphorus requirements of six legumes and two grasses." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 3 (1994): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940373.
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Critical phosphorus (P) values, both total (P,) and inorganic Pi, for the diagnosis of P deficiency were derived for a number of pasture species that are increasingly used in Australia. Trifolium balansae and Medicago murex, with T. subterraneum for comparison, were grown for 2 seasons in field experiments to which 7 rates of phosphate fertiliser were applied. The legumes T. balansae, M. murex, M. polymorpha, Ornithopus compressus, and Lotus pedunculatus, and the grasses Phalaris aquatica and Danthonia richardsonii, were grown in sand culture in glasshouse experiments and provided with nutrient solutions containing 6 rates of P (0.05-1.6 mmol/L). Diagnostic indices were derived for blades of the youngest open leaves (YOL) or youngest expanded blades, and for whole shoots. Critical Pt concentration in the YOL of T. balansae did not decline until full flowering and was the most stable indicator. The range of critical concentrations was 0.45-0.50% for both diagnosis of deficiency and prediction of seasonal yield. A Pi concentration of 150 mg/kg was critical for T. balansae during vegetative growth only. Critical concentrations in M. murex declined from an early stage, but a Pt concentration in YOL of 0.40% was the most useful indicator for diagnosis until flowering. The critical values for T. subterraneum agreed well with previously published data. Critical P concentrations in O. compressus were similar at 2 sampling times. For the remaining species, critical concentrations declined with time and it was necessary to know plant age when interpreting them.
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Brink, Geoffrey E., Gary A. Pederson, Karamat R. Sistani, and Timothy E. Fairbrother. "Uptake of Selected Nutrients by Temperate Grasses and Legumes." Agronomy Journal 93, no. 4 (July 2001): 887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.934887x.
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Fulbright, Nurdin, and Timothy E. Fulbright. "Germination of 2 Legumes in Leachate from Introduced Grasses." Journal of Range Management 43, no. 5 (September 1990): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899014.
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Tjandraatmadja, M., B. W. Norton, and I. C. Mac Rae. "Ensilage of tropical grasses mixed with legumes and molasses." World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 10, no. 1 (January 1994): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00357569.
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Mero, Rhodes N., and Peter Udén. "Promising tropical grasses and legumes as feed resources in Central Tanzania II. In sacco rumen degradation characteristics of four grasses and legumes." Animal Feed Science and Technology 69, no. 4 (December 1997): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)85314-x.
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Tomic, Z., Z. Lugic, J. Radovic, D. Sokolovic, Z. Nesic, and V. Krnjaja. "Perennial legumes and grasses stable source of quality livestock fodder feed." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-1 (2007): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0701559t.
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Perennial legumes, alfalfa, red clover, bird's foot trefoil, white clover, sainfoin and grasses, cock's foot, meadow fescue, tall fescue, Italian ryegrass, English ryegrass, French ryegrass, red fescue and Timothy grass can be grown successfully in pure crops and in legume-grass mixtures, on different soil types. Their importance in livestock development is based primarily on the great potential for yield of dry matter of over 20 t ha-1 if adequate agro-technical measures have been applied. Also, perennial legumes are characterized with high content of nutritive substances, especially protein and represent the most important protein source in livestock nutrition. Depending on the species and pheno stage of utilization, the content of crude proteins in grasses varies from 100 to 174,6 g kg-1 of DM, and in perennial legumes from 190,0 to 228,8 g kg-1 of DM. Livestock feed obtained from these plant species can be used in several ways, from grazing as most efficient and economical way, to preparation of hay and high quality silages and haylages. Stated forage species are very important in sustainable agriculture and organic production, considering that they carry out the process of biological fixation of nitrogen, but also from the ecological aspect. By using diverse selection/breeding material numerous domestic cultivars of perennial legumes and grasses have been created which are characterized with high potential for main agronomical traits.
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McIvor, J. G., I. Saeli, J. J. Hodgkinson, and H. M. Shelton. "Germinable soil seedbanks in native pastures near Crows Nest, south-east Queensland." Rangeland Journal 26, no. 1 (2004): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj04005.
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The soil seedbanks in three patch types (tall grassland, short sward and lawn) were measured in native pastures near Crows Nest, south-east Queensland in two experiments. In the first experiment, seedbanks were measured at four sites, and in the second, the variation in seedbanks during the year was measured at one site. In each experiment the size and composition of the seedbanks were determined by germinating the seeds in soil samples. In the first experiment, total seed numbers ranged from ~6000 to 12,000 per m2. There were no significant differences between sites for total seeds or for seeds of any species group except legumes which comprised only a small portion of the seedbanks. There were significant differences between patch types for total seeds and for the following species groups, medium tussock grasses, short tussock grasses, stoloniferous grasses, legumes and forbs but not large tussock grasses and sedges. Total seed numbers, and those of medium tussock grasses, stoloniferous grasses and forbs were highest in the lawn patches and lowest in the short sward patches. Legumes had higher numbers in the tall grassland patches than in other patch types. In the second experiment, there were large differences between total seed numbers at the different sample dates (January, May, September and November). Numbers were highest in January and then declined throughout the year. This pattern was largely a reflection of the changes in numbers of forb seeds, the species group with the most seeds. There were no significant differences between patch types for total seeds but there were for medium tussock grasses, stoloniferous grasses, sedges and forbs. There was no relationship between the composition of the pasture sward and the composition of the seedbank for any of the three patch types. Twenty-eight species were allocated to persistent and transient seedbank types; all seedbank types occurred in all three patch types. The major species in the seedbanks were sedges (Cyperus gracilis, C. sesquiflorus), forbs (Gamochaeta spp., Paronychia brasiliana, Daucus glochidiatus) and Eragrostis spp.
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NG, K. F., W. W. STÜR, and H. M. SHELTON. "New forage species for integration of sheep in rubber plantations." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 3 (May 1997): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859696004248.
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The productivity and persistence of 91 accessions of grasses, legumes and broad-leaved weeds were evaluated under young rubber at the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia Experimental Station at Sungai Buloh near Kuala Lumpur. The species were chosen from world collections for their reported shade tolerance. Two small plot experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1990 and regular harvests were used to assess yield and persistence. The soil at the site was acidic (pH 4·7) and infertile, and light transmission declined from 65 to 20% in Expt 1 and from 90 to 50% in Expt 2.Pattern and cluster analyses were used to allocate accessions to groups with similar yield responses. Grasses which demonstrated both high yield and persistence of yield were Brachiaria decumbens MARDI accession, B. humidicola cv. Tully and Panicum maximum cvs Gatton, Riversdale and Vencedor. High yielding and persistent legumes were Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca and S. guianensis CIAT 184. Survival of species monitored one year after completion of the experiment indicated the good longer term persistence of grasses Stenotaphrum secundatum, Panicum laxum, Paspalum notatum, Paspalum wettsteinii, Brachiaria humidicola and Panicum maximum cv. Vencedor, and legumes Arachis repens and A. pintoi.
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Navas, Alfonso, and Miguel Talavera. "Incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes in natural and semi-natural mountain grassland and the host status of some common grass species." Nematology 4, no. 4 (2002): 541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854102760290518.
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AbstractA plant-parasitic nematode survey was undertaken in mountainous pastures of southern Spain. Sixty-three species of plant-parasitic nematodes distributed over 25 genera were associated with pastures and grasslands in southern Spain. Paratylenchus species (P. microdorus, P. similis, P. nanus and P. ciccaronei) were the most abundant and prevalent plant-parasitic nematodes found. Pratylenchus neglectus and P.thornei were widely distributed in 55 and 41% of sites, respectively. Amplimerlinius globigerus, Helicotylenchus digonicus, H. dihystera, H. tunisiensis, Merlinius brevidens, M. microdorus, Rotylenchus unisexus and Scutylenchus quadrifer were found in more than 10% of the fields, on occasion at densities of more than 200 per 100 cm³ of soil. A further 49 species of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified and reported. A pot experiment, using a range of grasses and forage legumes adapted to the zone, ascertained the host status of the most abundant plant-parasitic nematodes. Helicotylenchus digonicus, M. microdorus and P.microdorus populations were maintained or increased by all grasses or legumes tested. In general, grasses were better hosts of P.neglectus and P.thornei than the pasture legumes tested. Medicago minima reduced P.thornei densities after 3 months of growing.
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Scott, D. "Dryland legumes: perspectives and problems." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.2996.
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The different perspectives or concepts involved in developing legumes for dryland pastoral systems is commented on in relation to: N-fixation versus animal feed; root nodule bacteria requirements; large introduced legume flora compared with indigenous; species niche in relation to environmental gradients of moisture, temperature, fertility, and grazing; species adaptation along the decreasing fertility gradient from fine-root nutrient scavenging grasses, N-fixers, mycorrhiza, and proteoid roots; interaction of N- fixation with soil organic matter; establishment; determinants of pastures legume composition; and the possible role of allelopathy. Key words: dryland, environmental gradients, legumes, N-fixation, pasture composition
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Duczek, L. J., L. L. Jones-Flory, S. L. Reed, K. L. Bailey, and G. P. Lafond. "Sporulation of Bipolaris sorokiniana on the crowns of crop plants grown in Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-146.
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Production of conidia by B. sorokiniana was determined on crowns of field-grown annual crops in the fall of each year from 1991 to 1993. Sporulation was highest on crowns of the annual cereal crops, barley, canary seed, rye, triticale, oat, and wheat. Sporulation varied from year to year with the highest numbers in 1992 and the lowest in 1993. There were differences between cultivars of wheat and of barley, but the differences were not consistent from year to year. Significantly lower conidial numbers occurred on annual pulse crops (fababean, field pea, lentil), and oilseed crops (canola, flax, mustard, safflower, sunflower) than on cereal crops. In 1992 and 1993, sporulation was assessed on perennial forage legumes and grasses. Sporulation was significantly higher on wheatgrass species (crested, intermediate, northern, slender, streambank, tall, and western wheatgrass) than on other forage grasses (smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, reed canarygrass, Altai wildrye, Dahurian Wildrye, and Russian wildrye) and forage legumes (alfalfa, alsike clover, birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch, red clover, and sainfoin). The low sporulation on crowns of annual pulse crops, annual oilseed crops, forage legumes, and forage grasses other than on wheatgrass species indicates their suitability in crop rotations designed to reduce the inoculum density of B. sorokiniana. Growing annual cereal crops and wheatgrass forage grasses will likely maintain or increase the inoculum levels of B. sorokiniana in soil. Key words:Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoem., sporulation, annual and perennial crops
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Grebennikov, Vadim, Ivan Shipilov, and Olesya Khonina. "Methods of accelerated restoration of productivity of degraded forage lands in the zone of unstable humidification of the Central Ciscaucasia." Agrarian Bulletin of the 208, no. 05 (June 29, 2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-208-05-22-30.
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Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study is to establish the effectiveness of different methods of grassing old-aged degraded haylands with the participation of species of cereals and legumes recommended for agrophytocenoses of the zone of unstable moisture. The methodological basis of the approach to restoring the productivity of degraded haylands on saline leached chernozems was the improvement of their phytocenotic structure, based on the coenotic usefulness of the dominant species of legumes and grasses. Results. Highly plastic species of legumes and grasses have been identified, which allow forming productive haymaking on the site of degraded old-growth grass stand for 10 years of its use. The legume-cereal agrophytocenosis formed on the cenotic basis contributed to the production of energy-saturated feed (0.74–0.76 feed units per 1 kg of dry matter with a content of 14.6–15.8 % crude protein). The conducted studies of methods for improving the grass stand did not reveal a significant advantage of the amelioration over the simplificated improvement (accelerated grassing). With accelerated grassing with the use of disking with sowing of perennial grasses in the treated turf, the productivity of the grass stand was slightly lower compared to the amelioration, but due to the reduction of technological costs, this method is more economically justified compared to the traditional method of tillage. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the conditions of the zone of unstable humidification of the Central Ciscaucasia in a comparative aspect, two methods of improving degenerated low – productive the grass amelioration and simplificated improvement (accelerated grassing) against the background of the use of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers with the participation of dominant species of cereals and legumes of perennial grasses recommended for their introduction into the plant communities of this zone were studied.
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Martin, Kirsty, Grant Edwards, Rachael Bryant, Miriam Hodge, Jim Moir, David Chapman, and Keith Cameron. "Herbage dry-matter yield and nitrogen concentration of grass, legume and herb species grown at different nitrogen-fertiliser rates under irrigation." Animal Production Science 57, no. 7 (2017): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16455.
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An important goal in dairy systems is to increase production while achieving environmental targets associated with lower nitrate leaching from soils. One approach is to identify forages that grow more at a given level of nitrogen (N) input and result in a lower N intake per kilogram dry matter (DM) consumed. However, while N responses have been well described for perennial ryegrasses, less information is available for alternative grasses, legumes and herbs. In the present study, conducted on the Canterbury Plains, New Zealand, six species (perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, white clover, lucerne, chicory and plantain) were grown at six N-fertiliser rates ranging from 0 to 450 kg N/ha.year and managed under irrigation and cutting management. Herbage DM yield and N concentration were measured over 12 months. As N-fertiliser rate increased from 0 to 450 kg N/ha, annual herbage yield increased linearly (from 4794 to 14 329 kg DM/ha.year in grasses and from 7146 to 13 177 kg DM/ha.year in herbs). In contrast, annual herbage yield for legumes was unaffected by N-fertiliser rate and ranged from 11 874 to 13 112 kg DM/ha. Additionally, there were contrasting responses in herbage N concentration between species. At all N-fertiliser rates, herbage N concentration was highest in legumes (43.4 g N/kg DM), then herbs (30.7 g N/kg DM), and lowest in grasses (25.8 g N/kg DM). The N concentration of legume DM was unaffected by increasing N-fertiliser rate, whereas in grasses and herbs it increased. Results suggested that there were no benefits in using herbs instead of grasses for reducing N intake in livestock in an irrigated Canterbury environment.
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Bolger, T. P., R. Chapman, and I. F. Le Coultre. "Seed dormancy release in three common pasture grasses from a Mediterranean-type environment under contrasting conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 2 (1999): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98139.
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Pastures in the Mediterranean region of Australia are typically comprised of a mixture of winter annuals, including grasses and legumes, which utilise a seed bank to survive the long, dry summer. The risk of out-of-season summer rain requires species from such environments to adopt appropriate strategies to protect their seed banks. The seed bank strategies of the grasses from these environments have, so far, received little attention. We conducted an experiment to observe the dormancy release characteristics of 3 grasses common to these environments when stored under contrasting thermal regimes. The grasses studied were great brome grass (Bromus diandrus Roth), annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), and barley grass (Hordeum leporinum Link). The different species displayed contrasting dormancy release characteristics over the summer. Two of the species examined (great brome grass and annual ryegrass) displayed relatively late release from dormancy which gave high levels of protection from false breaks. The other (barley grass) displayed earlier release from dormancy which would enable it to better exploit earlier true breaks but make it more sensitive to false breaks. Unlike pasture legumes, high and fluctuating temperatures were not necessary for the seeds of these grasses to become germinable. In fact, exposure to high temperatures appeared more likely to suppress release from dormancy.
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Ludlow, MM. "Photosynthesis and Dry Matter Production in C3 and C4 Pasture Plants, With Special Emphasis on Tropical C3 Legumes and C4 Grasses." Functional Plant Biology 12, no. 6 (1985): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9850557.
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The nature of C3 and C4 pasture plants is described, and the potential biomass productivity is discussed. Then differences in net annual production and crop growth rates of C3 and C4 pasture plants are analysed in terms of the interception of solar radiation and the efficiency of its conversion to dry matter. Finally, the components of photosynthetic production of tropical C4 grasses and tropical C3 legumes are compared with their growth rates and dry matter yields in the subtropics. The higher crop growth rates of tropical C4 grasses compared with C3 pasture plants, whether they are of temperate or tropical origin, seem to be due mainly to higher leaf net photosynthetic rates and to the absence of photorespiration associated with possession of the C4 pathway. However, light utilization efficiencies are probably also higher in C4 grasses. In addition to these two characteristics, the longer growing season of C4 grasses in the warm conditions of the tropics contributes to their higher net annual production of dry matter. There is a close association between possession of the C4 pathway, higher rates of photosynthesis and growth, and higher dry matter yields when tropical C4 pasture grasses are compared with tropical C3 legumes in a subtropical climate.
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Cocks, PS. "Colonization of a South Australian grassland by invading Mediterranean annual and perennial pasture species." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 5 (1994): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941063.
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Spatial variation in the composition of the soil seed bank was studied in a 5 ha area of pasture in South Australia dominated by naturalized annuals originating from the Mediterranean basin. The results were analysed with regression, cluster and principal component analysis. A total of 34 species was collected, including 17 grasses, seven legumes, eight broad-leaved species and two rushes. The total size of the seed bank was over 200 seeds dm-2, equivalent to about 450 kg ha-1 Although the site was nearly flat, elevation affected the distribution of all species, probably because of its effect on drainage in winter. Five legumes (Tbifilium clusii, T. ornithopioides, T. dubium, T. glomeratum and T. subterraneum) dominated the seed bank, but the dominant species changed with elevation above the zone of winter-waterlogging. Of the grasses Serrafalcus hordeaceus and Vulpia spp. were present at well drained sites, while Lolium perenne and Hordeum geniculatum were found at low sites, with Holcus lanatus intermediate. Seeds of legumes were more frequent at sites where soil nitrogen and phosphorus were low, and seeds of grasses where they were high. The results are compared with those obtained from perennial species in north Europe, and the implications for pasture deterioration and improvement in Australia are discussed. It is concluded that genetic diversity is likely to be important in the successful invasion of pasture by Mediterranean annuals. The presence of several naturalized legumes in niches incompletely occupied by subterranean clover suggests that germplasm is available to increase the legume component of many annual pastures
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Eisenhauer, Nico, and Stefan Scheu. "Earthworms as drivers of the competition between grasses and legumes." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 10 (October 2008): 2650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.07.010.
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Sangakkara, U. R. "A Study on the Establishment of Tropical Grasses and Legumes." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 160, no. 4 (April 1988): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.1988.tb00324.x.
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Greub, L. J., P. N. Drolsom, and D. A. Rohweder. "Salt Tolerance of Grasses and Legumes for Roadside Use 1." Agronomy Journal 77, no. 1 (January 1985): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1985.00021962007700010018x.
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Guy, P. L. "Viruses of New Zealand pasture grasses and legumes: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 9 (2014): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14017.
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This article reviews knowledge of 23 plant viruses infecting pasture grasses and legumes in New Zealand. The incidence, ecology and impact of each virus and prospects for control using natural or artificial resistance genes or by vector control is discussed. The most prevalent viruses are Alfalfa mosaic virus and White clover mosaic virus in pasture legumes and Cocksfoot mottle virus, Ryegrass mosaic virus and Barley yellow dwarf virus in pasture grasses. Lucerne Australian latent virus is restricted to the North Island and Red clover necrotic mosaic virus is largely restricted to the South Island. These patterns are likely to be dynamic with ongoing changes in weather patterns, land use, the spread of insect vectors and the continuing introduction of viruses and vectors. The existing and potential threats to 12 pasture species are tabulated and the knowledge gaps for each species highlighted. Control of vectors including aphids, eriophyid mites and soil-borne fungi is probably not economic per se but could be an additional benefit of integrated pest management in pasture and cropping systems. The most cost-effective and practical preventative measures are likely to be the use of virus-tested seed to establish new pastures and the incorporation of resistance genes by conventional breeding or by genetic engineering. Finally, recommendations are made for future research for New Zealand, which is also relevant to other temperate regions of the world.
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Thomas, R. J., and N. M. Asakawa. "Decomposition of leaf litter from tropical forage grasses and legumes." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25, no. 10 (October 1993): 1351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(93)90050-l.
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Kennedy, P. M., and E. Charmley. "Methane yields from Brahman cattle fed tropical grasses and legumes." Animal Production Science 52, no. 4 (2012): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11103.
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In the national greenhouse inventory, methane emissions from the Australian tropical beef herd are derived from cattle fed two diets. In the experiments reported here, methane production was measured by open-circuit gas exchange from 13 Brahman cattle offered 22 diets from combinations of five tropical grass species and five legumes, with a minimum of three steers per diet. All diets were offered daily ad libitum, with the exception of three legume diets fed without grass and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) mixed with grass, which were offered at 15 g dry matter per kg liveweight. Diets were fed as long-chopped dried hay, with the exception of leucaena, which was harvested and fed within 2 days. For the data from cattle fed diets of grass and grass mixed with legumes, methane production could be predicted as 19.6 g/kg forage dry matter intake (residual standard deviation 12.3). Observed methane yields were not predictable from a stoichiometry, which used volatile fatty acid proportions in rumen fluid. Mean methane emission rates across all diets were equivalent to 8.6–13.4% of digestible energy intake, and 5.0–7.2% of gross energy intake. The latter values are comparable to IPCC (2006) recommendations (5.5–7.5%) for large ruminants fed low-quality crop residues and by-products. Methane yields per unit of ingested dry matter or digested organic matter were variable across diets but were related to digestibility and contents of fibre and protein. These results constitute a significant downward revision of the methane emissions attributable to the northern Australian beef herd grazing tropical pastures.
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Renz, Mark J. "Establishment of Forage Grasses and Legumes After Fall Herbicide Applications." Forage & Grazinglands 8, no. 1 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/fg-2010-0806-01-rs.
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Abera, Mergia, and Tekleyohannes Berhanu. "Farmers’ preference for improved grasses and legume forage species in six mixed farming system districts of southern region of Ethiopia." Agricultural Science and Practice 4, no. 2 (July 15, 2017): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp4.02.023.
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Participatory on-farm evaluation of improved forage crops was conducted in six mixed farming system districts of Southern Ethiopia with the objective to identify farmers preferred forage crops (legumes and grasses). Two annual forage legumes (Vigna unguiculata L. (cow pea) and Lablab purpureus (L.), two perennial legumes (Medicago sativa (L.) (alfalfa) and Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb. (green-leaf)), and three perennial grasses (Chloris gayana Knuth (Rhodes grass) and two Pennisetum purpureum Schumach (elephant grass) accessions (No.16800 and 16798)) were evaluated in the study. The major farmers’ criteria considered in the evaluation of forage species were vegetative growth, herbage yield, tillering, protection of soil erosion, palatability, perfor- mance under dry weather conditions, performance in marginal area under low input management, multipurpose use (conservation and soil fertility) and fast growing condition. The study showed that elephant grass accession No. 16798, 16800 and Chloris gayana adapted well and farmers preferred them for their higher herbage yield, vegetative growth, tillering ability and drought resistance. Even though the annual forage legumes Lablab purpureus and Vigna unguiculata were superior in their forage yield, the farmers preferred the perennial forage legumes (Desmodium intortum and Medicago sativa) mainly for their performance under dry weather condi- tion due to their longer growth period. Therefore, the consideration of farmers’ preference for forage crops is crucial for increased adoption of improved forage crops in the region.
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Kunelius, H. T., and K. B. McRae. "Forage chicory persists in combination with cool season grasses and legumes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-052.
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Forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was grown alone and in combination with various grasses and legumes for three production years to determine growth, botanical composition, and persistence. Chicory mixed with grasses and legumes produced greater yields than chicory alone. Mixtures of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) + white clover (Trifolium repens L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) + alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and timothy + red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in combination with chicory produced the highest dry matter yields. Persistence of chicory was adequate; it survived for three production years in the cold-winter region of Atlantic Canada. Including chicory in grass/legume swards improved the seasonal distribution of herbage and increased late season production. Key words: Botanical composition, Cichorium intybus L., combinations, mixtures, persistence, seasonal yield distribution
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Tozer, K. N., G. M. Barker, C. A. Cameron, and T. K. James. "Relationship between seedbank and aboveground botanical composition during spring." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6541.
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Poor pasture persistence and ingress of weedy species are major concerns for farmers The seedbank gives an indication of what weedy species may establish in pastures and compete with sown species It was hypothesised that the aboveground composition reflects the seedbank The seedbank was sampled and botanical assessments were undertaken during OctoberNovember 2009 in Northland Waikato Taranaki and North Canterbury Aboveground botanical composition did not reflect the weed seedbank composition in any of the regions assessed While cover of grasses was greater than legumes and herbs aboveground weedy herbs were most dominant in the seedbank followed by grasses then legumes There was no emergence of sown grass from the seedbank highlighting the lack of a persistent sown grass seedbank which may contribute to poor pasture persistence