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1
Kopytets, N., S. Pashko, and V. Voloshyn. "Current trends in meat price formation." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2(159) (November 24, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-159-2-55-63.
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The article examines the main trends in meat price formation.It is determined that the methodology and tradition of price functioning have evolved historically in terms of understanding the nature and characteristics of the price. The level of product price contains the conflicting interests of different parts (producer and consumer). It is generalized that the formation of livestock products prices is influenced by supply and demand.It is confirmed that price is a factor that creates demand in case of the low consumers’ purchasing power. The process of prices forming on livestock products is based on the general principles of pricing. However, there are certain features of pricing stipulated from the specifics of production and processing of livestock products.Among the main factors influencing the prices formation on livestock products should be noted the following: natural and climatic conditions, price disparity in agriculture, the presence of a large number of households which deal with raising cattle and poultry,high level of production costs, the presence of multiple links in the production chain, a short period of product storage, a large proportion of low-income population.It is proved that the livestock product prices in market conditions must respond quickly to any changes in the production chain. The analysis of the price situation on the meat market was carried out.It was found that in Ukraine during the study period there is a tendency of increasing purchasing, wholesale and consumer prices.In the first half-year of 2020, there were significant changes in the price situation.The results confirm the trends at the world meat market.It is proved that the situation at the domestic meat market depends on the state of the global market. It is noted that in the future the price situation at the meat market will depend on the purchasing power of the population, the proposal of main meat types, the exchange rate of the national currency, production and export volumes. Keywords: price, demand, supply, meat market, purchase prices, wholesale prices, consumer prices, beef, pork, poultry meat.
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Barrell, Ray, Simon Kirby, and Rebecca Riley. "The Current Position of UK House Prices." National Institute Economic Review 189 (July 2004): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010418900105.
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House price inflation in the UK has been particularly high in recent years. This has led to much discussion concerning the future path of house price growth. Whether the future scenario involves a moderation or instead a sharp correction in house prices has important implications for the short to medium path of household consumption expenditure.
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Bangalee, Varsha, and Fatima Suleman. "Has the increase in the availability of generic drugs lowered the price of cardiovascular drugs in South Africa?" Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.935.
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Background: This research focuses on pharmaceutical competition in South Africa where concurrent pricing legislation is being implemented without monitoring the consequences on generic drug competition and usage.Objective: To examine the relationship between originator drug prices and the number of generic brands within the cardiovascular class of drugs and to compare South African prices with international reference prices.Method: Data on private sector drug prices was sourced from the South African Medicine Price Registry. The relationship between the median proportional price and the number of brands in the therapeutic class was analysed using correlation analysis. International reference prices were obtained from the Management Sciences for Health International Drug Price Indicator Guide (2012 edition).Results: A weak correlation between originator and generic drug prices and the number of available brands was observed, the exception being diuretic drugs. The median prices per strength of the originator generic were still higher than the most expensive generic version manufactured by any other company, the exception being telmisartan. Comparison of price ratios between the originator drug, lowest priced generic and international reference price values revealed that the originator drug prices had a median price ratio of 20.99 (interquartile range 7.31—53.46) and the lowest priced generics had a median price ratio of 4.28 (interquartile range 2.10—8.47).Conclusion: Increased generic competition is not a predictor of lower drug prices. The study also concludes that the current South African pharmaceutical policies have not yet achieved the lowest prices for drugs when compared internationally.
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Dimkić, Dejan, Miodrag Milovanović, Milan Dimkić, and Slađana Milojković. "Current and Economic Price of Water in Serbia." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1 (September 3, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002045.
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In the context of this paper, the term “price of water” refers to the charges for drinking water supply and sewage services. The current price of water in Serbia is generally set at an affordable level and does not reflect the real costs. It varies from approximately 0.4 €/m3 in smaller settlements of less developed regions of the country, to approximately 1.0 €/m3 in some cities of more developed regions. Lower prices in some cases are the result of fact that these settlements do not provide sewage services (SS). The average price of water in the country is currently about 0.7 €/m3. This paper presents the current and economic price of water in Serbia, and its structure, from a sample of 34 public utility companies (PUC), which perform water supply (WSS) and sewerage services (SS).
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Anokye, Martin, Henry Amankwah, Emmanuel Kwame Essel, and Irene Kafui Amponsah. "Dynamics of Equilibrium Prices With Differential and Delay Differential Equations Using Characteristic Equation Techniques." Journal of Mathematics Research 11, no. 4 (June 27, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v11n4p1.
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This study compares differential model to delay differential model in terms of their qualitative behaviour with respect to equilibrium price changes using roots of characteristic equation techniques. The equilibrium states of both price adjustment models were simulated using inputs from same source. The study found that irrespective of initial prices set for the system, the current price of the differential model would always move monotonically towards the equilibrium price defined for the system. However, the current price of the delay- differential model will fluctuate and move away from the initial prices due to the delay parameter associated with the supply, then gradually decrease and turn towards the defined system equilibrium price.
Results from the study also showed that current prices in the delay-differential model are not predictable at the initial stage due to the time delay parameter in the supply function of price. On the other hand, current prices in their counterpart models without delay are predictable, as they always converge to the equilibrium price points defined in the system. Since most economic and physical systems are time delay inherent, it is recommended that such systems are modeled using delay-differential equations to reflect realities of the phenomena.
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Cheng, Kai-Wen, Ce Shang, Hye Myung Lee, Frank J. Chaloupka, Geoffrey T. Fong, Ron Borland, Bryan W. Heckman, et al. "Costs of vaping: evidence from ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey." Tobacco Control 30, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055344.
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Study objectivesTo compare the prices paid for nicotine vaping products (NVPs) and supplies among current NVP users to prices paid for cigarettes among current smokers.DataThe 2016 International Tobacco Control Four Country Vaping and Smoking Survey (4CV1). Key measures included: (1) self-reported prices paid for reusable NVPs (eg, rechargeable devices with cartridges and tank system devices with e-liquids) in the 3-month period prior to the survey among current NVP users, (2) prices paid for disposable NVPs, cartridges and e-liquids purchased in the last 30 days among current NVP users and (3) self-reported prices paid for cigarettes among current smokers.ResultsDisposable NVP price was higher than the price of a comparable unit for combustible cigarettes in England (EN), USA and Canada (CA). Prefilled cartridge price was higher than the price of a comparable unit of cigarettes in USA and CA, but lower in EN and Australia. E-liquid price was consistently lower than the price of a comparable unit of cigarettes across four countries. For start-up costs, price of a rechargeable device is approximately 3–5 times higher than a pack of cigarettes in four countries.ConclusionNVP prices were generally higher than prices of combustible cigarettes, especially the high upfront NVP devices. The high upfront costs of purchasing a reusable NVP may discourage some smokers from switching to vaping. However, the average lower costs of cartridges and e-liquids relative to a package of cigarettes make switching to a NVP an attractive alternative to smoking in the long term so long as smokers switch completely to vaping.
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Nanang Suryana and Sri Dewi Anggadini. "Analysis of Stock Prices Affected by Current Ratio." International Journal of Science, Technology & Management 1, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v1i3.44.
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The stock price of required on a stock exchange must be changed cannot be estimated. The purpose of this study is to study the comparative valuation of Current Ratio to Stock Prices. The method used in this research is descriptive method and verification method with quantitative discussion. The data source used is secondary data. The population in this study is the financial statements of the Retail Trade Sector Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange as many as 25 companies with financial statements consisting of statements of financial position and Stock prices approved for 5 periods (2014-2018). Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that the Current Ratio (CR) has a significant effect on the Stock Price of a Retail Trading Company that has a positive relationship between the Current Ratio and the Stock Prices.
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Alrasheedy, Alian A. "Pharmaceutical pricing policy in Saudi Arabia: findings and implications." Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5639/gabij.2020.0901.003.
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Introduction: Many countries have introduced policies and strategies to limit pharmaceutical expenditures. These include pharmaceutical pricing policies and related strategies to control medicine prices and to ensure appropriate and stable prices. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the current pharmaceutical pricing policy for medicines in Saudi Arabia and to provide an evaluation of the impact of this policy on medicine prices. Methods: A description of the current pharmaceutical policy is presented by reviewing the current official documents and regulations related to pharmaceutical pricing in Saudi Arabia. A price comparison between the original brand medicines and their generic versions was conducted for the top six selling medicines in Saudi Arabia during the period of 2010–2015. Results: The findings showed that Saudi pharmaceutical pricing policy takes into consideration several factors including an international price benchmark, internal price referencing, and the price of the medicine in the country of origin when determining medicine prices. Based on this policy, there were large differences in the prices of generic medicines compared to original brand medicines. The generic medicine to original brand medicine price ratio was 0.87–0.30. However, the price of the first generic medicine was close to the price of original brand medicine, with the first generic medicine-to-original brand medicine price ratio was 0.87–0.81. In this study, there were large differences in the prices of generic medicines for the same molecule. In fact, price ratio among the generic medicines for the same molecule was between 0.96 and 0.18. However, some generic medicines imported from high income countries were cheaper than the medicines manufactured locally or manufactured in other countries in the Middle East. Conclusion: Medicine prices are strictly controlled through the pharmaceutical pricing policy in Saudi Arabia. Overall, the current policy has resulted in significant price differences among medicines, including medicines of the same molecule. Due to this large difference, the cost savings will depend on the product prescribed or procured by the health organization.
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Ikhsan, Nuri Maulana, and Yohanes Rully Dermawan. "PENGARUH RASIO KEUANGAN TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PERUSAHAAN LQ45 PERIODE 2013-2017." Manajemen & Bisnis Jurnal 5, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37303/embeji.v5i1.72.
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This study aims to determine the effect of financial ratios on stock prices. Financial ratios used in this study is the Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Return On Equity, Total Asset Turnover, Earning Per Share, and Price to Book Value. The type of research used is quantitative to observe the effect of financial ratios on stock prices. This study used a purposive sampling method with a total sample of 20 companies registered in the LQ45 index for the period 2013-2017 and fulfilling the research criteria. The statistical method used is multiple linear regression analysis
The results of this study indicate that partially, the variable debt to equity ratio, return on equity, total asset turnover, earnings per share, and price to book value have a significant partial effect on stock prices, while the current ratio variable does not have a partial significant effect on stock prices. Simultaneously the current ratio variable, debt to equity ratio, return on equity, total asset turnover, earnings per share, and price to book value have a significant simultaneous effect on stock prices. And the most dominant influential variable is earnings per share. Keywords: Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Return On Equity, Total Asset Turnover, Earning Per Share, Price to Book Value, and Stock Price.
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Song, Hongjuan, and Yushi Jiang. "Dynamic pricing decisions by potential tourists under uncertainty: The effects of tourism advertising." Tourism Economics 25, no. 2 (September 4, 2018): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618797250.
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The aim of this study is to examine the advertising information learning processes of potential tourists and observe how potential tourists sequentially adjust their perceived reference prices and purchase intentions with different risk preferences and choices with respect to gains (the current price is lower than the consumer’s reference price) or losses (the current price is higher than the reference price). In this study, a Bayesian experiment was conducted to elicit reference prices in the presence of tourism advertising with uncertain information. The findings show that with respect to gains, risk avoiders do not reduce their reference prices as significantly as do risk seekers when exposed to price-informative advertising. Exposure to image advertising changes potential tourists’ risk preferences, and the reference price drops more significantly for risk avoiders than for risk seekers. With respect to losses, informative and image advertising impact the reference price for participants with different risk preferences but not at a statistically significant level.
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BAVIERA, R., M. PASQUINI, J. RABOANARY, and M. SERVA. "MOVING AVERAGES AND PRICE DYNAMICS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 05, no. 06 (September 2002): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024902001560.
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We introduce a stochastic price model where, together with a random component, a moving average of logarithmic prices contributes to the price formation. The future price is linearly influenced by the difference between the moving average and the current price, together with a noise component. Our model is tested against financial datasets, showing an extremely good agreement with them.
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Figlioli, Bruno, Rafael Moreira Antônio, and Fabiano Guasti Lima. "Stock Price Synchronicity and Current and Potential Credit Ratings." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 10 (September 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n10p1.
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This study examines whether the stock prices reflet the relevant information on the companies´current and potential credit ratings. This investigation was carried out from the construct of stock price synchronicity, that is, the more the stock prices reflect the specific information of a certain company, the less the synchronicity of these prices in relation to the market general information tends to be. It would imply that the stock prices tend to be more informative on the companies´potential in generating future economic benefit and on their risk levels. For carrying out this study, information on the companies which have their shares listed at the Brazilian Stock Exchange (Brazil, Stock Exchange and Over-the-counter – B3) from 2010 to 2015 were analyzed. The results obtained point that the stock prices not only embody information on the alterations of the companies´s current credit ratings regarding the upgrade, but also reflect, with certain antecipation, the potential credit ratings. Nevertheless, the results indicate that not every credit rating class is associated with relevant information for the capital market.
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Newsome, Philip RH. "Current Issues in Dental Practice Management Part 2. Pricing Policy in Dental Practice." Primary Dental Care os10, no. 3 (July 2003): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/135576103322496986.
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This is the second in a series of articles exploring some of the issues facing dentists coming to terms with working in the ‘brave new world’. It examines the complex issues of understanding how pricing works, determining the price of a product or service, communicating this to customers, and understanding how people perceive prices and price changes
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Shuval, Kerem, Michal Stoklosa, Nigar Nargis, Jeffrey Drope, Shay Tzafrir, Lital Keinan-Boker, Laura F. DeFina, and Mahmoud Qadan. "Cigarette Prices and Smoking Behavior in Israel: Findings from a National Study of Adults (2002–2017)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 8367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168367.
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Tobacco taxation and price policies are considered the most effective for lowering demand for tobacco products. While this statement is based on research from numerous countries, scant evidence exists on this topic for Israel. Accordingly, we assessed the association between cigarette prices and smoking prevalence and intensity from a national sample of adults in Israel (2002–2017). Data on smoking behavior were derived from the Israeli Knowledge Attitudes and Practices (KAP) survey, a repeated cross-sectional survey. Price information is from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) since it was not collected in the KAP survey. We used the price of a pack of 20 cigarettes for Marlboro and the local brand. These two price variables were the primary independent variables, and we adjusted for inflation. The dependent variables were current smoking (yes/no) and smoking intensity, defined as the number of cigarettes smoked per week. Multivariable analysis was employed using a two-part model while adjusting for covariates. The first step of the model utilized logistic regression with current smoking as the dependent variable. The second step examining smoking intensity as the dependent variable, used OLS regression. Price elasticity was estimated as well. Analysis revealed that a one-unit increase (Israeli currency) in the price of local brand of cigarettes was related to 2.0% (OR = 0.98; 95%CI 0.98, 0.99) lower odds of being a current smoker, adjusting for covariates including household income. Moreover, a one unit increase in the price of the local brand of cigarettes was related to consuming 1.49 (95% CI −1.97, −1.00) fewer weekly cigarettes, controlling for household income and covariates. Similar results were found with the Marlboro cigarette prices. The total price elasticity of cigarette demand, given by the sum of price elasticities of smoking prevalence and intensity, showed that a 10.0% increase in the price is associated with a 4.6–9.2% lower cigarette consumption among Israeli adults. Thus, increasing cigarette prices will likely lead to a reduction in cigarette smoking thereby improving public health in Israel.
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Jankovics, Peter. "LONG -TERM CHANGES OF MAIN INPUT -OUTPUT PRICES IN THE HUNGARIAN BROILER SECTOR." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7228.
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The article presents changes of the main input-output prices in the Hungarian broiler industry over a period of 30 years, and associated correlations. For the processing of long-term data, a linear regression function, correlation and regression analysis were used. The cereal prices correlate and their changes also correspond with a change in compound feed prices. A close correlation can be found between cereal price and broiler price, whilst the correlation shown between the compound feed price and broiler price is very close. During the examined period, the feed prices increased at a higher rate than the broiler price. It was also established that the current feed and energy price significantly affect day-old chick prices which corresponds with an increase in price of the broiler. Furthermore, a close relation can be found between energy and feed compound prices.
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Grossmann, Alexander, and Björn Brembs. "Current market rates for scholarly publishing services." F1000Research 10 (January 12, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27468.1.
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For decades, the supra-inflation increase of subscription prices for scholarly journals has concerned scholarly institutions. After years of fruitless efforts to solve this “serials crisis”, open access has been proposed as the latest potential solution. However, the prices for open access publishing are also high and are rising well beyond inflation. What has been missing from the public discussion so far is a quantitative approach to determine the actual costs of efficiently publishing a scholarly article using state-of-the-art technologies, such that informed decisions can be made as to appropriate price levels. Here we provide a granular, step-by-step calculation of the costs associated with publishing primary research articles, from submission, through peer-review, to publication, indexing and archiving. We find that these costs range from less than US$200 per article in modern, large-scale publishing platforms using post-publication peer-review, to about US$1,000 per article in prestigious journals with rejection rates exceeding 90%. The publication costs for a representative scholarly article today come to lie at around US$400. We discuss the additional non-publication items that make up the difference between publication costs and final price.
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Kakietek, Jakub. "Determinants of the Global Prices of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 39, no. 3 (May 6, 2018): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572118767149.
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Background: A therapy based on ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) in outpatient settings is considered the gold standard in the treatment of severe acute malnutrition in children younger than 5 years. The price of RUTF is the key cost driver of the therapy. However, no studies to date have systematically examined the determinants of RUTF prices. Objective: This article presents the first analysis of factors associated with the prices of RUTF, focusing on the impact of competition and tendering. Methods: This article examines data on the prices of RUTF purchased by UNICEF Supply Division from 2006 through 2015 (90% of RUTF purchased globally). To assess the association between price, competition, and tender introduction, controlling for potential confounding factors, regression analysis using a generalized estimating equation was used. Results: Competition, measured as the number of suppliers, was negatively associated with RUTF price. On the other hand, no statistically significant association was found between RUTF price tendering. Quantities sold were also significantly associated with RUTF prices. Conclusions: Significant price reductions have been achieved by increasing competition in the RUTF market. In contrast, introduction of tendering did not result in decreases in prices. Tendering is an effective price-lowering mechanism because it awards the bidder(s) with the lowest price with market exclusivity. However, the current tender system promotes market fragmentation and reduces the incentives for price reductions. Further reduction in RUTF prices can likely be achieved by modifying the current tendering procedures and putting a greater emphasis on price competition.
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Kyung-Soo, Kim, and Lee Jaewoo. "Asset Price And Current Account Dynamics." International Economic Journal 15, no. 3 (September 2001): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168730100000045.
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KIM, KYUNG-SOO, and JAEWOO LEE. "ASSET PRICE AND CURRENT ACCOUNT DYNAMICS." International Economic Journal 15, no. 3 (October 1, 2001): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168730100080021.
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Yuliarti, Norita Citra. "FAKTOR FUNDAMENTAL YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERUBAHAN HARGA SAHAM (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Finansial yang Terdaftar Di BEI Tahun 2009dan 2010)." JURNAL AKUNTANSI UNIVERSITAS JEMBER 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jauj.v10i1.1243.
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This study aims to examine the fundamental factors of Current Ratio (CR), Leverage Ratio, Net Profit Margin (NPM), Total Assets Turn Over (TATO), Earnings Per Share(EPS)effect on stock price changes on financial companies in Indonesia . The share price is the value of a stock that reflects the wealth of the company issuing the shares, which change or fluctuation is largely determined by the forces of supply and demand occurred in the stock exchange (secondary market). The influence of these factors on stock prices is tested with regression analysis. Study sample is 40 companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange are selected by purposive sampling.The results of this study indicate that the partial net profit margin of only variable that significantly influence the stock price, while the variable current ratio, leverage ratio, total assets turnover and earnings per shareno significant effect on stock prices. While simultaneously variable Current Ratio (CR), Leverage Ratio, Net Profit Margin (NPM), Total Assets Turn Over (TATO), Earnings Per Share(EPS)significantly influence the stock price. These results indicate that investors in making investment decisions take into consideration the level of stock prices, returns that would be obtained and also consider the ability of illiquid instruments (funds from third parties, received a loan of more than three months, and core capital) against liabilities (current debt ) company.
Keywords: Stock Price, Current Ratio(CR), LeverageRatio, Net ProfitMargin(NPM), TotalAssetsTurn Over(TATO), Earnings Per Share(EPS)
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Tran, Binh Thang, Dinh Trung Tran, Khac Minh Nguyen, Xuan Trinh Thi Nguyen, Min Kyung Lim, Sung-il Cho, and Jin-Kyoung Oh. "How Much Is Too Much? Estimating Effective Price-Hikes to Affect Smoking Behavior in Vietnam." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, no. 12 (February 9, 2019): 1721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz017.
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Abstract Introduction Raising the price of cigarettes is one of the most effective strategies to reduce cigarette smoking. The Vietnamese government is working toward the tobacco control goal of a 10% reduction in smoking prevalence by 2020. However, cigarette prices in Vietnam have not increased in the last two decades. The aim of this study was to estimate what cigarette prices would make smokers attempt to quit smoking, and to identify predictors of the price to quit and the intention to quit. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 822 male current smokers in Da Nang, Vietnam. A structured questionnaire was adapted from the International Tobacco Control project survey. Bayesian quantile regression was applied to predict factors associated with expected cigarette price. Results Fifty-six percent of smokers suggested a price to quit. Their median suggested price to quit per pack, 62 000 VND (2.8 USD), was 2.8 times higher than the actual current price, 22 000 VND (1.01 USD). Suggesting a lower price to quit was significantly associated with awareness of warning labels and smoke-free policies. In contrast, being a heavy smoker was significantly associated with a higher suggested price to quit across all quantiles. Conclusions There may be sufficient room to increase cigarette prices in Vietnam. The price to quit is associated with various factors, including non-pricing policies. Implications Evidence suggests that a steep increase in cigarette prices, setting a high minimum tax, and introducing a large specific tax, which are policy-induced price increases that can raise prices substantially in Vietnam, are preferable strategies. In addition to increasing price and taxes, the government should also strengthen non-pricing policies.
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Lestari, Indah Sulistya Dwi, and Ni Putu Santi Suryantini. "PENGARUH CR, DER, ROA, DAN PER TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PADA PERUSAHAAN FARMASI DI BEI." E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2019): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejmunud.2019.v08.i03.p24.
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This study aims to see stock price stability at a Pharmacy company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2014 - 2016 by using several variables such as Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Return on Assets and Price Earning Ratio. This research is a type of quantitative research which used fundamental analysist by referring to an analysis of company performance that is used to predict stock prices in the future. The method of determining the sample in this study is based on purposive sampling technique that is in accordance with the criteria of eight pharmacy companies. The data used in this study were collected through non-participant observation methods using the data contained in the IDX. Testing of the hypothesis in this study using multiple linear regression analysis. The test results show that there is no significant influence on stock prices when using Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Return on Assets and Price Earning Ration. On the contrary, Price Earning Ration partially has a positive and significant effect on the stock price of pharmaceutical companies in the 2014-2016 period.
Keywords: fundamental analysis, current ratio, debt to equity ratio, return on asset, price earning ratio, stock price
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Westerhoff, Frank H. "Heterogeneous traders, price-volume signals, and complex asset price dynamics." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2005, no. 1 (2005): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ddns.2005.19.
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We seek to develop a novel asset pricing model with heterogeneous traders. Fundamental traders expect that asset prices converge towards their intrinsic values, whereas chart traders rely on both price and volume signals to determine their orders. To be precise, the larger the trading volume, the more they believe in the persistence of the current price trend. Simulations of our nonlinear deterministic model reveal that interactions between fundamentalists and chartists may cause intricate endogenous price fluctuations. Contrary to the intuition, we find that chart trading may increase market stability.
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Lind, Hans, and Bo Nordlund. "The concept of market value in thin markets and its implications for international accounting rules (IFRS)." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 37, no. 3 (April 10, 2019): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-02-2019-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the concepts market value (MV) and exit price should be interpreted in thin markets and how accounting rules may need to change to take this into account. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper using hypothetical examples as a base for the conclusions. Findings In a thin market, actors can have rather different reservation prices. The price will then be set through bargaining and the agreed price could be considerable above the reservation price of the actor with the second highest reservation price. The exit price should then be below what the MV was before the transaction and below the entry price, and according to the current accounting rules, the value in the balance sheet should then be below the price paid. The authors’ experience is, however, that this rarely happens in practice. Research limitations/implications The limitation of the paper is that it is a conceptual paper and not based a systematic empirical study of accounting practices. Practical implications The results of the paper indicate that there is a need to revise the current accounting rules. Possible changes are discussed. Originality/value As far as the authors know, this is the first paper that looks at problems in the current value concepts related to differences in reservation prices in thin markets.
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Mahlich, Jörg, Isao Kamae, and Bruno Rossi. "A NEW HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR JAPAN? SIMULATING THE POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE PRICE OF SIMEPREVIR." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, no. 1 (2017): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317000174.
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Objectives:Japanese authorities have announced a plan to introduce a health technology assessment (HTA) system in 2016. This study assessed the potential impact of such a policy on the price of the antivirologic drug simeprevir.Methods:Taking the antivirologic drug simeprevir as an example, we compared the current Japanese price with hypothetical prices that might result if a U.K. (cost-utility) or German (efficiency frontier) style HTA assessment was in place.Results:The simeprevir unit price under the current Japanese pricing scheme is 13,122 Japanese yen (equivalent to 109.35 U.S. dollars as of April 2015). Depending on the selection of comparators and the pricing method, and assuming that HTA will be used as a basis for price setting, the estimated prices of simeprevir vary up to four times higher than under the current Japanese pricing scheme.Conclusions:Although the analysis is based on only one drug, it cannot be taken for granted that a new HTA system would reduce public healthcare expenditure in Japan.
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Yin, Lili, Lizhong Duan, Yinran Zhang, Hangyu Liu, Chongxu Zhang, Qiaoqiao Sun, and Qi Lu. "The investigation and analysis of the current situation of medical service price cognition of China with grey relational analysis theory." Grey Systems: Theory and Application 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gs-10-2018-0045.
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Purpose Through a questionnaire survey, the purpose of this paper is to understand and analyse the cognitions of medical service price of medical workers in various regions of China, and discuss the policy suggestions on the price dynamic adjustment of medical service. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a questionnaire survey on the cognition of medical service price medical workers in various regions of China, and then the grey relational analysis theory is used to analyse the data obtained from the questionnaire survey. Findings The investigation and analysis shows some cognitions of hospital workers on the price of medical services in various regions in China, the authors analyse the results of grey relational analysis and come up with suggestions for relevant departments. Research limitations/implications Although a plenty of research on the current situation of medical service price cognition of China is discussed in the paper, it is not complete; thus, a large amount of information needs to be consulted further. The data obtained from the questionnaire are less used and the utilisation rate is lower, which may result in one-sided results and need further investigation. Practical implications Through the investigation and analysis, the authors can determine about the implementation of medical service prices in various parts of China from the perspective of hospital workers to a certain degree, and try to explore the relevant policy recommendations for the dynamic adjustment of medical service prices. Social implications The price of medical services refers to the fees for registration, diagnosis, inspection, surgery, nursing and medicine. In a narrow sense, the price of medical services refers to the standard of charge for medical services except drugs. This paper mainly refers to the narrow sense. As one of the important means and methods for the government to control the medical service market, medical service price is also an important basis for the economic source of medical institutions. The adjustment of medical service price is related to the interests of all aspects of society. Originality/value Medical service price is an important basis for the economic source of medical institutions, the adjustment of medical service price is related to the interests of all aspects of society and it is a hot issue of social concern. Through the investigation and analysis, the authors use grey relational analysis to know about the medical service prices in various parts of China from the perspective of hospital workers to a certain degree, and try to explore the relevant policy recommendations for the dynamic adjustment of medical service prices.
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ARKHANGELSKII, Yurii. "ON THE KEY CURRENT PROBLEMS OF UKRAINE." Economy of Ukraine 2019, no. 4 (May 3, 2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.04.082.
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Actual economic issues of current Ukraine’s economy are considered, namely: on subsidies to producers, budget deficit, custom duties, pricing, especially in the energy sector, ecology, and the achievements of structural adjustment. Dynamics of subsidies to manufacturers and subsidies’ distribution by industries is studied, and the formula for non-provision of subsidies to manufacturers is determined. In line with this, subsidies should not be provided to enterprises when the selling price of their products is lower than material costs (plus depreciation). Particular attention is paid to pricing issues in the power industry: application of uniform wholesale prices for purchased electricity from its manufacturers is justified. With the introduction of a uniform price, the rent for the hydro and nuclear power plants should be introduced and sent to the budget. The expediency of applying sharply increased tariffs for the “green” electricity is considered. The approach to the ecology should be balanced. It is hardly justified that the wholesale “green” tariff is almost 10 times higher than the similar tariff for hydroelectric power plants. The expediency of the transition to a deficit-free budget is shown. It is necessary to leave from the deficit budget; for doing this the author proposes to establish progressive rates of taxation of personal income (up to 50%, as in the EU). A brief analysis of the results of the restructuring of Ukraine’s economy, since 1992, is carried out and concluded that it is ineffective. It is necessary to strengthen the role of the state in coordinating the work of enterprises through the central ministries and departments headed by the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine, which should again be transformed into a renewed Gosplan (State Planning Committee). Given the theoretical inconsistency of the thesis that a monopoly can raise the price without following the law of supply and demand, it is advisable to eliminate the Anti-Monopoly Committee of Ukraine and the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission of Ukraine, which are similar to the former State Price Committee in the Ukrainian SSR and determine the price for all – including the monopolists.
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Ryan, Stephen G., and Paul A. Zarowin. "Why Has the Contemporaneous Linear Returns-Earnings Relation Declined?" Accounting Review 78, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 523–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2003.78.2.523.
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We investigate two explanations for the declining contemporaneous linear relation between annual stock returns and accounting earnings over the past 30 years: (1) earnings increasingly reflect news with a lag relative to stock prices and (2) earnings increasingly reflect good and bad news in an asymmetric fashion. We hypothesize and find that annual earnings have a weaker association with current price changes and a stronger association with lagged price changes over time. We hypothesize and find that annual earnings reflect current positive price changes less strongly and current negative price changes more strongly over time. We also find that asymmetry with respect to lagged price changes is increasingly important over time. Strikingly, we find that, since the mid-1980s, the aggregation of earnings over a four-year window increasingly does less to reduce the importance of lags and asymmetry.
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Eidman, Vernon R. "Economic Parameters for Corn Ethanol and Biodiesel Production." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39, no. 2 (August 2007): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080002304x.
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This article presents current investment and operating costs of ethanol and biodiesel plants for alternative prices of feedstock. The price of these two fuels is estimated for alternative prices of crude oil with the existing renewable fuels policy. The excise tax credit, currently $0.51 per gallon of ethanol and $1.00 per gallon of biodiesel, is a major contributor to the fuel price and profitability of these industries. The analysis demonstrates how the crude oil price, feedstock price, and excise tax credits interact to impact profitability of these industries.
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Grossmann, Alexander, and Björn Brembs. "Current market rates for scholarly publishing services." F1000Research 10 (July 1, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27468.2.
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For decades, the supra-inflation increase of subscription prices for scholarly journals has concerned scholarly institutions. After years of fruitless efforts to solve this “serials crisis”, open access has been proposed as the latest potential solution. However, also the prices for open access publishing are high and are rising well beyond inflation. What has been missing from the public discussion so far is a quantitative approach to determine the actual costs of efficiently publishing a scholarly article using state-of-the-art technologies, such that informed decisions can be made as to appropriate price levels. Here we provide a granular, step-by-step calculation of the costs associated with publishing primary research articles, from submission, through peer-review, to publication, indexing and archiving. We find that these costs range from less than US$200 per article in modern, large scale publishing platforms using post-publication peer-review, to about US$1,000 per article in prestigious journals with rejection rates exceeding 90%. The publication costs for a representative scholarly article today come to lie at around US$400. These results appear uncontroversial as they not only match previous data using different methodologies, but also conform to the costs that many publishers have openly or privately shared. We discuss the numerous additional non-publication items that make up the difference between these publication costs and final price at the more expensive, legacy publishers.
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Hasan, M. Aynul, Ashfaque H. Khan, Hafiz A. Pasha, and M. Ajaz Rasheed. "What Explains the Current High Rate of Inflation in Pakistan?" Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4III (December 1, 1995): 927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iiipp.927-943.
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One of the most significant developments in the current economic scene in Pakistan has been the sharp increase in the rate of inflation. The annual average rate of increase in the wholesale price index (WPI) during the first seven months (July-January 1994-95) of the current fiscal year has been about 19 percent as opposed to 11.3 percent during the same period last year. A similar increase was also witnessed in the consumer price index (CPI) which accelerated to 13 percent as opposed to 11.1 percent during the previous period. Such a sharp increase in prices in recent months has not only caused alarm in the academic circles but has equally disturbed the country’s chief executive, the Prime Minister. The recent surge of inflation is a matter of serious concern for a variety of reasons. First, Pakistan has been a low-inflation country as it has experienced price stability during the last three decades. The rate of inflation, as measured by an increase in the WPI, averaged 2.6 percent during the 1960s. The components of the WPI, i.e., food, raw materials, manufactures, and fuel and lubricants, also grew by an average rate ranging from 2.0 to 3.4 percent p.a. during then 1960s (see Table 1 for relevant statistics). The rate of inflation crossed the single-digit threshold during the 1970s. The WPI and its components increased at an annual average rate ranging from 12 to 18 percent. The double-digit inflation during the 1970s has been the result of two major oil shocks, a massive devaluation of currency, and devastating floods destroying agricultural crops. Pakistan returned to the fold of the single-digit inflation during the 1980s. The rate of inflation remained at the single-digit level during the first three years of the 1990s with the exception of 1990-91, when the rate of inflation increased to 11.7 percent as a result of the Gulf War. It is only during the outgoing fiscal year and in the current year that the rising inflation is posing a major threat to macroeconomic stability.
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Shaari, Mohd Shahidan, Afifah Hanani Yusuf, Aidanazima Abashah, and Tan Lee Pei. "Can Retail Selling Prices of Petrol and Diesel Trigger Inflation in Malaysia?" MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 05070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815005070.
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Previously, many studies explored the effects of oil price on inflation by using the price of crude oil as the proxy of oil price. The novelty of this current study is that it used several types of fuel prices including RON95, RON97 and Diesel. This study employed the ARDL approach and analysed the monthly data from 2010 to 2015 in Malaysia. The result shows that there are significant effects of the price of RON95, RON97 and diesel on inflation in the long run in Malaysia. However, in the short run, the price of RON97 does not affect inflation while the prices of RON95 and diesel do affect inflation in Malaysia.
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GRECO, Anthony J. "A Concise History of United States Resale Price Maintenance Arrangements and its Current Status under State and Federal Laws." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.1(47).04.
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Resale price maintenance (RPM), a form of vertical price fixing is the practice whereby manufacturers of brand-name or trademark goods stipulate and attempt to enforce minimum, maximum, or actual wholesale and retail prices of such goods as they progress through the distribution chain to the final consumers of said products.
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Ullah, Muhammad Hafeez, Shahzad Akhtar, Haroon Hussain, and Hina Ismail. "Stock Price Natural Disaster: A Case of Pakistan Cement Sector." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v2i1.13.
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Current The aim of current study is to investigate the impact of natural disaster on stock market in case cement sector of Pakistan. The approach of current study is to explore the effect of natural disaster on change in stock price in a given index. The study has used event study methodology to explore the relationship. Stock markets react differently from certain natural disaster events. The natural events, flood, earthquake, extreme temperature, land sliding, has significant effect on stock prices and its effect on share price volatility. All evidence provide from Pakistan stock exchange.
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Susanto, Andik. "Pengaruh Penilaian Kualitas Pinjaman dan Harga Saham pada Perusahaan Perbankan (Periode 2014 – 2016)." JURNAL EKOMAKS : Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, Manajemen, dan Akuntansi 7, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33319/jeko.v7i2.12.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of current and non-performing loans against stock prices of banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period of observation in 2014 until 2016. Bank Indonesia in its regulation provides criteria of loan collectibility into 4 kinds that is current, in special attention, substandard and loss or non performing loans. This study focuses only on the view of current loans and non performings loans. From linear regression result obtained positive influence from current lending to stock price increase and negative influence from non performings loans to stock price increase. From the results of simultaneous testing results obtained that the current loans and non performings loans affect stock price changes in banking companies observation period 2014 to 2016.
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S.Zh.Mamatova. "PROBLEMS OF PRICING IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC AND WAYS OF SOLUTIONS." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 3 (September 23, 2019): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2019.3.513-517.
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The pricing system was based on the budget and regulatory framework of 1984. August 31, 1991 with the acquisition of independence of the Kyrgyz Republic began a new countdown and its history. Independence also influenced the pricing policy of the Kyrgyz Republic, as the Kyrgyz currency – som was introduced on may 10, 1993. Was chosen course 1 som to 200 rubles. Prior to the development of the new regulatory framework, price coefficients and price indices were used to convert prices into current prices. In this regard, it was decided to develop a new budget and regulatory framework that meets modern realities.
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Gotham, Dzintars, Melissa Joy Barber, and Andrew M. Hill. "Estimation of cost-based prices for injectable medicines in the WHO Essential Medicines List." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e027780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027780.
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ObjectivesChallenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost of production for medicines in solid oral formulations (ie, capsules or tablets) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML). The objectives of this analysis were to estimate cost-based prices for injectable medicines on the EML and to compare these to lowest current prices in England, South Africa, and India.DesignData on the cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exported from India were extracted from an online database of customs declarations (www.infodriveindia.com). A formula was designed to use API price data to estimate a cost-based price, by adding the costs of converting API to a finished pharmaceutical product, including the cost of formulation in vials or ampoules, transportation and an average profit margin.ResultsFor injectable formulations on the WHO EML, medicines had prices above the estimated cost-based price in 77% of comparisons in England (median ratio 2.54), and 62% in South Africa (median ratio 1.48), while 85% of medicines in India had prices below estimated cost-based price (median ratio 0.30). 19% of injectable medicines in England, 9% in South Africa, and 5% in India had prices more than 10 times the estimated cost-based price. Medicines that appeared in the top 20 by ratio of lowest current price to estimated cost-based price for more than one country included numerous oncology medicines—irinotecan, leuprorelin, ifosfamide, daunorubicin, filgrastim and mesna—as well as valproic acid and ciclosporin.ConclusionsEstimating manufacturing costs can identify cases in which profit margins for medicines may be set significantly higher than average.
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Zhou, Xiaoping, Zhenyang Qin, Yingjie Zhang, Linyi Zhao, and Yan Song. "Quantitative Estimation and Spatiotemporal Characteristic Analysis of Price Deviation in China's Housing Market." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 7232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247232.
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Differences in housing prices and rental prices across cities or regions and the relationship between prices and socioeconomic fundamentals are frequent research foci in urban and real estate economics, but the existing studies on China's housing market rarely consider both housing price and rent. This study provides a framework for a quantitative analysis of a country's housing market from the perspective of supply and demand, and takes China's housing market as a case study. The current study first explores the key factors that affect housing prices and rental prices using data from 202 cities and collected from 2011 to 2014. Then, theoretical values of housing prices and rental prices in each city are estimated, and the spatiotemporal characteristics of deviation of housing prices and rental prices are analysed. The empirical findings of the current study mainly reveal the following three points. First, the determinants of housing prices and rental prices have similarities. Second, the effect of above factors shows obvious spatial heterogeneity. The coefficients of the variables are different between coastal and inland regions, indicating different demand and supply elasticities across regions. Third, the price deviation presents significant spatial agglomeration. Cities with higher price deviations are clustered in the Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, while the price deviations are relatively mild in the Pearl River Delta region.
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Li, Yi Bing, Rui Yang, and Fang Ye. "Price Game Based Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks." Advanced Materials Research 225-226 (April 2011): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.225-226.632.
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The competitive price model is applied in the analysis of spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks. As the prices of shared spectrum are determined independently by primary users in practical application, to deal with the solution of equilibrium price without acknowledgement of current price strategies from other primary users, the iterative method is used to calculate price of the shared spectrum. In order to achieve better characteristics, an exponential iterative method for the competitive price based spectrum sharing model is proposed. It can achieve the desired spectrum price only with the prices strategies during last iteration. Simulation results show that the proposed exponential gradient iterative scheme can achieve the equilibrium price that maximizes the profits of primary users, and have better convergence performance than linear gradient iterative scheme.
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Damay, Coralie, Nathalie Guichard, and Amélie Clauzel. "Children’s price knowledge." Young Consumers 15, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-06-2013-00374.
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Purpose – This research aims to evaluate young consumers’ knowledge of everyday product prices. Despite a large body of research on the child as consumer, few studies examine price. Design/methodology/approach – The study employs a quantitative methodology and administered questionnaires that target a sample of 224 primary school French children. Findings – The various employed measures help shed light on the pricing aspect of children’s consumption processes. In particular, the results show that although price recall is relatively weak, children become familiar with the order of price magnitudes and classify products according to their price level. Research limitations/implications – A future research could integrate that the children should be affected by internal reference price in the various tasks. Future studies could introduce other variables in the tests, such as children’s commercial experience and their experience with the stores they know. Practical implications – Firms should adapt their pricing strategies to the expectations of children, not only adults or parents, both for the products that directly pertain to them and for those they might recommend. This research offers managers additional insights into how to communicate about prices, taking into account current customer heterogeneity. Originality/value – Realized measurements reflect children’s capacities to react to the prices of mass-consumed goods and clarify whether the child is able to identify or reduce his consideration set among some alternatives of choice according to his price knowledge level.
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Dority, Bree L., Dayna Larreau, and Frank Tenkorang. "Hedonic Price Analysis of Non-Barren Broodmares." Review of Economic and Business Studies 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2016-0034.
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AbstractThe current real average selling price of a thoroughbred broodmare is nearly half its peak value in 2000. While annual price changes are influenced by economic performance, different prices at an auction are influenced by physical and genetic characteristics of broodmares. We use auction data from the 2013 November Keeneland Breeding Stock Sales to estimate a hedonic pricing model. We find prices are positively influenced by earnings of the covering sire, earnings of the broodmare, pedigree, and the racing performance of broodmare progeny. Conversely, the age of a broodmare and the day on which the horse sold have dampening effects on broodmare prices.
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Phillips, Jonathan, E. Jay Holcomb, and Kathleen Kelley. "Determining Interest in Value-added Planters: Consumer Preference and Current Grower and Retailer Perceptions." HortTechnology 17, no. 2 (April 2007): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.2.238.
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Three intercept surveys were conducted at the Southeast Research and Extension Center in Landisville, Pa., at three separate field days during the period of 28 July to 4 Aug. 2004 to determine grower (n = 78), retailer/landscaper (n = 52), and consumer (n = 55) interest in annual planters. Survey participants were self-selected and asked to answer questions evaluating their preferences and past experience with annual planters. Consumer participants also evaluated planters based on flower-color harmony, container style, and price on a scale of 1 to 7 (1 = very unlikely to purchase, 7 = very likely to purchase) and answered sociographic and demographic questions. Container evaluations were analyzed using conjoint analysis to determine consumer preferences. Price was found to be the most important factor, accounting for 43.1% of the decision to purchase an annual planter. No significance was found comparing the lowest ($19.98) and middle ($29.98) prices; however, both were significantly more preferred than the highest price point ($39.98). Color harmony was the next most important factor, accounting for 34.9% of the decision to purchase followed by container style (22.0%). When asked what they would pay, on average, for the containers on display, consumer participants responded with a price of $25.68. A majority of retail/landscape participants in this study had never sold annual planters within their company (75.0%), whereas a majority of grower participants had produced annual planters in the past (75.0%). Retailer/landscape participants also indicated that they would charge their customers an average retail price of $31.67, which was 14% less than the growers’ suggested average retail price of $36.83 based on the $21.68 wholesale price they assigned.
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Inglesi-Lotz, Roula, and James Blignaut. "Estimating the price elasticity for demand for electricity by sector in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 6, 2011): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v14i4.134.
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This paper analyses electricity consumption patterns in South Africa in an attempt to understand and identify the roots of the current electricity crisis. This is done by investigating various economic sectors’ responses to price changes using panel data for the period 1993–2004. Positive and statistically significant price elasticities over this period were found for the transport (rail) and commercial sectors while there are positive, but small and statistically insignificant responses to price changes in the agriculture and mining sectors. Only the industrial sector responded to changes in electricity prices according to theory, namely illustrating negative demand elasticities. This sector, however, dominates electricity consumption resulting in aggregate demand elasticities that are negative. These results explain, in part, the current electricity crisis. Given the historic low level of electricity prices in conjunction with, on the whole, a real price decline, i.e. price increases lower than the inflation rate; there was no major incentive to reduce electricity consumption and/or to be efficient. This result supports the notion that prices do have an important signalling effect in the economy. Hence, the electricity prices should be considered not only from an economic growth or social vantage point, but also from a supply and technocratic perspective, which includes environmental factors such as CO2-emissions. Prices should not be determined without considering the system-wide implications thereof.
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Exenberger, Emil, Jozef Bucko, and Pavol Rabatin. "An assessment of consumer behavior in the quality to price relationship of tomatoes in the Slovak Republic environment." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v7i3.528.
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The aim of this research was to compare consumer expectations of quality of tomatoes based on disclosed price and later estimate the unknown price of tomatoes based on its tasting. One hundred six participants tasted four types of tomatoes with disclosed prices and with unknow prices and fulfilled the questionnaire. We focused on analysing how recognition of prices affects customer behaviour and price estimation of additional products. Using descriptive statistics and machine learning techniques in WEKA software we got results. The findings of this study corroborate that the knowledge of current prices significantly affected participants’ perception of the quality of the tomatoes being tasted; affected 63,21% students’ maximum price limits that they are willing to pay for tomatoes and make 32,77% of students use known prices and its rounded values to evaluate prices of additional products.
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Chandrashakar, Gudipally. "Prediction and Analysis of Gold Prices using Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithms." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36028.
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In this article, we used historical time series data up to the current day gold price. In this study of predicting gold price, we consider few correlating factors like silver price, copper price, standard, and poor’s 500 value, dollar-rupee exchange rate, Dow Jones Industrial Average Value. Considering the prices of every correlating factor and gold price data where dates ranging from 2008 January to 2021 February. Few algorithms of machine learning are used to analyze the time-series data are Random Forest Regression, Support Vector Regressor, Linear Regressor, ExtraTrees Regressor and Gradient boosting Regression. While seeing the results the Extra Tree Regressor algorithm gives the predicted value of gold prices more accurately.
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Adiwidjaja, Sheila, and Sinta Boentoro. "IMPACT OF COMPANY FINANCIAL RATIO ON SHARE PRICE WITHIN THE PROPERTY AND REAL ESTATE INDUSTRY." Journal of Economics and Business 2, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/jebi.v2i1.29.
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Movements in share prices are caused by several factors, both internal and external. The objective of this research is to observe the impact of company financial ratio on share prices within the property and real estate industry using GARCH model. The reason why we chose this industry is because this industry can still grow even when the economic condition is unstable. The research shows that current ratio, debt equity ratio inventory turnover, price earnings ratio and return on equality are jointly significant in predicting share prices. Partially, only price earnings ratio does not significantly impact the share price.
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Shah, Suchi M., Anil P. Singh, and Parth K. Vachhani. "Drug price control order: the impact on pharmacoeconomics." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 2220. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20194259.
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Background: The objective of the present study was to analyze the prices of metformin, losartan, atorvastatin, paracetamol and aspirin for the doses which are included in the list of Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) 2013.Methods: Current index medical specialties India, 37th year, April-July 2015 issue was used for analysis. The retail prices of the drugs in INR were tabulated in Microsoft Office Excel 2013. The prices of the above listed drugs were compared with prices of DPCO 2013 for the same doses of drugs. The analysis of drugs costing more than the prices listed in the DPCO with the margin of the difference in percentage was carried out.Results: Out of 25 brands of metformin 500 mg tablet, 11 (44%) brands had price higher than listed in DPCO 2013. Similarly, prices for losartan 25 mg and 50 mg tablets, 8 (25%) out of 32 and 11 (31.42%) out of 35 were higher respectively. For atorvastatin 5 mg and 10 mg tablets, 2 (9.52%) out of 21 and 8 (13.55%) out of 59 brands had higher prices. For paracetamol 500 mg tablet, 12 (63.15%) out of 19 brands were priced higher than DPCO list. For aspirin 100 mg tablet and 325 mg tablet, 3 (100%) out of 3 brands and 1 (100%) out of 1 brand had higher prices.Conclusions: Many of the brand formulations have higher prices than the DPCO 2013 issued by government of India. The clinicians prescribing these drugs should be aware of these brand formulations to reduce the cost of the drug therapy.
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Lakonishok, Josef, and Seymour Smidt. "Past price changes and current trading volume." Journal of Portfolio Management 15, no. 4 (July 31, 1989): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1989.409223.
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Adam, Klaus, Pei Kuang, and Albert Marcet. "House Price Booms and the Current Account." NBER Macroeconomics Annual 26, no. 1 (January 2012): 77–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/663990.
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Drożdż, S., J. Kwapień, and P. Oświęcimka. "Criticality Characteristics of Current Oil Price Dynamics." Acta Physica Polonica A 114, no. 4 (October 2008): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.114.699.
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