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1
RIEGE, ANDREAS, and MATTHEW O'KEEFFE. "INTRA-ORGANISATIONAL KNOWLEDGE DRIVERS IN THE INPD PROCESS: THE CASE OF WATTYL LIMITED." International Journal of Innovation Management 11, no. 03 (September 2007): 349–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919607001783.
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While several frameworks have attempted to incorporate knowledge management within the principles of innovation, there is still scant evidence of the influence of key drivers that facilitate intra-organisational knowledge transfers to improve international new product development (INPD) processes. We draw on three related literature streams focusing on parts of the organisation, innovation and knowledge management literature and present a conceptualisation of drivers that tend to influence knowledge flows between R&D centres in three international locations. Our results are based on R&D and product managers' experiences and perceptions at Wattyl Limited, a multinational Australian manufacturer of paint and coating products. The findings demonstrate that a value-creating innovation depends on a number of internal knowledge drivers that facilitate the INPD process. They also add to further clarifying some conceptual issues in the extant literature. We also draw attention to specific messages for R&D and product managers involved in INPD processes.
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Ojode, Lucy A. "Leveraging Technological Capabilities across Polarized Cultures: Shanghai Delco Electronics Limited." Asian Case Research Journal 10, no. 01 (June 2006): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927506000715.
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Rallying its units for an impending spin-off from General Motors, the Delphi Automotive Systems division cleared the Delphi Delco Electronics (Delphi-D) unit to begin planning for entry into China in 1994. Delphi saw China as ideal for leveraging its technological and innovation capabilities as well as the enormous General Motor heritage and reputation from years of experience delivering quality products to the automotive industry. Delphi-D found a perfect partner in Shanghai Changjiang YiBiao Factory (SCY) (name disguised to protect the firms) that held nearly 50% of the Chinese automobile instrument cluster market. SCY was keen on acquiring new technology to meet increasingly sophisticated customer demands in order to retain market lead as well as to tap into the international market. After rounds of negotiation the two firms formed a fifty-fifty joint venture, Shanghai Delco Electronics Ltd. (SDE) in August 1996. However, SDE started experiencing problems almost immediately. The Delphi-D team at SDE assumed their SCY counterparts would willingly integrate proposed technology and the requisite processes at the joint venture. However, the SCY team resisted prescriptions from the Delphi-D team that they sometimes perceived as "haughty". Broiled in culturally-loaded misunderstanding in a market that was becoming complex by the day as the government legislated new regulations and other manufacturers jostled for a piece of the market, SDE's management sought focus by developing a five-year plan that captured the partners' goals in 1998. However, as the end of 2002 approached, SDE's five-year plan remained largely unrealized. This case shows how implementation challenges can affect the realization of joint venture objectives and illustrates specific challenges that can mar even a well-formulated technology intensive international joint venture strategy.
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Makgill, Robert A., James D. Gardner-Hopkins, and Natalie R. Coates. "Trans-Tasman Resources Limited v. Taranaki-Whanganui Conservation Board." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 35, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-bja10036.
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Abstract On 3 April 2020, the Court of Appeal delivered a judgment quashing a decision to approve a seabed mining proposal within New Zealand’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ). This article discusses the judgment’s background, its references to the law of the sea and other international law, and the Court of Appeal’s four key findings. These findings include that the seabed mining approval: (a) failed to ensure protection of the marine environment from pollution; (b) failed to favour caution and protection where information is uncertain or inadequate; (c) failed to integrate decision-making between the EEZ and territorial sea; and (d) failed to adopt an approach to effects consistent with indigenous rights. The article concludes with some observations on the judgment’s relevance to State practice and seabed mining under international law.
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MAHLICH, JÖRG. "R&D MANAGEMENT OF JAPANESE PHARMACEUTICAL FIRMS." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 08, no. 02 (June 2011): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877011002295.
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We analyze how Japanese pharmaceutical firms internationalized their research and development (R&D) investments during the 1980 and 1990s. In order to tap into foreign knowledge bases, they heavily invested in setting up R&D centers abroad. However, knowledge transfer, evidenced by international patent applications, was very limited during the early phase of globalization. As a response, Japanese firms have shifted their R&D strategy toward a better organizational integration of their foreign units.
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Meyer, Susanne, and Martin Berger. "Internationalisation of research and development activities of small and medium-sized enterprises in Austria: Strategic drivers for spatial organisation." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfw.2014.0001.
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AbstractResearch and development (R & D) activities of firms are becoming increasingly internationally organised, with a growing number of new locations in emerging economies and an increasing number of small and medium-sized enterprises tapping into internationalisation. The aim of this paper is to link international R & D strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises to the spatial organisation of R & D activities. A survey of Austrian firms forms the basis of the analysis. The findings show a clear spatial concentration of foreign R & D activities of Austrian firms in Western and Eastern Europe, especially Germany. However, this general distance decay function is distorted by regions’ evolutionary trajectories and their peculiarities, such as cultural and cognitive proximity, and by the scope of R & D envisaged by the firm. The analysis reveals that knowledge-exploiting strategies are more common for activities in emerging economies, whereas knowledge-gaining and learning strategies drive the establishment of activities in countries with an advanced national innovation system. Furthermore, small and medium-sized firms tend to internationalise via international cooperation rather than via the establishment of own subsidiaries abroad. Plans for future activities show only limited change in this respect.
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Parsonson, Karen L. "Is Teaching International Ethics Codes Important for Psychology Graduate Students?" Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 21, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/ehpp-d-19-00013.
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Ethical training is a critical element of graduate education in Psychology. The importance of acculturation to the ethical guidelines of the profession cannot be minimized. Simultaneously, in North America at least, sensitivity to diversity is an important directive in our education of future clinicians. Consequently, it makes sense that understanding international Psychology ethics codes would be advantageous, to at least highlight the cultural context and relativity of ethics codes in general. Professors in Canada and the United States who teach ethics in their respective graduate schools were surveyed about their teaching of such codes and their opinions on the matter. Differences were found between Canada and the United States, although low response rates were noteworthy. The response data is examined qualitatively. Possible explanations for these findings include the possibility that teaching international ethics codes is seen as of limited importance or the use of online questionnaires is not optimal for such endeavors.
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Wang, Yong, Martin Belluš, Andrea Ehrlich, Máté Mile, Neva Pristov, Petra Smolíková, Oldřich Španiel, et al. "27 Years of Regional Cooperation for Limited Area Modelling in Central Europe." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 7 (July 2018): 1415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0321.1.
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AbstractThis paper describes 27 years of scientific and operational achievement of Regional Cooperation for Limited Area Modelling in Central Europe (RC LACE), which is supported by the national (hydro-) meteorological services of Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The principal objectives of RC LACE are to 1) develop and operate the state-of-the-art limited-area model and data assimilation system in the member states and 2) conduct joint scientific and technical research to improve the quality of the forecasts.In the last 27 years, RC LACE has contributed to the limited-area Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN) system in the areas of preprocessing of observations, data assimilation, model dynamics, physical parameterizations, mesoscale and convection-permitting ensemble forecasting, and verification. It has developed strong collaborations with numerical weather prediction (NWP) consortia ALADIN, the High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM) group, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). RC LACE member states exchange their national observations in real time and operate a common system that provides member states with the preprocessed observations for data assimilation and verification. RC LACE runs operationally a common mesoscale ensemble system, ALADIN–Limited Area Ensemble Forecasting (ALADIN-LAEF), over all of Europe for early warning of severe weather.RC LACE has established an extensive regional scientific and technical collaboration in the field of operational NWP for weather research, forecasting, and applications. Its 27 years of experience have demonstrated the value of regional cooperation among small- and medium-sized countries for success in the development of a modern forecasting system, knowledge transfer, and capacity building.
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Thakore, Shefali, and William P. McKay. "Essential Clinical Global Health, edited by Brett D. Nelson." Canadian Medical Education Journal 8, no. 2 (April 20, 2017): e95-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36834/cmej.36711.
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In the past two decades there has been a more concerted effort to make rational, evidence-based approaches to what has been, for the previous two centuries, a somewhat chaotic mixture of missionary-based, NGO-based, university and United Nations-based efforts at international research and clinical practice in financially poor countries. Essential Clinical Global Health is a welcome new addition to problems of providing good quality health care in resource-limited settings. The emphasis is on poor countries, although some information is useful for remote settings in developed countries.
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Ekenze, Sebastian O., Okechukwu O. Onumaegbu, and Okechukwu E. Nwankwo. "The Current Status of International Partnerships for Child Surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Surgery 99, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-13-00244.1.
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Abstract Disparity still exists in the surgical care between sub-Saharan Africa and developed countries. Several international initiatives have been undertaken in the past decades to address the disparity. This study looks at the impact of these programs in child surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa. Review of electronic databases Medline and African Index Medicus on international partnerships for child surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa was undertaken. Four types of international initiatives were identified and consist of periodic medical missions; partnerships between foreign medical institutions or charities and local institutions; international health electives by surgical residents; and training of individual surgeons from developing countries in foreign institutions. The results of these efforts were variable, but sustainability and self-reliance of host nations were limited. Sociocultural factors, dearth of facilities, and lack of local governments' commitment were main impediments to effective local development or transfer of modern protocols of surgical management and improvement of pediatric surgical care at the host community level. Current initiatives may need improvements with better understanding of the sociocultural dynamics and local politics of the host nation, and improved host nation involvement and commitment. This may engender development of locally controlled viable services and sustainable high level of care.
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Myors, Brett, Filip Lievens, Eveline Schollaert, Greet Van Hoye, Steven F. Cronshaw, Antonio Mladinic, Viviana Rodríguez, et al. "International Perspectives on the Legal Environment for Selection." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 1, no. 2 (June 2008): 206–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00040.x.
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Perspectives from 22 countries on aspects of the legal environment for selection are presented in this article. Issues addressed include (a) whether there are racial/ethnic/religious subgroups viewed as “disadvantaged,” (b) whether research documents mean differences between groups on individual difference measures relevant to job performance, (c) whether there are laws prohibiting discrimination against specific groups, (d) the evidence required to make and refute a claim of discrimination, (e) the consequences of violation of the laws, (f) whether particular selection methods are limited or banned, (g) whether preferential treatment of members of disadvantaged groups is permitted, and (h) whether the practice of industrial and organizational psychology has been affected by the legal environment.
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Pouligny, Béatrice. "La ?communauté internationale ? face aux crimes de masse : les limites d?une ?communauté ? d?humanité." Revue internationale de politique comparée 8, no. 1 (2001): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ripc.081.0093.
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Booltink, Lucas WA, and Ayse Saka-Helmhout. "The effects of R&D intensity and internationalization on the performance of non-high-tech SMEs." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 36, no. 1 (May 18, 2017): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242617707566.
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Research and Development (R&D) investment is seen as a fundamental driver of high-tech small and medium-sized (SME) firm performance. However, the same driver may be constraining growth among non-high-tech SMEs as it increases the level of risk faced by such firms. We challenge this argument by examining the relationship between R&D intensity and performance among non-high-tech SMEs. While the size of R&D investments is, by definition, limited in the non-high-tech sector, our study shows that such investments are important for non-high-tech firms. There is, however, an inverted U-shaped relationship between R&D intensity and performance among non-high-tech SMEs. Furthermore, increased internationalization leads non-high-tech SMEs to exploit their R&D investment more effectively to enhance firm performance, provided that R&D investment levels exceed a critical threshold.
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Pierce, William F., Selena D. Ready, John Tyson Chapman, Corrinne Kulick, Anastasia Shields, Jialynn Wang, Kimberly Andrews, et al. "Essential Medications for Patients With Suspected or Confirmed Ebola Virus Disease in Resource-Limited Environments." Military Medicine 182, no. 9-10 (September 1, 2017): e2006-e2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-17-00010.
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ABSTRACT Background: In 2014, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Commissioned Corps deployed to Monrovia, Liberia, to operate a 25-bed Ebola treatment unit (ETU) constructed by the U.S. Military. The ETU was named the Monrovia Medical Unit (MMU) and was constructed from an U.S. Air Force Expeditionary Medical Support (EMEDS) unit with modifications on the basis of consultation from Médecins Sans Frontières, the World Health Organization, and expert panels from the U.S. Department of Defense and Department of Health and Human Services. From November 12, 2014, to April 30, 2015, 42 patients (18 confirmed Ebola virus disease [EVD] and 24 suspected EVD) from nine countries were treated by USPHS providers at the MMU. The medications used in the MMU were primarily procured from the EMEDS 25-bed pharmacy cache. However, specific formulary additions were made for treatment of EVD. Methods: Using the MMU pharmacy dispensing data, we compared and contrasted the medications used in the MMU with recommendations in published EVD treatment guidelines for austere settings. Findings: After comparing and contrasting the MMU pharmacy dispensing data with publications with EVD medication recommendations applicable to resource-limited settings, 101 medications were included in the USPHS Essential Medications for the Management of EVD List (EML) for an austere, isolated clinical environment. Discussion/impact/recommendations: Because Ebola outbreaks often occur in remote areas, proactive planning, improved preparedness, and optimal patient care for EVD are needed, especially in the context of austere environments with a scarcity of resources. We developed the EML to assist in the planning for future Ebola outbreaks in a remote clinical environment and to provide a list of medications that have been used in an ETU. The EML is a comprehensive medication list that builds on the existing publications with EVD treatment recommendations applicable to supply-constrained clinical environments. As well, it is a resource for the provision of medications when evaluating donations, procurement, and may help inform estimates for product inventory requirements for an ETU. We hope the EML will improve readiness and enhance the capabilities of local and regional international responders.
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Silverberg, Shonni J., E. Michael Lewiecki, Leif Mosekilde, Munro Peacock, and Mishaela R. Rubin. "Presentation of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1760.
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Abstract Background: At the Third International Workshop on Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in May 2008, recent data on the disease were reviewed. We present the results of a literature review on issues arising from the clinical presentation and natural history of PHPT. Methods: Questions were developed by the International Task Force on PHPT. A comprehensive literature search for relevant studies was reviewed, and the questions of the International Task Force were addressed by the Consensus Panel. Conclusions: 1) Data on the extent and nature of cardiovascular involvement in those with mild disease are too limited to provide a complete picture. 2) Patients with mild PHPT have neuropsychological complaints. Although some symptoms may improve with surgery, available data remain inconsistent on their precise nature and reversibility. 3) Surgery leads to long-term gains in spine, hip, and radius bone mineral density (BMD). Because some patients have early disease progression and others lose BMD after 8–10 yr, regular monitoring (serum calcium and three-site BMD) is essential in those followed without surgery. Patients may present with normocalcemic PHPT (normal serum calcium with elevated PTH concentrations; no secondary cause for hyperparathyroidism). Data on the incidence and natural history of this phenotype are limited. 4) In the absence of kidney stones, data do not support the use of marked hypercalciuria (>10 mmol/d or 400 mg/d) as an indication for surgery for patients. 5) Patients with bone density T-score −2.5 or less at the lumbar spine, hip, or distal one third radius should have surgery.
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Kučera, Zdeněk, and Tomáš Vondrák. "The patent activity of the Czech R&D organizations and its international comparison." ERGO 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ergo-2016-0003.
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Abstract An effective knowledge transfer between research institutions and industry is a significant bottleneck in the national innovation system. CR adopted in recent years a series of systemic measures aimed to stimulate the orientation of the R&D organizations towards the generation of knowledge directly applicable in the innovation process and more generally to improve the collaboration of the R&D establishment with the industry. In the majority of programs supporting the applied research patents and industrial designs and utility models are among the anticipated results. The Methodology of the evaluation of R&D organizations implemented in the second half of the last decade brought financial bonuses for the creation of the results in the category of industrial property. Despite of this stimulus CR lags behind the technologically advanced EU countries in the patent activities. The topic of this article is a comparison of the protection of the industrial property rights in the Czech higher education institutions and governmental R&D institutions with selected EU countries. We make use of a couple of quantitative indicators to assess the quality and the technological and the commercial potential of the produced industrial property. Despite a dynamic growth of the patent applications in the CR the number of patent applications relative to the country size is far below the EU-15 average. The Czech research organizations contribute to a higher extent to the number of patent applications then do the analogous institutions in EU-15 countries where the majority of patent applications come from the industrial sphere. The Czech research organizations mainly limit the patent rights to the Czech Republic whereas in the EU-15 countries the opposite is preponderant and only a small fraction of patent applications remains limited to the national environment. Thus the majority of the Czech patents created by research organizations cannot be commercialized on the international scene nor can contribute to the international competitiveness of the Czech industry. The patent applications submitted by the Czech research organizations are significantly less cited. This indicates that the protected intellectual property is of lesser importance. The Methodology of the evaluation of research organizations which was implemented in the second half of the last decade has visibly stimulated the patent activities of the research organizations but simultaneously an absence of any assessment of a future commercialization promoted a production of intellectual property of a limited commercial usability.
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Martin, Kelly D., Brett W. Josephson, Gautham G. Vadakkepatt, and Jean L. Johnson. "Political Management, Research and Development, and Advertising Capital in the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Good Prognosis?" Journal of Marketing 82, no. 3 (May 2018): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0297.
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Regulatory oversight that affects the firm's product-market environment continues to increase. Political management capital (PMC) describes firm expenditure committed to address the political and regulatory context. Neoinstitutional theory casts PMC as an institutionally expected normative response investors use when evaluating firm performance. Although limited evidence has suggested that firms benefit from PMC, the authors demonstrate its effects across financial outcomes including firm value, systematic risk, and idiosyncratic risk. Likewise, they examine how PMC interacts with a firm's product market through research-and-development (R&D) capital and advertising capital. Regression analysis of an unbalanced data set of 212 firms in the pharmaceutical and medical device industry, tracked from 2003 to 2014, reveals that while PMC improves investor expectations through firm value and systematic risk, it increases idiosyncratic risk. The authors find that PMC plays both substitutive and complementary roles with R&D such that increasing levels of both PMC and R&D weakens main effects. Political management capital has limited, but substitutive, effects with advertising likely because there is less regulatory oversight on advertising versus R&D in this industry. The authors explore these asymmetric effects, provide implications for neoinstitutional theory, and offer managerial insights.
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Melander, Lisa, and Fredrik Tell. "Inter-firm and intra-firm coordination of buyer-supplier collaborations in new product development under conflicts of interest." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 4 (June 7, 2019): 850–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-09-2017-0216.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze coordination mechanisms in buyer-supplier collaborations in new product development (NPD) and the influence of conflicts of interest. Inter- and intra-organizational coordination mechanisms are investigated. Design/methodology/approach The findings reported are based on a multiple case study consisting of four cases at two firms. Theoretical sampling consisted in selecting two projects with opposite levels of conflicts of interest between the collaborating firms. In total, 38 interviews were conducted with employees in buying and supplying firms. Findings The findings illustrate how inter-firm conflicts of interest affect the way firms coordinate both externally and internally. A high level of conflicts of interest related to information leakage emanated in more distant relationships with limited coordination between buyer and supplier. This restrictive relationship is also reflected in limited coordination between the buyer’s purchasing and research and development (R&D) units. Research limitations/implications Generalizability is limited, as only two large industrial firms have been studied, but with four projects investigated in detail. The study shows that in situations, in which there is a conflict of interest, external coordination affects the firms’ internal coordination. Conflicts of interest in buyer-supplier NPD collaborations are managed by limiting information sharing, which is reflected in the way R&D and purchasing are coordinated. Practical implications Managers need to be aware of that a firm’s fear of sharing information with its supplier can also transfer to intra-firm unit coordination, as R&D may limit its information sharing with purchasing. On the other hand, in buyer-supplier collaborations with little conflict of interest, firms can form close relationships. Such a close relationship is also mirrored in how R&D and purchasing openly share information and coordinate. Originality/value This research contributes to an increased understanding of coordination in buyer-supplier innovation collaboration. Firms not only need to consider their external coordination but also how coordination with suppliers may affect the way they coordinate in NPD projects within the firm between purchasing and R&D.
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De Meutter, Pieter, Luc Gerard, Geert Smet, Karim Hamid, Rafiq Hamdi, Daan Degrauwe, and Piet Termonia. "Predicting Small-Scale, Short-Lived Downbursts: Case Study with the NWP Limited-Area ALARO Model for the Pukkelpop Thunderstorm." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 3 (February 27, 2015): 742–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00290.1.
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Abstract The authors consider a thunderstorm event in 2011 during a music festival in Belgium that produced a short-lived downburst of a diameter of less than 100 m. This is far too small to be resolved by the kilometric resolutions of today’s operational numerical weather prediction models. Operational forecast models will not run at hectometric resolutions in the foreseeable future. The storm caused five casualties and raised strong societal questions regarding the predictability of such a traumatic weather event. In this paper it is investigated whether the downdrafts of a parameterization scheme of deep convection can be used as proxies for the unresolved downbursts. To this end the operational model ALARO [a version of the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle-Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ARPEGE-ALADIN) operational limited area model with a revised and modular structure of the physical parameterizations] of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium is used. While the model in its operational configuration at the time of the event did not give a clear hint of a downburst event, it has been found that (i) the use of unsaturated downdrafts and (ii) some adaptations of the features of this downdraft parameterization scheme, specifically the sensitivity to the entrainment and friction, can make the downdrafts sensitive enough to the surrounding resolved-scale conditions to make them useful as indicators of the possibility of such downbursts.
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Outterson, Kevin. "Should Access to Medicines and TRIPS Flexibilities Be Limited to Specific Diseases?" American Journal of Law & Medicine 34, no. 2-3 (June 2008): 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880803400208.
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The health needs of most of the world's population are not well served by patent-based pharmaceutical markets. The poor in low- and medium-income countries (LMICs) lack the financial resources to sustain the attention of global commercial drug companies. After an extensive consultation process, in 2006, the World Health Organization's Commission on Innovation, Intellectual Property and Public Health issued its Report (the WHO CIPIH Report), finding this concern to be significant:In the context of our work one of the important points is that, where the market has very limited purchasing power, as is the case for diseases affecting millions of poor people in developing countries, patents are not a relevant factor or effective in stimulating R&D and bringing new products to market.On this issue, the WHO CIPIH Report was preceded by the Access to Medicines movement, an informal coalition of civil society organizations such as Médecins Sans Frontières, Treatment Action Campaign, Health GAP, Oxfam, and Knowledge Ecology International (formerly the Consumer Project on Technology).
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Kučera, Zdeněk, Tomáš Vondrák, and Ondřej Pecha. "Patent activities of the Czech enterprises – an international comparison." ERGO 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ergo-2017-0001.
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Abstract The Czech enterprise sector shows in a long term a significantly lower patent activity in comparison with both the most innovation-intensive EU economies, and the EU-15 average. The topic of this contribution is a comparison of the quality and the volume of the industrial property rights created in the Czech enterprises with a selected EU-15 countries classified as innovation leaders, strong and moderate innovators. Two new EU members, namely Poland and Hungary, were also included in the comparisons. The analysis shows that the number of the international patent applications registered by enterprises with the EPO and under the PCT treaty is by more than one order lower in comparison with both the innovation-intensive countries like Denmark, Germany, or Netherlands and the countries whose innovation performance is comparable to the Czech Republic. The Czech enterprises unlike their counterparts in the innovation-intensive countries register the priority applications with the home country patent office and only a small fraction is subsequently registered with EPO and under the PCT. Also the size of the patent families and subsequent citations of the Czech patents by other patent applications lags behind the innovation-intensive countries. The low patenting activity of the Czech enterprises correlates with a low expenditure on R&D. The Czech enterprises are somehow limited in the creation of knowledge giving rise to internationally competitive products which would demand international industrial property claims. The analysis also indicates that patent applications co-authored by Czech inventors are extensively owned by foreign corporations. The Czech enterprises produce a larger fraction of patents in collaboration with research organizations than foreign ones. It indicates that enterprises are interested in tapping in the research capacity of the universities and governmental R&D establishment. The detail analysis of the data in the national R&D Information System indicates that the number of patents created by enterprises supported by applied R&D programs is currently rather low. Beside the stimulation of the Czech enterprises to the in-house R&D spending it is necessary to support long-term strategic alliances of enterprises with research organizations. It will create a fertile environment for the development of radical innovations which are a key factor for the increase of international competitiveness and market shares.
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Atmowardoyo, Haryanto. "Research Methods in TEFL Studies: Descriptive Research, Case Study, Error Analysis, and R & D." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0901.25.
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Articles published in International journals have rich potentials of learning sources since their publication has been scholarly processed through the hands of journal editors. Readers can get a lot of benefits from them. One lesson we might get is the way the writers conducted their researches. Thus, we can learn the research methods from the models found in journal articles. This paper will elaborate the research methods used in the teaching of English as a foreign language (TEFL). The elaboration is formulated from the research methods used by journal article writers around the world. A number of international journal articles in TEFL are taken as the corpus of the study. Using a grounded theory, varieties of research methods in TEFL are investigated. Among of them are case study, quasi experiment, qualitative experiment, meta analysis, descriptive research, activity theory, error analysis, R & D, action research, research and development (R&D), and survey method. Due to the limited space, however, the paper will only describe four popular methods: descriptive research, case study, error analysis, and R & D. The description of each method is supported with examples found in international journal articles published around the world.
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Ranieri, Stephen. "Extended Joint Criminal Enterprise in International Criminal Law." Journal of Criminal Law 80, no. 6 (December 2016): 436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018316675551.
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This article examines the doctrine of extended joint criminal enterprise (‘JCE’) as a mode of liability within international criminal law (‘ICL’). The article first provides an overview of extended JCE based on its current expression in international customary law by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in the Tadić case. Consideration will then turn to the problems associated with the application of extended JCE. In particular, recent developments in the United Kingdom in the case of R v Jogee will be discussed, and the implications for the future of extended JCE in ICL as a matter of international custom. Next, the viability of the JCE doctrine will be considered for the purposes of proceedings before the International Criminal Court (‘ICC’). Ultimately, it is concluded that extended JCE has a limited jurisprudential basis before the ICC. However, it is suggested that extended JCE may live on through art 25(3)(d) of the Rome Statute.
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Lepik, Katri-Liis, and Merle Krigul. "Expectations and Needs of Estonian Health Sector SMEs from Living Labs in an International Context." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 2887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052887.
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Living labs bring experimentation out of otherwise closed R&D departments to real-life environments with the participation of users and stakeholders. Living labs have been established in all the Baltic Sea countries. They operate in many sectors, but the way services are structured varies widely. This study is focusing on the limited options of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from Baltic Sea states to test and validate their products and services both in local as well as international contexts, and resulting limited access to foreign markets. This study comprises a qualitative content analysis of interviews with SMEs to identify the internationalization potential of living labs. In particular, the authors have analyzed the needs, expectations and obstacles of SMEs in the healthcare sector in Estonia. The authors found that testing and validation activities in living labs would be beneficial mostly for SMEs ready for entering international markets. Other services offered by living labs could be of interest to SMEs considering entering new international markets but have not achieved validation.
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Simonenko, O. A. "Main aspects of the Malaysia's international cooperation in the field of science and research." POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 94, no. 1 (2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2021-94-1-16-25.
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Political and economic factors in Malaysia are aware of the need to increase the country's role in international scientific networks. National strategies and programs are working to create political conditions for the growth of the share of scientific achievements and high-tech industries. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation has primary responsibility for the development and coordination of research and development (R&D) policies in Malaysia. The state encourages national and foreign businesses to invest in R&D, although the share of state-owned companies in large projects remains decisive. Corporate participation in advanced R&D areas in Malaysia is still limited, so proactive efforts will be required to develop this area. The Government of Malaysia has developed a system for supporting international cooperation in the field of R&D, signed about 200 high-level bilateral agreements, which envisage the development of research cooperation. In recent decades, Malaysia has moved from a recipient of international scientific and technical support to a group of partner countries, and in a number of aspects – donors. Given Malaysia's commitment to transforming into a high-income country, we can expect an increase in its role in the development of biotechnology, information and communication technologies (ICT), industrial and space technologies. On these positions, Russia and Malaysia have overlapping interests and could increase cooperation. Malaysia, which does not have a deep scientific and technical tradition, respects the experience of Russian scientists. It is necessary to use this potential and strengthen the Russia's position in R&D in Malaysia and the Southeast Asia as a whole.
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Ackerman, S. A., S. Platnick, P. K. Bhartia, B. Duncan, T. L’Ecuyer, A. Heidinger, G. Skofronick-Jackson, N. Loeb, T. Schmit, and N. Smith. "Satellites See the World’s Atmosphere." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2019): 4.1–4.53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0009.1.
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Abstract Satellite meteorology is a relatively new branch of the atmospheric sciences. The field emerged in the late 1950s during the Cold War and built on the advances in rocketry after World War II. In less than 70 years, satellite observations have transformed the way scientists observe and study Earth. This paper discusses some of the key advances in our understanding of the energy and water cycles, weather forecasting, and atmospheric composition enabled by satellite observations. While progress truly has been an international achievement, in accord with a monograph observing the centennial of the American Meteorological Society, as well as limited space, the emphasis of this chapter is on the U.S. satellite effort.
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Ahmed, Awad A., Wei-Ting Hwang, Charles R. Thomas, and Curtiland Deville. "International Medical Graduates in the US Physician Workforce and Graduate Medical Education: Current and Historical Trends." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-17-00580.1.
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ABSTRACT Background Data show that international medical graduates (IMGs), both US and foreign born, are more likely to enter primary care specialties and practice in underserved areas. Comprehensive assessments of representation trends for IMGs in the US physician workforce are limited. Objective We reported current and historical representation trends for IMGs in the graduate medical education (GME) training pool and US practicing physician workforce. Methods We compared representation for the total GME and active practicing physician pools with the 20 largest residency specialties. A 2-sided test was used for comparison, with P < .001 considered significant. To assess significant increases in IMG GME trainee representation for the total pool and each of the specialties from 1990–2015, the slope was estimated using simple linear regression. Results IMGs showed significantly greater representation among active practicing physicians in 4 specialties: internal medicine (39%), neurology (31%), psychiatry (30%), and pediatrics (25%). IMGs in GME showed significantly greater representation in 5 specialties: pathology (39%), internal medicine (39%), neurology (36%), family medicine (32%), and psychiatry (31%; all P < .001). Over the past quarter century, IMG representation in GME has increased by 0.2% per year in the total GME pool, and 1.1% per year for family medicine, 0.5% for obstetrics and gynecology and general surgery, and 0.3% for internal medicine. Conclusions IMGs make up nearly a quarter of the total GME pool and practicing physician workforce, with a disproportionate share, and larger increases over our study period in certain specialties.
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Yamakawa, Eduardo K., Thayla T. Sousa-Zomer, Paulo A. Cauchick-Miguel, and Catherine P. Killen. "R&D portfolio management practices in Brazilian electric power utilities." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 6 (August 6, 2018): 1641–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-10-2016-0159.
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Purpose Project portfolio management (PPM) has been recognized as critical for the productivity of research and development (R&D) investments, but empirical research on PPM use and outcomes in non-commercial R&D environments is limited. The purpose of this paper is to investigate PPM processes and outcomes in a unique R&D context within Brazilian electric power utilities. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory best practice survey was used to collect data on PPM processes, methods and performance results in the power sector. Analysis of the data employs descriptive statistics and comparative analysis in the light of the literature. Findings The findings emphasize the importance of strategic value and the need for PPM to be customized for the specific context. The results also demonstrate the importance of adopting selection criteria and measures in accordance with the organizations strategic goals. Practical implications The findings may help organizations better understand how PPM can be tailored for the environment. PPM managers in utilities and other non-commercial R&D environments may find guidance in tailoring and improving their PPM approaches. Originality/value The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, it provides empirical findings to support PPM concepts on strategic alignment and the importance of context by demonstrating how PPM works to deliver strategy in a unique environment. Second, it contributes to the management of R&D projects and portfolios in power utilities, providing an example and analysis that may offer guidance. The contributions from this study may also offer insights that are valuable for R&D management in other utilities, or for R&D management in general.
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Wang, Jiaoe, Haoran Yang, and Han Wang. "The Evolution of China’s International Aviation Markets from a Policy Perspective on Air Passenger Flows." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 3566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133566.
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China’s international air transportation has experienced tremendous growth and major reforms over the past two decades. While there has been a considerable discussion on the evolution of China’s domestic aviation market, studies on China’s international aviation markets have been limited. This paper first describes the historical development of China’s international aviation market and then, based on actual origin/destination (O/D) passenger flow data, explores the relevant evolution of China’s international air networks from the perspectives of the spatial distribution of international air networks and clustering characteristics of international air passengers. The development of China’s international aviation market can be attributable to the deregulation process in China’s aviation market and a broad “opening up” strategy in the global forum after 1990. Due to China’s proximity to East Asia and Southeast Asia, China’s international air networks show an obvious clustering pattern for short and medium-haul travel in Asia. In addition, average international air travel distance, institutional and policy changes, and increasing foreign trade and foreign tourism are crucial for the expansion of China’s international air networks.
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Johannesen, Kasper Munk, and Martin Henriksson. "Getting value today and incentivising for the future: Pharmaceutical development and healthcare policies." Nordic Journal of Health Economics 5, no. 1 (May 20, 2015): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/njhe.888.
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To manage the challenge of limited healthcare resources and unlimited demand for healthcare, decision makers utilise a variety of demand side policies, such as health technology appraisals and international reference pricing to regulate price and utilisation. By controlling price and utilisation demand side policies determine the earnings potential, and hence the incentives to invest in research and development (R&D) of new technologies. However, the impact of demand side policies on R&D incentives is seldom formally assessed.Based on the key assumption that intellectual property rights, i.e. patents, and expected rent are key drivers of pharmaceutical R&D, this work outlines a framework illustrating the link between demand side policies and pharmaceutical R&D incentives. By analysing how policies impact expected rent and consumer surplus, the framework is used to understand how commonly used demand side policies (including timing and length of reimbursement process, international reference pricing, parallel trade, and sequential adoption into clinical practice) may influence R&D incentives.The analysis demonstrates that delayed reimbursement decisions as well as sequential adoption into clinical practise may in fact reduce both expected rent and consumer surplus. It is also demonstrated how international reference pricing is likely to increase consumer surplus at the expense of lower rent and thus lower R&D incentives.Although this work illustrates the importance of considering how demand side policies may impact long-term R&D incentives, it is important to note that the purpose has not been to prescribe which demand side policies should be utilised or how. Rather, the main contribution is to illustrate the need for a structured approach to the analysis of the complex, and at times highly politicised question of how demand side policies ultimately influence population health, both in the short and in the long term.
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Madiha, Madiha, and Chang-qing Yang. "Curriculum and Pharmacy practice experience offered for Pharm-D in Pakistan: needs and possibilities." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 3, no. 8 (July 5, 2014): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i8.19406.
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Pharm-D program was implemented 10 years ago in Pakistan in 2004. Since then perception of pharmacist as a health care professional became somewhat clearer among public but due to less availability of resources in Pakistan, their practice is so limited. Pharmacy Council of Pakistan has revised Pharm-D curriculum in 2011. Before this up gradation some academicians have highlighted lacking in previous curriculum, but many of them are still there in new updated syllabi. In this review we have presented a sketch of current pharmacy education and practice in Pakistan especially focusing Pharm-D curriculum. In the end by considering pharmacists current role, limitations in Pharm-D course and already published interventions for advancing pharmacy education in Pakistan, we have discussed some major improvements required to be done in curriculum and pharmacy practice experiential component (clinical clerkship) offered for Pharm-D degree in Pakistan.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i8.19406 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, July 2014, 3(8): 313-317
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E. George, Casey, Evthokia Stephanie Saclarides, and Sarah Theule Lubienski. "A difference in priorities?" Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education 9, no. 1 (May 14, 2018): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sgpe-d-17-00040.
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PurposeThis study aims to focus on survey reports of doctoral students’ experiences in the USA, providing a look at factors influencing “in the moment” decisions students make about persistence. Specifically, the authors investigate the reasons doctoral students consider leaving their programs, and how these reasons may differ for international and domestic students. The authors also examine international–domestic patterns by sex and by program of study.Design/methodology/approachAs part of a campus-wide doctoral program assessment, doctoral students and recent graduates at a large, public, Research I institution in the Midwest region of the USA are asked to complete a program satisfaction survey. Content analysis of open-ended survey responses is the basis of the analysis. Next, a code by committee approach is used whereby two members of the research team coded all open-ended responses and discussed discrepancies to reach consensus on all codes assigned, and to reduce individual biases. Each open-ended response is assigned at least one of 16 codes, with more than one code used as necessary.FindingsThe results suggest that, although both academic and social factors are important influences of doctoral departure in general, academic concerns – specifically, alignment with goals, career preparation and program structure – may be particularly important for international students, whereas social aspects – faculty relationships and program climate – may be more important for domestic US students.Research limitations/implicationsResearchers should consider conducting larger, multi-institutional studies in the USA, which would reflect a diversity of perspectives and experiences within the American context. Parallel studies of doctoral programs in other countries may be useful in identifying whether similar factors are found for international and domestic students attending those programs. Follow-up interviews could be used to further delve into and understand the emergent patterns from the surveys. The findings of such future studies have the power to inform programs and policies designed to increase the retention of both domestic and international doctoral students.Practical implicationsGiven that faculty/advising is one of the most important factors cited by both domestic and international students, our findings suggest that US faculty members may need to give more attention to nurturing supportive relationships with their advisees. Furthermore, American university administrators might consider changing tenure requirements and reward systems for professors to place more emphasis on cultivating positive relationships with advisees, publishing, presenting and writing grants with advisees, and providing high-quality mentoring for doctoral students. Doctoral-granting institutions should consider implementing regular program reviews that include surveys from doctoral students to help programs identify and meet their students’ needs.Originality/valueLikewise, while other research on international students’ doctoral experiences has been conducted, such as the relationship with their faculty advisor (Kim, 2007; Rice et al., 2009), single studies that focus on factors affecting the attrition of domestic versus that of international students’ remain limited. The purpose of this study is to address the following research questions: What factors contribute to doctoral students’ considerations of departure in the USA? How might these factors differ between domestic and international students? We seek to expand understandings of doctoral attrition by using larger-scale qualitative data to address limitations of existing studies that focus on the experiences of only a few students.
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Huang, Laura X., George A. Isaac, and Grant Sheng. "Integrating NWP Forecasts and Observation Data to Improve Nowcasting Accuracy." Weather and Forecasting 27, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 938–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-11-00125.1.
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Abstract This study addresses the issue of improving nowcasting accuracy by integrating several numerical weather prediction (NWP) model forecasts with observation data. To derive the best algorithms for generating integrated forecasts, different integration methods were applied starting with integrating the NWP models using equal weighting. Various refinements are then successively applied including dynamic weighting, variational bias correction, adjusted dynamic weighting, and constraints using current observation data. Three NWP models—the Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) regional model, the GEM Limited Area Model (LAM), and the American Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model—are used to generate the integrated forecasts. Verification is performed at two Canadian airport locations [Toronto International Airport (CYYZ), in Ontario, and Vancouver International Airport (CYVR), in British Columbia] over the winter and summer seasons. The results from the verification for four weather variables (temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed and gust) clearly show that the integrated models with new refinements almost always perform better than each of the NWP models individually and collectively. When the integrated model with innovative dynamic weighting and variational bias correction is further updated with the most current observation data, its performance is the best among all models, for all the selected variables regardless of location and season. The results of this study justify the use of integrated NWP forecasts for nowcasting provided they are properly integrated using appropriate and specifically designed rules and algorithms.
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Lin, Yong, Saara Pekkarinen, and Shihua Ma. "Service-dominant logic for managing the logistics-manufacturing interface." International Journal of Logistics Management 26, no. 1 (May 11, 2015): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-08-2013-0095.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the management of the logistics-manufacturing interface between the manufacturer and its logistics service provider from the perspective of the service-dominant (S-D) logic. Design/methodology/approach – The approach adopted is that of abductive reasoning through case study: data are primarily gleaned from semi-structured in-depth interviews. Field visits and secondary documentation are used to ensure data validity. Findings – The results show that the interface can be categorized into three levels: design interface between products and logistic services, process interface between manufacturing processes and service-offering processes, and information interface between manufacturing information systems and logistics information systems. The results also indicate that ten foundational premises of S-D logic, especially service-focussed, customer-oriented and rational views can be applied in defining and managing these interfaces. Research limitations/implications – This research contributes not only to the theory of S-D logic and managing interface, but also provides managers with guidelines of applying S-D logic to build a service-focussed, customer-oriented and relational logic to effectively manage the logistics-manufacturing interface. However, the research is limited to the context of automotive and logistics industries. Originality/value – Three levels of logistics-manufacturing interface, including design, process and information are identified, and S-D logic is applied to identify and manage the interface.
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Maluf, Fernando Cotait, Felipe Moraes Toledo Pereira, Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson, Diogo Assed Bastos, Diogo Augusto Rodrigues da Rosa, Evanius Garcia Wiermann, Fábio A. Schutz, et al. "Consensus for Treatment of Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Report From the First Global Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries (PCCCDC)." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (April 2021): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00505.
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PURPOSE International guideline recommendations may not always be extrapolated to developing countries where access to resources is limited. In metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC), there have been successful drug and imaging advancements that were addressed in the Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries for best-practice and limited-resource scenarios. METHODS A total of 24 out of 300 questions addressed staging, treatment, and follow-up for patients with mCSPC both in best-practice settings and resource-limited settings. Responses were compiled and presented in percentage of clinicians supporting each response. Questions had 4-8 options for response. RESULTS Recommendations for staging in mCSPC were split but there was consensus that chest x-ray, abdominal and pelvic computed tomography, and bone scan should be used where resources are limited. In both de novo and relapsed low-volume mCSPC, orchiectomy alone in limited resources was favored and in relapsed high-volume disease, androgen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel in limited resources and androgen deprivation therapy plus abiraterone in high-resource settings were consensus. A 3-weekly regimen of docetaxel was consensus among voters. When using abiraterone, a regimen of 1,000 mg plus prednisone 5 mg/d is optimal, but in limited-resource settings, half the panel agreed that abiraterone 250 mg with fatty foods plus prednisone 5 mg/d is acceptable. The panel recommended against the use of osteoclast-targeted therapy to prevent osseous complications. There was consensus that monitoring of patients undergoing systemic treatment should only be conducted in case of prostate-specific antigen elevation or progression-suggestive symptoms. CONCLUSION The treatment recommendations for most topics addressed differed between the best-practice setting and resource-limited setting, accentuating the need for high-quality evidence that contemplates the effect of limited resources on the management of mCSPC.
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Downing, Robbie. "R & D and the EEC Competition Rules: Regulation 418/85. By Valentine Korah. [Oxford: ESC Publishing Limited. 1986. 114 pp. £21·50]." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 36, no. 3 (July 1987): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/36.3.699.
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Stojanović, Đurđica M., and Jelena Ivetić. "Macrologistic performance and logistics commitments in sales contracts in international supply chains." International Journal of Logistics Management 31, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-12-2018-0323.
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PurposeThis study aims to illuminate the relationship between the logistic performance indexes (LPIs) of trade countries and sharing obligations related to logistics services in delivery among parties in international sales contracts.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive one-year database of Serbian international trade flows is used. The LPIs of 148 countries are related to the Incoterms® rules in international sales contracts that designate the division of obligations between exporters and importers for moving goods. Empirical data were subjected to statistical analysis, where nonparametric correlation and inferential methods were applied. The differences between countries with the highest and lowest LPIs were also examined.FindingsLPIs positively correlate with logistics commitments in exports and imports. Their impact on the choice of Incoterms® rules differs among the groups of trade terms. Waterway and D-terms are the most sensitive. LPIs of trade countries clearly impact “emission” and “attraction” of the most extended sellers' delivery obligation “packages,” expressed in D rules.Research limitations/implicationsThe empirical data are limited to a single country. Further research must explore the relative impact of macrologistic factors on exporters and importers' logistics commitments for building better decision-making support tools.Practical implicationsThe results may support suppliers and buyers in sharing their experiences on Incoterms® practice and encourage more rational than intuitive decisions.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical study to quantitatively evidence the sensitivity of groups of Incoterms® rules on the macrologistic environment of trade countries.
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Smith, Scott, Martina Heer, and Sara Zwart. "Nutrition and Human Space Flight: Evidence From 4–6 Month Missions to the International Space Station." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab047_026.
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Abstract Objectives 2020 marked the 20th anniversary of a continuous human presence off the planet. Space flight is challenging, with environmental stressors, a closed food system, and adaptations affecting virtually all body systems. Our objective was to evaluate the time course of biochemical changes during flight, the effects of countermeasures, and the relationship between diet and physiological outcomes. Methods Blood and urine samples were collected before, during, and after flight from 65 astronauts. These were analyzed for a broad-based survey of physiological systems. Detailed diet records were available from 27 astronauts using an iPad App designed for use on ISS. Results The average intake of fruits and vegetables was lower than recommended (2.6 ± 0.9 servings per day), but intakes correlated with outcomes at landing. Specifically, higher intakes were positively correlated with vitamin C status (R2 = 0.43, P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with inflammation (Interferon-γ, R2 = 0.76, P = 0.001) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, R2 = 0.51, P < 0.05). Despite limited dietary sources and no UV light exposure, 800 IU vitamin D/d supplements maintained vitamin D status (serum 25OH-vitamin D was 78 ± 4 nmol/L during flight). Cholesterol (298 ± 163 mg/d) and saturated fat (26.1 ± 11 g/d, 10.4 ± 3.1% of kcals) intakes were associated with a 10% and 14% increase in circulating total and LDL cholesterol, respectively (P < 0.001). Perhaps the most notable finding is that one-carbon biochemistry is altered in astronauts who experienced ophthalmic changes during and after flight, where circulating homocysteine concentrations were higher in affected astronauts compared to unaffected astronauts (P < 0.001), and these differences existed before flight. Conclusions Evaluation of countermeasure effectiveness and individual and group responses to spaceflight will continue to be important on the ISS and will inform future space programs including Artemis and Gateway missions to the moon. Those efforts will require similar types of comprehensive assessments to allow the next steps in human exploration of space. By uniting nutrition with other disciplines, the importance of diet in heath can be further enlightened, with potential implications for both space explorers and for those remaining on Earth. Funding Sources This research was funded by the NASA Human Research Program and DLR.
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Eerola, Kalle. "Twenty-One Years of Verification from the HIRLAM NWP System." Weather and Forecasting 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-12-00068.1.
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Abstract The High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM) international research program maintains a synoptic-scale NWP system. At the Finnish Meteorological Institute, the HIRLAM system has been run operationally since 1990. The HIRLAM forecasts from 1990 to 2012 have been verified against the numerical analysis. In 2-day forecasts, the monthly rms error of the mean sea level pressure has decreased from about 4 to about 2 hPa; that is, the error is now about half of the value it was in the early 1990s. Similar reduction is seen in the 500-hPa height. The negative bias has decreased significantly. In addition, the dependence on the weather regime, measured as the correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and rms error, has decreased. The reason for these improvements can often be attributed to changes in the HIRLAM system. A single improvement, improving most significantly the forecast skill, is the rerun concept, which improves the HIRLAM first guess by utilizing the high-quality ECMWF analysis. Verifying against observations or against the initial analysis gives similar results for a 48-h forecast. For a 6-h forecast, however, the field verification gives lower rms error values and lower bias values. In summary, the results indicate that the goal of the HIRLAM program has been fulfilled: to develop and maintain an up-to-date NWP system for 1- and 2-day forecasts on a limited domain.
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EBNER, CHRISTIAN. "Malcolm D. Evans (ed.), Blackstone's International Law Documents. Fifth Edition, Blackstone Press Limited, London 2001, ISBN 84174-267-8 pp. 568, GBP 14.95 (Paperback)." Austrian Review of International and European Law Online 6, no. 1 (2003): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157365101x00209.
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Black, Lucinda J., Sally A. Burrows, Peter Jacoby, Wendy H. Oddy, Lawrence J. Beilin, Wendy Chan She Ping-Delfos, Carina E. Marshall, Patrick G. Holt, Prue H. Hart, and Trevor A. Mori. "Vitamin D status and predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in Western Australian adolescents." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 7 (August 19, 2014): 1154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451400186x.
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Despite the importance of skeletal growth during adolescence, there is limited research reporting vitamin D status and its predictors in adolescents. Using prospective data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, we investigated vitamin D status and predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in adolescents. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in the same participants at 14 and 17 years (n 1045 at both time points). The percentage of adolescents with serum 25(OH)D concentrations < 50, 50–74·9 and ≥ 75 nmol/l was reported year-round and by month of blood collection. We examined the predictors of serum 25(OH)D concentrations, including sex, race, month of blood collection, physical activity, BMI, family income, and Ca and vitamin D intakes (n 919 at 14 years; n 570 at 17 years), using a general linear mixed model. At 14 years, 31 % of adolescents had serum 25(OH)D concentrations between 50 and 74·9 nmol/l and a further 4 % had concentrations < 50 nmol/l. At 17 years, 40 % of adolescents had serum 25(OH)D concentrations between 50 and 74·9 nmol/l and 12 % had concentrations < 50 nmol/l. Caucasian ethnicity, being sampled at the end of summer, exercising more, having a lower BMI, a higher Ca intake and a higher family income were significantly associated with higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations. The proportion of adolescents with serum 25(OH)D concentrations < 50 nmol/l was low in this Western Australian cohort. There is a need for international consensus on defining adequate vitamin D status in order to determine whether strategies to increase vitamin D status in adolescents are warranted.
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Lauden, Stephanie M., Sophia Gladding, Tina Slusher, Cynthia Howard, and Michael B. Pitt. "Learning Abroad: Residents' Narratives of Clinical Experiences From a Global Health Elective." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 11, no. 4s (August 1, 2019): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-18-00701.
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ABSTRACT Background While resident participation in global health (GH) rotations has grown, little is known about trainee perceptions of the personal value of these international clinical experiences and their importance to the objectives of GH training. Objective We sought to better understand the clinical scenarios experienced during international rotations that residents perceived as most meaningful and the frequency of these experiences across scenarios and participating residents. Methods Using the conceptual framework of Schön's reflection on action, we asked University of Minnesota GH track pediatric and internal medicine–pediatric residents to describe 10 clinical scenarios they found interesting or impactful during their 2016–2017 GH elective. We conducted a qualitative analysis of the deidentified resident narratives and mapped themes to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies. Results All eligible residents (n = 13) participated, yielding 129 unique clinical scenarios from 7 countries. We identified 5 thematic groups: (1) addressing challenges in making diagnoses in resource-limited settings; (2) dealing with patient outcomes different from those expected in the United States; (3) encountering and managing diseases in a different clinical context; (4) encountering and managing diseases in a different cultural context; and (5) reflecting on learning and self-growth. Of the 129 unique clinical scenarios, 30% (n = 39) had not been previously experienced by participants. Across the 5 themes, all ACGME core competencies were addressed. Conclusions Residents identified meaningful scenarios of their GH experiences that are relevant to the educational and clinical objectives of GH training.
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Goodrich, D. "Maritime Research and High Technology Development." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 202, no. 2 (May 1988): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1988_202_011_02.
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Are commercial pressures forcing the demise in this country of long-term maritime research projects or is privatization providing a much needed commercial focus for research and development programmes? This paper assesses the state of R and D in the British maritime industry and draws conclusions from other leading maritime nations and high technology industries. British Maritime Technology Limited (BMT) is in a unique position to provide an overview of the subject with its close links between industry, government and university research departments as well as international links with leading maritime nations. The experiences with BMT before and after privatization are drawn upon to make recommendations about the future structure and co-ordination of R and D programmes in the industry.
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Pfister, Gabriele G., Sebastian D. Eastham, Avelino F. Arellano, Bernard Aumont, Kelley C. Barsanti, Mary C. Barth, Andrew Conley, et al. "The Multi-Scale Infrastructure for Chemistry and Aerosols (MUSICA)." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): E1743—E1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0331.1.
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ABSTRACTTo explore the various couplings across space and time and between ecosystems in a consistent manner, atmospheric modeling is moving away from the fractured limited-scale modeling strategy of the past toward a unification of the range of scales inherent in the Earth system. This paper describes the forward-looking Multi-Scale Infrastructure for Chemistry and Aerosols (MUSICA), which is intended to become the next-generation community infrastructure for research involving atmospheric chemistry and aerosols. MUSICA will be developed collaboratively by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and university and government researchers, with the goal of serving the international research and applications communities. The capability of unifying various spatiotemporal scales, coupling to other Earth system components, and process-level modularization will allow advances in both fundamental and applied research in atmospheric composition, air quality, and climate and is also envisioned to become a platform that addresses the needs of policy makers and stakeholders.
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Fullagar, Hugh H. K., Rob Duffield, Sabrina Skorski, David White, Jonathan Bloomfield, Sarah Kölling, and Tim Meyer. "Sleep, Travel, and Recovery Responses of National Footballers During and After Long-Haul International Air Travel." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 1 (January 2016): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0012.
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Purpose:The current study examined the sleep, travel, and recovery responses of elite footballers during and after long-haul international air travel, with a further description of these responses over the ensuing competitive tour (including 2 matches).Methods:In an observational design, 15 elite male football players undertook 18 h of predominantly westward international air travel from the United Kingdom to South America (–4-h time-zone shift) for a 10-d tour. Objective sleep parameters, external and internal training loads, subjective player match performance, technical match data, and perceptual jet-lag and recovery measures were collected.Results:Significant differences were evident between outbound travel and recovery night 1 (night of arrival; P < .001) for sleep duration. Sleep efficiency was also significantly reduced during outbound travel compared with recovery nights 1 (P = .001) and 2 (P = .004). Furthermore, both match nights (5 and 10), showed significantly less sleep than nonmatch nights 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 (all P < .001). No significant differences were evident between baseline and any time point for all perceptual measures of jet-lag and recovery (P > .05), although large effects were evident for jet-lag on d 2 (2 d after arrival).Conclusions:Sleep duration is truncated during long-haul international travel with a 4-h time-zone delay and after night matches in elite footballers. However, this lost sleep appeared to have a limited effect on perceptual recovery, which may be explained by a westbound flight and a relatively small change in time zones, in addition to the significant increase in sleep duration on the night of arrival after the long-haul flight.
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S.R., Vishwanath, Jaskiran Arora, Durga Prasad, and Kulbir Singh. "Wockhardt Limited: will it rise from the ashes?" CASE Journal 14, no. 5 (September 10, 2018): 567–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-05-2017-0041.
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Synopsis The case provides an introduction to how currency mismatches create exposures, why and how companies hedge (or do not hedge) those exposures, alternate valuation models and the use of foreign currency convertibles in funding a global expansion program. The case highlights the ambitious growth strategy of Wockhardt, a global biopharmaceutical company. In a bid to dominate the biopharmaceutical market, Wockhardt grew aggressively by acquiring companies all over the world. This expansion was funded by a mix of secured loans (bank borrowings) and unsecured loans including foreign currency (US dollar denominated) convertible bonds (FCCBs). Due to deteriorating business and economic conditions, the company experienced a sharp decline in profitability and stock price resulting in a debt overhang. The company had to restructure its capital structure in March 2009 to escape bankruptcy. Since FCCB holders did not agree to restructure the terms of the instrument, the company had to turn to senior lenders to restructure debt. The company’s management is faced with several options to deal with financial distress. The case asks students to evaluate those options. The case can be used to teach hedging foreign currency exposures, design of capital structure in rapidly evolving industries and dangers of financing R&D intensive ventures with convertible debt denominated in foreign currencies. Research methodology The case is based on secondary data sources. Information statements filed with the Securities Exchange Board of India, the company’s website, press releases and security analyst reports formed the basis for this case. Supplementary information was gathered from the CAPITALINE database, and websites of the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India. Sources of information are documented appropriately in the case and teaching note. No names in the case have been disguised. The authors have no personal relationship with the company. Relevant courses and levels The case is suitable for courses in corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions, international financial management, corporate restructuring and valuation at the graduate level. It can also be used in executive education programs. Theoretical bases The case provides an introduction to how currency mismatches create exposures, why and how companies hedge (or do not hedge) those exposures, alternate valuation models, the use of foreign currency convertibles in funding a global expansion program and the alternatives in corporate restructuring. Suitable references are provided in the teaching note.
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Divakar, Kikkeri J. "R&D at Indian Organic Chemicals Limited (IOCL) – from a service to an enterprise: a case study." R&D Management 30, no. 4 (October 2000): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00188.
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MITCHELL, ANDREW D. "A legal principle of special and differential treatment for WTO disputes." World Trade Review 5, no. 3 (October 19, 2006): 445–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745606002941.
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Based on the notion that the needs of developing countries are substantially different from those of developed countries, the principle of special and differential treatment (S&D) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) allows a certain degree of discrimination in favour of developing countries. This article considers the potential of this principle in resolving disputes within the WTO. S&D developed in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947 and is today reflected in a series of provisions in various WTO agreements. The meaning of S&D as a broader principle could assist in interpreting such provisions. In addition, the principle of S&D could conceivably be used as part of the inherent jurisdiction of Panels and the Appellate Body in connection with procedural aspects of dispute settlement. However, the article concludes that, due to the incoherence of S&D, as well as the difficulties involved in distinguishing between developing countries and in advancing their interests as an amorphous group, S&D is presently of limited value as an independent principle in WTO dispute settlement.
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Schoen, Rebecca R., Michael W. Nagy, Andrea L. Porter, and Amanda R. Margolis. "Patient Satisfaction With Extended International Normalized Ratio Follow-up Intervals in a Veteran Population." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 54, no. 5 (November 21, 2019): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028019889414.
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Background: For highly stable warfarin patients, limited data exists regarding patient satisfaction on extended international normalized ratio (INR) follow-up intervals and how this population compares with patients on a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC). Objective: To assess the impact on patient satisfaction of extending INR follow-up intervals. Methods: Veterans on stable warfarin doses had extended INR follow-up intervals up to 12 weeks in a single-arm prospective cohort study for 2 years. This analysis included participants who completed at least 2 Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scales (DASS). The primary outcome was the change in the DASS. A focus group described participant experiences. Participant satisfaction was compared to patients on a DOAC. Results: Of the 51 participants, 48 were included in the warfarin extended INR follow-up group. Compared with baseline, the mean DASS score (42.9 ± 12.08) was worse at 24 months (46.82 ± 15.2, P = 0.0266), with a small effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.29). The 8 participants in the focus group were satisfied with the extended INR follow-up interval but would be uncomfortable extending follow-up past 2 to 3 months. The extended INR follow-up interval study had similar DASS scores as the 33 participants included on DOAC therapy (46.8 ± 15.1, P = 0.9970) but may be limited by differing populations using DOACs. Conclusion and Relevance: For patients currently stable on warfarin therapy, extending the INR follow-up interval up to 12 weeks or changing to a DOAC does not appear to improve patient satisfaction.
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Tal, David. "From the Open Skies Proposal of 1955 to the Norstad Plan of 1960: A Plan Too Far." Journal of Cold War Studies 10, no. 4 (October 2008): 66–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.4.66.
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A proposal drafted by General Lauris Norstad for the creation of a limited inspection zone in Central Europe and in the Arctic Circle—a proposal that came to be known as the Norstad Plan—evolved out of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Open Skies proposal. The proposal, based on ideas promoted by Eisenhower's disarmament adviser, Harold Stassen, departed from traditional U.S. disarmament policy. The plan was eventually aborted by West Germany and France, but the document heralded a shift in Eisenhower's disarmament policy. The president was ready to give up the all-or-nothing approach and adopt an incremental approach. To this end, the United States would make concessions that would render U.S. proposals more acceptable to the Soviet Union. The plan adumbrated the conceptual change that paved the way for the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
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Kohler, Friedbert, Alarcos Cieza, Gerold Stucki, Jan Geertzen, Helena Burger, Michael P. Dillon, Carolina Schiappacasse, Alberto Esquenazi, Robert Steven Kistenberg, and Nenad Kostanjsek. "Developing Core Sets for Persons Following Amputation Based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a Way to Specify Functioning." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 33, no. 2 (January 2009): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03093640802652029.
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Amputation is a common late stage sequel of peripheral vascular disease and diabetes or a sequel of accidental trauma, civil unrest and landmines. The functional impairments affect many facets of life including but not limited to: Mobility; activities of daily living; body image and sexuality. Classification, measurement and comparison of the consequences of amputations has been impeded by the limited availability of internationally, multiculturally standardized instruments in the amputee setting. The introduction of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by the World Health Assembly in May 2001 provides a globally accepted framework and classification system to describe, assess and compare function and disability. In order to facilitate the use of the ICF in everyday clinical practice and research, ICF core sets have been developed that focus on specific aspects of function typically associated with a particular disability. The objective of this paper is to outline the development process for the ICF core sets for persons following amputation. The ICF core sets are designed to translate the benefits of the ICF into clinical routine. The ICF core sets will be defined at a Consensus conference which will integrate evidence from preparatory studies, namely: (a) a systematic literature review regarding the outcome measures of clinical trails and observational studies, (b) semi-structured patient interviews, (c) international experts participating in an internet-based survey, and (d) cross-sectional, multi-center studies for clinical applicability. To validate the ICF core sets field-testing will follow.Invitation for participation: The development of ICF Core Sets is an inclusive and open process. Anyone who wishes to actively participate in this process is invited to do so.